The Impact of British Rule in India 10th Notes KSEEB Social Science
→ The British exploited the fractured political landscape in India to further their political consolidation.
→ In order to dominate India they implemented‘ Divide and Rule’ policy and employed “war’ and ‘Negotiation’ methods.
→ India was devoid of ‘One Nation Concept’ and was disintegrated into many kingdoms.
→ The British integrated India under a single administrative and political structure.
→ Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of Civil Services.
→ The Government of England implemented Regulating Act in India in 1773.
→ Lord Cornwallis established Fort William College in Calcutta to train aspiring candidates for civil services.
→ Appointment for civil services in India were made through competitive exams from the year 1853.
→ Mughal Emperor ShaAlam II gave “Diwani Rights”- the authority to collect Land taxes – to the British in 1757.
→ The British introduced “Dual – Administration” or “Dual – Governance” in Bengal region in 1758.
→ Lord Warren Hastings took over the administration as Governor in 1772.
→ The British established two types of courts in each district:
- Dewani Aadalat – Civil court
- Fouzadaari Aadalat – Criminal court
→ The civil court dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures to Hindus and as per the Shariyat to Muslims. Civil courts were administered by British officials.
→ Criminal courts were controlled by ‘Qajis’ under the supervision of British officials.
→ Lord Cornwallis implemented an efficient Police system in India and created the post of Superintendent of police (SP)
→ A district was divided into many “Stations” headed by a ‘Kotwal’.
→ Each village was heade4 by a ‘Chowkidhar’ and the ‘Kotwal’was made accountable for thefts, crimes and law violations.
→ The entire police system was brought under the control of British Officers in 1770.
→ The appointment of British Magistrates started in 1781.
→ The Police Law was implemented in 1861.
→ The introduction of ‘Police Commission Law’ allowed the appointment of suitable educational qualification for the post of Police Officers.
→ The Military was the base of administration during the British rule in India.
→ The rank of ‘Subedar’ was the highest post any Indian soldier could reach in the British army.
→ The Military system was redesigned after the recommendations of Peel in 1857.
→ The East India company implemented many new land tax policies to pay four lakh Pounds to the British government for its control over Bengal Province.
→ The ‘Permanent Zamindari System’ was implemented in 1793.
→ The ‘Permanent Zamindari System’ impoverished the India farmers.
→ The Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British
→ RM Bird and James Thomson implemented ‘Mahalwari System’ in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.
→ “Mahal’ Means Taluk’
→ The ‘Ryotwari Sytem’ was implement in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792 and in Mysore and Madras by Thomas Monroe in 1801.
→ Warren Hastings was the “Father of Modem Education in India.
→ Warren Hasting started ‘Calcutta Madarasa’ in 1781.
→ Jonathan Duncan started ‘ Sanskrit College’ in Banaras in 1792.
→ Sir William Benedict became the Governer General of India in 1828.
→ William Benedict appointed macaulay as ‘Chairperson of the committee on Education’.
→ Modern Education in India is based on the report on Education submitted by macaulay in 1835.
→ Maculay’s Education Policy aimed at “Creation of a new class of Indian’s who are Indian by body but British in intelligence, opinion and taste”.
→ English Medium schools for Indians were started in 1830’s.
→ The Charles Wood’s Commission suggested establishing Universities in India in 1854.
→ The Governor General Lord Dalhousie established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
→ The Constitutional laws implemented by the British to alleviate problems, demands and reformation in administration helped the evolution of Constitution of India.
→ The’ Regulating Act’ was implemented in 1773 to curb the corruption in East India Company.
→ The ‘Pitts India Act’ was implemented in 1784, which restricted the power of East India Company.
→ The Government of England became the ruler of British India Empire under the Pitts India Act of 1784.
→ The Charter Acts of 1793, 1813, 1833 and 1853 were implemented to renew the license of East India Company.
→ The Charter Act of 1813 allowed Churches, to enter India officially.
→ The Charter Act of 1833 renewed the License of East India Company for another 20 years.
→ The British Government Acts (1858-1947) were implemented because of the misadministration of East India Company and anti – India acts during the Sepoy Mutiny 1857.
→ The Queen of England, Queen Victoria, became the Supreme head of British India Empire in 1858.
→Indian Councils Act of 1861 enabled Indians to participate in process of creating Laws.
→ The Indian councils Act of 1892 authorised the discussion on budget related issues.
→ Indian Council Act of 1909 also known an “Minto-Marley Reformation Act” was used to Divide and Rule India.
→ The Indian Councils Act of 1909 provide separate representation for Muslims by the Creation of ‘Separate Electorate College’.
→ The Indian Councils Act of 1919 also known as ‘Montague – Chelmsford Reformative Act’ formulated Bi-cameral Legislative body and formed a Lower House and Upper House.
