1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 State

You can Download Chapter 2 State Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 State

1st PUC Political Science State One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the most essential human organisation?
Answer:
State is the most essential human organisation.

Question 2.
What is State?
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 3.
What is the main purpose of a state?
Answer:
The welfare of the people is the main purpose of a state.

Question 4.
Who said that man is a social and. also a political animal?
Answer:
Aristotle says man is a social and also a political animal.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
What are the root words of the state?
Answer:
Romans says ‘‘civitas’’ and Italians say ‘statio’.

Question 6.
Give an example of a city-state.
Answer:
Sparta and Athens are examples of a city-state.

Question 7.
Who called the state as ‘Civitas’?
Answer:
Romans called the state as ‘Civitas’.

Question 8.
Who introduced the term state for the first time?
Answer:
Italian thinker Machiavelli introduced the word state in Political Science.

Question 9.
Who is the author of “The Prince”?
Answer:
Machiavehi is the author of ‘The prince’.

Question 10.
Which is the supreme of all associations?.
Answer:
The State.

Question 11.
Which association serves people from birth to death?
Answer:
State.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 12.
Who advocated the Sapthanga theory of the state?
Answer:
Kautilya advocates the Sapthanga theory of the state.

Question 13.
According to Plato what should be the population of the state?
Answer:
According to Plato, the population of the state is 5040.

Question 14.
Who said that the population of the state should be 10,000?
Answer:
Rousseau says the population of the state should be 10,000.

Question 15.
Who is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’?
Answer:
Kautilya is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’.

Question 16.
Name the state with the highest population in the world.
Answer:
The hight population state in the world is China.

Question 17.
Name the state with the lowest population in the world.
Answer:
The lowest population in the world is Nauru.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 18.
Who said that ‘Good people build a good state’.
Answer:
Aristotle says ‘Good people build a good state’.

Question 19.
What is the territory?
Answer:
A definite land which is essential for a state is called territory.

Question 20.
What is the government?
Answer:
An agent of a state is called the government.

Question 21.
Which is called as an agent of the state?
Answer:
The government is called an agent of the state.

Question 22.
Which organ is called as the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state?
Answer:
The government is called the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state.

Question 23.
What is meant by Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the Supreme Power of the State.

Question 24.
What is an association?
Answer:
A group of people which have a specific objectives is called an association.

Question 25.
Which is called as ‘The association of associations’?
Answer:
State.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 26.
What is society?
Answer:
A web of social relationships is called society.

Question 27.
Who said ‘Society is the web of social relationship’?
Answer:
Max Weber says society is the web of social relationship.

Question 28.
Which is known as the ‘crown association’?
Answer:
State.

Question 29.
What is the root word of the term ‘Nation’?
Answer:
The term ‘Nation has been derived from the Latin word ‘Natio’.

Question 30.
Who said ‘Nation is state + Nationality’?
Answer:
Gilchirst says ‘Nation is state + Nationality’.

Question 31.
When did India became a sovereign state?
Answer:
India becomes sovereign state on 15th August 1947.

Question 32.
What is nation?
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness is called a nation.

Question 33.
What is meant by the State?
Answer:
State means an assembly of people occupying a definite territory, having an organized government and subject to no outside control. (Sovereignty)

Question 34.
What is the root word of the term ‘STATE’?
Answer:
The Teutonic term ‘Status’ may be regarded as the root word of the term State in Political Science.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 35.
What are the four Elements of the State?
Answer:

The four Elements of the State are:

  1. Population
  2. Territory
  3. Government
  4. Sovereignty

Question 36.
Which is the most important element of the State?
Answer:
The most important element of the state is sovereignty.

Question 37.
Mention the two aspects of Sovereignty.
Answer:

Two aspects of Sovereignty are: Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 38. Which is the most powerful of all Social Institutions.
Answer:
The State.

Question 39.
Which is the root word of Sovereignty?
Answer:
The root word of Sovereignty is the Latin word ‘Super nus’ which means State.

Question 40.
Who wrote the book ‘The Prince’?
Answer:
Machiavelli of Italy.

1st PUC Political Science State Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of state.
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 2.
Why is the state inevitable?
Answer:
The state is inevitable to ensure the protection of the life and property of the inevitable.

Question 3.
Name any two theories of the origin of the state.
Answer:
Divine theory and social contract theory are the two theories of the state.

Question 4.
Define state.
Answer:
According to Woodrow Wison, the state is people organised for law within a definite territory.

Question 5.
What is the welfare state?
Answer:
A state which provides the basic facilities to all the people from birth to death is called a welfare state.

Question 6.
Mention the organs of Sapthanga Theory.
Answer:
Swami (King), Amatya (Minister), Janapada (Population and territory), Kosha (treasury), Bala (Army), Durga (Fort). Mithra (International relations).

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
Mention the four elements of a state.
Answer:
Population, definite territory, sovereignty, and government.

Question 8.
Write any two advantages of a limited population.
Answer:

  1. Nationality among the people.
  2. No unemployment problem.

Question 9.
Name any two states which have a large population.
Answer:

  1. China
  2. India.

Question 10.
Name any two advantages of small territory.
Answer:

  1. Effective administration.
  2. Harmonious relationship between state and people.

Question 11.
Write any two advantages of large territory.
Answer:

  1. Promoting as a strong country in the Global level.
  2. The human resources can be utilised effectively.

Question 12.
Name any two states with large territory.
Answer:

  1. Russia
  2. U.S.A.

Question 13.
Name any two states which have small territory.
Answer:

  1. Vatican city
  2. Monaco

Question 14.
Write the meaning of government.
Answer:
The government his an agent which fulfills the interests of a state.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 15.
Mention the organs of government.
Answer:

  1. Legislature.
  2. Executive
  3. Judiciary

Question 16.
Write any two forms of government.
Answer:

  1. Democratic government.
  2. Dictatorial government.

Question 17.
What is the meaning of sovereignty?
Answer:
A supreme power of the state over its citizens is called sovereignty.

Question 18.
Name the aspects of sovereignty.
Answer:

  1. Internal sovereignty.
  2. External sovereignty.

Question 19.
What is Internal Sovereignty?
Answer:
A Country that is free overall its individuals and associations within its territory is called internal Sovereignty.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 20.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
Freedom of a state which ensures to have an independent foreign policy with other countries is called external sovereignty.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of Society?
Answer:
The term Society refers to the whole complex of the Social relationship of Man. A Society may be defined as an association of individuals.

Question 22.
Write the difference between State and Society.
Answer:
Society was there before the State. It is prior to the State. Society has got variety purposes whereas the State only one object.

Question 23.
What is an associations? Give an example.
Answer:
Associations are a group of people united together to realize some common goals. They are Social institutions. The State is one among associations. Ex. Lions club.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 24.
Mention the two differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Membership of the State is Compulsory. It is Voluntary or Optional in the case of association. A Person can be a Citizen of only one State at a time. On the other hand, he can become a member of many associations at the same time.

Question 25.
Write the meaning of the Nation.
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness among the people who belongs to common stock is called a nation.

Question 26.
Write any two differences between the State and Nation.
Answer:

  1. State is politically organised Nation is spiritually united
  2. State is objective Nation is subjective.

Question 27.
What is the main difference between the State and Government?
Answer:
The government is the agent of the State. It is the agent through which the will of the State is formulated expressed realized. The State is an abstract concept government, is its concrete
form.

Question 28.
Why is the association ‘Voluntary’?
Answer:
Associations are formed to serve different aspects of Social life. Each having its own aims and objectives. Its membership is optional, so they are Voluntary.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 29.
Mention the Elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race, Common Religion, Common Language, Common Culture and Traditions, Common History.

Question 30.
Who is an Alien?
Answer:
An Alien is one who owes his allegiance to his home state and not to the state where he lives temporarily. He enjoys only Civil Rights.

Question 31.
Give the meaning of Secular State.
Answer:
A country that does not have any religion as State religion, and it gives equal importance to all religions and does not insist on any individual to follow a particular religion is called a Secular State.

Question 32.
What is meant by Power?
Answer:
It is one of the subject matters of Political Science. It is the capacity to influence the behavior of others and also the capacity to get things done from others.

Question 33.
What is Dual Citizenship? Give Example?
Answer: The Citizen of a Nation Enjoys two kinds of Citizenship, one of his nation and another is of the state where he actually resides.
E g: U S A and Switzerland.

Question 34.
Name the two features of Power?
Answer:

  1. Power is relative
  2. Power is Circumstantial.

1st PUC Political Science State Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Importance of the state.
Answer:
1. To realize social good:
the existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
state is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of the society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary7 to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress m the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
What is Sovereignty? Explain the two aspects.
Answer:
The supreme power of the state is called Sovereignty. It can not be questioned by any person in the state. The two aspects of Soverignity are as follows.

Internal sovereignty means the supremacy of the state overall individuals and associations within its territory. Every independent state has some person, assembly or group which has the final legal power to command and enforce the authority on behalf of the state. It issues all the orders within its jurisdiction and receives orders from no one. It is absolute and has no legal limitations. Hence the laws of the state are final and binding.

External sovereignity means the state is independent of all external control and force which can coerce a state into obedience. A state is free and equal with other states. An independent state can enter into any treaty or agreement and have its own foreign policy to carry on its own foreign affairs without any interference from other states.

Question 3.
What is the difference between State and Society?
Answer:

State

Society

1. State is supreme institution. 1. Society is not supreme Institution.
2. State originated after the society. 2. Society originated prior state.
3. Scope of state is limited. 3. Scope of society is wider.
4. Definite Territory is essential for the state. 4. Definite territory is not essential for society.
5. State consists of organized people 5. Society consists of both organized and unorganized people.
6. State has sovereignty. 6. Society has no sovereignty.
7. State functions through the government. 7. Society has no government.
8. State is one of the association in the society. 8. Society has many associations of which state is one.
9. Membership of state is compulsory. 9. Membership of society is obligatory.
10. State Studies about Political system. 10. Society studies about social system.
11. State controls our external relations. 11. Society influences on our internal relations.
12. Rules of the state are compulsory. 12. The rules of society are not compulsory.
13.State has the power to punish the people. 13. Society cannot punish people.
14. State has a legal system. 14. Society has no legal system.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
Distinguish between State and Association.
Answer:

State

Voluntary Association

1. Definite territory is essential element of state 1. Associations have no definite territory.
2. Membership is compulsory man cannot Give up the membership. 2. Membership is temporary; man can give up the membership.
3. Individual can get the membership of only a state. 3. Individuals can get the membership of various associations as he pleases.
4. State is permanent and continuous. 4. Associations are temporary. State can control and abolish them at any time.
5. State has sovereignty. 5. Associations have no sovereignty.
6. State’s functions are wider. 6. Functions of associations are narrower.

Question 5.
Explain the differences between State and Nation.
Answer:

State

Nation

1. State is Political Institution.

1. Nation is a Social Institution.
2. The State should be a nation. 2. Nation can become state.
3. The state four elements such as population, territory government, and sovereignty. 3. Nation has no four elements. It has Population and territory.
4. State expresses the political concept. 4. Nation has internal, psychological, Spiritual concepts.
5. State is limited. 5. Nation is universal.
6. State has sovereignty. 6. Nation has no sovereignty.
7. State may lose its state ship. 7. Nation is permanent.
8. State is Supreme. 8. Nation is not supreme.
9. State is organized. 9. Nation has social, religious, cultural nature.
10. State has the power to punish the people.

10. Nation has no power to punish the people.

Question 6.
Explain any two elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race:
[Some writers Say racial purely is a factor, which helps in the formation and continuance of nationality].

People belonging to the same race develop strong bonds of unity and form nationality.

There is no pure race in any nation. The USA, Canada, Switzerland and India are belonging to various origins . Thus the racial unity is a desirable factor for the formation of nationality but an absolutely essential factor.

Common Language:
It brings people together. People who speak common language have a strong bond of relationship and unity. It helps people to communicate with each other. For e. g: People of Switzerland speak their languages, Hench, German and Italian but form one nationality. In India, we speak many languages but we belong to one nationality.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
Write a note on the general duties of a citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A Citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. These are called duties. They are broadly divided into moral and legal duties. The legal duties are general duties that are enforced and recognized by the laws of the state. They are compulsory. If a citizen neglects his duty he is punished. The important general duties of a citizen are:

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to Protect and promote unity and integrity of the state and for the maintenance of peace, order, and security of the state.

2. Obedience to law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion
and disorder.

3. Payment of Taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest exercise of the right to vote:
This duty enables citizens to elect gout of their choice which works for development, welfare, security, etc.

Question 8.
Explain the Nature of State.
Answer:

  1. State is sovereign as the people within the state have to obey the laws made by the state.
  2. In order to operate its sovereign power, the state has to use coercive power.
  3. Membership of the state is necessary for man for his very existence.
  4. State protects and promotes individuals’ welfare.
  5. State has come into existence due to the deliberate and conscious efforts of human beings.
  6. State is dynamic in nature as it keeps changing from stage to stage.
  7. State should necessarily have four elements viz, population, territory, government and, sovereignty.

1st PUC Political Science State Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define state and explain its essential elements. .
Answer:
Aristotle defines the state as “A Union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficient life, by which we mean a happy and honorable life”.

According to Bluntschli. The state is Politically Organized people According to Wilson, “The state is a people organized for law within a definite territory”. According to Laski, “The state is a territorial society divided into government and subject, etc, claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions”.

The above definitions show that there are four essential elements of the state.

  1. Population.
  2. Territory.
  3. Government.
  4. Sovereignty.

1. population:
People are the most important essential of the state. If there are no people there will be nobody to rule and nobody to be ruled. A vacant island or desert can’t constitute a state. Hence, the population is essential for state and without population there can be no state.

For Aristotle, the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be well-governed. The actual population is less than the optimum; the natural resources can’t be fully utilized. If it is more, poverty will be the result.

2. Territory:
Territory is a definite area of earth’s surface where people reside permanently. We can’t think of a state without territory.
The area within these boundaries constitutes the “Territorial Jurisdiction” of a state.

There is no fixed limit to the size of the territory, it may be generally laid down that there should be a proper balance between population and territory.

3. Government:
For the peaceful existence, gout is very much essential for a state. The government is the machinery, which regulates controls and directs human behavior in society. It is an agency of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and executed. The entire population of a political community makes a state. The gout is composed of few persons duly elected or selected. There are branches of government. They are legislature, executive and judiciary. The form of government differs from state to state.

4. Sovereignty:
It means the supreme power of the state. The term sovereignty derived from the Latin word supreranus, which means supreme. There are two aspects of sovereignty Internal and external ‘sovereignty’. Internal means supreme legal authority and group within its territory. External means freedom of state from any kind of outside control. It means Pot – Independence of state. ‘Sovereignty’ is the most important element of the State.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
Explain the Importance of state.
Ans.
1. To realize social good:
The existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
Rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
State is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress in the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

Question 3.
What is meant by Nation and Nationality?
Ans.
Writers on political science are not agreed on the exact meaning of word nationality. The term. Nation and Nationality have been used interchangeably. Both the term Nation and Nationality are derived from the same root word ‘Nato’, which means born, birth, or race. The word nation has acquired a political meaning whereas nationality acquired spiritual meaning.

According to Lord Bryce, a nation means a self governs nationality.
To Gilchrist, a nation means state plus nationality refers to the feeling of oneness, which exists among a group of people with common race, religion, common language, etc.
The meaning of the word nation is not very clear as we have already stated this word derived from the word ‘Nato’ which means birth.

The Major points of difference are as follower.

