Greek, Roman and American Civilizations 8th Notes KSEEB Social Science
→ The Greeks belong to Indo-European race.
→ The Ancient Greeks were called as Hellenes.
→ The city states are called as ‘Polis’ in Greek language.
→ Athens and Sparta were the two important city states of Greeks.
→ Athens is the capital of Attica state.
→ Pericles period is called as the golden age.
→ Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle belonged to Athens.
→ Zeus is the most important god.
→ Alexander, the king of Macedonia, was the illustrious student of Aristotle.
→ Homer the blind poet, wrote two great epics “Illiad and Odyssey”.
→ Herodotus and Thucydides are the important historians.
→ Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides are the important playwrights.
→ Slavery was universal in Greeks.
→ The Greek sculptors sculpted the realistic human shapes.
→ Pythagoras and Thales were the two stalwarts in Mathematics.
→ Hippocrates called as the ‘father of medicine’.
→ Olympics games stand unique among these regular sports events.
→ The Olympic Games began in Greece in 776 BCE.
→ The Olympic Games were held once in every four years.
→ Alexander was the king of Macedonia in Greece.
→ Alexander set out to conquer the whole world.
→ Socrates was the philosopher who taught the western world to think logically.
→ Socrates told his students, “I’m not afraid of death, but I’m afraid to go against religion and truth”.
→ Plato is one of the famous Philosopher of Greece.
→ Plato was a disciple (student) of Socrates and he advocated ideas of social justice and ethics, among others.
→ ‘The Republic’ and The text and history’ are the great works of Plato.
→ Plato was a scholar who distinguished himself not only in the field Political science but also Mathematics and Turisprudence.
→ Aristotle was a disciple of Plato and great philosopher and a teacher to King Alexander.
→ Italy is a peninsula spreading down into the Mediterranean Sea towards the south of Europe.
→ Rome is on the banks of river Tiber.
→ The ancient people of Rome were called as ‘Patricians’.
→ The Romans had two political advisory institutions called ‘Assembly’ and a ‘Senate’.
→ There were two classes in the Roman society. The patricians and Plebeians.
→ The Romans fought for the control of Sicily for 118 years. These are referred to as the “Punic wars”.
→ The wrestlers of ancient Rome were called ‘Gladiators’.
→ The place where gladiators fought was called as ‘Amphitheatre’ and ‘Coliseum’, or ‘Colosseum’.
→ Pompey and Julius Caesar were the great generals.
→ Julius Caesar defeated and killed his rival Pompey.
→ Julius Caesar won the love of Cleopatra the queen of Egypt.
→ Julius Caesar became very powerful and declared himself as the dictator of Rome and weakened the Republic system of Rome.
→ Julius Caesar implemented the Julian calendar.
→ Augustus previous name was Octavius. He continued the rule of Julius Caesar.
→ Augustus Caesar is called as the “golden period” of Rome.
→ Jesus Christ lived during Augustus Caesar period.
→ After Augustus Caesar, the rulers of Rome were weak and inefficient so it led to fall of Rome.
→ A barbaric attack by Odoacer led to the fall of the Ancient Roman empire 1500 years ago. Vergil, Aencid, and Ovid are the great poets of Roman empire.
→ Julius Caesar, Tasieanus, Levi was the important historians.
→ Cicero, Seneca and Emperor Markus Aurelius advocated Stoicism.
→ Stoicism advocated ‘living at peace with nature’.
→ Pantheon is the largest building of Rome with the biggest dome.
→ Pliny the elder prepared an encyclopedia named ‘natural history’.
→ Galen was the famous doctor of Roman period.
→ Strabo and Ptolemy were the famous geographers of that time.
→ Maya, Aztec and Inca are the ancient Columbian civilizations of America.
→ The countries of medieval Europe discovered new continents in their attempts to find out a new sea route to India.
→ The ancient Columbian civilization of America are distinct and special like the civilizations of the old world like the Egyptian, the Mesopotamian and the Chinese civilizations.
→ The American Indian aborigines of Yucatan area of Mexico are called Mayas.
→ The Mayas were the most advanced among the ancient American Indians.
→ Physically, the Mayas were short, brown complexioned, long haired and generally round headed people.
→ There is no evidence of the use of metal among the Mayas.
→ Texcoco is a lake in Mexico.