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You can Download Chapter 2 State Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 State

1st PUC Political Science State One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the most essential human organisation?
Answer:
State is the most essential human organisation.

Question 2.
What is State?
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 3.
What is the main purpose of a state?
Answer:
The welfare of the people is the main purpose of a state.

Question 4.
Who said that man is a social and. also a political animal?
Answer:
Aristotle says man is a social and also a political animal.

Question 5.
What are the root words of the state?
Answer:
Romans says ‘‘civitas’’ and Italians say ‘statio’.

Question 6.
Give an example of a city-state.
Answer:
Sparta and Athens are examples of a city-state.

Question 7.
Who called the state as ‘Civitas’?
Answer:
Romans called the state as ‘Civitas’.

Question 8.
Who introduced the term state for the first time?
Answer:
Italian thinker Machiavelli introduced the word state in Political Science.

Question 9.
Who is the author of “The Prince”?
Answer:
Machiavehi is the author of ‘The prince’.

Question 10.
Which is the supreme of all associations?.
Answer:
The State.

Question 11.
Which association serves people from birth to death?
Answer:
State.

Question 12.
Who advocated the Sapthanga theory of the state?
Answer:
Kautilya advocates the Sapthanga theory of the state.

Question 13.
According to Plato what should be the population of the state?
Answer:
According to Plato, the population of the state is 5040.

Question 14.
Who said that the population of the state should be 10,000?
Answer:
Rousseau says the population of the state should be 10,000.

Question 15.
Who is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’?
Answer:
Kautilya is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’.

Question 16.
Name the state with the highest population in the world.
Answer:
The hight population state in the world is China.

Question 17.
Name the state with the lowest population in the world.
Answer:
The lowest population in the world is Nauru.

Question 18.
Who said that ‘Good people build a good state’.
Answer:
Aristotle says ‘Good people build a good state’.

Question 19.
What is the territory?
Answer:
A definite land which is essential for a state is called territory.

Question 20.
What is the government?
Answer:
An agent of a state is called the government.

Question 21.
Which is called as an agent of the state?
Answer:
The government is called an agent of the state.

Question 22.
Which organ is called as the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state?
Answer:
The government is called the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state.

Question 23.
What is meant by Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the Supreme Power of the State.

Question 24.
What is an association?
Answer:
A group of people which have a specific objectives is called an association.

Question 25.
Which is called as ‘The association of associations’?
Answer:
State.

Question 26.
What is society?
Answer:
A web of social relationships is called society.

Question 27.
Who said ‘Society is the web of social relationship’?
Answer:
Max Weber says society is the web of social relationship.

Question 28.
Which is known as the ‘crown association’?
Answer:
State.

Question 29.
What is the root word of the term ‘Nation’?
Answer:
The term ‘Nation has been derived from the Latin word ‘Natio’.

Question 30.
Who said ‘Nation is state + Nationality’?
Answer:
Gilchirst says ‘Nation is state + Nationality’.

Question 31.
When did India became a sovereign state?
Answer:
India becomes sovereign state on 15^th August 1947.

Question 32.
What is nation?
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness is called a nation.

Question 33.
What is meant by the State?
Answer:
State means an assembly of people occupying a definite territory, having an organized government and subject to no outside control. (Sovereignty)

Question 34.
What is the root word of the term ‘STATE’?
Answer:
The Teutonic term ‘Status’ may be regarded as the root word of the term State in Political Science.

Question 35.
What are the four Elements of the State?
Answer:

The four Elements of the State are:

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

Question 36.
Which is the most important element of the State?
Answer:
The most important element of the state is sovereignty.

Question 37.
Mention the two aspects of Sovereignty.
Answer:

Two aspects of Sovereignty are: Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 38. Which is the most powerful of all Social Institutions.
Answer:
The State.

Question 39.
Which is the root word of Sovereignty?
Answer:
The root word of Sovereignty is the Latin word ‘Super nus’ which means State.

Question 40.
Who wrote the book ‘The Prince’?
Answer:
Machiavelli of Italy.

1st PUC Political Science State Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of state.
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 2.
Why is the state inevitable?
Answer:
The state is inevitable to ensure the protection of the life and property of the inevitable.

Question 3.
Name any two theories of the origin of the state.
Answer:
Divine theory and social contract theory are the two theories of the state.

Question 4.
Define state.
Answer:
According to Woodrow Wison, the state is people organised for law within a definite territory.

Question 5.
What is the welfare state?
Answer:
A state which provides the basic facilities to all the people from birth to death is called a welfare state.

Question 6.
Mention the organs of Sapthanga Theory.
Answer:
Swami (King), Amatya (Minister), Janapada (Population and territory), Kosha (treasury), Bala (Army), Durga (Fort). Mithra (International relations).

Question 7.
Mention the four elements of a state.
Answer:
Population, definite territory, sovereignty, and government.

Question 8.
Write any two advantages of a limited population.
Answer:

1. Nationality among the people.
2. No unemployment problem.

Question 9.
Name any two states which have a large population.
Answer:

1. China
2. India.

Question 10.
Name any two advantages of small territory.
Answer:

1. Effective administration.
2. Harmonious relationship between state and people.

Question 11.
Write any two advantages of large territory.
Answer:

1. Promoting as a strong country in the Global level.
2. The human resources can be utilised effectively.

Question 12.
Name any two states with large territory.
Answer:

1. Russia
2. U.S.A.

Question 13.
Name any two states which have small territory.
Answer:

1. Vatican city
2. Monaco

Question 14.
Write the meaning of government.
Answer:
The government his an agent which fulfills the interests of a state.

Question 15.
Mention the organs of government.
Answer:

1. Legislature.
2. Executive
3. Judiciary

Question 16.
Write any two forms of government.
Answer:

1. Democratic government.
2. Dictatorial government.

Question 17.
What is the meaning of sovereignty?
Answer:
A supreme power of the state over its citizens is called sovereignty.

Question 18.
Name the aspects of sovereignty.
Answer:

1. Internal sovereignty.
2. External sovereignty.

Question 19.
What is Internal Sovereignty?
Answer:
A Country that is free overall its individuals and associations within its territory is called internal Sovereignty.

Question 20.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
Freedom of a state which ensures to have an independent foreign policy with other countries is called external sovereignty.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of Society?
Answer:
The term Society refers to the whole complex of the Social relationship of Man. A Society may be defined as an association of individuals.

Question 22.
Write the difference between State and Society.
Answer:
Society was there before the State. It is prior to the State. Society has got variety purposes whereas the State only one object.

Question 23.
What is an associations? Give an example.
Answer:
Associations are a group of people united together to realize some common goals. They are Social institutions. The State is one among associations. Ex. Lions club.

Question 24.
Mention the two differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Membership of the State is Compulsory. It is Voluntary or Optional in the case of association. A Person can be a Citizen of only one State at a time. On the other hand, he can become a member of many associations at the same time.

Question 25.
Write the meaning of the Nation.
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness among the people who belongs to common stock is called a nation.

Question 26.
Write any two differences between the State and Nation.
Answer:

1. State is politically organised Nation is spiritually united
2. State is objective Nation is subjective.

Question 27.
What is the main difference between the State and Government?
Answer:
The government is the agent of the State. It is the agent through which the will of the State is formulated expressed realized. The State is an abstract concept government, is its concrete
form.

Question 28.
Why is the association ‘Voluntary’?
Answer:
Associations are formed to serve different aspects of Social life. Each having its own aims and objectives. Its membership is optional, so they are Voluntary.

Question 29.
Mention the Elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race, Common Religion, Common Language, Common Culture and Traditions, Common History.

Question 30.
Who is an Alien?
Answer:
An Alien is one who owes his allegiance to his home state and not to the state where he lives temporarily. He enjoys only Civil Rights.

Question 31.
Give the meaning of Secular State.
Answer:
A country that does not have any religion as State religion, and it gives equal importance to all religions and does not insist on any individual to follow a particular religion is called a Secular State.

Question 32.
What is meant by Power?
Answer:
It is one of the subject matters of Political Science. It is the capacity to influence the behavior of others and also the capacity to get things done from others.

Question 33.
What is Dual Citizenship? Give Example?
Answer: The Citizen of a Nation Enjoys two kinds of Citizenship, one of his nation and another is of the state where he actually resides.
E g: U S A and Switzerland.

Question 34.
Name the two features of Power?
Answer:

1. Power is relative
2. Power is Circumstantial.

1st PUC Political Science State Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Importance of the state.
Answer:
1. To realize social good:
the existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
state is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of the society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary⁷ to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress m the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

Question 2.
What is Sovereignty? Explain the two aspects.
Answer:
The supreme power of the state is called Sovereignty. It can not be questioned by any person in the state. The two aspects of Soverignity are as follows.

Internal sovereignty means the supremacy of the state overall individuals and associations within its territory. Every independent state has some person, assembly or group which has the final legal power to command and enforce the authority on behalf of the state. It issues all the orders within its jurisdiction and receives orders from no one. It is absolute and has no legal limitations. Hence the laws of the state are final and binding.

External sovereignity means the state is independent of all external control and force which can coerce a state into obedience. A state is free and equal with other states. An independent state can enter into any treaty or agreement and have its own foreign policy to carry on its own foreign affairs without any interference from other states.

Question 3.
What is the difference between State and Society?
Answer:

State	Society
1. State is supreme institution.	1. Society is not supreme Institution.
2. State originated after the society.	2. Society originated prior state.
3. Scope of state is limited.	3. Scope of society is wider.
4. Definite Territory is essential for the state.	4. Definite territory is not essential for society.
5. State consists of organized people	5. Society consists of both organized and unorganized people.
6. State has sovereignty.	6. Society has no sovereignty.
7. State functions through the government.	7. Society has no government.
8. State is one of the association in the society.	8. Society has many associations of which state is one.
9. Membership of state is compulsory.	9. Membership of society is obligatory.
10. State Studies about Political system.	10. Society studies about social system.
11. State controls our external relations.	11. Society influences on our internal relations.
12. Rules of the state are compulsory.	12. The rules of society are not compulsory.
13.State has the power to punish the people.	13. Society cannot punish people.
14. State has a legal system.	14. Society has no legal system.