  1. The state refers to a politically organized society oh a given territory. Nation comprises of a group of people united by several ethnic factors.
  2. The state is a political concept and a political organization. It signifies common consciousness and units.
  3. The term state is narrow and technical. It consists of four elements of population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
  4. State may be inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people. The nation is homogeneous in composition.
  5. The state is sovereign. Sovereignty is its most essential feature. Without sovereignty may still be called a nation. Before 15th August 1947 Indian was a nation, but not a state.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Constitution and Government

You can Download Chapter 4 Constitution and Government Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Constitution and Government

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the root word of constitution?
Answer:
The root of the term constitution is the latin word ‘Constituere’.

Question 2.
What is constitution?
Answer:
The rules and principles according to which the government of a country functions is called constitution.

Question 3.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
According to K.C. Where “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 4.
What is written constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is written down in one or several documents is called written constitution.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
What is unwritten constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is not written down but has grown during various centuries is called unwritten constitution.

Question 6.
What is rigid constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which cannot be amended easily is called rigid constitution.

Question 7.
What is flexible constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which can be amended easily is called flexible constitution.

Question 8.
Give the best example for written constitution.
Answer:
America, India having written constitution.

Question 9.
Give the best example for un-written constitution.
Answer:
England having un-written constitution.

Question 10.
Give the best example for rigid constitution.
Answer:
America is having rigid constitution.

Question 11.
Give the best example for flexible constitutions.
Answer:
England is having flexible constitution.

Question 12.
What is democratic government?
Answer:
A government which can be ruled by the people is called a democratic government.

Question 13.
Give the meaning of direct democracy.
Answer:
A government where people are directly participating in the administration is called direct democracy.

Question 14.
Give an example of direct democracy.
Answer:
Ancient Greek city-states having direct democracy.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 15.
Give the meaning of indirect democracy.
Answer:
A government where the representatives are participating in the administration is called indirect democracy.

Question 16.
Give an example for indirect democracy.
Answer:
India is having indirect democracy.

Question 17.
What is dictatorial government?
Answer:
A government where only one person or group run the administration is called a dictatorial government.

Question 18.
Give an example for dictatorial government.
Answer:
Germany was an example for the dictatorial government.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 19.
What is ancient dictatorship?
Answer:
To meet the immediate crisis dictators came into existence is called ancient dictatorship.

Question 20.
Give an example for ancient dictatorship.
Answer:
Ancient Rome was a example of ancient dictatorship.

Question 21.
What is modern dictatorship?
Answer:
Once a dictator came to power is desiring to be in the power permanently is called modem dictatorship.

Question 22.
Give an example of modern dictatorship.
Answer:
Saddam Hussian of Iraq was an example for modern dictatorship.

Question 23.
What is the root word of democracy?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’.

Question 24.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 25.
Give an example for the parliamentary government.
Answer:
England is an example of parliamentary government.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 26.
What is presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 27.
Give an example for the presidential government.
Answer:
America is an example for the presidential government.

Question 28.
What is the root word of the federation?
Answer:
The root word of federation is the Latin word ‘foedus’.

Question 29.
What is the federal government?
Answer:
A government where the powers have been distributed between union and state is called federal government.

Question 30.
Give an example for federal government.
Answer:
America is an example for federal government.

Question 31.
What is unitary government?
Answer:
A government where the powers are concentrated in union is called unitary government.

Question 32.
Give an example for unitary government.
Answer:
England is an example for unitary government.

Question 33.
Who used the word constitution for the first time?
Answer:
The word constitution was used by Henry II of England.

Question 34.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
Constitutional law is a fundamental law of a country drafted and enacted by constitutional assembly.

Question 35.
What is the ordinary law?
Answer:
The ordinary law is not fundamental law. It is subordinate to the constitutional law.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 36.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
Government which functions on the basis of the law laid down by constitution is constitutional government.

Question 37.
What is ideal constitution?
Answer:
Burgess describes an ideal constitution as one which contains the principle of liberty, government and sovereignty.

Question 38.
What is meant by collective responsibility?
Answer:
It means the cabinet and council of ministers individually and collectively responsible to the parliament:”

Question 39.
What is “no-confidence motion”?
Answer:
It is the power of the legislature to remove the ministry from office.

Question 40.
What is veto-power?
Answer:
It is the power of President to say ‘No’ to a law passed by parliament’ and send it back for reconsideration.

Question 41.
Which is the lengthiest constitution in the world?
Answer:
Indian constitution.

Question 42.
Who is the protector of constitution?
Answer:
The Judiciary (Supreme court).

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define constitution.
Answer:
According to K.C. Wheare “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 2.
Write the meaning of constitutional government.
Answer:
A government which functions in accordance with defined rule as laid down in constitution is known as constitutional government. In short constitutional government means limited government.

Question 3.
Define written constitution.
Answer:
According to C.F. Strong “A written constitution is in the form of a document which has a special sanctity”.

Question 4.
Define un-written constitution.
Answer:
According to Sir Ivor Jennings – “An unwritten constitution consists of institutions and not paper documents. It is not made but has grow n from time to time by a process of evolution”.

Question 5.
Define rigid constitution.
Answer:
According to A.V. Dicey a rigid constitution is one which certain laws generally are known as constitutional or fundamental laws cannot be changed in the same maimer as the ordinary laws.

Question 6.
Define flexible constitution.
Answer:
According to Gamer the flexible constitution places constitutional law and ordinary law on the same footing.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
Write the meaning of democratic government.
Answer:
Democracy is the form of government in which the ruling power is largely vested not in any particular class or classes but in the members of the community as a whole.

Question 8.
What do you mean by the dictatorial government?
Ans.
A form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a person or group is called dictatorial government.

Question 9.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 10.
What is the presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 11.
Define federal government and give example.
Answer:
It is the government which the powers of the state are divided and distributed between central and state government. It is, also known as dual polity. The federal government discharges its power and authority in accordance with constitution. Eg: U.S.A

Question 12.
What is meant by unitary system of government?
Answer:
In the unitary system of government, where all the powers and authority of the state is concentrated in the single Central government and the supreme power is exercised by it.
Eg: England, France, Japan, etc.

Question 13.
Define and explain the term constitution.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “The constitution is the aggregate of laws and customs under which the life of states goes on” Maclver defines as “law which governs the state”.

Question 14.
What are the characteristics of democratic government?
Answer:

  1. It is a government ruled by the people.
  2. It is government by discussion.
  3. It is based in universal adult suffrage.
  4. There is liberty and equality and rights.
  5. It is constitutional government.

Question 15.
What is presidential form of government?
Answer:
In this system, the legislature and executive are separate and independent. The term of office of the president is fixed and goes by calender.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 16.
How do non-democratic government arise?
Answer:
It arises out of illegal method. It is the result of the use of force. A powerful individual or group can overthrow the constitutional government and establish dictatorship. ,

Question 17.
Describe the features of the Presidential system of government.
Answer:
In Presidential executive president is the supreme head of the state. Here executive is neither elected, nor responsible to legislature. The term of office here is fixed. It is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 18.
Describe the merits of Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:

  1. It ensures harmony between legislative and executive branches.
  2. There is no division of responsibility.
  3. Opposition keeps government on right path.
  4. There will be peaceful change of government.
  5. It ensures flexibility and elasticity.

Question 19.
What are the demerits of parliamentary form of government?
Answer:

  1. Executive dominates legislature.
  2. Parliamentary government is unstable. It does not have fixed term.
  3. In a parliamentary government, the government comes under the control of majority party.
  4. It may lead to the dictatorship of the cabinet.

Question 20.
Distinguish between division of powers and separation of powers.
Answer:
Division power is in a federal form of government Power is divided between the central and state government, where as separation of powers means there is clear cut demarcation between 3 organs of government that is Legislature, executive and judiciary.

Question 21.
Give one definition of democracy.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “Democracy is the form of government where the ruling power of the state is legally vested not in any particular class but in members of community as a whole.

Question 22.
What is the meaning of federal government?
Answer:
The word federal is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement, when a state with its vast geographical territory, heterogeneous characteristics desires to protect them is born by creating new state.

Question 23.
What is Indirect democracy? Give example.
Answer:
It is also known as representative democracy. The citizens of a state elect their representatives in the election. The elected representatives administer the country on behalf of people. Eg : India, U.S.A, U.K.

Question 24.
What is the difference parliamentary and presidential form of government?
Answer:
The distinction between parliamentary and presidential executive is based on the relationship between the legislature and executive. If the executive depends on legislature for its survival it is a parliamentary government and if the executive is independent of legislative it is presidential executive.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1
Explain the significance of constitution.
Answer:
The significance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:

1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy, if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes ruler – ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

5. A guide to future generations:
A constitution is often referred to as the mirror of a state which reflects the basic ambitions and aspirations of a state. By acting as a standard of reference it guides future generations to make necessary changes based on the existing structure.

Question 2.
Describe the Characteristics of constitutional government.
Answer:
The Characteristics of constitutional government are as below:
1. Supremacy of the constitution :
In this system all the powers of government are laid down in accordance with the provisions of constitution. Government should function with in the frame work of the constitution.

2. Equality before law :
Here law will apply to all the people equally. The benefits of law can be enjoyed all the citizens irrespective of caste, creed, religion, social and economic
status.

3. Individual liberty :
In the constitutional government all the citizens are enjoying the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitutions. So constitution provides the rights to all the people and ensures protection.

4. Protects public interest :
All people in the country should be lived under the purview of constitution. Violation of the provisions of constitution invites severe punishment. So constitution safeguards the interests of the people by protecting them from all the outside aggression.

Question 3.
Explain the features of wirtten constitution.
Answer:
The features of written constitution are explained below.

  1. A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
  2. It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
  3. It came in to effect from a particular date.
  4. In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
  5. In this system the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
  6. Written constitution provides the provisions of independence of judiciary.
  7. In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are in precise.

Question 4.
Explain the features of unwritten constitution.
Answer:
The features of unwritten constitution are explained as below.

  1. An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
  2. It is not deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions and usages.
  3. An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
  4. In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
  5. In this system the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible
  6. An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 5.
Explain the features of rigid constitution.
Answer:
The features of rigid constitution are explained below.

  1. In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
  2. Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
  3. To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
  4. In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
  5. The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
  6. Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Question 6.
Explain the features of flexible constitution.
Answer:
The features of the flexible constitution are explained as below

  1. In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
  2. In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
  3. Constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
  4. In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
  5. In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
  6. All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 7.
Describe the essential elements of the Ideal constitution.
Answer:
The essentials of an ideal constitution are explained as below
1. It should be definite :
An ideal constitution should not be vague but clearly narrate the provisions which relates to the organization of the government. The principles should be precise and clarity.

2. It should be comprehensive:
An ideal constitution must be comprehensive enough to mention the functions of the government and rights, duties of the citizens. The constitution should not be too big but include all the information on the government.

3. Method of amendment:
An ideal constitution should possess the method of amendment. As the social condition of the people is going on change, the constitution must also undergoes change. It should represent the future needs of the future generation.

4. It should correspond to reality :
An ideal constitution should correspond to the real, conditions obtained with in the state, otherwise it cannot work properly.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Explain the features of unitary governments.
Answer:
Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

2. No Provincial Autonomy:
The provinces or local units in a unitary system are created by the centre for the sake of administrative convenience. It carries out the orders of the centre without having any powers to make decisions. Thus, the local units only act as subordinate agents of the centre without any authority or autonomy.

3. Single legislature:
In a Unitary system of government there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

4. Constitution may be written or unwritten:
The constitution, in a unitary government, may be written or unwritten as there is one single central authority wielding power all over the state without any other centres of power.

Question 9.
Explain the features of federal government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India)
and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

2. Supremacy of the constitution:
In a Federal system, the power enjoyed by the centre and local units is original because both derive their powers from the constitution. This avoids any confusion or contention in the sharing of power. The division of powers is based on necessity and convenience.

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both center and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.

4. Special provision for settlement of disputes:
In a presidential system, in order to settle disputes arising between the states or between centre and the states, the judiciary has been assigned the job of interpreting the provisions of the constitution, thus acting as custodian and guardian of the constitution.

5. Power of amendment:
In a presidential system, to amend the constitution both the centre and the local governments have been assigned equal powers. No constitutional amendment can be made without the consent of federal units.

Question 10.
Distinguish between federation and confederation.
Answer:
Confederation is an association of state founded on the basis of common interests. The member states, retain their original sovereignty and independence.
Federation is permanents established through a constitution. Constitution units do not possess the right to withdraw from a federation.

Question 11.
What is residuary powers?
Answer:
In a federal government subjects of national interest are allocated to the centre. Matters of regional or local interests are given to units or states. The remaining powers those which have not been mentioned in the constitution are known as residuary powers.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 12.
Describe the parliamentary type of executive.
Answer:
There is a difference between real and nominal executive head on whom all powers are concentrated, but these powers are exercised by the cabinet. In this system, cabinet is responsible to the parliament for all their actions. There is individual and collective responsibility of ministers. There is a close relationship between the cabinet and the council of ministers.

Question 13.
Explain the characteristic of Constitution.
Answer:

  1. Constitution lays down fundamental structure of the state.
  2. Constitution represents the heart and soul of a state i.e., the basic objectives of a state.
  3. Constitution may be a product of deliberate creation or gradual evaluation.
  4. Constitution may be written or unwritten.
  5. Constitution may be embodied in one or several documents.
  6. Constitution determines the structure arid relationship between various organs of government.
  7. Constitution regulates the ruler – ruled relationship.
  8. Constitution is a growing organism i.e., it provides for a procedure of its own change.

Question 14.
What is a Constitutional Government?
Answer:
A government that is run strictly in accordance with provisions of the constitution is called a constitutional government. Constitutional governments It strives for the welfare of the whole society rather than any perceived vested interest. These governments are a creation of the people and therefore obedience and allegiance to it are natural. The use of force in running a government does not find a place in a constitutional government. Constitutional government is also called “limited government” or “controlled government”.

Question 15.
What is Democracy? Explain the features of Democracy?
Answer:
The word “Democracy” is a derivative of Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’ meaning ‘people’ and ‘rule’ respectively. Thus, democracy is the rule of the people.

Features of Democratic Government:
The following features can be identified by democratic form of government.

  1. Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
  2. Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
  3. Democracy upholds individual dignity ;
  4. Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
  5. Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Question 16.
What is Dictatorship? What are the kinds of dictatorship?
Answer:
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

  1. Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
  2. Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
  3. Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 17.
What is a Federal Government?
Answer:
In a federal government, there will be two sets of government. The powers and authority of government is divided between a government for the whole country and provincial governments of the country in such a way that each government is legally independent within its own sphere.

The term ‘Federation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’ meaning ‘treaty’ or ‘agreement’. Two or more provinces, after surrendering the sovereignty, on agreement agree to work within the union with a certain degree of autonomy under a single sovereignty. The Central government and the provincial governments are neither superior nor subordinate to each other but work in unison with co-ordination and co-operation.

The best examples for a federal form of government are the USA, India, Switzerland, Australia and Canada.

Question 18.
Explain Division of powers in India.
Answer:
In India, the division of powers is based on three lists i.e., the Union list, State list and Concurrent list. The Union list consists of 99 Subjects such as defense, national security; home affairs, science and technology are vested in the hands of central government. The State List consisting of 66 subjects like education, health, maintenance of law and order, providing basic facilities etc., are vested in the state governments. There are certain provisions in which both states and centre shall share power, under the Concurrent list consisting of 52 subjects such as marriage, divorce, contracts etc.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the meaning and significance of constitution.
Answer:
Importance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:
1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing the relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over the authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes a ruler — ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and the government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

5. A guide to future generations:
A constitution is often referred to as the mirror of a state which reflects the basic ambitions and aspirations of a state. By acting as a standard of reference it guides future generations to make necessary changes based on the existing structure.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
Distinguish between written and unwritten constitution.
Answer:
Written constitution

  1. A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
  2. It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
  3. It came in to effect from a particular date. ^
  4. In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
  5. In this system, the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
  6. The written constitution provides the provisions of the independence of the judiciary.
  7. In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are precise.