→ The Indian Government Act of 1935 is regarded as the base for the formation of the Indian Constitution, which allowed the formation of a fully responsible Government by Indians.
→ The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935.
→ DEWANI AADALAT: The supreme court of Revenue in British India headed by the District-collector.
→ HINDU SCRIPTURE: Vedas and Upanishads
→ SHARIYAT: Islamic Laws.
→ QAJI: A judge in a Muslim Community, whose decisions are based on Islamic religious laws.
→ KOTWAL: A senior police official or Magistrate in an Indian town during British rule.
→ CHOWKIDHAR: A person incharge of a village in British India.
→ CHARLES METCALF: A British Colonial Administrator.
→ WARREN HASTINGS: Governor of East India Company in 1772.
→ MAHALS: Taluk.
→ MADARASA: An Arabic word for an Education Institution.
→ WILIAM BENEDICT: Governor-General of India in 1828.
→ MACAULAY: Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859) a British Politician who introduced English as the Medium of Instruction for higher education in India.
→ CHARLES WOOD: Sir Charles Wood, British Politician, who took a major step in spreading education in India in 1854 and who is responsible for universalized education in India.
→ PITTS: Former Prime Minister of British William Pitt, the younger, who introduced the PITT INDIA ACT (1784)
→ MISSIONARY: A person sent on a religions mission to a foreign country.
→ VICEROY: A royal official who rules as country or province as the representative of a king.
→ ASSERTION: A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief.
→ ORDINANCE: An authoritative order.
→ LORD MINTO: Governor-General of British India from 1905 – 1910
→ LORD MARLEY: John Marley, was secretary of State of India and Viceroy of India.
→ LORD CHELMSFORD: Viceroy of India between 1916-1921
→ LORD MONTAGUE: Edwin Samuel Montague, secretary of state for India in 1917.
→ BI-CAMERAL: A Legislature divided into two houses, Upper house and Lower House.
→ ELECTROL COLLEGE: A body of people representing states who formally cast votes for election of President or Vice President.
→ PRINCIPALITIES: A territory ruled by a Prince or Princess.
→ DIARCHY: Government by two independent authorities, Central and State.
→ DOMINION: Sovereignty or Control.
→ 1770: The Bengal Famine
→ 1772: Appointment of Warren Hastings as Governor
→ 1773: Regulating Act Implemented by the Government of England
→ 1774-85 .’Warren Hastings Governor-General of British India.
→ 1781: a) The system of appointing British Magistrates started.
b) Warren Hastings ctarted ‘Calcutta Madarasa’.
→ 1784: The Government of India Act establishes a Board of Control (PITTS INDIA ACT).
→ 1786-93: Lord Cornwallis Governor-General of India
→ 1792: a)The Ryotwari system implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed
b)Jonathan Duncan started Sanskrit College in Baharas
→ 1793: Cornwallis ‘Permanent settlement of Bengal Revenue’
→ 1798: Lord Wellesley appointed Governor General of India
→ 1800: Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William college in Calcutta for the benifits of people aspiring to join Civil Services.
→ 1813: The East India Company’s Charter renewed for another twenty years but it’s monopoly over Indian Trade is abolished (Charter act)
→ 1828-35: Lord William Bentinck as Governor General of India
→ 1830: Macaulay recommended the use of English Medium in Indian Education
→ 1833: The Charter Act and the abolition of the East India Company’s trade
→ 1835: The Education Resolution.
→ 1848: Lord Dalhousie, Governer – General of India.
→ 1853: Appointments to civil services started through competitive exams
→ 1854:Education started to be universalized in India.
→ 1857: Sepoy Mutiny
→ 1858: a) The Final abolition of the East India Company
b)Indian Government Act
→ 1861: a) The India council act divides the government of India between a secretary of state and a council based in London, and the viceroy and a Legislative council based in Calcutta. Indian’s are only permitted to attend the Legislative council in an advisory role (Indian Councils Act 1861)
b) Implementation of Police Law
→ 1876: Queen Victoria of England is proclaimed the Emperess of India
→ 1882: The Resolution on Local self Government
→ 1892: Indian Councils Act of 1892, allows Indians to be full members of the Legislative Council.
→ 1902: Police Commission Law allowed the appointment of suitable educational qualification for the post of Police officers
→ 1909: a) The Indian Councils act of 1909 or Minto -Morley Reformation act increased Indian representation in both the central and provincial councils.
b) Divide and Rule policy, provided separate representation for muslims.
→ 20.08.1917: The Montagu declaration establishes that the British Government intends to develop self governing institution in India.
→ 1919: Indian Councils Act of 1919 or the Montague – Chelmsford reforms offer a limited form of Indian autonomy.