Question 4.
Distinguish between State and Association.
Answer:

State	Voluntary Association
1. Definite territory is essential element of state	1. Associations have no definite territory.
2. Membership is compulsory man cannot Give up the membership.	2. Membership is temporary; man can give up the membership.
3. Individual can get the membership of only a state.	3. Individuals can get the membership of various associations as he pleases.
4. State is permanent and continuous.	4. Associations are temporary. State can control and abolish them at any time.
5. State has sovereignty.	5. Associations have no sovereignty.
6. State’s functions are wider.	6. Functions of associations are narrower.

Question 5.
Explain the differences between State and Nation.
Answer:

State	Nation
1. State is Political Institution.	1. Nation is a Social Institution.
2. The State should be a nation.	2. Nation can become state.
3. The state four elements such as population, territory government, and sovereignty.	3. Nation has no four elements. It has Population and territory.
4. State expresses the political concept.	4. Nation has internal, psychological, Spiritual concepts.
5. State is limited.	5. Nation is universal.
6. State has sovereignty.	6. Nation has no sovereignty.
7. State may lose its state ship.	7. Nation is permanent.
8. State is Supreme.	8. Nation is not supreme.
9. State is organized.	9. Nation has social, religious, cultural nature.
10. State has the power to punish the people.	10. Nation has no power to punish the people.

Question 6.
Explain any two elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race:
[Some writers Say racial purely is a factor, which helps in the formation and continuance of nationality].

People belonging to the same race develop strong bonds of unity and form nationality.

There is no pure race in any nation. The USA, Canada, Switzerland and India are belonging to various origins . Thus the racial unity is a desirable factor for the formation of nationality but an absolutely essential factor.

Common Language:
It brings people together. People who speak common language have a strong bond of relationship and unity. It helps people to communicate with each other. For e. g: People of Switzerland speak their languages, Hench, German and Italian but form one nationality. In India, we speak many languages but we belong to one nationality.

Question 7.
Write a note on the general duties of a citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A Citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. These are called duties. They are broadly divided into moral and legal duties. The legal duties are general duties that are enforced and recognized by the laws of the state. They are compulsory. If a citizen neglects his duty he is punished. The important general duties of a citizen are:

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to Protect and promote unity and integrity of the state and for the maintenance of peace, order, and security of the state.

2. Obedience to law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion
and disorder.

3. Payment of Taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest exercise of the right to vote:
This duty enables citizens to elect gout of their choice which works for development, welfare, security, etc.

Question 8.
Explain the Nature of State.
Answer:

1. State is sovereign as the people within the state have to obey the laws made by the state.
2. In order to operate its sovereign power, the state has to use coercive power.
3. Membership of the state is necessary for man for his very existence.
4. State protects and promotes individuals’ welfare.
5. State has come into existence due to the deliberate and conscious efforts of human beings.
6. State is dynamic in nature as it keeps changing from stage to stage.
7. State should necessarily have four elements viz, population, territory, government and, sovereignty.

1st PUC Political Science State Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define state and explain its essential elements. .
Answer:
Aristotle defines the state as “A Union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficient life, by which we mean a happy and honorable life”.

According to Bluntschli. The state is Politically Organized people According to Wilson, “The state is a people organized for law within a definite territory”. According to Laski, “The state is a territorial society divided into government and subject, etc, claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions”.

The above definitions show that there are four essential elements of the state.

1. Population.
2. Territory.
3. Government.
4. Sovereignty.

1. population:
People are the most important essential of the state. If there are no people there will be nobody to rule and nobody to be ruled. A vacant island or desert can’t constitute a state. Hence, the population is essential for state and without population there can be no state.

For Aristotle, the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be well-governed. The actual population is less than the optimum; the natural resources can’t be fully utilized. If it is more, poverty will be the result.

2. Territory:
Territory is a definite area of earth’s surface where people reside permanently. We can’t think of a state without territory.
The area within these boundaries constitutes the “Territorial Jurisdiction” of a state.

There is no fixed limit to the size of the territory, it may be generally laid down that there should be a proper balance between population and territory.

3. Government:
For the peaceful existence, gout is very much essential for a state. The government is the machinery, which regulates controls and directs human behavior in society. It is an agency of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and executed. The entire population of a political community makes a state. The gout is composed of few persons duly elected or selected. There are branches of government. They are legislature, executive and judiciary. The form of government differs from state to state.

4. Sovereignty:
It means the supreme power of the state. The term sovereignty derived from the Latin word supreranus, which means supreme. There are two aspects of sovereignty Internal and external ‘sovereignty’. Internal means supreme legal authority and group within its territory. External means freedom of state from any kind of outside control. It means Pot – Independence of state. ‘Sovereignty’ is the most important element of the State.

Question 2.
Explain the Importance of state.
Ans.
1. To realize social good:
The existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
Rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
State is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress in the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

Question 3.
What is meant by Nation and Nationality?
Ans.
Writers on political science are not agreed on the exact meaning of word nationality. The term. Nation and Nationality have been used interchangeably. Both the term Nation and Nationality are derived from the same root word ‘Nato’, which means born, birth, or race. The word nation has acquired a political meaning whereas nationality acquired spiritual meaning.

According to Lord Bryce, a nation means a self governs nationality.
To Gilchrist, a nation means state plus nationality refers to the feeling of oneness, which exists among a group of people with common race, religion, common language, etc.
The meaning of the word nation is not very clear as we have already stated this word derived from the word ‘Nato’ which means birth.

The Major points of difference are as follower.

1. The state refers to a politically organized society oh a given territory. Nation comprises of a group of people united by several ethnic factors.
2. The state is a political concept and a political organization. It signifies common consciousness and units.
3. The term state is narrow and technical. It consists of four elements of population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
4. State may be inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people. The nation is homogeneous in composition.
5. The state is sovereign. Sovereignty is its most essential feature. Without sovereignty may still be called a nation. Before 15^th August 1947 Indian was a nation, but not a state.

You can Download Chapter 4 Constitution and Government Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Constitution and Government

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the root word of constitution?
Answer:
The root of the term constitution is the latin word ‘Constituere’.

Question 2.
What is constitution?
Answer:
The rules and principles according to which the government of a country functions is called constitution.

Question 3.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
According to K.C. Where “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 4.
What is written constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is written down in one or several documents is called written constitution.

Question 5.
What is unwritten constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is not written down but has grown during various centuries is called unwritten constitution.

Question 6.
What is rigid constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which cannot be amended easily is called rigid constitution.

Question 7.
What is flexible constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which can be amended easily is called flexible constitution.

Question 8.
Give the best example for written constitution.
Answer:
America, India having written constitution.

Question 9.
Give the best example for un-written constitution.
Answer:
England having un-written constitution.

Question 10.
Give the best example for rigid constitution.
Answer:
America is having rigid constitution.

Question 11.
Give the best example for flexible constitutions.
Answer:
England is having flexible constitution.

Question 12.
What is democratic government?
Answer:
A government which can be ruled by the people is called a democratic government.

Question 13.
Give the meaning of direct democracy.
Answer:
A government where people are directly participating in the administration is called direct democracy.

Question 14.
Give an example of direct democracy.
Answer:
Ancient Greek city-states having direct democracy.

Question 15.
Give the meaning of indirect democracy.
Answer:
A government where the representatives are participating in the administration is called indirect democracy.

Question 16.
Give an example for indirect democracy.
Answer:
India is having indirect democracy.

Question 17.
What is dictatorial government?
Answer:
A government where only one person or group run the administration is called a dictatorial government.

Question 18.
Give an example for dictatorial government.
Answer:
Germany was an example for the dictatorial government.

Question 19.
What is ancient dictatorship?
Answer:
To meet the immediate crisis dictators came into existence is called ancient dictatorship.

Question 20.
Give an example for ancient dictatorship.
Answer:
Ancient Rome was a example of ancient dictatorship.

Question 21.
What is modern dictatorship?
Answer:
Once a dictator came to power is desiring to be in the power permanently is called modem dictatorship.

Question 22.
Give an example of modern dictatorship.
Answer:
Saddam Hussian of Iraq was an example for modern dictatorship.

Question 23.
What is the root word of democracy?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’.

Question 24.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 25.
Give an example for the parliamentary government.
Answer:
England is an example of parliamentary government.

Question 26.
What is presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 27.
Give an example for the presidential government.
Answer:
America is an example for the presidential government.

Question 28.
What is the root word of the federation?
Answer:
The root word of federation is the Latin word ‘foedus’.

Question 29.
What is the federal government?
Answer:
A government where the powers have been distributed between union and state is called federal government.

Question 30.
Give an example for federal government.
Answer:
America is an example for federal government.

Question 31.
What is unitary government?
Answer:
A government where the powers are concentrated in union is called unitary government.

Question 32.
Give an example for unitary government.
Answer:
England is an example for unitary government.

Question 33.
Who used the word constitution for the first time?
Answer:
The word constitution was used by Henry II of England.

Question 34.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
Constitutional law is a fundamental law of a country drafted and enacted by constitutional assembly.

Question 35.
What is the ordinary law?
Answer:
The ordinary law is not fundamental law. It is subordinate to the constitutional law.

Question 36.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
Government which functions on the basis of the law laid down by constitution is constitutional government.

Question 37.
What is ideal constitution?
Answer:
Burgess describes an ideal constitution as one which contains the principle of liberty, government and sovereignty.

Question 38.
What is meant by collective responsibility?
Answer:
It means the cabinet and council of ministers individually and collectively responsible to the parliament:”

Question 39.
What is “no-confidence motion”?
Answer:
It is the power of the legislature to remove the ministry from office.