Unwritten constitution

  1. An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
  2. It is hot deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions, and usages.
  3. An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
  4. In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
  5. In this system, the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible.
  6. An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 3.
Distinguish between rigid and flexible constitution.
Answer:
Rigid constitution

  1. In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law,
  2. Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
  3. To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
  4. In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
  5. The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
  6. Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Flexible Constitution

  1. In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
  2. In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
  3. A constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
  4. In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
  5. In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
  6. All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 4.
Describe the features of democratic government.
Answer:

1. The government in a democracy is responsible to the people. The government will also have to function according to public opinion. Self-government makes the people more disciplined and there will be more responsible citizens than in any other form of government.

2. Democracy upholds the principles of liberty and equality. Political and economic equality are assured in a democracy.

3. Democracy respects the dignity of human being. It provides rights and liberties for the development of the personality of individual.

4. A democratic government promote the welfare of the people, where as in other forms of government only particular class may be benefitted.

5. Democratic government is stable and efficient government. It avoids the revolution because it tarried on according to the wishes of the people.

6. Unlike other forms of government, democracy is self-corrective. In democracy the freedom of speech and freedom of press creates an enlightened public opinion

7. Democracy is progressive and educative force. In a democracy, people have full civil and political rights. It is a training ground for active, healthy and intelligent citizenship.

8. In democracy, there is order, peace and progress. It is flexible government which adopts itself to change peacefully.

9. As the people have a share in the government of country, the spirit of patriotism is strengthened and everybody is willing to work and undergo sacrifices for the welfare of the community.

10. Democracy protects the minority. A written constitution guarantees the rights of the minorities.

Question 5.
Explain the features of the dictatorial government.
Answer:
1. Absolute power:
Dictatorship is characterized by absolute power where the dictator controls the constitution. He can make and unmake laws. All the laws must originate from him and there is neither a limit on his tenure nor is he subjected to any other authority.

2. Based on Force:
Dictatorship stands on the twin pillars of force and coercion. The word of the dictator should be honored in letter and spirit. Any violation of the order may result in severe punishment or even death.

3. Totalitarian state:
Dictatorial regimes regulate and control all aspects of human existence. It provides security, basic necessities such as food, shelter and clothing, education and order in society. In totalitarian state’s individual personality is suppressed and all aspects of an individual are regimented and brought under the control of the state. The totalitarian approach is well summarized by Mussolini when he says: “Everything within the state, nothing above the state, nothing outside the State’’. Thus, the State is the central point around which all human activities must revolve.

4. One Nation one party:
In a dictatorship, for the whole state, there is only one constitution and the administration is managed by one single party and that is responsible for the whole state. Any kind of criticism of the party or the leadership is not tolerated. The distinct feature of dictatorship is its intolerance to criticism and new ideas.

5. No individual liberty:
In a dictatorship, individual freedom and liberty do not find place. Freedom of thought and expression is restricted.

Question 6.
What is a parliamentary form of government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

Features of a Parliamentary form of Government.
1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

2. Collective responsibility:
A parliamentary government is directly responsible to the legislature and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house. A decision taken by cabinet is binding on ministers and they should defend it in and out of parliament. Together we sink or sail” is the key statement of parliamentary government.

3. Individual Responsibility: Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

4. Political Homogeneity:
In a parliamentary government, all ministers belong to the same party or alliance having common policies, programmes, values and beliefs and work under a common minimum programme (CMP). As a result, it is not difficult to secure co¬operation and co-ordination.
In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

5. Membership of parliament:
In a parliamentary government, a minister must be a member of either house of parliament. On becoming a minister he must become a member of either house within 180 days. Otherwise, he will have to step down from office. This is to ensure individual responsibility to the parliament.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from parliament. Ministers are administered the ‘oath of secrecy’ to maintain secrecy of cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

7. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the backbone of the cabinet. He acts as the spokesperson of the government by defending it in and out of the government. He acts as the advisor to the president in summoning, proroguing and dissolving the parliament. The Prime minister exercises independence in appointing ministers, expanding the ministry and allocation of portfolios.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and
bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
What is a Presidential form of Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
In Presidential government the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

Features of presidential government.
1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

2. Checks and Balances:
The presidential government is based on checks and balances. Though the legislature, executive and judiciary function independently, complete separation is not only desirable but also impractical. To maintain the exercise of power balanced, controlled and widespread each organ is given a fair degree of power in one another ’s the functional area.

3. Executive is not responsible to legislature:
The president in U S.A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

4. Real Executive:
In the presidential government, the president is directly elected by the people. The president is not only the real executive but also the head of government. He is directly responsible for all happenings in the country.

5. Secretaries directly responsible to the president:
The secretaries known as presidents ‘Brain Trust’ are appointed by the president and stay in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the president. The President may remove any secretary without assigning any reason. Secretaries are neither responsible to congress nor to the people but to the president. The President can hire or fire secretaries

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on the congress for his survival. He, is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

Question 8.
Distinguish between democratic and dictatorial government.
Answer:
Democratic government :

  1. Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
  2. Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
  3. Democracy upholds individual dignity;
  4. Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
  5. Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Dictatorial government
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist, and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

  1. Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
  2. Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
  3. Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between parliamentary and presidential government.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

2. Collective responsibility:
A parliamentary government is directly responsible to the legislature and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house. A decision taken by cabinet is binding on ministers and they should defend it in and out of parliament. Together we sink or sail” is the key statement of parliamentary government.

3. Individual Responsibility:
Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government
and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

4. Political Homogeneity:
In a parliamentary government, all ministers belong to the same party or alliance having common policies, programmes, values and beliefs and work under a common minimum programme (CMP). As a result, it is not difficult to secure co¬operation and co-ordination.

In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

5. Membership of parliament:
In a parliamentary government, a minister must be a member of either house of parliament. On becoming a minister he must become a member of either house within 180 days. Otherwise, he will have to step down from office. This is to ensure individual responsibility to the parliament.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as the duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

7. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the backbone of the cabinet. He acts as the spokesperson of the government by defending it in and out of the government. He acts as the advisor to the president in summoning, proroguing and dissolving the parliament. The Prime minister exercises independence in appointing ministers, expanding the ministry and allocation of portfolios.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections, they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government. Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

Presidential Government:
In the Presidential government, the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as a non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

2. Checks and Balances:
The presidential government is based on checks and balances. Though the legislature, executive and judiciary function independently, complete separation is not only desirable but also impractical. To maintain the exercise of power balanced, controlled and widespread each organ is given a fair degree of power in one another’s the functional area. ,

3. Executive is not responsible to the legislature:
The president in U S A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

4. Real Executive:
In the presidential government, the president is directly elected by the people. The president is not only the real executive but also the head of government. He is directly responsible for all happenings in the country.

5. Secretaries directly responsible to the president:
The secretaries known as presidents ‘Brain Trust’ are appointed by the president and stay in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the president. The President may remove any secretary without assigning any reason. Secretaries are neither responsible to congress nor to the people but to the president. The President can hire or fire secretaries.

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on congress for his survival. He is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 10.
Distinguish between federal and unitary government.
Answer:
Unitary government:

  1. The authority of the central government is supreme and all the organs of government are integral parts of one single administrative machinery.
  2. Units are the creation of the central government. The powers given to them can be increased or decreased or cancelled.
  3. Single citizenship right prevails.

Federal government:

  1. The powers of the nation be divided between central and state governments. These are two administrative machineries.
  2. The powers are divided and distributed to the state and central government by constitution.
  3. Dual citizenship right enjoyed by citizen.

Question 11.
What are the kinds of Democracy?
Answer:
There are two kinds of Democracy

  1. Direct democracy and
  2. Indirect Democracy.

1. Direct Democracy:
Direct democracy is a kind of governance where the people directly ’’ take part in electing their government and also have a share in the exercise of real power. For example, the ancient Greek and Roman city-states had direct democracy where people directly participated to elect their representatives and take necessary measures.

In modem times, the direct democracy is still in practice in some of the cantons of Switzerland, where the voters meet in ‘ open-air parliament’. However, direct democracy . is best suited to only countries small in area and a population small enough to directly take part in the affairs.

  1. Direct Democracy functions through constitutional devices like referendum, initiative, and recall.
  2. Referendum means referring a bill or proposal for amendment of the constitution to the people to know their opinion.
  3. Initiative provides the people a right to petition or request the parliament to enact a certain type of law.
  4. Recall is a method by which the people may compel an elected representative to either resign or to submit to re-election before his term of office is over.

2. Indirect Democracy:
Under this system, the people participate in the affairs of the state through their representatives. Though popular sovereignty rests in the hands of the people, it is actually exercised by their representatives and they are in turn responsible to the people. If the representatives fail to stand up to the aims and aspirations of the people, they may be changed in the next election.

Question 12.
What are the factors that condition the success of Democracy?
Answer:
1. Liberty and Equality:
Democracy can work satisfactorily only when people are allowed to enjoy a greater amount of freedom and equality. Freedom is necessary for the participation of the people in their administrative affairs. People must enjoy economic, social and political liberty and equality without any discrimination.

2. Eternal Vigilance:
Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy. Vigilance is nothing but. alertness or watchfulness of the people. Citizens must constantly watch as to how the government is doing its administrative business. The government can be kept on track if the people are constantly vigil on what is going on at the government level.

3.Spirited Leadership:
Spirited leadership is a must for the success of democracy. Leaders should be able, efficient, intelligent, active and honest. They must have good reasoning capacity, rational attitude, clean-hands and descent behavior. They must take proper steps to increase the competence of the government.

4. Literacy:
The active and intelligent participation of citizens in public affairs can be assured if all of them are adequately educated. The government has to chalk out plans to provide free and compulsory education for all.

5. Bi-party system:
For the successful working of democracy, there must be only two political parties.

6.Strong Opposition:
For the success of democracy, there must be a strong opposition. The government becomes irresponsible and careless in the absence of strong and effective opposition parties. Opposition parties should check the illegal, unpopular and unconstitutional act of the ministers and the representatives. They should try to keep the government on the right track through their rational criticism.

7. Participation:
The people must have an independent opinion in public affairs. The success of democracy depends upon the ability, character and power of common man.

8. Tolerance:
Tolerance is a noble virtue of democracy. The government must be tolerant enough to listen to the criticism made by people from time to time. People must be tolerant enough to understand the problems of the government. The minority must accept the majority views, and majority must understand the feelings of the minority.

9. Independent Judiciary:
In all democratic countries, the judiciary should play a significant role. An independent and impartial judiciary is necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the people guaranteed in the constitution. For the administration of justice, settlement of disputes and to interpret the laws and constitution, an independent judiciary is a must.

10. Decentralization:
It is the most important feature of democratic government. Power in the hands of the people is called decentralization. Rural and Urban Panchayat Raj system has been implemented on the basis of decentralization.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 13.
What is a Unitary Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A unitary government is system in which the power and authority to make and unmake laws lie with the centre. It enjoys the authority of transferring power to provincial units, for the sake of administrative convenience, which can be installed, changed or removed at the discretion of the single central authority. The United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, and Iran are some of the examples of a unitary state.

Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

2. No Provincial Autonomy:
The provinces or local units in a unitary system are created by the centre for the sake of administrative convenience. It carries out the orders of the centre without having any powers to make decisions. Thus, the local units only act as subordinate agents of the centre without any authority or autonomy.

3. Single legislature:
In a unitary system of government, there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

4. Constitution may be written or unwritten:
The constitution, in a unitary government, may be written or unwritten as there is one single central authority wielding power all over the state without any other centres of power.

Question 14.
Explain the features of a Federal Government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India) and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

2. Supremacy of the constitution:
In a Federal system, the power enjoyed by the centre and local units is original because both derive their powers from the constitution. This avoids any confusion or contention in the sharing of power. The division of powers is based on necessity and convenience.

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both centre and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.

4. Special provision for settlement of disputes:
In a presidential system, in order to settle disputes arising between the states or between centre and the states, the judiciary has been assigned the job of interpreting the provisions of the constitution, thus acting as custodian and guardian of the constitution.

5. Power of amendment:
In a presidential system, to amend the constitution both the centre and the local governments have been assigned equal powers. No constitutional amendment can be made without the consent of federal units.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts

You can Download Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state.

Question 2.
Which is the most essential element of the state?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state.

Question 3:
Which is the root word of sovereignty?
Answer:
The word sovereignty has been derived from the Latin word ‘ Superanus’.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
What are the two kinds of Sovereignty?
Answer:
Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 5.
Who introduced (aspects) the sovereignty in the modern sense?
Answer:
Jean Bodin introduced Sovereignty in the modem sense.

Question 6.
Name the book written by Jean Bodin.
Answer:
The book written by Jean Bodin is “Six books on the republic”.

Question 7.
Who was the proponent of internal sovereignty?
Answer:
Badin advocated Internal Sovereignty.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Who was the proponent of external sovereignty?
Answer:
Hugo Grotius was the proponent of external sovereignty.

Question 9.
Define Law.
Answer:
According to Holland ‘Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by sovereign political authority. ’

Question 10.
What is the root word of law?
Answer:
The term law has been derived from the Teutonic root ‘lag’, means something fixed.

Question 11.
What is the basic of moral law?
Answer:
Moral law is based on ethical code of morality of the people.

Question 12.
What is the other name of municipal law?
Answer:
National law is the other name of municipal law.

Question 13.
What is ordinance and who promulgates it?
Answer:
Ordinance are executive orders which promulgates by the president when parliament is not in session.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 14.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with civil service matters is called administrative law.

Question 15.
Who enacts laws in India?
Answer:
Parliament enacts laws in India.

Question 16.
What is meant by Liberty?
Answer:
It means the freedom of the individual.

Question 17.
What is the root word of liberty?
Answer:
The root word of liberty is the Latin word; Liber’ which means free.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 18.
Which revolution upheld the ideals of liberty equality and fraternity?
Answer:
France Revolution (1789) uphelds the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 19.
What is Equality?
Answer:
It means equalization of opportunities.

Question 20.
What are Economic rights?
Answer: The rights enable every citizens to earn their livelihood.

Question 21.
What is meant by constitutional law.
Answer:
It is the basic law that determines the organization and functions of the government.

Question 22.
What is case law?
Answer:
Case law is a law made by courts.

Question 23.
What are the two aspects of liberty?
Answer:
Negative and Positive aspects.

Question 24.
What is natural liberty?
Answer:
It means unrestricted freedom of the individual to do what he likes.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 25.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political liberty means the right of the people to participate in the governance of the country.

Question 26.
What is National Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the nation from outside control.

Question 27.
What is a Civil Liberty?
Answer:
It is liberty available to the citizens inside society or state.

Question 28.
What is Economic Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the individual to earn his livelihood.

Question 29.
What is Natural Equality?
Answer:
It means by nature all are equal.

Question 30.
What is Civil Equality?
Answer:
It means equality before the law.

Question 31.
What is political equality?
Answer:
It means equal rights to participate in the affairs of the state.

Question 32.
What is Economic Equality?
Answer:
It means the removal of all inequalities and equal distribution of wealth.

Question 33.
What is Social Equality?
Answer:
It means there should be no discrimination on the basis of birth or family background.