Question 40.
What is veto-power?
Answer:
It is the power of President to say ‘No’ to a law passed by parliament’ and send it back for reconsideration.

Question 41.
Which is the lengthiest constitution in the world?
Answer:
Indian constitution.

Question 42.
Who is the protector of constitution?
Answer:
The Judiciary (Supreme court).

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define constitution.
Answer:
According to K.C. Wheare “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 2.
Write the meaning of constitutional government.
Answer:
A government which functions in accordance with defined rule as laid down in constitution is known as constitutional government. In short constitutional government means limited government.

Question 3.
Define written constitution.
Answer:
According to C.F. Strong “A written constitution is in the form of a document which has a special sanctity”.

Question 4.
Define un-written constitution.
Answer:
According to Sir Ivor Jennings – “An unwritten constitution consists of institutions and not paper documents. It is not made but has grow n from time to time by a process of evolution”.

Question 5.
Define rigid constitution.
Answer:
According to A.V. Dicey a rigid constitution is one which certain laws generally are known as constitutional or fundamental laws cannot be changed in the same maimer as the ordinary laws.

Question 6.
Define flexible constitution.
Answer:
According to Gamer the flexible constitution places constitutional law and ordinary law on the same footing.

Question 7.
Write the meaning of democratic government.
Answer:
Democracy is the form of government in which the ruling power is largely vested not in any particular class or classes but in the members of the community as a whole.

Question 8.
What do you mean by the dictatorial government?
Ans.
A form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a person or group is called dictatorial government.

Question 9.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 10.
What is the presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 11.
Define federal government and give example.
Answer:
It is the government which the powers of the state are divided and distributed between central and state government. It is, also known as dual polity. The federal government discharges its power and authority in accordance with constitution. Eg: U.S.A

Question 12.
What is meant by unitary system of government?
Answer:
In the unitary system of government, where all the powers and authority of the state is concentrated in the single Central government and the supreme power is exercised by it.
Eg: England, France, Japan, etc.

Question 13.
Define and explain the term constitution.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “The constitution is the aggregate of laws and customs under which the life of states goes on” Maclver defines as “law which governs the state”.

Question 14.
What are the characteristics of democratic government?
Answer:

1. It is a government ruled by the people.
2. It is government by discussion.
3. It is based in universal adult suffrage.
4. There is liberty and equality and rights.
5. It is constitutional government.

Question 15.
What is presidential form of government?
Answer:
In this system, the legislature and executive are separate and independent. The term of office of the president is fixed and goes by calender.

Question 16.
How do non-democratic government arise?
Answer:
It arises out of illegal method. It is the result of the use of force. A powerful individual or group can overthrow the constitutional government and establish dictatorship. ,

Question 17.
Describe the features of the Presidential system of government.
Answer:
In Presidential executive president is the supreme head of the state. Here executive is neither elected, nor responsible to legislature. The term of office here is fixed. It is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 18.
Describe the merits of Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:

1. It ensures harmony between legislative and executive branches.
2. There is no division of responsibility.
3. Opposition keeps government on right path.
4. There will be peaceful change of government.
5. It ensures flexibility and elasticity.

Question 19.
What are the demerits of parliamentary form of government?
Answer:

1. Executive dominates legislature.
2. Parliamentary government is unstable. It does not have fixed term.
3. In a parliamentary government, the government comes under the control of majority party.
4. It may lead to the dictatorship of the cabinet.

Question 20.
Distinguish between division of powers and separation of powers.
Answer:
Division power is in a federal form of government Power is divided between the central and state government, where as separation of powers means there is clear cut demarcation between 3 organs of government that is Legislature, executive and judiciary.

Question 21.
Give one definition of democracy.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “Democracy is the form of government where the ruling power of the state is legally vested not in any particular class but in members of community as a whole.

Question 22.
What is the meaning of federal government?
Answer:
The word federal is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement, when a state with its vast geographical territory, heterogeneous characteristics desires to protect them is born by creating new state.

Question 23.
What is Indirect democracy? Give example.
Answer:
It is also known as representative democracy. The citizens of a state elect their representatives in the election. The elected representatives administer the country on behalf of people. Eg : India, U.S.A, U.K.

Question 24.
What is the difference parliamentary and presidential form of government?
Answer:
The distinction between parliamentary and presidential executive is based on the relationship between the legislature and executive. If the executive depends on legislature for its survival it is a parliamentary government and if the executive is independent of legislative it is presidential executive.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1
Explain the significance of constitution.
Answer:
The significance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:

1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy, if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes ruler – ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

5. A guide to future generations:
A constitution is often referred to as the mirror of a state which reflects the basic ambitions and aspirations of a state. By acting as a standard of reference it guides future generations to make necessary changes based on the existing structure.

Question 2.
Describe the Characteristics of constitutional government.
Answer:
The Characteristics of constitutional government are as below:
1. Supremacy of the constitution :
In this system all the powers of government are laid down in accordance with the provisions of constitution. Government should function with in the frame work of the constitution.

2. Equality before law :
Here law will apply to all the people equally. The benefits of law can be enjoyed all the citizens irrespective of caste, creed, religion, social and economic
status.

3. Individual liberty :
In the constitutional government all the citizens are enjoying the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitutions. So constitution provides the rights to all the people and ensures protection.

4. Protects public interest :
All people in the country should be lived under the purview of constitution. Violation of the provisions of constitution invites severe punishment. So constitution safeguards the interests of the people by protecting them from all the outside aggression.

Question 3.
Explain the features of wirtten constitution.
Answer:
The features of written constitution are explained below.

1. A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
2. It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
3. It came in to effect from a particular date.
4. In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
5. In this system the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
6. Written constitution provides the provisions of independence of judiciary.
7. In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are in precise.

Question 4.
Explain the features of unwritten constitution.
Answer:
The features of unwritten constitution are explained as below.

1. An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
2. It is not deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions and usages.
3. An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
4. In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
5. In this system the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible
6. An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 5.
Explain the features of rigid constitution.
Answer:
The features of rigid constitution are explained below.

1. In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
2. Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
3. To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
4. In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
5. The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
6. Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Question 6.
Explain the features of flexible constitution.
Answer:
The features of the flexible constitution are explained as below

1. In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
2. In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
3. Constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
4. In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
5. In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
6. All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 7.
Describe the essential elements of the Ideal constitution.
Answer:
The essentials of an ideal constitution are explained as below
1. It should be definite :
An ideal constitution should not be vague but clearly narrate the provisions which relates to the organization of the government. The principles should be precise and clarity.

2. It should be comprehensive:
An ideal constitution must be comprehensive enough to mention the functions of the government and rights, duties of the citizens. The constitution should not be too big but include all the information on the government.

3. Method of amendment:
An ideal constitution should possess the method of amendment. As the social condition of the people is going on change, the constitution must also undergoes change. It should represent the future needs of the future generation.

4. It should correspond to reality :
An ideal constitution should correspond to the real, conditions obtained with in the state, otherwise it cannot work properly.

Question 8.
Explain the features of unitary governments.
Answer:
Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

2. No Provincial Autonomy:
The provinces or local units in a unitary system are created by the centre for the sake of administrative convenience. It carries out the orders of the centre without having any powers to make decisions. Thus, the local units only act as subordinate agents of the centre without any authority or autonomy.

3. Single legislature:
In a Unitary system of government there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

4. Constitution may be written or unwritten:
The constitution, in a unitary government, may be written or unwritten as there is one single central authority wielding power all over the state without any other centres of power.

Question 9.
Explain the features of federal government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India)
and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

2. Supremacy of the constitution:
In a Federal system, the power enjoyed by the centre and local units is original because both derive their powers from the constitution. This avoids any confusion or contention in the sharing of power. The division of powers is based on necessity and convenience.

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both center and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.

4. Special provision for settlement of disputes:
In a presidential system, in order to settle disputes arising between the states or between centre and the states, the judiciary has been assigned the job of interpreting the provisions of the constitution, thus acting as custodian and guardian of the constitution.

5. Power of amendment:
In a presidential system, to amend the constitution both the centre and the local governments have been assigned equal powers. No constitutional amendment can be made without the consent of federal units.

Question 10.
Distinguish between federation and confederation.
Answer:
Confederation is an association of state founded on the basis of common interests. The member states, retain their original sovereignty and independence.
Federation is permanents established through a constitution. Constitution units do not possess the right to withdraw from a federation.

Question 11.
What is residuary powers?
Answer:
In a federal government subjects of national interest are allocated to the centre. Matters of regional or local interests are given to units or states. The remaining powers those which have not been mentioned in the constitution are known as residuary powers.

Question 12.
Describe the parliamentary type of executive.
Answer:
There is a difference between real and nominal executive head on whom all powers are concentrated, but these powers are exercised by the cabinet. In this system, cabinet is responsible to the parliament for all their actions. There is individual and collective responsibility of ministers. There is a close relationship between the cabinet and the council of ministers.

Question 13.
Explain the characteristic of Constitution.
Answer:

1. Constitution lays down fundamental structure of the state.
2. Constitution represents the heart and soul of a state i.e., the basic objectives of a state.
3. Constitution may be a product of deliberate creation or gradual evaluation.
4. Constitution may be written or unwritten.
5. Constitution may be embodied in one or several documents.
6. Constitution determines the structure arid relationship between various organs of government.
7. Constitution regulates the ruler – ruled relationship.
8. Constitution is a growing organism i.e., it provides for a procedure of its own change.

Question 14.
What is a Constitutional Government?
Answer:
A government that is run strictly in accordance with provisions of the constitution is called a constitutional government. Constitutional governments It strives for the welfare of the whole society rather than any perceived vested interest. These governments are a creation of the people and therefore obedience and allegiance to it are natural. The use of force in running a government does not find a place in a constitutional government. Constitutional government is also called “limited government” or “controlled government”.

Question 15.
What is Democracy? Explain the features of Democracy?
Answer:
The word “Democracy” is a derivative of Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’ meaning ‘people’ and ‘rule’ respectively. Thus, democracy is the rule of the people.

Features of Democratic Government:
The following features can be identified by democratic form of government.

1. Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
2. Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
3. Democracy upholds individual dignity ;
4. Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
5. Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Question 16.
What is Dictatorship? What are the kinds of dictatorship?
Answer:
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

1. Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
2. Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
3. Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 17.
What is a Federal Government?
Answer:
In a federal government, there will be two sets of government. The powers and authority of government is divided between a government for the whole country and provincial governments of the country in such a way that each government is legally independent within its own sphere.

The term ‘Federation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’ meaning ‘treaty’ or ‘agreement’. Two or more provinces, after surrendering the sovereignty, on agreement agree to work within the union with a certain degree of autonomy under a single sovereignty. The Central government and the provincial governments are neither superior nor subordinate to each other but work in unison with co-ordination and co-operation.

The best examples for a federal form of government are the USA, India, Switzerland, Australia and Canada.

Question 18.
Explain Division of powers in India.
Answer:
In India, the division of powers is based on three lists i.e., the Union list, State list and Concurrent list. The Union list consists of 99 Subjects such as defense, national security; home affairs, science and technology are vested in the hands of central government. The State List consisting of 66 subjects like education, health, maintenance of law and order, providing basic facilities etc., are vested in the state governments. There are certain provisions in which both states and centre shall share power, under the Concurrent list consisting of 52 subjects such as marriage, divorce, contracts etc.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the meaning and significance of constitution.
Answer:
Importance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:
1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing the relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over the authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes a ruler — ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and the government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

5. A guide to future generations:
A constitution is often referred to as the mirror of a state which reflects the basic ambitions and aspirations of a state. By acting as a standard of reference it guides future generations to make necessary changes based on the existing structure.

Question 2.
Distinguish between written and unwritten constitution.
Answer:
Written constitution

1. A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
2. It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
3. It came in to effect from a particular date. ^
4. In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
5. In this system, the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
6. The written constitution provides the provisions of the independence of the judiciary.
7. In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are precise.

Unwritten constitution

1. An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
2. It is hot deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions, and usages.
3. An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
4. In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
5. In this system, the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible.
6. An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 3.
Distinguish between rigid and flexible constitution.
Answer:
Rigid constitution

1. In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law,
2. Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
3. To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
4. In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
5. The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
6. Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Flexible Constitution

1. In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
2. In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
3. A constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
4. In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
5. In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
6. All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 4.
Describe the features of democratic government.
Answer:

1. The government in a democracy is responsible to the people. The government will also have to function according to public opinion. Self-government makes the people more disciplined and there will be more responsible citizens than in any other form of government.

2. Democracy upholds the principles of liberty and equality. Political and economic equality are assured in a democracy.

3. Democracy respects the dignity of human being. It provides rights and liberties for the development of the personality of individual.

4. A democratic government promote the welfare of the people, where as in other forms of government only particular class may be benefitted.

5. Democratic government is stable and efficient government. It avoids the revolution because it tarried on according to the wishes of the people.

6. Unlike other forms of government, democracy is self-corrective. In democracy the freedom of speech and freedom of press creates an enlightened public opinion

7. Democracy is progressive and educative force. In a democracy, people have full civil and political rights. It is a training ground for active, healthy and intelligent citizenship.

8. In democracy, there is order, peace and progress. It is flexible government which adopts itself to change peacefully.

9. As the people have a share in the government of country, the spirit of patriotism is strengthened and everybody is willing to work and undergo sacrifices for the welfare of the community.

10. Democracy protects the minority. A written constitution guarantees the rights of the minorities.

Question 5.
Explain the features of the dictatorial government.
Answer:
1. Absolute power:
Dictatorship is characterized by absolute power where the dictator controls the constitution. He can make and unmake laws. All the laws must originate from him and there is neither a limit on his tenure nor is he subjected to any other authority.

2. Based on Force:
Dictatorship stands on the twin pillars of force and coercion. The word of the dictator should be honored in letter and spirit. Any violation of the order may result in severe punishment or even death.

3. Totalitarian state:
Dictatorial regimes regulate and control all aspects of human existence. It provides security, basic necessities such as food, shelter and clothing, education and order in society. In totalitarian state’s individual personality is suppressed and all aspects of an individual are regimented and brought under the control of the state. The totalitarian approach is well summarized by Mussolini when he says: “Everything within the state, nothing above the state, nothing outside the State’’. Thus, the State is the central point around which all human activities must revolve.

4. One Nation one party:
In a dictatorship, for the whole state, there is only one constitution and the administration is managed by one single party and that is responsible for the whole state. Any kind of criticism of the party or the leadership is not tolerated. The distinct feature of dictatorship is its intolerance to criticism and new ideas.

5. No individual liberty:
In a dictatorship, individual freedom and liberty do not find place. Freedom of thought and expression is restricted.

Question 6.
What is a parliamentary form of government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

Features of a Parliamentary form of Government.
1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

2. Collective responsibility:
A parliamentary government is directly responsible to the legislature and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house. A decision taken by cabinet is binding on ministers and they should defend it in and out of parliament. Together we sink or sail” is the key statement of parliamentary government.

3. Individual Responsibility: Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

4. Political Homogeneity:
In a parliamentary government, all ministers belong to the same party or alliance having common policies, programmes, values and beliefs and work under a common minimum programme (CMP). As a result, it is not difficult to secure co¬operation and co-ordination.
In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

5. Membership of parliament:
In a parliamentary government, a minister must be a member of either house of parliament. On becoming a minister he must become a member of either house within 180 days. Otherwise, he will have to step down from office. This is to ensure individual responsibility to the parliament.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from parliament. Ministers are administered the ‘oath of secrecy’ to maintain secrecy of cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

7. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the backbone of the cabinet. He acts as the spokesperson of the government by defending it in and out of the government. He acts as the advisor to the president in summoning, proroguing and dissolving the parliament. The Prime minister exercises independence in appointing ministers, expanding the ministry and allocation of portfolios.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and
bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

Question 7.
What is a Presidential form of Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
In Presidential government the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

Features of presidential government.
1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

2. Checks and Balances:
The presidential government is based on checks and balances. Though the legislature, executive and judiciary function independently, complete separation is not only desirable but also impractical. To maintain the exercise of power balanced, controlled and widespread each organ is given a fair degree of power in one another ’s the functional area.

3. Executive is not responsible to legislature:
The president in U S.A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

4. Real Executive:
In the presidential government, the president is directly elected by the people. The president is not only the real executive but also the head of government. He is directly responsible for all happenings in the country.

5. Secretaries directly responsible to the president:
The secretaries known as presidents ‘Brain Trust’ are appointed by the president and stay in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the president. The President may remove any secretary without assigning any reason. Secretaries are neither responsible to congress nor to the people but to the president. The President can hire or fire secretaries

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on the congress for his survival. He, is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

Question 8.
Distinguish between democratic and dictatorial government.
Answer:
Democratic government :

1. Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
2. Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
3. Democracy upholds individual dignity;
4. Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
5. Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Dictatorial government
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist, and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

1. Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
2. Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
3. Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between parliamentary and presidential government.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

2. Collective responsibility:
A parliamentary government is directly responsible to the legislature and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house. A decision taken by cabinet is binding on ministers and they should defend it in and out of parliament. Together we sink or sail” is the key statement of parliamentary government.

3. Individual Responsibility:
Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government
and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

4. Political Homogeneity:
In a parliamentary government, all ministers belong to the same party or alliance having common policies, programmes, values and beliefs and work under a common minimum programme (CMP). As a result, it is not difficult to secure co¬operation and co-ordination.

In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

5. Membership of parliament:
In a parliamentary government, a minister must be a member of either house of parliament. On becoming a minister he must become a member of either house within 180 days. Otherwise, he will have to step down from office. This is to ensure individual responsibility to the parliament.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as the duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

7. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the backbone of the cabinet. He acts as the spokesperson of the government by defending it in and out of the government. He acts as the advisor to the president in summoning, proroguing and dissolving the parliament. The Prime minister exercises independence in appointing ministers, expanding the ministry and allocation of portfolios.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections, they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government. Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

Presidential Government:
In the Presidential government, the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as a non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

2. Checks and Balances:
The presidential government is based on checks and balances. Though the legislature, executive and judiciary function independently, complete separation is not only desirable but also impractical. To maintain the exercise of power balanced, controlled and widespread each organ is given a fair degree of power in one another’s the functional area. ,

3. Executive is not responsible to the legislature:
The president in U S A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

4. Real Executive:
In the presidential government, the president is directly elected by the people. The president is not only the real executive but also the head of government. He is directly responsible for all happenings in the country.

5. Secretaries directly responsible to the president:
The secretaries known as presidents ‘Brain Trust’ are appointed by the president and stay in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the president. The President may remove any secretary without assigning any reason. Secretaries are neither responsible to congress nor to the people but to the president. The President can hire or fire secretaries.

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on congress for his survival. He is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

Question 10.
Distinguish between federal and unitary government.
Answer:
Unitary government:

1. The authority of the central government is supreme and all the organs of government are integral parts of one single administrative machinery.
2. Units are the creation of the central government. The powers given to them can be increased or decreased or cancelled.
3. Single citizenship right prevails.

Federal government:

1. The powers of the nation be divided between central and state governments. These are two administrative machineries.
2. The powers are divided and distributed to the state and central government by constitution.
3. Dual citizenship right enjoyed by citizen.

Question 11.
What are the kinds of Democracy?
Answer:
There are two kinds of Democracy

1. Direct democracy and
2. Indirect Democracy.

1. Direct Democracy:
Direct democracy is a kind of governance where the people directly ’’ take part in electing their government and also have a share in the exercise of real power. For example, the ancient Greek and Roman city-states had direct democracy where people directly participated to elect their representatives and take necessary measures.

In modem times, the direct democracy is still in practice in some of the cantons of Switzerland, where the voters meet in ‘ open-air parliament’. However, direct democracy . is best suited to only countries small in area and a population small enough to directly take part in the affairs.