Question 34.
What are Rights?
Answer:
Rights are the freedom given to individuals to do and undo certain things with status permission.

Question 35.
What is Moral Right?
Answer:
They are based on an ethical code of morality of the people. It is not enforced by state law.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 36.
What is duty?
Answer:
It is an obligation to do or not to do something.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define sovereignty.
Answer:
According to Burgess “Sovereignty is original, absolute and unlimited power over the individual and all associations”.

Question 2.
What are the two aspects of sovereignty?
Answer:

  1. Internal sovereignly.
  2. External sovereignty.

Question 3.
Define law.
Answer:
According to Holland “Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by a sovereign political authority.

Question 4.
Mention different kinds of law.
Answer:
There are different kinds of law the important among them are: National law, International law, constitutional law, common law, ordinary law, and administrative law, etc.,

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
What is the meaning of liberty?
Answer:
Liberty’ is the power of a man to do anything that does not injure others.

Question 6.
Mention any two economic liberties.
Answer:

  1. Right to work
  2.  Right to adequate wages.

Question 7.
What is right?
Answer:
Right is a facility given by the legal authority7 to develop the individual personality of the citizens.

Question 8.
Mention any two political rights.
Answer:

  1. Right to vote.
  2. Right to contest for election.

Question 9.
What is National Law?
Answer:
It is formulated by the state legislature and it is binding on all the people within the territory of the state.

Question 10.
Write the meaning of ordinances.
Answer:
Ordinances are the executive laws which promulgates by the president to meet the unforeseen situations when parliament is not in session.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 11.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with the civil service matter and comes under administrative tribunals is called administrative law.

Question 12.
What is rule of law?
Answer:
A system in which administration carried on in accordance with the law is called rule of law.

Question 13.
What is internal sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is empower to enact, enforce and interpret the laws with in its jurisdiction is called internal sovereignty.

Question 14.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is independent from other states and can have foreign policy with its neighbouring states is called external sovereignty.

Question 15.
Define rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state”.

Question 16.
Name any two political rights.
Answer:

  1. Right to vote.
  2. Right to contest for election.

Question 17.
What is equality?
Answer:
Facilities are provided to all the persons without any discrimination is called equality.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 18.
Mention the types of Liberty.
Answer:

  1. Natural Liberty.
  2. Civil Liberty.
  3. Political Liberty.
  4. Economic Liberty.

Question 19.
Describe in brief the natural equality.
Answer:
All men are said to be born equal. This is natural equality. Human beings differ in their natural abilities and faculties.

Question 20.
What are the attributes of sovereignty?
Answer:
Absoultenegs permanence, universality, indivisibility exclusiveness originality are the attributes of sovereignty.

Question 21.
Mention types of Liberty.
Answer:
Natural Liberty, Civil Liberty, Political Liberty, Economic Liberty, National Liberty.

Question 22.
Explain Sovereignty.
Answer:
It is one of the most important elements of the sate. Bodin for the first time discussed sovereignty in the modem sense. It is the supreme power of the state.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 23.
How Sovereignty is absolute?
Answer:
The sovereignty of the state is absolute means it is subject to no legal limitations either internally or externally without this absolute power no state can exist.

Question 24.
What do you mean by sovereignty is indivisible?
Answer:
Indivisible means sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty means destruction of sovereignty.

Question 25.
What do you mean by sovereignty is inalienable?
Answer:
It means sovereignty can’t be transferred. It cannot transferred to another, authority.

Question 26.
What is International Law?
Answer:
International law is a law that governs by a sovereign authority. It depends upon the acceptance and obedience of sovereign states.

Question 27.
What are the kinds of equality?
Answer:
Civil equality, Political Equality, Social Equality, National Equality, Economic Equality etc.,

Question 28.
What is Secular State?
Answer:
It is a state where there is religious freedom, and the state does not interfere with individuals’ religious matters.

Question 29.
What is legal sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty according to law is known as legal sovereignty. Legal soveregin is the lawers concept of sovereignty. The authority, a person or body of persons which has power to issue and enforce the laws of state.

Question 30.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
It is basic and fundamental law of country, it determines the organization and functions of government out in written or unwritten form.

Question 31.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal rights are the rights which have a legal binding and are protected and recognised by state.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 32.
Write two fundamental duties of Indian Citizen.
Answer:

  1. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
  2. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Question 33.
Mention two features of Law.
Answer:

  1. Law mirrors the wishes of the people.
  2. Law is coercive and disobedience of law invites punishment.

Question 34.
What is ordinary law?
Answer:
Laws that are made by the parliament is called ordinary law.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of sovereignty.
Answer:
Jean Bodin – who was the first to explain the concept of sovereignty said: “Sovereignty is the supreme power over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law.”

According to Hugo Grotius:
“Sovereignty is the supreme power vested in him whose acts are not subjected to any other who will can’t be can overridden.”

Characteristics of Sovereignty:

a. Permanent:
Sovereignty is permanent. Every state is sovereign it is accordingly permanent. The death of the rules or the change in government doesn’t mean any change in sovereign power. It comes to an end when the state is destroyed or is conquered and ruled by some external power.

b. Universality:
Sovereignty embraces each and every person and every association within the territory of the state. No individual or association in the state can disobey the sovereign authority of the state.

c. Sovereignty can’t be transferred:
The state has no right to give away its sovereignty. When a state loses or has to give up a part of the territory and population to another state, that part comes under the control of that state.

d. Indivisible:
Sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty leads to the destruction of sovereignty.

e. Absoluteness:
Sovereignty is absolute. There can be no legal power within the state, superior to it. All individuals, associations come under the absolute power of the state. The state is completely independent.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
Write a note on economic liberty.
Answer:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

Question
3. Discuss kinds of equality.
Answer:
1. Natural Equality:
It implies that nature has created all men equal. It can also be defined that it insists on removing all man-made and artificial inequalities and treat all equally.

2. Civil and legal Equality:
Implies that all are equal before law and all are protected equally irrespective of caste, class, colour, race, etc.,

3. Political Equality:
Implies that all the citizens, irrespective any type of difference are entitled to participate in the affairs of state. All have equal voice in the government. It is based on principle of universal adult Franchise.

4. Economic Equality:
Implies removal of inequalities based on wealth and insists on certain minimum standard of income to all to meet their basic needs.

5. Social Equality:
Implies every individual without any discrimination must be given equal opportunity for the development of their personalities.

Question 4.
Explain the kinds of Law?
Answer
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no law s to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the State applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
What are the kinds of Law? Explain.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

Question 6.
Write the relation between liberty and authority.
Answer:
It is sometimes said liberty and authority of the state as opposed to each other. But liberty doesn’t mean that unlimited right of a man to do whatever he likes. The liberty of one should not infringe on the freedom of others.

Freedom is secured through such rules and regulations. Political authority makes and enforces the law. Absolute authority will destroy liberty. Authority is the basis of liberty.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
Explain the importance of law.
Answer:
As we live in society, we have to observe certain rules and regulations otherwise living in society will be impossible. Therefore every going out makes rules and regulations to maintain peace and order in society. The law is framed and enforced by the state to regulate the activities of citizens and to keep them within certain limits.

Question 8.
Explain the meaning of equality.
Answer:
In a literal sense, equality means that all human beings are equal. Equality doesn’t mean absolute equality. In a negative sense equality means the absence of special privileges. This means that there shall be no discriminations made on basis of caste, religion, colour, wealth, gender, etc. In a positive sense, equality means availability of adequate opportunities to all for self-development.

Question 9.
Explain characteristics of law.
Answer:

  1. It regulates the external behaviour of a man in an organised society.
  2. Laws are universally applicable.
  3. They are the expressions of the will of the state & laid down in precise & definite language.
  4. Laws are enforced by the state.
  5. Freaking of laws invite punishment. Laws aimed at ensuring and enhancing the individuals and general well being of the people.

Question 10.
Write the feature of liberty.
Answer:

  1. Liberty means the absence of restraint on freedom of thought speech and action.
  2. Liberty without any restraint is a license.
  3. It means political freedom as opposed to political slavery.
  4. In its positive aspect, it is the freedom to do a thing.
  5. In its negative aspect, it means restraints on doing something.
  6. Liberty can be safeguarded only in the state.
  7. Liberty means freedom individual to do what he likes without injuring similar liberty of others.

Question 11.
Explain what is political liberty.
Answer:
Political liberty means to be active in the affairs of the state. It can only be possible when the government is carried on in accordance with the will of the people. Political Liberty can be attained by the exercise of the four main rights.

  1. Right to vote.
  2. Right to contest in the election.
  3. Right to criticize the government.
  4. Right to hold Public office.

Question12.
Write the relationship between liberty and equality.
Answer:
There are two opposite views regarding the relation between equality and liberty.
Lord Action maintained that liberty and equality are opposite to each other. But it is clear that this view is based on an interpretation of liberty as unrestricted freedom and equality as absolute equality. Hence this is wrong view.

Acc to second view, it is important to note that equality and liberty are complementary to each other. Liberty and Equality are just like two faces of same community liberty depends upon the state and laws.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 13.
Explain different kinds of rights.
Answer:

  • Moral Rights
  • Legal Rights.
  • Civil Rights.
  • Political Rights.
  • Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those which based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights which enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 14.
What is meant by popular sovereign?
Answer:

  1. Popular sovereignty means the ultimate authority or supreme power of the state is vested in the people. In a democracy the sovereignty will be in the hands of people.
  2. Civil, Political and Economic equality is assured in a democracy, all rights are provided to every citizen without any discrimination. It ensures equality before the law.
  3. It gives importance to human personality. It recognise the worth of every individual every citizen has a voice in going out and its policies.

Question 15.
Describe two sources of law.
Answer:
Customs:
It is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct. Habits and usage in families clans and tribes must have become well established and thus customs have been the earliest means of social regulation.

Religion:
In premitive societies custom was law was religious. Religious principles were the basis of the formation of most customs. Custom rules based on religion could not be violated. In India, Hindu law is based on the code of Manu. The Muslim law derives itself from the Quran. The influence of Christianity and the Bible in framing the laws of various western countries cannot be denied.

Question 16.
Explain negative and positive equality.
Answer:
The negative aspect, of equality, means the absence of special privileges. All barriers of birth, wealth, caste and sex should be removed in social and political life. Rights should be enjoyed – in common by all.

In its positive aspect equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for self-development to all adequate opportunities that can be given to everyone to develop the personality.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 17.
Distinguish between National and International law.
Answer:
National law is the branch of law that applies within the territory of the state. All persons living within the state shall obey national laws. Its violation is punishable international law is the law which regulates the relations of sovereign states with another.

International law has force only to the extent to which it is recognized and voluntarily accepted by the different states of the world.

Question 18.
What are the different kinds of liberty? Explain briefly.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of man in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modem social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

3. Political Liberty:
This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberties are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is independent.

Question 19.
Write a note on the general duties of citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. There are called as duties.
The duties are broadly divided into moral and legal duties.
The important general duties of a citizen are :

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to protect and promote unity and integrity of the state.

2. Obedience to Law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion and disorder. The laws are made for the welfare of the citizens.

3. Payment of taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest Exercise of the Right to Vote:
This enables citizens to elect going out of their choice which works for their development, welfare, security, protection, etc.,

Question 20.
Explain the political rights.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

2. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

3. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

4. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

5. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the biggest boons of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

Question 21.
What is the importance of liberty?
Answer:
1. Respect for individuals:
Liberty is essential for every individual to be at his best self, subject, to legal limitations.

2. Respect for laws:
Liberty is required to put down any kind of dominance within a civil society where all enjoy equal liberty and invasion of liberty of a person is nothing but a violation of liberty which is visited by penalty or punishment.

3.Respect for fellow being:
The fear of punishment in case of violation of the liberty of others; makes one respect the feelings of others thereby ensuring respect for fellow
beings.

4. Promotes co-operation and understanding:
Liberty ensures individuals to develop harmony, brotherhood, and understanding based on mutual necessity and co-operation.

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Question 22.
Answer:
Explain the importance of Equality.
1. Self-respect:
In the absence of discrimination, all can develop as they wish, thus ensuring respect for individual personality.

2. Promotes Co-operation:
When all are treated equal in the eyes of law, people can lead a life based on cooperation and understanding, develop harmony, which will lead to the brotherhood.

3. Prevents revolution:
When all are treated equal, they can pursue what they consider best and it would prevent revolutionary tendencies from taking over the system.

Question 23.
Explain the importance of rights.
Answer:
1. Development of personality: Rights describe the do’s and don’ts of civilized life and this helps an individual to develop his personality.

2. Symbol of national prestige: The quality Of rights in a country symbolizes the quality of its rules and people.

3. Respect for fellow beings:  Rights guarantees respect for fellow citizens.

4. Protection against government: Rights guarantees protection against government action.

Question 24.
Explain the importance of Sovereignty?
Answer:
1. Identifies the nation-state: Sovereignty has contributed to the identity and status of the nation-state.

2. Sovereignty gives freedom to the state: Sovereignty increases the freedom of nation-state, so as to decide on its domestic and foreign policy.

3. Allows progress: Sovereignty provides motivation for each nation to achieve progress.

4. Promotes nationalism: Sovereignty promotes national spirit and allows love for the nation.

5. Allows the state to exercise coercive power: Sovereignty monopolies the state internally and externally.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the law? explain its kinds.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

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Question 2.
Explain the meaning and kinds of rights.
Answer:

  • Moral Rights
  • Legal Rights.
  • Civil Rights.
  • Political Rights.
  • Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights that enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning and kinds of liberty.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of men in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modern social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

3. Political Liberty:
This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are maningless and useless. It; means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is indepent.

Question 4.
Describe the political rights.
Answer:
a. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

b. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

c. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

d. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

e. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the bigget boon of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

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Question 5.
Explain economic rights.
Answer:
The rights which enable every citizens to earn their livelihood are called economic rights.

Following are the important economic rights.

  1. Right to work – Every person is free to work at his choice.
  2. Right to property – Every person is free to earn, enjoy and sale the property.
  3. Right to leisure – the persons who are working are permitted to enjoy leisure time during working hours.
  4. Right to material security – All the states have provided material security against old age, sickness, disability, unemployment, etc.
  5. Right to contract – All the individuals are free to enter into agreement with others within the framework of law.

Question 6.
Distinguish between legal sovereignty and political sovereignty.
Answer:
A legal sovereign is a person or body of persons in a state which is the supreme law-making authority disobedience to law result in punishment.

The characteristics are :

  • The legal sovereign is always definite and determinate.
  • It may be in the hands of a single individual or body of individuals.
  • It is legal expression of the will of the state.
  • Legal sovereign grants the rights.
  • Political sovereignty: It is the power behind the legal sovereignty.

The legal sovereign simply makes laws. The wishes of political sovereign who can’t express the will of the state. It is not so easy to define political sovereign. It is unorganized and unknown to law. Political sovereign and legal sovereign concide in direct democracy.

Dejure and Defacts Sovereignty.
Dejure:
Sovereignty means sovereignty by law. In Other words, dejure is the lawful and legitimate sovereign. It is legally constituted and has the basis and authority of law. It has legal right to govern.

Defacto:
Sovereignty is which has no legal basis because it is not recognized by law but exists on fact. Defacto comes to power usually by force. If it manages to stick to power and show that he can rule he becomes dejure sovereign.

Titular Sovereignty and Real Sovereignty.
Titular has the power but he won’t use it but somebody else will use. For eg: King or Queen of England and the President of India. The council of ministers is the real soveregin and occupy a highly dignified and privileged position in the state. In a presidential system, there is no difference because the president himself exercises his powers and functions.