1. Direct Democracy functions through constitutional devices like referendum, initiative, and recall.
2. Referendum means referring a bill or proposal for amendment of the constitution to the people to know their opinion.
3. Initiative provides the people a right to petition or request the parliament to enact a certain type of law.
4. Recall is a method by which the people may compel an elected representative to either resign or to submit to re-election before his term of office is over.

2. Indirect Democracy:
Under this system, the people participate in the affairs of the state through their representatives. Though popular sovereignty rests in the hands of the people, it is actually exercised by their representatives and they are in turn responsible to the people. If the representatives fail to stand up to the aims and aspirations of the people, they may be changed in the next election.

Question 12.
What are the factors that condition the success of Democracy?
Answer:
1. Liberty and Equality:
Democracy can work satisfactorily only when people are allowed to enjoy a greater amount of freedom and equality. Freedom is necessary for the participation of the people in their administrative affairs. People must enjoy economic, social and political liberty and equality without any discrimination.

2. Eternal Vigilance:
Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy. Vigilance is nothing but. alertness or watchfulness of the people. Citizens must constantly watch as to how the government is doing its administrative business. The government can be kept on track if the people are constantly vigil on what is going on at the government level.

3.Spirited Leadership:
Spirited leadership is a must for the success of democracy. Leaders should be able, efficient, intelligent, active and honest. They must have good reasoning capacity, rational attitude, clean-hands and descent behavior. They must take proper steps to increase the competence of the government.

4. Literacy:
The active and intelligent participation of citizens in public affairs can be assured if all of them are adequately educated. The government has to chalk out plans to provide free and compulsory education for all.

5. Bi-party system:
For the successful working of democracy, there must be only two political parties.

6.Strong Opposition:
For the success of democracy, there must be a strong opposition. The government becomes irresponsible and careless in the absence of strong and effective opposition parties. Opposition parties should check the illegal, unpopular and unconstitutional act of the ministers and the representatives. They should try to keep the government on the right track through their rational criticism.

7. Participation:
The people must have an independent opinion in public affairs. The success of democracy depends upon the ability, character and power of common man.

8. Tolerance:
Tolerance is a noble virtue of democracy. The government must be tolerant enough to listen to the criticism made by people from time to time. People must be tolerant enough to understand the problems of the government. The minority must accept the majority views, and majority must understand the feelings of the minority.

9. Independent Judiciary:
In all democratic countries, the judiciary should play a significant role. An independent and impartial judiciary is necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the people guaranteed in the constitution. For the administration of justice, settlement of disputes and to interpret the laws and constitution, an independent judiciary is a must.

10. Decentralization:
It is the most important feature of democratic government. Power in the hands of the people is called decentralization. Rural and Urban Panchayat Raj system has been implemented on the basis of decentralization.

Question 13.
What is a Unitary Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A unitary government is system in which the power and authority to make and unmake laws lie with the centre. It enjoys the authority of transferring power to provincial units, for the sake of administrative convenience, which can be installed, changed or removed at the discretion of the single central authority. The United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, and Iran are some of the examples of a unitary state.

Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

2. No Provincial Autonomy:
The provinces or local units in a unitary system are created by the centre for the sake of administrative convenience. It carries out the orders of the centre without having any powers to make decisions. Thus, the local units only act as subordinate agents of the centre without any authority or autonomy.

3. Single legislature:
In a unitary system of government, there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

4. Constitution may be written or unwritten:
The constitution, in a unitary government, may be written or unwritten as there is one single central authority wielding power all over the state without any other centres of power.

Question 14.
Explain the features of a Federal Government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India) and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

2. Supremacy of the constitution:
In a Federal system, the power enjoyed by the centre and local units is original because both derive their powers from the constitution. This avoids any confusion or contention in the sharing of power. The division of powers is based on necessity and convenience.

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both centre and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.

4. Special provision for settlement of disputes:
In a presidential system, in order to settle disputes arising between the states or between centre and the states, the judiciary has been assigned the job of interpreting the provisions of the constitution, thus acting as custodian and guardian of the constitution.

5. Power of amendment:
In a presidential system, to amend the constitution both the centre and the local governments have been assigned equal powers. No constitutional amendment can be made without the consent of federal units.

You can Download Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state.

Question 2.
Which is the most essential element of the state?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state.

Question 3:
Which is the root word of sovereignty?
Answer:
The word sovereignty has been derived from the Latin word ‘ Superanus’.

Question 4.
What are the two kinds of Sovereignty?
Answer:
Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 5.
Who introduced (aspects) the sovereignty in the modern sense?
Answer:
Jean Bodin introduced Sovereignty in the modem sense.

Question 6.
Name the book written by Jean Bodin.
Answer:
The book written by Jean Bodin is “Six books on the republic”.

Question 7.
Who was the proponent of internal sovereignty?
Answer:
Badin advocated Internal Sovereignty.

Question 8.
Who was the proponent of external sovereignty?
Answer:
Hugo Grotius was the proponent of external sovereignty.

Question 9.
Define Law.
Answer:
According to Holland ‘Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by sovereign political authority. ’

Question 10.
What is the root word of law?
Answer:
The term law has been derived from the Teutonic root ‘lag’, means something fixed.

Question 11.
What is the basic of moral law?
Answer:
Moral law is based on ethical code of morality of the people.

Question 12.
What is the other name of municipal law?
Answer:
National law is the other name of municipal law.

Question 13.
What is ordinance and who promulgates it?
Answer:
Ordinance are executive orders which promulgates by the president when parliament is not in session.

Question 14.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with civil service matters is called administrative law.

Question 15.
Who enacts laws in India?
Answer:
Parliament enacts laws in India.

Question 16.
What is meant by Liberty?
Answer:
It means the freedom of the individual.

Question 17.
What is the root word of liberty?
Answer:
The root word of liberty is the Latin word; Liber’ which means free.

Question 18.
Which revolution upheld the ideals of liberty equality and fraternity?
Answer:
France Revolution (1789) uphelds the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 19.
What is Equality?
Answer:
It means equalization of opportunities.

Question 20.
What are Economic rights?
Answer: The rights enable every citizens to earn their livelihood.

Question 21.
What is meant by constitutional law.
Answer:
It is the basic law that determines the organization and functions of the government.

Question 22.
What is case law?
Answer:
Case law is a law made by courts.

Question 23.
What are the two aspects of liberty?
Answer:
Negative and Positive aspects.

Question 24.
What is natural liberty?
Answer:
It means unrestricted freedom of the individual to do what he likes.

Question 25.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political liberty means the right of the people to participate in the governance of the country.

Question 26.
What is National Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the nation from outside control.

Question 27.
What is a Civil Liberty?
Answer:
It is liberty available to the citizens inside society or state.

Question 28.
What is Economic Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the individual to earn his livelihood.

Question 29.
What is Natural Equality?
Answer:
It means by nature all are equal.

Question 30.
What is Civil Equality?
Answer:
It means equality before the law.

Question 31.
What is political equality?
Answer:
It means equal rights to participate in the affairs of the state.

Question 32.
What is Economic Equality?
Answer:
It means the removal of all inequalities and equal distribution of wealth.

Question 33.
What is Social Equality?
Answer:
It means there should be no discrimination on the basis of birth or family background.

Question 34.
What are Rights?
Answer:
Rights are the freedom given to individuals to do and undo certain things with status permission.

Question 35.
What is Moral Right?
Answer:
They are based on an ethical code of morality of the people. It is not enforced by state law.

Question 36.
What is duty?
Answer:
It is an obligation to do or not to do something.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define sovereignty.
Answer:
According to Burgess “Sovereignty is original, absolute and unlimited power over the individual and all associations”.

Question 2.
What are the two aspects of sovereignty?
Answer:

1. Internal sovereignly.
2. External sovereignty.

Question 3.
Define law.
Answer:
According to Holland “Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by a sovereign political authority.

Question 4.
Mention different kinds of law.
Answer:
There are different kinds of law the important among them are: National law, International law, constitutional law, common law, ordinary law, and administrative law, etc.,

Question 5.
What is the meaning of liberty?
Answer:
Liberty’ is the power of a man to do anything that does not injure others.

Question 6.
Mention any two economic liberties.
Answer:

1. Right to work
2.  Right to adequate wages.

Question 7.
What is right?
Answer:
Right is a facility given by the legal authority7 to develop the individual personality of the citizens.

Question 8.
Mention any two political rights.
Answer:

1. Right to vote.
2. Right to contest for election.

Question 9.
What is National Law?
Answer:
It is formulated by the state legislature and it is binding on all the people within the territory of the state.

Question 10.
Write the meaning of ordinances.
Answer:
Ordinances are the executive laws which promulgates by the president to meet the unforeseen situations when parliament is not in session.

Question 11.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with the civil service matter and comes under administrative tribunals is called administrative law.

Question 12.
What is rule of law?
Answer:
A system in which administration carried on in accordance with the law is called rule of law.

Question 13.
What is internal sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is empower to enact, enforce and interpret the laws with in its jurisdiction is called internal sovereignty.

Question 14.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is independent from other states and can have foreign policy with its neighbouring states is called external sovereignty.

Question 15.
Define rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state”.

Question 16.
Name any two political rights.
Answer:

1. Right to vote.
2. Right to contest for election.

Question 17.
What is equality?
Answer:
Facilities are provided to all the persons without any discrimination is called equality.

Question 18.
Mention the types of Liberty.
Answer:

1. Natural Liberty.
2. Civil Liberty.
3. Political Liberty.
4. Economic Liberty.

Question 19.
Describe in brief the natural equality.
Answer:
All men are said to be born equal. This is natural equality. Human beings differ in their natural abilities and faculties.

Question 20.
What are the attributes of sovereignty?
Answer:
Absoultenegs permanence, universality, indivisibility exclusiveness originality are the attributes of sovereignty.

Question 21.
Mention types of Liberty.
Answer:
Natural Liberty, Civil Liberty, Political Liberty, Economic Liberty, National Liberty.