Question 7.
Define Law. Explain its features.
Answer:
The word law is derived from the Teutonic word Tag’ which means something fixed.
Acc to John Austin: “a command given by a superior to an inferior.”
Accordingly to Woodrow Wilson “Law is that position of established thought and habit which . has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules.”

Characteristics of law:

  • Laws regulate the external behaviour of man in an organized society.
  • Laws are universally applicable to all individuals living in the state.
  • Laws are enforced by the state.
  • Breaking of law invites punishment.
  • Ignorance of laws is accepted as a ground for the exemption from the applicant of laws.

Question 8.
Explain Civil Rights.
Answer:
1. Right to live:
All people born in society have the right to live. The main responsibility of the state is to provide security of life to the people.

2. Right to Liberty:
All the people living in the state have the right to travel freely all over the country. They can reside anywhere as they desire.

3. Right to Religion:
All the citizens have the freedom to practice or propagate any religion they want.

4. Right to Culture and Education:
All the citizens have the right to protect, develop and practice their own culture. The right to education has been granted, to enable a person to develop and improve his or her personality.

5. Right to Association:|
All the citizens have the freedom to form the different types of association as per their needs and aspirations.

6. Right to Family:
Family is an integral part of human existence. Every individual has the right to marriage, to bring up children and to continue his generation.

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Question 9.
What are the various sources of law?
Answer:
1. Customs:
Customs is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct observed by people in society. When the state was established, these customs received
recognition and became laws.

2. Religion:
In many countries, religion is the basis of the law and it lies as the root of many national legal systems.

3. Equity:
It refers to the principles of equality, fairness, and justice in which judges apply. When existing laws provide no relief in a particular case, judges apply the principle of equity.

4. Judicial decisions:
Judges interpret mould and extend the existing laws. Such decisions of the judges later become precedents judicial precedents supplement the law and are applied in the future cases of a similar kind.

5. Scientific commentaries:
These are scientific discussions by eminent jurists or lawyers. It is an important source of material for lawmakers.

6. Legislation:
It means the enactment and promulgation of laws by the legislature. It forms an important source of law.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline

You can Download Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is known as the Father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.

Question 2.
Who studied political science first scientifically?
Answer:
Aristotle studies political science first scientifically.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Aristotle.
Answer:
Aristotle wrote the book “The Politics”.

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Question 4.
Name any one of the city-state of ancient Greece?
Answer:
Sparta is one city-state of ancient Greece.

Question 5.
What is political science?
Answer:
A study of the political activities of human being is called political science,

Question 6.
Who called political science as supreme or master science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 7.
Who said, ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 8.
How many constitutions did Aristotle study prior to writing ‘The politics’?
Answer:
Aristotle studies 158 constitutions prior to write ‘The politics’.

Question 9.
Which is the root word of Politics’?
Answer:
Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’.

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Question 10.
What is the meaning of word ‘polis’?
Answer:
‘Polis’ means Greek City-States.

Question 11.
Name the book written by Machiavelli?
Answer:
The book written by Machiavelli is ‘The prince’.

Question 12.
Which is the root word of Political Science?
Answer:
Greek word‘Polis’is the root word of Political Science.

Question 13.
To which branch of science does Political Science belong?
Answer:
Political Science is an exact science. It belongs to the category of Social Science.

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Question 14.
Which scholar considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive?
Answer:
MAX WEBER considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive.

Question 15.
What are the major divisions of Political Science?
Answer:
The major division of Political Science is

  1. Study of Political Theory.
  2. Normative and Empirical study.
  3. Study of Political institutions.

Question 16.
Mention the writers who believed Political Science to be a study of the state alone.
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli believed political science to be the study of the state alone.

Question 17.
For what reason Political Science cannot be regarded as science?
Answer:

  1. Political Science deals with human beings and society where there is no uniform behaviour among the people.
  2. It cannot have exact and universal laws.

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Question 18.
Who said a man is a social animal?
Answer:
Aristotle has said man is a social animal.

Question 19.
Write the definition of Political Science given by G W. Garner.
Answer:
G W. Garner: Political science begins and ends with the state.

Question 20.
Who said political Science is a master science?
Answer:
Aristotle said political science is a master science.

Question 21.
Who wrote the book ‘Republic’?
Answer:
Plato wrote the book ‘Republic’.

Question 22.
What is the subject matter of Political Science?
Answer:
State and Government are subject matter of Political Science.

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Question 23.
What is the meaning of ‘Politics’?
Answer:
The word ‘Politics’ is derived from the word ‘Polis’, which means city to Greeks, which deals with city-state.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Define political science.
Answer:
Political Science is the part of social science which deals with the study of the state, government, law, people, power and other political concepts of the state. Aristotle considered the father of political science.

Question 2.
Name the divisions of the scope of political science.
Answer:

  1. Political theory
  2. Political institutions
  3. Political parties
  4. International relations.

Question 3.
What is the subject matter of political science?
Answer:
The subject matter of political science is state and government.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
Why is ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle said, man, is a social animal because man can fulfill his basic desires, needs, requirements and protect himself. He cannot live all alone himself and he is not self-sufficient and self reliant.

Question 5.
What is the scope of political science?
Answer:
The scope of political science means boundary or the sphere of the province of the subject. It means the subject matter of the study.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Greek city-states?
Answer:
In the ancient days, the Greeks lived in city-states. In those days, city-states were very small. People were living in small city-states and direct democracy was existing in those city-states.

Question 7.
In which of the ancient Indian work do we find reference to state administration?
Answer:
We find references of state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashastra’, Kamandaka in ‘Neetisara’, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Shukraneetisara and Manusmrithi.

Question 8.
When and where was the International Political Science Conference held?
Answer:
The International Political Science Conference was held in Paris in 1948 under the UNESCO conference.

Question 9.
Who is called the Greek Philosopher Trio?
Answer:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are called a Greek philosopher Trio.

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Question 10.
Who are the writers who said political science is a science?
Answer:
Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Montesque, Lewis, Bluntschli argues that political science is a science.

Question 11.
Who are the writers who said political science is an art?
Answer:
J.S. Mill, Buckle, August Compte, Maitland, James Bryce, and Charles A. Bryde says that political science is an art.

Question 12.
Write the definition of Political Science given by Paul Janet.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is’ that part of social science, which treats the foundation of the state and principle of government”.

Question 13.
Explain the nature of political Science.
Answer:
He who is unable to live in society must be either a beast or a god. It means that man is a social animal. He cannot lead a life of isolation. He has to live in society. To satisfy his wants man has to live in society. Man is not only a social animal but he also a political animal. He is quarrelsome by nature, to control this behaviour some laws are needed.

Question 14.
Is Political Science a Philosophy?
Answer:
Some writers consider political science as a part of philosophy because it deals with abstract concepts. But we cannot fully accept this argument because political science deals not only .with theories and ideas but also with practice.

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Question 15.
Is the study of Political Science a must for every Politician?
Answer:
Politician is a person who takes an active part in politics. It is very much necessary for a politician to study political science. It teaches him good governance about the state and working of the government.

16. Is the study of political Science necessary for every citizen?
Answer:
The study of political science is very much necessary for every citizen, especially in a democracy. To know the value of vote, rights and to take part actively in the administration of the government.

Question 17.
Write the two definitions of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet “Political Science is that part of social science which treats the foundation of the state and principles of government”. According to Gilchrist “Political Science deals with state and government”.

Question 18.
Who are the writers who said Political Science is the study of the state alone?
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli are a group of thinkers who maintain that only the state is the subject matter of political science.

Question 19.
Who are the writers who say political science is the study of government alone?
Answer:
Stephen Leacock, John Seelay and Robson argued that political science deals with the only government. They believed that the subject matter of political science is the government.

Question 20.
Mari cannot live in isolation, Why?
Answer:
Man cannot live in isolation because he is a social animal and as such he is born and lives in the society living together give protection and security and man can fulfill all his basic necessities.

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Question 21.
Give Gettell’s definition of political science.
Answer:
According to Gettell, Political Science is a historical investigation of what the state has been, an analytical study of what the state is and a political ethical discussion of what the state should be.

Question 22.
Mention any one major work of Plato and Aristotle.
Answer:
Plato – The Republic. Aristotle – Politics.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the evolution of political science.
Answer:
Man can understand the world with the help of science. Science is classified into different divisions such as physical science, biological science, and social science. Physical science helps us to discover new innovations, Biological science helps us to know nature. Social science helps us to know- the world in different dimensions. Social science includes history, economics, sociology, political science, geography, psychology, Ethics, philosophy, etc. Political science is one of the important branches of social science and occupies a very significant role in understanding the evolution of human beings.

The subject matter of political science is an ancient one. The ancient Greek philosophers have laid a good foundation for political science. In fact, the ancient Indian thinkers have referred to the concepts of political science in their works and historical documents. References are made on the state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashatra1, Shukraneetisara of Shukra and Manusmirthi of Manu. But these works are focused more on religious consciousness rather than political awareness.

Hence the study of political science was neither systematic nor scientific during that period. The credit for developing the theory of political science on a systematic and scientific basis rightly goes to the Greeks. Socrates a great ancient Greek philosopher contributed his political thinking through dialogues.

Plato emphasized his political views in his work ‘The Republic’. Whereas, Aristotle went a step ahead and made his approach to the study of political science more realistic. He laid a scientific foundation for the study of political science and regarded it as the “Supreme science”. He expressed his political thinking in his familiar work “The Politics”. In the modem context, Machiavelli of Italy added a new dimension to the study of political science in his great work “The prince”.

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Question 2.
Explain the nature of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle says that man by nature is a social animal. He born in society, live in society and die in society only. To fulfill his needs, he created society. In society only he can enjoy all the facility’s love and affection. Away from society he maybe God or ghost. Man is a social being at the same time he is a political being also.

He is a selfish, egoist and quarrelsome by nature. The attitudes of selfish, egoist and jealousy of a man lead to anarchy in the society while leading the life. So the order of the society may be disrupted and man cannot lead his life happily and peacefully.

In order to control the bad behavior of such people and establish a peaceful society, there should be rules and regulations. The state has emerged to frame and implement these rules through its agency “The Government”. So the state controls the political activities of the human being and restore peace in the society. The subject which studies about the state, government, the political activities of a human being is regarded as political science.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science’ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. Hie term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science. Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with government only.

The third group of writers like Gettell, Gilchrist, Paul Janet, and Prof. Laski maintained that the scope of political science extends to both state and government. Prof. Laski maintains that the state, in reality, means the government.

We may agree with the third group of writers that political science is a study of both state and government is the steering wheel of the ship of the state. There can be no state without a government, the state remains the central subject of our study, and the whole mechanism of government revolves around it.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

1. Political Theory:
Political Theory, History of Political Ideas.

2. Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

3. Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

4. International Relations:
International relations, International organization, and Administration, International Law.

Question 4.
Is political science a Science? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:

1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way. it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge that has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

3. Common principles, conclusions possible:
Political scientists have arrived at broad principles after observing the political phenomenon over a long period of time. Reasons for the rise of new states, the eruption of revolts and revolutions, the emergence of political parties, etc, have been discovered.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences.

Question 5.
Is Political science is an art? Explain.
Answer:

1. Absence of Uniform terminology:
The study is called by different terms and there is no unanimity among thinkers regarding the exact term. The subject is called politics, political science, political theory, political philosophy, applied politics, theoretical politics, etc.

2. Differences regarding methods, definition, and scope:
There is no single method of studying the subject but different methods are available. Political principles are not universally accepted and applied. Terms like democracy, socialism, communism, liberalism, and Nationalism have been defined and explained in different ways.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientists cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 6.
Explain the origin and development of political science.
Answer:
According to Aristotle, political activity can be traced to the very nature of man. It is true that no individual can exist or live in isolation. No one is self-sufficient. So, man is a social animal. In the same manner, he is a political animal. Hence society requires an organization to regulate and control human activities. The organization states, which in turn function through its agency, government.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Nature and Scope of Political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science‘ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. The term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science.

Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with the government only.

The third group of writers like Gettell, Gilchrist, Paul Janet, and Prof. Laski maintained that the scope of political science extends to both state and government. Prof. Laski maintains that the state, in reality, means the government.

We may agree with the third group of writers that political science is a study of both state and government is the steering wheel of the ship of the state. There can be no state without a government, the state remains the central subject of our study, and the whole mechanism of government revolves around it.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

Political Theory:
Political Theory. History of Political Ideas.

Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

International Relations:
International relations. International organization and Administration, International Law.

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Question 2.
Explain the relevance of the study of political science in the contemporary world.
Answer:
The study of political science is very useful to individuals and society. As said by Bernard Shaw that “political science by which alone civilization can be saved”. Political science exerts its influence on the life and destiny of human beings. Why political science has become so important in the life of man? It can be judged on the following grounds:

1. Essential for a cultured existence:
The study of Political Science introduces an individual to the requirements of a civilized and cultured society.

2. To understand the evolution of state and government:
Political Science is a study of state and government in all its aspects, in order to understand the roots of state and government such as how and why the state and government came into existence and .why it continues to be in existence and what are the essential factors that make a state, the types and forms of government, the aims and objectives of the government, etc., the knowledge of political science is essential.

3. To provide knowledge of rights and duties:
Every citizen, especially in a democracy desires to have knowledge of rights and duties. It is in political science that one learns all the aspects of these rights and duties.

4. To make Democracy effective:
Democracy today is the most popular system of government. Many factors contribute to the success and effectiveness of democracy. Political science enables one to understand all the principles, merits and defects of democracy.

5. Provides political education:
The study of political science provides political education to a citizen so that he may understand national problems in a new perspective.

6. Provides knowledge of ideologies:
The study of political science provides a vast knowledge of various prevailing ideologies like democracy, socialism, communism, nazism, fascism, etc.

7. Knowledge useful to political leaders and bureaucrats:
Knowledge of political science is very useful to the political leaders to carry on the working of the government effectively. Knowledge of the constitution is necessary for everyone to contribute better to the functioning of the government.

8. To understand political power:
Political Science helps citizens to understand the concept of political power; how governments function; what are the interest and forces behind the policies; who are his elected representatives and what they stand for.

9. To promote human warfare:
Political Science in the contemporary’ period lies the fact that it creates conditions for economic progress since it is motivated by an interest in human welfare.

10. To understand international relations and contribute to peace:
International relations is one of the specialized branches of political science dealing with the relationship among sovereign states. It includes many concepts like balance power, collective security alliances, treaties, international law, international organizations, etc.

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Question 3.
Is political science a Science or an art? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:
1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way, it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge which has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study. For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

3. Common principles, conclusions possible:
Political scientists have arrived at broad principles after observing the political phenomenon over a long period of time. Reasons for the rise of new states, the eruption of revolts and revolutions, the emergence of political parties, etc, have been discovered.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences. Some writers consider political science as a part of political philosophy. It may be noticed that every political theory owes its origin to some philosophical idea. But however, we need not accept this argument in political science, not only deal with theories and ideas but also with practice.

In political science, there is an attempt to apply theoretical knowledge to the practice of politics. An art to be perfected require intelligence and constant practice by artist. On the basis of the above discussions, it may be concluded that it is an art.

1. Absence of Uniform terminology:
The study is called by different terms and there is no unanimity among thinkers regarding the exact term. The subject is called politics, political science, political theory, political philosophy, applied politics, theoretical politics, etc.

2. Differences regarding methods, definition, and scope:
There is no single method of studying the subject but different methods are available. Political principles are not universally accepted and applied. Terms like democracy, socialism, communism, liberalism, and Nationalism have been defined and explained in different ways.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientist cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 4.
Define political science. What is the significance or utility of its study?
Answer:
The term ‘Politics’ was used by the great Greek Philosopher Aristotle. It is derived from the term ‘Polis’ which means ‘city’ to Greeks city was the state and subject that was dealing with city-state was called politics. So political science means a systematic study of the state and government.

The following are some of the important definitions.

  • Garner: “Political science begins and ends with the state”.
  • Garies: “Political science deals with government”.
  • Gilchrist: “Political science deals with state and government”.
  • Paul Janet: “Political science is that part of social science which treats the foundations of state and principles of government”.

Political science has become the most important branch of social science. Aristotle called it a master science. Democracy has become the most common form of government nowadays. The study of political science trains the people for the successful working of democracy. The study of political science enables the individual to understand his rights and duties and enlightens him to take an active part in the affairs of the state.

It also promotes a sense of responsibility and the spirit of patriotism.

The citizen can understand the nature, merits, and demerits of different types of Government and other administrative institutions in their state by studying political science. Studying political science will enable people to understand different theories and ideologies and help him to decide whether to accept it or reject it.

The study of political science enables to understand international relations and international law. It helps to understand thoroughly the significance of world organizations in solving international problems and in maintaining international people.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Executive

You can Download Chapter 7 Executive Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Executive

1st PUC Political Science Executive One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is executive?
Answer:
The executive is the second important branch of the government. It enforces the laws enacted by the legislature.

Question 2.
What is the term of office of the President?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 3.
Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?
Answer:
The President of India.

Question 4.
Who is Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The vice president is an Ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
What are the terms of office of the Governor?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 6.
Who appoints Chief Minister of a state?
Answer:
Governor appoints Chief Minister of a state.

Question 7.
Who appoints the Governor?
Answer:
President.

Question 8.
Who appoints the Chief Justice of India?
Answer:
President appoints the Chief Justice of India.

Question 9.
What is the term of Vice President of India?
Answer:
The term of the Vice President of India is 5 years.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 10.
Who appoints the Chiefs of defence forces in India?
Answer:
President appoints the Chiefs of defence forces in India.

Question 11.
What is the primary function of the executive?
Answer:
Execution of laws is the primary function of executive.

Question 12.
Define parliamentary executive.
Answer:
In a parliamentary executive, executive is the part of legislature.

Question 13.
Define Presidential Executive.
Answer:
It is not chosen by legislature. The people directly elect him and he is not responsible to the legislatue. Best example: President of USA.

Question 14.
What is collective responsibility?
Answer:
It means in Parliamentary executive, executive is responsible to the legislative. The Prime Minister and Council Ministers are collectively responsible and answerable to the legislature.

Question 15.
What is no-confidence motion?
Answer:
The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers remain in power so long as they continue to enjoy the confidence of majority members of the Parliament.
The power of the legislature to remove the ministers is called the power of no-confidence motion.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 16.
What is veto power?
Answer:
The power of the President to send back the bill passed by the legislature when it is sent to President’s approval.

Question 17.
What is ordinance?
Answer:
The power of the President to pass laws when the Parliament is not in session is called ordinance.

Question 18.
What is impeachment?
Answer:
The President can be removed from office for grave misconduct by a special trial conducted by Parliament is called impeachment.

Question 19.
Who appoints the Central/State Ministers?
Answer:
The President appoints the Council of Ministers with the advice of the Prime Minister. Governor appoints the Council of Ministers in a state with the advice of the Chief Minister.

Question 20.
Who is the nominal executive in India?
Answer:
President is the nominal executive in India.

Question 21.
Who is the real executive in India?
Answer:
Prime Minister.

Question 22.
Who is the leader of the Council of Ministers?
Answer:
Prime Minister.

Question 23.
What is meant by Permanent Executive?
Answer:
It implies Civil Service, Government officials in Civil Service.

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Question 24.
Who appoints the Prime Minister?
Answer:
President.

Question 25.
Who acts as a bridge between President and Parliament?
Answer:
Prime Minister.

Question 26.
Who is the Head of the State Executive?
Answer:
Governor.

Question 27.
Which state has the right to draft its own constitution?
Answer:
Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 28.
Who is the leader of the government?
Answer:
Prime Minister.

Question 29.
Who acts as a bridge between Governor and legislature?
Answer:
Chief Minister.

1st PUC Political Science Executive Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of Executive.
Answer:
As organ which enforce the laws and implement the policies of the government is called executive. It is a 2nd organ of the government.

Question 2.
What are the qualifications required for the President of India?
Answer:
Qualifications:

  • Must be a citizen of India
  • Must have attained the age of 35 years
  • Must have attained all qualifications that of a member of Lok sabha.
  • Should not hold an office of profit – national, state or local.
  • Should not be of unsound mind or an insolvent or bankrupt
  • Should abide by the constitution.

Question 3.
Write a note on the Vice-President of India.
Answer:
The Constitution of India provides for a Vice-President of India. The term of his office is five years. The Vice-President is ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. He officiates as President in the absence of President.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
What are the qualifications necessary for Governor?
Answer:
Qualifications:
A Citizen to become a Governor must have the following qualifications:

  • Must be a citizen of India.
  • Should have attained the age of 35 years.
  • Must not be a member of either house of the state legislature.
  • Should not hold an office of profit – national, regional, or local.
  • Must not be insolvent or bankrupt.
  • Should be loyal to the constitution.

Question 5.
Name the three types of emergencies which the president can promulgate.
Answer:

  1. National emergency (Art, 352)
  2. Presidential rule (Art, 356)
  3. Financial emergency (Art, 360)

Question 6.
What are the qualifications required to become Vice President of India?
Answer:

  1. He must be a citizen of India.
  2. Should have completed 35 years of age.
  3. Should be qualified to contest an election of Rajyasabha.
  4. Should not hold office of profit under the Union/State Government.

Question 7.
Who participates in the election of the president of India?
Answer:
Elected members of both the houses of parliament and elected members of all the state assemblies in the country participate in the election of the president of India.

Question 8.
What should be the strength of the council of Minister in Loksabha?
Answer:
The total member of ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Loksabha.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 9.
What should be the strength of the council of Ministers in the State Assembly?
Answer:
The total member of ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the State Assembly.

Question 10.
What are the financial function of the Governor?
Answer:
Governor supervises in the introduction of budget. He can give assent to the demand for grants.

Question 11.
How is the Vice-President of India elected?
Answer:
The Vice-President of the Indian Union is elected by members of an electoral college consisting of members of both the Houses of Parliament.

Question 12.
How many types of executives are there?
Answer:
There are 4 types :

  1. Nominal and Real Executive
  2. Single and Plural Executive.
  3. Political and Permanent.
  4. Parliamentary and Non-parliamentary Executive.

Question 13.
Who are permanent executives?
Answer:
Government or Civil Servants are permanent executives. They are appointed On the basis of merit. They don’t belong to any political party. They continue in office till their age of retirement.

Question 14.
Write the importance of executive.
Answer:
The executive is the most important organ of Government No state can exist without the executive. It occupies a pivotal position in a governmental organisation.

Question 15.
Distinguish between political and administrative executives.
Answer:
Political executive is an elected executive. It changes from time to time. They come and go whereas, administrative or permanent executive are appointed by the government.

Question 16.
Distinguish between single and plural executives.
Answer:
In single, the power will be in the hands of one individual, e.g. President of the USA. In a plural executive, the final authority rests in the body of individuals, e.g. Collegiate executive in the USSR.

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Question 17.
What is the cabinet?
Answer:
It consists of senior ministers holding cabinet rank. It is a small group, which meets regularly.

Question 18.
Write a note on Governor.
Answer:
The Governor is executive head of State. He is appointed by President of India. He is constitutional head of State and hence exercises his powers on advice of his Council of Ministers.

Question 19.
Write a note on Chief Minister.
Answer:
He is the leader of the majority party and Chairman of the State Council of Ministers. He occupies a position in the state very similar to that of the Prime Minister.

Question 20.
What is Veto Power?
Answer:
President has the power to withhold a bill, by refusing to give his assent. This power is called ‘Veto power’.

Question 21.
What do you mean by Coalition Government?
Answer:
When there is a hung parliament, two or more parties join together to get the working majority and form the government.

Question 22.
What is an Ordinance?
Answer:
The power of the executive to issue orders when the parliament is not in session is called as Ordinance. In India the President enjoys the power of issuing Ordinance when the parliament is not in session. It will have the same power and effect similar to that of a law made by the Parliament provided the same is ratified by the Parliament within 6 weeks from the date of the ordinance. Otherwise, it ceases to be a law and is considered null and void or zero.

Question 23.
What is Impeachment?
Answer:
The President can be removed from office by the process called ‘Impeachment’ on grounds Qf proven misbehavior and inefficiency. The motion for impeachment can be initiated in either house of parliament. However, before impeaching the President 14 days advance notice must be given of the said cause. If the motion of impeachment is taken up by Loksabha, Rajyasabha will sit in judgement and vice versa. If the motion is sustained by a 2/3 majority of members present and voting, the President stands impeached and shall leave office.

1st PUC Political Science Executive Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Briefly explain the significance of Executive.
Answer:
1. Rule implementation:
Rulemaking and rule implementation are two faces of the same coin. Good the laws, if not properly implemented has no relevance. The executive plays an important role in reaching the laws to the people.

2. Concept of welfare state:
Modem states are welfare states involving in every sphere of human activity. With ever widening scope of the government activity, the role of the executive has also increased many-fold.

3. Symbol of national prestige:
The executive reflects the prestige of a nation. A resourceful and visionary executive can work wonders for people and the country.

Question 2.
Explain the method of election to the office of the president of India.
Answer:
The president of India is elected by the electoral college which consists of the elected member of the both houses of parliament and elected members of the state assemblies and the union territories.

The candidature for the election of president is to propose by atleast 50 members. Rs. 15,000 has to be deposited by the presidential candidate in the Reserve Bank, the election of the president is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The voting takes place by secret ballet system. In the presidential election, the total number of votes cast of member of parliament equals the total member of votes cast by state legislators.

The voters voting in this election should suggest their preferences by writing the members before the name of the candidates in their preferential order. The candidate who secures the required quoto will be elected as a president and shall take oath of office before the chief justice of the Supreme Court.

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Question 3.
Describe the Legislative powers of the President.
Answer:
Powers and functions of the president of India are as follows:
In the Parliamentary government, the position of the President is that of a respectful figurehead, representing the honor and dignity of the people of India. It has become a fashion to label the President as “a rubber stamp’, the impression is that he does nothing but signing bills brought before him. But there are occasions that offer scope for independent decisions. When no party enjoys a majority, the power to appoint Prime minister rests with the President (Ar- tide 75).

In case of sudden demise of Prime minister, if the party fails to elect its leader, at the earliest, President may appoint a person of his choice as the Prime minister. Importantly, if a government loses majority and recommends for the dissolution of the house (Lok sabha), it is purely power of the President to dissolve the parliament or not (Article 85).

The powers and functions of the President are as follows:
1.Legislative Functions: The legislative functions are detailed below

  1. To summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament.
  2. The President enjoys the power to address the Parliament. It is normally done after general elections or the first session of the year. It is generally called Presidential speech. This inaugural speech outlines the objectives and priorities of the government.
  3.  In passing the bills, if a deadlock arises due to non-agreement between two houses of the parliament, the President may call for a joint session of both the houses.
  4. The President may address Lok sabha or Rajya sabha or both any time and also may send a message to both the houses of parliament to look into a bill.
  5. In the considered view of the President, if he is satisfied that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented, he may nominate 12 members to Rajya Sabha and 2 members to Lok sabha.
  6. Prior permission of the President is essential while dealing with bills relating to the formation of new states, alteration of boundaries and some special bills like the finance bills.
  7. No bill can become a law without the assent of the President. He enjoys the power to withhold a bill. This power is called ‘Veto power’. However, he cannot refuse his assent for finance bills. But he can withhold assent for a nonmoney bill. But if the same is resubmitted for signature even without changes, he cannot refuse to sign it.
  8. The President enjoys the power of issuing Ordinance when the parliament is not in session. It will have the same power and effect similar to that of a law made by the Parliament provided the same is ratified by the Parliament within 6 weeks of its passage. Otherwise, it ceases to be a law and is considered null and void or zero.

Question 4.
Explain the executive powers of the President.
Answer:
The President is die administrative Head of the State and orders are executed in his name. Article 53 clearly states that ‘the executive powers of the State must be vested in the hands of the President’.

  1. All accords and agreements carried out on behalf of the Government of India is done in the name of the President.
  2. The President has the power to call for any information from the government.
  3. The President appoints the Prime minister and the Council of the minister on the recommendation of the Prime minister.
  4. The highest constitutional functionaries such as Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) are appointed by the President.
  5. The member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Backward Class Commission (BCC) and National Commission for Women (NCW) are appointed by the President.
  6. The President enjoys the power of removing the highest constitutional functionaries.
  7. The President can call for reports from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Linguistic Minorities Commission (EMC), Backward Class Commission (BCC) and other commissions.

Question 5.
Explain the emergency powers of President.
Answer:

  1. The President may declare internal emergency under Article 352, if, in his opinion, there is a threat to India’s security due to war or external aggression.
  2. The President may impose ‘President’s Rule’ under Article 356 if he is convinced that in that particular state the law and order have completely deteriorated and it cannot be governed as per the constitution. Though the President’s rule is imposed on the recommendation of the governor of the concerned state, it is not compulsory.
  3. If the President is convinced that the financial stability and prestige of the nation are at risk, he may impose a financial emergency under Article 360. However, the imposition of internal and financial emergency should be placed before Parliament and its consent was taken within 2 months of the declaration of emergency, otherwise, it is considered invalid.

Question 6.
Explain the functions of the vice president of India.
Answer:
The functions of the vice president are explained as below.
1. Ex – Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha :
The vice president of India performs as an ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He is empowered to preside over the meetings of Rajya Sabha. He can adjourn the house or suspend its sitting in the event of the absence of a quorum.

2. Acting President of India:
The vice president is permitted to work as an acting president when the office of the president is vacant by reason of death, resignation, removal. At that time the vice president can claim all the benefits of the office of the president. He will be in that office until a new president is elected:

Question 7.
Explain the role of Prime Minister in India.
Answer:
The power and position of Prime minister is so powerful that he is referred to as The first among equals (primus intersperes). Lord Morley regards Prime minister as “the keystone of the cabinet arch.” Former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson considered Prime Minister as “a person who conducts an orchestra without using any instrument”. The greatest ever British Prime minister R.A.Butler once said, “A Prime minister must be a good butcher, and know all the joints.”

  • Article 74 of the constitution states that “there shall be a Council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister for the Union of India”. The Prime minister is elected from among the members of the majority party in Lok sabha. In case no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the President to pick the Prime minister, who in his opinion will prove majority in a stipulated time. Traditionally, the Prime minister should be from Loksabha. Some scholars compare the Prime minister to the Sun because complete administration revolves around him. B. R. Ambedkar compares the powers of Prime minister to that of the President of U.S.A,

The success or failure of a Prime minister largely depends upon the personality besides administrative knowledge and experience. For example, Nehru was known for his magnetic personality, Shastri for his soft-spoken, but firm nature, Mrs. Gandhi for ‘never forget or forgive enemies’ attitude and Rajiv Gandhi was progressive but parasitic. P. V Narasimha Rao always regarded not making any decision as to the best decision, whereas Vajpayee was emotional.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Briefly explain the powers and functions of the Prime minister of India.
Answer:
The powers and function of the Prime minister are detailed below:
1. Formation of Ministry:
The primary task of the Prime minister on assuming office is the formation of the Council of ministers. Normally ministers are picked from the same political formation to ensure uniformity and continuity of policy. However, nothing prevents Prime minister from picking anyone as minister.