Question 22.
Explain Sovereignty.
Answer:
It is one of the most important elements of the sate. Bodin for the first time discussed sovereignty in the modem sense. It is the supreme power of the state.

Question 23.
How Sovereignty is absolute?
Answer:
The sovereignty of the state is absolute means it is subject to no legal limitations either internally or externally without this absolute power no state can exist.

Question 24.
What do you mean by sovereignty is indivisible?
Answer:
Indivisible means sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty means destruction of sovereignty.

Question 25.
What do you mean by sovereignty is inalienable?
Answer:
It means sovereignty can’t be transferred. It cannot transferred to another, authority.

Question 26.
What is International Law?
Answer:
International law is a law that governs by a sovereign authority. It depends upon the acceptance and obedience of sovereign states.

Question 27.
What are the kinds of equality?
Answer:
Civil equality, Political Equality, Social Equality, National Equality, Economic Equality etc.,

Question 28.
What is Secular State?
Answer:
It is a state where there is religious freedom, and the state does not interfere with individuals’ religious matters.

Question 29.
What is legal sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty according to law is known as legal sovereignty. Legal soveregin is the lawers concept of sovereignty. The authority, a person or body of persons which has power to issue and enforce the laws of state.

Question 30.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
It is basic and fundamental law of country, it determines the organization and functions of government out in written or unwritten form.

Question 31.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal rights are the rights which have a legal binding and are protected and recognised by state.

Question 32.
Write two fundamental duties of Indian Citizen.
Answer:

1. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
2. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Question 33.
Mention two features of Law.
Answer:

1. Law mirrors the wishes of the people.
2. Law is coercive and disobedience of law invites punishment.

Question 34.
What is ordinary law?
Answer:
Laws that are made by the parliament is called ordinary law.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of sovereignty.
Answer:
Jean Bodin – who was the first to explain the concept of sovereignty said: “Sovereignty is the supreme power over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law.”

According to Hugo Grotius:
“Sovereignty is the supreme power vested in him whose acts are not subjected to any other who will can’t be can overridden.”

Characteristics of Sovereignty:

a. Permanent:
Sovereignty is permanent. Every state is sovereign it is accordingly permanent. The death of the rules or the change in government doesn’t mean any change in sovereign power. It comes to an end when the state is destroyed or is conquered and ruled by some external power.

b. Universality:
Sovereignty embraces each and every person and every association within the territory of the state. No individual or association in the state can disobey the sovereign authority of the state.

c. Sovereignty can’t be transferred:
The state has no right to give away its sovereignty. When a state loses or has to give up a part of the territory and population to another state, that part comes under the control of that state.

d. Indivisible:
Sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty leads to the destruction of sovereignty.

e. Absoluteness:
Sovereignty is absolute. There can be no legal power within the state, superior to it. All individuals, associations come under the absolute power of the state. The state is completely independent.

Question 2.
Write a note on economic liberty.
Answer:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

Question
3. Discuss kinds of equality.
Answer:
1. Natural Equality:
It implies that nature has created all men equal. It can also be defined that it insists on removing all man-made and artificial inequalities and treat all equally.

2. Civil and legal Equality:
Implies that all are equal before law and all are protected equally irrespective of caste, class, colour, race, etc.,

3. Political Equality:
Implies that all the citizens, irrespective any type of difference are entitled to participate in the affairs of state. All have equal voice in the government. It is based on principle of universal adult Franchise.

4. Economic Equality:
Implies removal of inequalities based on wealth and insists on certain minimum standard of income to all to meet their basic needs.

5. Social Equality:
Implies every individual without any discrimination must be given equal opportunity for the development of their personalities.

Question 4.
Explain the kinds of Law?
Answer
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no law s to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the State applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

Question 5.
What are the kinds of Law? Explain.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

Question 6.
Write the relation between liberty and authority.
Answer:
It is sometimes said liberty and authority of the state as opposed to each other. But liberty doesn’t mean that unlimited right of a man to do whatever he likes. The liberty of one should not infringe on the freedom of others.

Freedom is secured through such rules and regulations. Political authority makes and enforces the law. Absolute authority will destroy liberty. Authority is the basis of liberty.

Question 7.
Explain the importance of law.
Answer:
As we live in society, we have to observe certain rules and regulations otherwise living in society will be impossible. Therefore every going out makes rules and regulations to maintain peace and order in society. The law is framed and enforced by the state to regulate the activities of citizens and to keep them within certain limits.

Question 8.
Explain the meaning of equality.
Answer:
In a literal sense, equality means that all human beings are equal. Equality doesn’t mean absolute equality. In a negative sense equality means the absence of special privileges. This means that there shall be no discriminations made on basis of caste, religion, colour, wealth, gender, etc. In a positive sense, equality means availability of adequate opportunities to all for self-development.

Question 9.
Explain characteristics of law.
Answer:

1. It regulates the external behaviour of a man in an organised society.
2. Laws are universally applicable.
3. They are the expressions of the will of the state & laid down in precise & definite language.
4. Laws are enforced by the state.
5. Freaking of laws invite punishment. Laws aimed at ensuring and enhancing the individuals and general well being of the people.

Question 10.
Write the feature of liberty.
Answer:

1. Liberty means the absence of restraint on freedom of thought speech and action.
2. Liberty without any restraint is a license.
3. It means political freedom as opposed to political slavery.
4. In its positive aspect, it is the freedom to do a thing.
5. In its negative aspect, it means restraints on doing something.
6. Liberty can be safeguarded only in the state.
7. Liberty means freedom individual to do what he likes without injuring similar liberty of others.

Question 11.
Explain what is political liberty.
Answer:
Political liberty means to be active in the affairs of the state. It can only be possible when the government is carried on in accordance with the will of the people. Political Liberty can be attained by the exercise of the four main rights.

1. Right to vote.
2. Right to contest in the election.
3. Right to criticize the government.
4. Right to hold Public office.

Question12.
Write the relationship between liberty and equality.
Answer:
There are two opposite views regarding the relation between equality and liberty.
Lord Action maintained that liberty and equality are opposite to each other. But it is clear that this view is based on an interpretation of liberty as unrestricted freedom and equality as absolute equality. Hence this is wrong view.

Acc to second view, it is important to note that equality and liberty are complementary to each other. Liberty and Equality are just like two faces of same community liberty depends upon the state and laws.

Question 13.
Explain different kinds of rights.
Answer:

• Moral Rights
• Legal Rights.
• Civil Rights.
• Political Rights.
• Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those which based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights which enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 14.
What is meant by popular sovereign?
Answer:

1. Popular sovereignty means the ultimate authority or supreme power of the state is vested in the people. In a democracy the sovereignty will be in the hands of people.
2. Civil, Political and Economic equality is assured in a democracy, all rights are provided to every citizen without any discrimination. It ensures equality before the law.
3. It gives importance to human personality. It recognise the worth of every individual every citizen has a voice in going out and its policies.

Question 15.
Describe two sources of law.
Answer:
Customs:
It is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct. Habits and usage in families clans and tribes must have become well established and thus customs have been the earliest means of social regulation.

Religion:
In premitive societies custom was law was religious. Religious principles were the basis of the formation of most customs. Custom rules based on religion could not be violated. In India, Hindu law is based on the code of Manu. The Muslim law derives itself from the Quran. The influence of Christianity and the Bible in framing the laws of various western countries cannot be denied.

Question 16.
Explain negative and positive equality.
Answer:
The negative aspect, of equality, means the absence of special privileges. All barriers of birth, wealth, caste and sex should be removed in social and political life. Rights should be enjoyed – in common by all.

In its positive aspect equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for self-development to all adequate opportunities that can be given to everyone to develop the personality.

Question 17.
Distinguish between National and International law.
Answer:
National law is the branch of law that applies within the territory of the state. All persons living within the state shall obey national laws. Its violation is punishable international law is the law which regulates the relations of sovereign states with another.

International law has force only to the extent to which it is recognized and voluntarily accepted by the different states of the world.

Question 18.
What are the different kinds of liberty? Explain briefly.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of man in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modem social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

3. Political Liberty:
This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberties are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is independent.

Question 19.
Write a note on the general duties of citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. There are called as duties.
The duties are broadly divided into moral and legal duties.
The important general duties of a citizen are :

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to protect and promote unity and integrity of the state.

2. Obedience to Law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion and disorder. The laws are made for the welfare of the citizens.

3. Payment of taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest Exercise of the Right to Vote:
This enables citizens to elect going out of their choice which works for their development, welfare, security, protection, etc.,

Question 20.
Explain the political rights.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

2. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

3. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

4. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

5. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the biggest boons of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

Question 21.
What is the importance of liberty?
Answer:
1. Respect for individuals:
Liberty is essential for every individual to be at his best self, subject, to legal limitations.

2. Respect for laws:
Liberty is required to put down any kind of dominance within a civil society where all enjoy equal liberty and invasion of liberty of a person is nothing but a violation of liberty which is visited by penalty or punishment.

3.Respect for fellow being:
The fear of punishment in case of violation of the liberty of others; makes one respect the feelings of others thereby ensuring respect for fellow
beings.

4. Promotes co-operation and understanding:
Liberty ensures individuals to develop harmony, brotherhood, and understanding based on mutual necessity and co-operation.

Question 22.
Answer:
Explain the importance of Equality.
1. Self-respect:
In the absence of discrimination, all can develop as they wish, thus ensuring respect for individual personality.

2. Promotes Co-operation:
When all are treated equal in the eyes of law, people can lead a life based on cooperation and understanding, develop harmony, which will lead to the brotherhood.

3. Prevents revolution:
When all are treated equal, they can pursue what they consider best and it would prevent revolutionary tendencies from taking over the system.

Question 23.
Explain the importance of rights.
Answer:
1. Development of personality: Rights describe the do’s and don’ts of civilized life and this helps an individual to develop his personality.

2. Symbol of national prestige: The quality Of rights in a country symbolizes the quality of its rules and people.

3. Respect for fellow beings:  Rights guarantees respect for fellow citizens.

4. Protection against government: Rights guarantees protection against government action.

Question 24.
Explain the importance of Sovereignty?
Answer:
1. Identifies the nation-state: Sovereignty has contributed to the identity and status of the nation-state.

2. Sovereignty gives freedom to the state: Sovereignty increases the freedom of nation-state, so as to decide on its domestic and foreign policy.

3. Allows progress: Sovereignty provides motivation for each nation to achieve progress.

4. Promotes nationalism: Sovereignty promotes national spirit and allows love for the nation.

5. Allows the state to exercise coercive power: Sovereignty monopolies the state internally and externally.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the law? explain its kinds.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning and kinds of rights.
Answer:

• Moral Rights
• Legal Rights.
• Civil Rights.
• Political Rights.
• Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights that enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning and kinds of liberty.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of men in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modern social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

3. Political Liberty:
This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are maningless and useless. It; means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is indepent.

Question 4.
Describe the political rights.
Answer:
a. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

b. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

c. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

d. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

e. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the bigget boon of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Explain economic rights.
Answer:
The rights which enable every citizens to earn their livelihood are called economic rights.

Following are the important economic rights.

1. Right to work – Every person is free to work at his choice.
2. Right to property – Every person is free to earn, enjoy and sale the property.
3. Right to leisure – the persons who are working are permitted to enjoy leisure time during working hours.
4. Right to material security – All the states have provided material security against old age, sickness, disability, unemployment, etc.
5. Right to contract – All the individuals are free to enter into agreement with others within the framework of law.

Question 6.
Distinguish between legal sovereignty and political sovereignty.
Answer:
A legal sovereign is a person or body of persons in a state which is the supreme law-making authority disobedience to law result in punishment.

The characteristics are :

• The legal sovereign is always definite and determinate.
• It may be in the hands of a single individual or body of individuals.
• It is legal expression of the will of the state.
• Legal sovereign grants the rights.
• Political sovereignty: It is the power behind the legal sovereignty.

The legal sovereign simply makes laws. The wishes of political sovereign who can’t express the will of the state. It is not so easy to define political sovereign. It is unorganized and unknown to law. Political sovereign and legal sovereign concide in direct democracy.

Dejure and Defacts Sovereignty.
Dejure:
Sovereignty means sovereignty by law. In Other words, dejure is the lawful and legitimate sovereign. It is legally constituted and has the basis and authority of law. It has legal right to govern.

Defacto:
Sovereignty is which has no legal basis because it is not recognized by law but exists on fact. Defacto comes to power usually by force. If it manages to stick to power and show that he can rule he becomes dejure sovereign.

Titular Sovereignty and Real Sovereignty.
Titular has the power but he won’t use it but somebody else will use. For eg: King or Queen of England and the President of India. The council of ministers is the real soveregin and occupy a highly dignified and privileged position in the state. In a presidential system, there is no difference because the president himself exercises his powers and functions.

Question 7.
Define Law. Explain its features.
Answer:
The word law is derived from the Teutonic word Tag’ which means something fixed.
Acc to John Austin: “a command given by a superior to an inferior.”
Accordingly to Woodrow Wilson “Law is that position of established thought and habit which . has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules.”

Characteristics of law:

• Laws regulate the external behaviour of man in an organized society.
• Laws are universally applicable to all individuals living in the state.
• Laws are enforced by the state.
• Breaking of law invites punishment.
• Ignorance of laws is accepted as a ground for the exemption from the applicant of laws.

Question 8.
Explain Civil Rights.
Answer:
1. Right to live:
All people born in society have the right to live. The main responsibility of the state is to provide security of life to the people.

2. Right to Liberty:
All the people living in the state have the right to travel freely all over the country. They can reside anywhere as they desire.

3. Right to Religion:
All the citizens have the freedom to practice or propagate any religion they want.

4. Right to Culture and Education:
All the citizens have the right to protect, develop and practice their own culture. The right to education has been granted, to enable a person to develop and improve his or her personality.

5. Right to Association:|
All the citizens have the freedom to form the different types of association as per their needs and aspirations.

6. Right to Family:
Family is an integral part of human existence. Every individual has the right to marriage, to bring up children and to continue his generation.

Question 9.
What are the various sources of law?
Answer:
1. Customs:
Customs is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct observed by people in society. When the state was established, these customs received
recognition and became laws.

2. Religion:
In many countries, religion is the basis of the law and it lies as the root of many national legal systems.

3. Equity:
It refers to the principles of equality, fairness, and justice in which judges apply. When existing laws provide no relief in a particular case, judges apply the principle of equity.

4. Judicial decisions:
Judges interpret mould and extend the existing laws. Such decisions of the judges later become precedents judicial precedents supplement the law and are applied in the future cases of a similar kind.

5. Scientific commentaries:
These are scientific discussions by eminent jurists or lawyers. It is an important source of material for lawmakers.

6. Legislation:
It means the enactment and promulgation of laws by the legislature. It forms an important source of law.

You can Download Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is known as the Father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.

Question 2.
Who studied political science first scientifically?
Answer:
Aristotle studies political science first scientifically.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Aristotle.
Answer:
Aristotle wrote the book “The Politics”.

Question 4.
Name any one of the city-state of ancient Greece?
Answer:
Sparta is one city-state of ancient Greece.

Question 5.
What is political science?
Answer:
A study of the political activities of human being is called political science,

Question 6.
Who called political science as supreme or master science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 7.
Who said, ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 8.
How many constitutions did Aristotle study prior to writing ‘The politics’?
Answer:
Aristotle studies 158 constitutions prior to write ‘The politics’.

Question 9.
Which is the root word of Politics’?
Answer:
Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’.

Question 10.
What is the meaning of word ‘polis’?
Answer:
‘Polis’ means Greek City-States.

Question 11.
Name the book written by Machiavelli?
Answer:
The book written by Machiavelli is ‘The prince’.

Question 12.
Which is the root word of Political Science?
Answer:
Greek word‘Polis’is the root word of Political Science.

Question 13.
To which branch of science does Political Science belong?
Answer:
Political Science is an exact science. It belongs to the category of Social Science.

Question 14.
Which scholar considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive?
Answer:
MAX WEBER considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive.

Question 15.
What are the major divisions of Political Science?
Answer:
The major division of Political Science is

1. Study of Political Theory.
2. Normative and Empirical study.
3. Study of Political institutions.

Question 16.
Mention the writers who believed Political Science to be a study of the state alone.
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli believed political science to be the study of the state alone.

Question 17.
For what reason Political Science cannot be regarded as science?
Answer:

1. Political Science deals with human beings and society where there is no uniform behaviour among the people.
2. It cannot have exact and universal laws.

Question 18.
Who said a man is a social animal?
Answer:
Aristotle has said man is a social animal.

Question 19.
Write the definition of Political Science given by G W. Garner.
Answer:
G W. Garner: Political science begins and ends with the state.

Question 20.
Who said political Science is a master science?
Answer:
Aristotle said political science is a master science.

Question 21.
Who wrote the book ‘Republic’?
Answer:
Plato wrote the book ‘Republic’.

Question 22.
What is the subject matter of Political Science?
Answer:
State and Government are subject matter of Political Science.

Question 23.
What is the meaning of ‘Politics’?
Answer:
The word ‘Politics’ is derived from the word ‘Polis’, which means city to Greeks, which deals with city-state.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Define political science.
Answer:
Political Science is the part of social science which deals with the study of the state, government, law, people, power and other political concepts of the state. Aristotle considered the father of political science.

Question 2.
Name the divisions of the scope of political science.
Answer:

1. Political theory
2. Political institutions
3. Political parties
4. International relations.

Question 3.
What is the subject matter of political science?
Answer:
The subject matter of political science is state and government.

Question 4.
Why is ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle said, man, is a social animal because man can fulfill his basic desires, needs, requirements and protect himself. He cannot live all alone himself and he is not self-sufficient and self reliant.

Question 5.
What is the scope of political science?
Answer:
The scope of political science means boundary or the sphere of the province of the subject. It means the subject matter of the study.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Greek city-states?
Answer:
In the ancient days, the Greeks lived in city-states. In those days, city-states were very small. People were living in small city-states and direct democracy was existing in those city-states.

Question 7.
In which of the ancient Indian work do we find reference to state administration?
Answer:
We find references of state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashastra’, Kamandaka in ‘Neetisara’, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Shukraneetisara and Manusmrithi.

Question 8.
When and where was the International Political Science Conference held?
Answer:
The International Political Science Conference was held in Paris in 1948 under the UNESCO conference.

Question 9.
Who is called the Greek Philosopher Trio?
Answer:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are called a Greek philosopher Trio.

Question 10.
Who are the writers who said political science is a science?
Answer:
Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Montesque, Lewis, Bluntschli argues that political science is a science.

Question 11.
Who are the writers who said political science is an art?
Answer:
J.S. Mill, Buckle, August Compte, Maitland, James Bryce, and Charles A. Bryde says that political science is an art.

Question 12.
Write the definition of Political Science given by Paul Janet.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is’ that part of social science, which treats the foundation of the state and principle of government”.

Question 13.
Explain the nature of political Science.
Answer:
He who is unable to live in society must be either a beast or a god. It means that man is a social animal. He cannot lead a life of isolation. He has to live in society. To satisfy his wants man has to live in society. Man is not only a social animal but he also a political animal. He is quarrelsome by nature, to control this behaviour some laws are needed.

Question 14.
Is Political Science a Philosophy?
Answer:
Some writers consider political science as a part of philosophy because it deals with abstract concepts. But we cannot fully accept this argument because political science deals not only .with theories and ideas but also with practice.

Question 15.
Is the study of Political Science a must for every Politician?
Answer:
Politician is a person who takes an active part in politics. It is very much necessary for a politician to study political science. It teaches him good governance about the state and working of the government.