2. Allocation of Portfolios:
After forming the ministry the next important task is the allocation of responsibilities to ministers. Certain key or heavyweight portfolios such as Home, Defence, Finance, Commerce and Industry, External affairs, etc., are to be given to party heavyweights who enjoy a good clout and following among the party workers. Also to ensure efficiency and stability of the government. Prime minister enjoys the power of expanding and reforming the ministry.

3. Chairman of the Cabinet:
The cabinet meetings are held under the chairmanship of the Prime minister. The Cabinet is a deliberating forum and differences may come up. It is the responsibility of the Prime minister to mediate and soften things and arrive at decisions. The Prime minister has the authority to decide the matters to be taken up by the cabinet and may accept or reject proposals. Normally the proposals brought by ministers for discussion are not rejected.

In the era of coalition politics, it is a challenge for the Prime minister to hold the flock together. It is very difficult to chair a Cabinet full of divergent views, ideologies, and principles. For example, for the last fifteen years, we are a witness to pulls and pressures exerted on the Prime minister from different alliance partners.

4. Leader of Lok Sabha:
Prime minister is the leader of Lok sabha. All major decisions and announcements of the government are made by the Prime minister. It is the responsibility of the Prime minister to ensure that all bills brought before Lok sabha for approval are passed. And he has to defend the government on the floor of the house.

Though ministers are individually responsible to their ministries, it is the Prime minister who provides general leadership and direction. If any minister makes a mistake, the Prime minister has the power to guide and correct him.

5. Leader of the Government:
The decisions of the government however good, are subjected to scrutiny and criticism. The Prime minister, as leader of the government, has to defend policies and programmes of the government both in and out of parliament.

6. Coordination and Supervision:
In running the administrative machinery Prime minister will have to encounter numerous problems ranging from routine to serious. Under the circumstances, it is essential to integrate different departments and see that they work smoothly and the ability of the Prime minister is tested on this count. A Prime minister should not only pick a team but also retain it as a team till the end of the term.

Whenever problems arise between departments, he has to mediate and sort it out amicably through dialogue and goodwill. The Prime minster is the general head of the government. Hence he has the responsibility of supervising the administration. Though each Minister is in charge of a ministry, lack of general supervision results in poor administrative quality.

To maintain quality in administration, the Prime minister will have to supervise. It not only gives him a general feel of the administration but also makes the ministers more responsible. The Prime Minister may correct the working of a particular ministry and offer suggestions.

7.Bridge between the President and the Parliament:
The Prime minister acts as a link between President and Parliament In a parliamentary government. As all executives powers are vested in the hands of the President, the Prime minister is duty-bound to keep the President informed about the decisions taken by the government. Also, the President himself can call for any information from the government.

The Prime minister not only acts as a bridge but also as the advisor to the President. Whenever necessary the President will look forward for advice. For example, the President seeks the advice of Prime minister before dissolving Lok sabha.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 9.
Explain the powers and functions of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The powers and functions of the cabinet is as follows:
1. Formulation of Policy:
The primary responsibility of Cabinet is formulating the policy of the government. The decisions arrived at the Cabinet reflects the national and international outlook of the government. Before the start of the parliament session, the cabinet makes a list of bills to be placed before the house for consideration and approval. No minister can place any bill in the parliament without the approval of the cabinet.

The bills so placed before the parliament for approval must be strongly defended by the – cabinet. The members of parliament can comment, criticize, and seek clarifications, from
the government on any bill. Thus, from shaping the policy to defending it, cabinet plays a key role.

2. Control over the Executive:
All the ministers who are a part of the government belong to the executive. Each minister having assumed responsibility of a ministry is wholly responsible for any happening in that particular ministry. Hence all ministers must strive hard to implement the cabinet decisions. If any minister violates the cabinet decisions he may be fired for violating the party unity. The cabinet apart from the ministers also directs and supervises the activities of the civil service.

3. Control over the Finance:
The cabinet is responsible to the income and expenditure incurred by the state, though the responsibility of the preparing the annual income expenditure statement the budget lies with the Finance minister. In order to ensure secrecy,
the cabinet does not discuss the budget proposal.

Generally, the Prime minister also plays an important part in budget making, so the budget proposal are discussed between the Prime minister and the finance minister. The content of the budget are not made known to cabinet till the Finance minister’s budget speech. Once the budget is placed before the parliament, the cabinet can discuss and seek changes if necessary. Though the cabinet has the authority to reject the budget in its entirety, it is hardly done. Because it amounts to an insult to the government.

4. Co-ordination:
To co-ordinate the activities of different ministries or departments and guide them is the responsibility of the cabinet. Generally, working of one department will have its effect on the other. For example if two ministries work out an ambitious project calling for huge investment, the feasibility of its has to be decided by the finance ministry which holds the purse. Under these circumstances the cabinet has to strike a balance between the two and release money on priority basis. To co-ordinate governmental activities there are Secretarial Committees at the ministerial level headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Under his chairmanship these committees suggest means of coordination.

5. Control over appointments:
Generally, appointments do not come before the cabinet. But all major appointments such as the Governor, the Chiefs of Staff (army, navy, air force), Chief Election Commissioner, etc., are brought to notice of the cabinet before made public. The consent of the cabinet to these appointments is only a formality.

Question 10.
Explain the powers and functions of the council of ministers of a State.
Answer:
The Cabinet referred to as the ‘Wheel within a wheel’, ‘the magnet of policy’ is the most powerful decision making organ of the government. The Cabinet normally meets once in a week though it can meet whenever necessary, under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister. All decisions are taken based on debate and dialogue. The Cabinet being the highest decision making body, all ministers must abide by its decisions. In case of difference of opinion on a Cabinet decision, a minister must quit his post, as he is not allowed to criticize the cabinet decisions being a party to it.

The Cabinet makes decisions for the whole state. So, obviously, its work load and responsibilities are varied and diverse. In order to make things convenient Cabinet committees are formed. The committees such as Political Affairs Committee, Economic Affairs Committee, will look in to the respective departments and gather necessary’ information, which help in decisionmaking. These committees may be temporary or permanent depending upon the task on hand.

1. Formulation of policy:
The primary responsibility of cabinet is formulating the policy of the government. The decisions arrived at cabinet reflects the state’s outlook of the government. Before the start of Legislative assembly session, the cabinet makes a list of bills to be placed before the house for consideration and approval. No minister can place any bill in the assembly without the approval of cabinet. The bills so placed before the legislature for approval must be strongly defended by the cabinet; the members of legislature can comment, criticize and seek clarifications from the government on any bill. Thus from shaping the policy to defending it, cabinet plays a key role.

2. Control over the executive:
All the ministers who are a part of the government belong to the executive. Each minister having assumed responsibility of a ministry is wholly responsible for any happening in that particular ministry. Hence all ministers must strive hard to implement the Cabinet decisions. If any Minister violates the Cabinet decisions, he may be fired for violating the party unity. The cabinet apart from the ministers also directs and supervises the activities of the civil service.

3. Control over the finance:
The cabinet is responsible to the income and expenditure incurred by the state, though the responsibility of the preparing the annual income expenditure statement the budget lies with the Finance minister. In order to ensure secrecy, the cabinet does not discuss the budget proposal.

Generally, the Chief Minister also plays an important part in budget making, so the budget proposals are discussed between the Chief Minister and the finance minister. The content of the budget are not made known to cabinet till the Finance minister’s budget speech. Once the budget is placed before the state legislature, the cabinet can discuss and seek changes if necessary’. Though cabinet has the authority to reject the budget in its entirety, it is hardly done. Because, it amounts to an insult to the government.

4. Co-ordination:
To co-ordinate the activities of different ministries or departments and guide them is the responsibility of the cabinet. Generally, working of one department will have its effect on the other. For example, if two ministries work out an ambitious project calling for huge investment, the Feasibility of it has to be decided by the finance ministry, which holds the purse. Under these circumstances, the cabinet has to strike a balance between the two and release money on priority basis.

To co-ordinate governmental activities there are Secretarial Committees at the ministerial level headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Under his chairmanship these committees suggest means cc co-ordination. 5. Control over appointments: Generally, appointments do not come before the cabinet. But all major appointments such as the Governor are brought to notice of the cabinet before made public. The consent of the cabinet to these appointments is only a formality.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 11.
Explain the discretionary powers of Governor.
Answer:
The discretionary powers of the Governor are as follows:

  1. In appointing the Chief Minister if no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the Governor to call any person to form the government and prove his majority.
  2. On the recommendation of the Chief Minister, Governor can sack any minister (Article 1 64).
  3. If the Governor believes that the government has lost majority or if the Chief Minister having lost majority does not resign or if the government is using unethical means for political gains, under these circumstances he can dissolve the Council of ministers. (‘Article 174).
  4. The Governor can return a bill back to legislature for reconsideration.
  5. The Governor can reserve certain bills passed by the state legislature for consideration of the President (Article 200).
  6. Before issuing an ordinance, the Governor can receive directions from the President.
  7. If the Governor is satisfied that a situation-has arisen in which the government cannot be run according to provision of the constitution he may request the President to take over the state administration under Article 356. This is called President’s rule’. The report sent by the Governor to President must be kept confidential from the Council of ministers.

Question 12.
Explain the functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
The functions of the Chief Minister is so powerful that he is referred to as “the first among equals” (Primus intersperes). Article 164 of the constitution states that “there shall be a Council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister for the state”. The Chief Minister is elected from among the members of the majority party in Vidhana Sabha. In case no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the Governor to pick the Chief Minister, who in his opinion will prove majority in a stipulated time. Traditionally, the Chief Minister should be from the Vidhana Sabha.

1. Formation of Ministry:
The primary task of the Chief Minister on assuming office is the formation of the Council of ministers. Normally ministers are picked from the same political formation to ensure uniformity and continuity of policy. However, nothing prevents the Chief Minister from picking anyone as minister from any party. The Chief Minister enjoys the authority to pick and choose his ministry because he is responsible for the efficiency and performance of the government.

2. Allocation of Portfolios:
After forming the ministry the next important task is the allocation of responsibilities to ministers. Certain key or heavyweight portfolios such as Home, Revenue, Finance, Industry, Public works are to be given to key and heavyweights who enjoy clout and following among party worker. Also to ensure efficiency and stability of the government. The Chief Minister enjoys the power of expanding and reforming the ministry.

3. Chairman of the Cabinet:
The cabinet meetings are held under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister. The cabinet is a deliberating forum and differences may come up. It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister to mediate and soften things and arrive at decisions. The Chief Minister has the authority to decide the matters to be taken up by the cabinet and may accept or reject proposals. Normally the proposals brought by ministers for discussion are not rejected. In the era of coalition politics, it is a challenge for the Chief Minister to hold the flock together. It is very difficult to chair a cabinet meeting full of divergent views, ideologies and principles.

4. Leader of Vidhana Sabha:
Chief Minister is the leader of Vidhana Sabha. All major decisions and announcements of the state government are made by the Chief Minister. It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister to ensure that all bills brought before Vidhana sabha for approval are passed. And he has to defend the government on the floor of the house. Though ministers are individually responsible to their ministries, it is the Chief Minister who provides general leadership and direction. If any minister makes a mistake, the Chief Minister has the power to guide and correct him.

5. Leader of the Government:
The decisions of the government however good, are subjected to scrutiny and criticism. The opposition parties lose their identity if they do not criticize the government. So to guard against it, the Chief Minister, as leader of the government has to defend policies and programmes of the government both in and out of legislature.

6. Coordination and Supervision:
In running the administrative machinery Chief Minister will have to encounter numerous problems ranging from routine to serious. Under the circumstances it is essential to integrate different departments and see that they work smoothly and the ability of the Chief Minister is tested on this count. A Chief Minister should not only pick a team but also retain it as a team till the end of the term. Whenever problems arise between departments, he has to mediate and sort it out amicably through dialogue and goodwill.

The Chief Minister is the general head of the government. Hence he has the responsibility of supervising the administration. Though each minister is in charge of a ministry, lack of general supervision results in poor administrative quality. To maintain quality in administration, the Chief Minister will have to supervise it, not only gives him a general feel of the administration but also makes the ministers more responsible. The Chief Minister may correct the working of a particular ministry and offer suggestions.

7. Bridge between the Governor and the State Legislature:
The Chief Minister acts as a link between the Governor and state legislature in a parliamentary government. As all executive powers are vested in the hands of the Governor, the Chief Minister is duty-bound to keep the Governor informed about the decisions taken by the government.

Also, the Governor himself can call for any information from the government. The Chief Minister not only acts as a bridge but also as the advisor to the President. Whenever necessary the President will look forward for advice. For example, the Governor seeks the advice of the Chief Minister before dissolving Vidhana sabha.

8. Power of Dissolution:
The Vidhana sabha exists as long as the Chief Minister wishes because even before the expiry of 5 years term, Chief Minister may seek the dissolution of Vidhana sabha. The Vidhana sabha may be dissolved if deep differences surface within the government or within the ruling party or the government loses a motion of no confidence.

9. Power of Appointment:
Though civil appointments are made by the Governor, it is based on the recommendation of the Chief Minister.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 13.
Write a short note on Cabinet.
Answer:
The Cabinet is referred to as the ‘wheel within a wheel’, ‘the magnet of policy’ and the most powerful decision making organ of the government. The Cabinet normally meets once in a week though it can meet whenever necessary, under, the chairmanship of the Prime minister. All decisions are taken based on debate and dialogue. The Cabinet makes decisions for the whole nation. Its workload and responsibilities are varied and diverse.

In order to make things, convenient cabinet committees are formed. The committees such as, Foreign Affairs Committee, Defense Committee, Political Affairs Committee, Economic Affairs Committee, will look into the respective departments and gather necessary information, which helps in decisionmaking. These committees may be temporary or permanent depending upon the task on hand.

1st PUC Political Science Executive Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is executive? Explain its significance.
Answer:
The President is the administrative head of the State and orders are executed in his name.
Article 53 clearly states that ‘the executive powers of the State must be vested in the hands of the President’.

  1. All accords and agreements carried out on behalf of the Government of India is done in the name of the President.
  2. The President has the power to call for any information from the government.
  3. The President appoints the Prime minister and the Council of the minister on the recommendation of the Prime minister.
  4. The highest constitutional functionaries such as Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) are appointed by the President.
  5. The member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). National Human Right Commission (NHRG), Backward Class Commission (BCC) and National Commission for Women (NCW) are appointed by the President.
  6. The President enjoys the power of removing highest constitutional functionaries.
  7. The President can call for reports from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Linguistic Minorities Commission (LMC), Backward Class Commis¬sion (BCC) and other commissions.

Question 2.
Explain the powers and functions of the President of India.
Answer:
In the Parliamentary government, the position of the President is that of a respectful figure-head, representing the honor and dignity of the people of India. It has become a fashion to label the President as ‘a rubber stamp’, the impression is that he does nothing but signing bills brought before him. But there are occasions that offer scope for independent decisions. When no party enjoys a majority, the power to appoint Prime minister rests with the President (Article 75).