16. Is the study of political Science necessary for every citizen?
Answer:
The study of political science is very much necessary for every citizen, especially in a democracy. To know the value of vote, rights and to take part actively in the administration of the government.

Question 17.
Write the two definitions of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet “Political Science is that part of social science which treats the foundation of the state and principles of government”. According to Gilchrist “Political Science deals with state and government”.

Question 18.
Who are the writers who said Political Science is the study of the state alone?
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli are a group of thinkers who maintain that only the state is the subject matter of political science.

Question 19.
Who are the writers who say political science is the study of government alone?
Answer:
Stephen Leacock, John Seelay and Robson argued that political science deals with the only government. They believed that the subject matter of political science is the government.

Question 20.
Mari cannot live in isolation, Why?
Answer:
Man cannot live in isolation because he is a social animal and as such he is born and lives in the society living together give protection and security and man can fulfill all his basic necessities.

Question 21.
Give Gettell’s definition of political science.
Answer:
According to Gettell, Political Science is a historical investigation of what the state has been, an analytical study of what the state is and a political ethical discussion of what the state should be.

Question 22.
Mention any one major work of Plato and Aristotle.
Answer:
Plato – The Republic. Aristotle – Politics.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the evolution of political science.
Answer:
Man can understand the world with the help of science. Science is classified into different divisions such as physical science, biological science, and social science. Physical science helps us to discover new innovations, Biological science helps us to know nature. Social science helps us to know- the world in different dimensions. Social science includes history, economics, sociology, political science, geography, psychology, Ethics, philosophy, etc. Political science is one of the important branches of social science and occupies a very significant role in understanding the evolution of human beings.

The subject matter of political science is an ancient one. The ancient Greek philosophers have laid a good foundation for political science. In fact, the ancient Indian thinkers have referred to the concepts of political science in their works and historical documents. References are made on the state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashatra1, Shukraneetisara of Shukra and Manusmirthi of Manu. But these works are focused more on religious consciousness rather than political awareness.

Hence the study of political science was neither systematic nor scientific during that period. The credit for developing the theory of political science on a systematic and scientific basis rightly goes to the Greeks. Socrates a great ancient Greek philosopher contributed his political thinking through dialogues.

Plato emphasized his political views in his work ‘The Republic’. Whereas, Aristotle went a step ahead and made his approach to the study of political science more realistic. He laid a scientific foundation for the study of political science and regarded it as the “Supreme science”. He expressed his political thinking in his familiar work “The Politics”. In the modem context, Machiavelli of Italy added a new dimension to the study of political science in his great work “The prince”.

Question 2.
Explain the nature of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle says that man by nature is a social animal. He born in society, live in society and die in society only. To fulfill his needs, he created society. In society only he can enjoy all the facility’s love and affection. Away from society he maybe God or ghost. Man is a social being at the same time he is a political being also.

He is a selfish, egoist and quarrelsome by nature. The attitudes of selfish, egoist and jealousy of a man lead to anarchy in the society while leading the life. So the order of the society may be disrupted and man cannot lead his life happily and peacefully.

In order to control the bad behavior of such people and establish a peaceful society, there should be rules and regulations. The state has emerged to frame and implement these rules through its agency “The Government”. So the state controls the political activities of the human being and restore peace in the society. The subject which studies about the state, government, the political activities of a human being is regarded as political science.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science’ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. Hie term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science. Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with government only.

The third group of writers like Gettell, Gilchrist, Paul Janet, and Prof. Laski maintained that the scope of political science extends to both state and government. Prof. Laski maintains that the state, in reality, means the government.

We may agree with the third group of writers that political science is a study of both state and government is the steering wheel of the ship of the state. There can be no state without a government, the state remains the central subject of our study, and the whole mechanism of government revolves around it.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

1. Political Theory:
Political Theory, History of Political Ideas.

2. Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

3. Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

4. International Relations:
International relations, International organization, and Administration, International Law.

Question 4.
Is political science a Science? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:

1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way. it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge that has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

3. Common principles, conclusions possible:
Political scientists have arrived at broad principles after observing the political phenomenon over a long period of time. Reasons for the rise of new states, the eruption of revolts and revolutions, the emergence of political parties, etc, have been discovered.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences.

Question 5.
Is Political science is an art? Explain.
Answer:

1. Absence of Uniform terminology:
The study is called by different terms and there is no unanimity among thinkers regarding the exact term. The subject is called politics, political science, political theory, political philosophy, applied politics, theoretical politics, etc.

2. Differences regarding methods, definition, and scope:
There is no single method of studying the subject but different methods are available. Political principles are not universally accepted and applied. Terms like democracy, socialism, communism, liberalism, and Nationalism have been defined and explained in different ways.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientists cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 6.
Explain the origin and development of political science.
Answer:
According to Aristotle, political activity can be traced to the very nature of man. It is true that no individual can exist or live in isolation. No one is self-sufficient. So, man is a social animal. In the same manner, he is a political animal. Hence society requires an organization to regulate and control human activities. The organization states, which in turn function through its agency, government.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Nature and Scope of Political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science‘ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. The term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science.

Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with the government only.

The third group of writers like Gettell, Gilchrist, Paul Janet, and Prof. Laski maintained that the scope of political science extends to both state and government. Prof. Laski maintains that the state, in reality, means the government.

We may agree with the third group of writers that political science is a study of both state and government is the steering wheel of the ship of the state. There can be no state without a government, the state remains the central subject of our study, and the whole mechanism of government revolves around it.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

Political Theory:
Political Theory. History of Political Ideas.

Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

International Relations:
International relations. International organization and Administration, International Law.

Question 2.
Explain the relevance of the study of political science in the contemporary world.
Answer:
The study of political science is very useful to individuals and society. As said by Bernard Shaw that “political science by which alone civilization can be saved”. Political science exerts its influence on the life and destiny of human beings. Why political science has become so important in the life of man? It can be judged on the following grounds:

1. Essential for a cultured existence:
The study of Political Science introduces an individual to the requirements of a civilized and cultured society.

2. To understand the evolution of state and government:
Political Science is a study of state and government in all its aspects, in order to understand the roots of state and government such as how and why the state and government came into existence and .why it continues to be in existence and what are the essential factors that make a state, the types and forms of government, the aims and objectives of the government, etc., the knowledge of political science is essential.

3. To provide knowledge of rights and duties:
Every citizen, especially in a democracy desires to have knowledge of rights and duties. It is in political science that one learns all the aspects of these rights and duties.

4. To make Democracy effective:
Democracy today is the most popular system of government. Many factors contribute to the success and effectiveness of democracy. Political science enables one to understand all the principles, merits and defects of democracy.

5. Provides political education:
The study of political science provides political education to a citizen so that he may understand national problems in a new perspective.

6. Provides knowledge of ideologies:
The study of political science provides a vast knowledge of various prevailing ideologies like democracy, socialism, communism, nazism, fascism, etc.

7. Knowledge useful to political leaders and bureaucrats:
Knowledge of political science is very useful to the political leaders to carry on the working of the government effectively. Knowledge of the constitution is necessary for everyone to contribute better to the functioning of the government.

8. To understand political power:
Political Science helps citizens to understand the concept of political power; how governments function; what are the interest and forces behind the policies; who are his elected representatives and what they stand for.

9. To promote human warfare:
Political Science in the contemporary’ period lies the fact that it creates conditions for economic progress since it is motivated by an interest in human welfare.

10. To understand international relations and contribute to peace:
International relations is one of the specialized branches of political science dealing with the relationship among sovereign states. It includes many concepts like balance power, collective security alliances, treaties, international law, international organizations, etc.

Question 3.
Is political science a Science or an art? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:
1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way, it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge which has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study. For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

3. Common principles, conclusions possible:
Political scientists have arrived at broad principles after observing the political phenomenon over a long period of time. Reasons for the rise of new states, the eruption of revolts and revolutions, the emergence of political parties, etc, have been discovered.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences. Some writers consider political science as a part of political philosophy. It may be noticed that every political theory owes its origin to some philosophical idea. But however, we need not accept this argument in political science, not only deal with theories and ideas but also with practice.

In political science, there is an attempt to apply theoretical knowledge to the practice of politics. An art to be perfected require intelligence and constant practice by artist. On the basis of the above discussions, it may be concluded that it is an art.

1. Absence of Uniform terminology:
The study is called by different terms and there is no unanimity among thinkers regarding the exact term. The subject is called politics, political science, political theory, political philosophy, applied politics, theoretical politics, etc.

2. Differences regarding methods, definition, and scope:
There is no single method of studying the subject but different methods are available. Political principles are not universally accepted and applied. Terms like democracy, socialism, communism, liberalism, and Nationalism have been defined and explained in different ways.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientist cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 4.
Define political science. What is the significance or utility of its study?
Answer:
The term ‘Politics’ was used by the great Greek Philosopher Aristotle. It is derived from the term ‘Polis’ which means ‘city’ to Greeks city was the state and subject that was dealing with city-state was called politics. So political science means a systematic study of the state and government.

The following are some of the important definitions.

• Garner: “Political science begins and ends with the state”.
• Garies: “Political science deals with government”.
• Gilchrist: “Political science deals with state and government”.
• Paul Janet: “Political science is that part of social science which treats the foundations of state and principles of government”.

Political science has become the most important branch of social science. Aristotle called it a master science. Democracy has become the most common form of government nowadays. The study of political science trains the people for the successful working of democracy. The study of political science enables the individual to understand his rights and duties and enlightens him to take an active part in the affairs of the state.

It also promotes a sense of responsibility and the spirit of patriotism.

The citizen can understand the nature, merits, and demerits of different types of Government and other administrative institutions in their state by studying political science. Studying political science will enable people to understand different theories and ideologies and help him to decide whether to accept it or reject it.

The study of political science enables to understand international relations and international law. It helps to understand thoroughly the significance of world organizations in solving international problems and in maintaining international people.