In case of sudden demise of Prime minister, if the party fails to elect its leader, at the earliest, President may appoint a person of his choice as the Prime minister. Importantly, if a government loses majority and recommends for the dissolution of the house (Lok sabha), it is purely power of the President to dissolve the parliament or not (Article 85).
The powers and functions of the President are as follows:

1. Legislative Functions: The legislative functions are detailed below:

  1. To summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament.
  2. The President enjoys the power to address the Parliament. It is normally done after general elections or the first session of the year. It is generally called Presidential speech. This inaugural speech outlines the objectives and priorities of the government.
  3. In passing the bills, if a dead lock arises due to non-agreement between two houses . of the parliament, the President may call for joint session of both the houses.
  4. The President may address Lok sabha or Rajya sabha or both any time and also may send a message to both the houses of parliament to look into a bill.
  5. In the considered view of the President, if he is satisfied that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented, he may nominate 12 members to Rajva Sabha and 2 members to Lok sabha.
  6. Prior permission of the President is essential while dealing with bills relating to formation of new states, alteration of boundaries and some special bills like the finance bills.
  7. No bill can become a law without the assent of the President. He enjoys the power to withhold a bill. This power is called ‘Veto power”. However he cannot refuse his assent for finance bills. But he can withhold assent for a non money bill. But if the same is resubmitted for signature even without changes, he cannot refuse to sign it.
  8. The President enjoys the power of issuing Ordinance when the parliament is not in session. It will have the same power and effect similar to that of a law made by the Parliament provided the same is ratified by the Parliament within 6 weeks of its passage. Otherwise it ceases to be a law and is considered null and void or zero.

2. Executive Functions:
The President is the administrative Head of the State and orders are executed in his name. Article 53 clearly states that the executive powers of the State must be vested in ‘the hands of the President’.

  1. All accords and agreements carried out on behalf of the Government of India is done in the name of the President.
  2. The President has the power to call for any information from the government.
  3. The President appoints the Prime minister and the Council of minister on recommendation of the Prime minister.
  4. The highest constitutional functionaries such as Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), ChiefVigilance Commissioner (CVC) are appointed by the President.
  5. The member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), National Human Right Commission (NHRC), Backward Class Commission (BCC) and National Commission for Women (NCW) are appointed by the President.
  6. The President enjoys the power of removing highest constitutional functionaries.
  7. The President can call for reports from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission, Linguistic Minorities Commission (LMC), Backward Class Commission (BCC) and other commissions.

3. Financial powers:

  1. It is the constitutional obligation of the President to see that the annual income expenditure statement. The budget is placed before the Parliament for approval.
  2. Financial bills cannot be presented in the Parliament without the consent of the President.
  3. The recommendation of the Finance Commissions and the Planning Commission are placed before the Parliament on orders of the President.
  4. The members of the Finance Commission and Planning Commission are appointed by the President.

4. Judicial Powers:

  1. The President enjoys the power of pardoning the sentence of a person declared an offender by the Supreme Court. He is so powerful that he can reduce change or altogether cancel the punishment. This power is called Presidential Pardon. This is provided to ensure against any miscarriage of justice (Article 72).
  2. The Judges of the Supreme Court and High court are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
  3. The President is entitled to legal advice on matters relating to the constitutional clarity of bills. However, it is not binding on the President to accept it.

5.Military Powers:

  1. President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
  2. President has the power to declare war or peace, but parliamentary approval is essential for such a decision.
  3. The President can raise funds for training and preservation of armed forces with prior approval of the Parliament.
  4. The Chiefs of Army, Navy, and Air force are appointed by the President.

6. Diplomatic Powers:
The diplomatic powers of the President are purely symbolic in nature.

  1. The President represents the country in international affairs. His visits are of courtesy nature aimed at strengthening bilateral relations; he does not sign any treaties or agreements.
  2. The ambassadors representing the country abroad are appointed by the President.
  3. The foreign ambassadors are received by the President. No person can be considered an ambassador unless he is given the ‘Letter of Accreditation’ by the president.

7. Emergency Powers:
The emergency powers of the President are enumerated in the constitution from Article 352 to Article 360. The President may declare emergency under three circumstances:

  1. The President may declare internal emergency under Article 352, if, in his opinion, there is a threat to India’s security due to war or external aggression.
  2. The President may impose ‘President’s Rule’ under Article 356 if he is convinced that in that particular state the law and order has completely deteriorated and it cannot be governed as per the constitution. Though the President’s rule is imposed on the recommendation of the governor of the concerned state, it is not compulsory.
  3. If the President is convinced that the financial stability and prestige of the nation is at risk, he may impose financial emergency under Article 360.

However, the imposition of internal and financial emergency should be placed before Parliament and its consent taken within 2 months of the declaration of emergency, otherwise, it is considered invalid.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 3.
Write a note on the Wee President of India.
Answer:
1. Ex – Officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha :
The vice president of India performs as an ex – officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He is empowered to preside over the meetings of Rajya Sabha. He can adjourn the house or suspend its sitting in the event of the absence of a quorum.

2. Acting President of India:
The vice president is permitted to work as a acting president when the office of the president is vacant by reason of death, resignation, removal. At that time the vice president can claim all the benefits of the office of the president. He will be in that office until a new president is elected.

Question 4.
Explain the powers and functions of Prime Minister of India.
Answer:
The power and position of Prime minister is so powerful that he is referred to as The first among equals (primus intersperes). Lord Morley regards Prime minister as “the key stone of the cabinet arch.” Former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson considered Prime Minister as “a person who conducts an orchestra without using any instrument”. The greatest ever British Prime minister R.A.Butler once said, “A Prime minister must be a good butcher, and know all the joints.”

Article 74 of the constitution states that “there shall be a Council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister for the Union of India”, The Prime minister is elected from among the members of the majority party in Lok sabha. In case no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the President to pick the Prime minister, who in his opinion will prove majority in a stipulated time.

Traditionally, the Prime minister should be from Loksabha. Some scholars compare the Prime minister to the Sun because complete administration revolves around him. B. R. Ambedkar compares the powers of Prime minister to that of the President of U.S.A,

The success or failure of a Prime minister largely depends upon the personality besides administrative knowledge and experience. For example, Nehru was known for his magnetic personality, Shastri for his soft-spoken, but firm nature, Mrs. Gandhi for ‘never forget or forgive enemies’ attitude and Rajiv Gandhi was progressive but parasitic. P. V. Narasimha Rho always regarded not making any decision as the best decision, whereas Vajpayee was emotional.
The powers and function of the Prime minister are detailed below:

1.Formation of Ministry:
The primary task of the Prime minister on assuming office is the formation of the Council of ministers. Normally ministers are picked from the same political formation to ensure uniformity and continuity of policy However, nothing prevents Prime minister from picking any one as minister.

2. Allocation of Portfolios:
After forming the ministry the next important task is allocation of responsibilities to ministers. Certain key or heavy weight portfolios such as Home, Defence, Finance, Commerce and Industry, External affairs etc., are to be given to party heavy’ weights who enjoy a good clout and following among the party workers. Also to ensure efficiency and stability of the government. Prime minister enjoys the power of expanding and reforming the ministry.

3. Chairman of the Cabinet:
The cabinet meetings are held under the chairmanship of the Prime minister. The Cabinet is a deliberating forum and differences may come up. It is the responsibility of Prime minister to mediate and soften things and arrive at decisions. The Prime minister has the authority to decide the matters to be taken up by the cabinet and may accept or reject proposals. Normally the proposals brought by ministers for discussion are not rejected.

In the era of coalition politics it is a challenge for the Prime minister to hold the flock together. It is very difficult to. chair,a Cabinet full of divergent views, ideologies and principles. For example, for the last fifteen years we are a witness to pulls and pressures exerted on the Prime mmister from different alliance partners.

4. Leader of Lok Sabha:
Prime minister is the leader of Lok sabha. All major decisions and announcements of the government are made by the Prime minister. It is the responsibility of the Prime minister to ensure that all bills brought before Lok sabha for approval are passed. And he has to defend the government on the floor of the bouse. Though ministers are individually responsible to their ministries, it is the Prime minister who provides general leadership and direction. If any minister makes a mistake, the Prime minister has the power to guide and correct him.

5. Leader of the Government:
The decisions of the government however good, are subjected to scrutiny and criticism. The Prime minister, as leader of the government, has to defend policies and programmes of the government both in and out of parliament.

6. Coordination and Supervision:
In running the administrative machinery Prime minister will have to encounter numerous problems ranging from routine to serious. Under the circumstances, it is essential to integrate different departments and see that they work smoothly and the ability of the Prime minister is tested on this count. A Prime minister should not only pick a team but also retain it as a team till the end of the term. Whenever problems arise between departments, he has to mediate and sort it out amicably through dialogue and goodwill.

The Prime minster is the general head of the government. Hence he has the responsibility of supervising the administration. Though each Minister is in charge of a ministry, lack of general supervision results in poor administrative quality. To maintain quality in administration, the Prime minister will have to supervise. It not only gives him a general feel of the administration but also makes the ministers more responsible. The Prime Minister may correct the working of a particular ministry and offer suggestions.

7. Bridge between the President and the Parliament:
The Prime minister acts as a link between President and Parliament In a parliamentary government. As all executives powers are vested in the hands of the President, the Prime minister is duty-bound to keep the President informed about the decisions taken by the government.

Also, the President himself can call for any information from the government. The Prime minister not only acts as a bridge but also as the advisor to the President. Whenever necessary the President will look forward for advice. For example, the President seeks the advice of Prime minister before dissolving Lok sabha.

8. Power of Dissolution:
The Lok sabha exists as long as Prime minister wishes because even before the expiry of 5 years term, Prime minister may seek the dissolution of Lok sabha. The Lok sabha is dissolved if deep differences surface within the government or within the ruling party or the government loses a motion of no confidence.

9. Power of Appointment:
Though civil, military, judicial and diplomatic appointments are made by the President it is based on the recommendation of the Prime minister. The highest constitutional position such as the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC), Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), the Judges of the Supreme court and the High courts, the Chiefs of army, navy, and air force, the diplomats etc., are appointed on the advice of the Prime minister.

10. Special Powers:
The foreign affairs, national security and on economic matters Prime minister enjoys a special position. As the whole world watches and listens to his words with the attention he has a special place.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
Explain the powers and functions of Union Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The powers and functions of the cabinet is as follows:
1. Formulation of Policy:
The primary responsibility of Cabinet is formulating the policy of the government. The decisions arrived at the Cabinet reflects the national and international outlook of the government. Before the start of the parliament session, the cabinet makes a list of bills to be placed before the house for consideration and approval. No minister can place any bill in the parliament without the approval of the cabinet.

The bills so placed before the parliament for approval must be strongly defended by the cabinet The members of parliament can comment, criticize, and seek clarifications, from the government on any bill. Thus, from shaping the policy to defending it, the cabinet plays a key role.

2. Control over the Executive:
All the ministers who are a part of the government belong to the executive. Each minister having assumed responsibility of a ministry is wholly responsible for any happening in that particular ministry. Hence all ministers must strive hard to implement the cabinet decisions. If any minister violates the cabinet decisions he may be fired for violating the party unity. The cabinet apart from the ministers also directs and supervises the activities of the civil service.

3. Control over the Finance:
The cabinet is responsible to the income and expenditure incurred by the state, though the responsibility of the preparing the annual income expenditure statement the budget lies with the Finance minister. In order to ensure secrecy, the cabinet does not discuss the budget proposal.

Generally, the Prime minister also plays an important part in budget making, so the budget proposal are discussed between the Prime minister and the finance minister. The content of the budget are not made known to cabinet till the Finance minister’s budget speech. Once the budget is placed before the parliament, the cabinet can discuss and seek changes if necessary. Though the cabinet has the authority to reject the budget in its entirety, it is hardly done. Because it amounts to an insult to the government.

4. Co-ordination:
To co-ordinate the activities of different ministries or departments and guide them is the responsibility of the cabinet. Generally, working of one department will have its effect on the other. For example if two ministries work out an ambitious project calling for huge investment, the feasibility of its has to be decided by the finance ministry which holds the purse. Under these circumstances, the cabinet has to strike a balance between the two and release money on priority basis. To co-ordinate governmental activities there are Secretarial Committees at the ministerial level headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Under his chairmanship, these committees suggest means of coordination.

5. Control over appointments:
Generally, appointments do not come before the cabinet. But all major appointments such as the Governor, the Chiefs of Staff (army, navy, airforce), Chief Election Commissioner, etc., are brought to notice of the cabinet before made public. The consent of the cabinet to these appointments is only a formality.

Question 6.
Explain the powers and functions of the Governor of a State.
Answer:
Powers and functions of the Governor:
In the Parliamentary executive systems of India, the position of Governor is that of a respectful figure-head, representing the honour and dignity of the people of the states. It has become a fashion to label the Governor as a rubber stamp the impression is that he does nothing but signing the bills brought before him. But there are occasions that offer scope for independent decisions. When no party enjoys a majority, the power to appoint the Chief Minister rests with the governor.

In case of the sudden demise of the Chief Minister, if the party fails to elect its leader, at the earliest the Governor may appoint a person of his choice as the Chief Minister. Importantly if a government loses the majority, and recommends for the dissolution of the house (Vidhana sabha), it is purely left to the governor whether to dissolve or not.

1. The legislative functions are detailed below.

  1. To Summon the session, to Prorogue the session or dissolve the legislature.
  2. The Governor enjoys the power to address the legislature. It is normally done after general elections or the first session of the year. That is called “Governor’s speech”. This inaugural speech outlines the objectives and priorities of the government. Traditionally this speech is prepared by the cabinet but read by the Governor.
  3. In passing the bills, if a deadlock arises due to non-agreement between two houses of the legislature, the Governor may call for joint session of both the houses.
  4. The Governor may address either House of the state legislature or both any time and also may send a message to both the houses to settle an unsettled bill. But, however, no Governor so far has neither addressed the house nor sent messages.
  5. In the considered view of the Governor if he is satisfied that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented, he may nominate a member to Vidhana sabha.
  6. (vi) Governor must seek prior permission of the President while dealing with bills relating to formation of new states, alteration of state boundaries and some special bills like the finance bills.
  7. No bills can become a law without the assent of the Governor. He enjoys the power of withhold a bill. This power is called ‘Veto power’. However, he can’t refuse his assent for finance bills. But he can withhold assent for non-money bills. But if the same is resubmitted for signature, even without changes, he cannot refuse.
  8. The Governor enjoys the power of issuing Ordinance when the legislature is not in session. It will have the same power and effect similar to that of a law made by the state legislature provided the same is ratified by the legislature within 6 weeks of its. passage, otherwise it ceases to be a law and is considered null and void.

2. Executive Functions:
The Governor is the administrative head of the state and orders are executed in his name. Article 154 clearly states that “the executive powers of the state must be vested in the hands of the Governor”.

  1. All accords and agreements carried out on behalf of the government of state is done in the name of the Governor.
  2. The Governor has the power to call for any information from the government.
  3. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and the council of ministers on the recommendation of the Chief Minister.
  4. The member of the State Public Service Commission (SPSC), Backward Classes
    Commission (BCC) are appointed by the Governor.

3. Financial powers:
The following are the financial functions of the Governor.

  1. It is the constitutional obligation of the Governor to see that the annual income expenditure statement the budget is placed before state legislature for approval.
  2. Financial bills cannot be presented in state legislature without the consent of the Governor.
  3. The recommendations of the state finance commissions and the planning commission are placed before the legislature on orders of the Governor.
  4. The members of the Finance Commission and Planning Commission are appointed by the Governor.

4. Judicial Powers:

  1. The judicial powers of the Governor extends till the will of the state legislature extends,
  2. The Governor enjoys the power of pardoning the sentence of a person declared an offender by the High Court. He is so powerful that he can reduce change or altogether cancel the punishment. This power is called Governor’s pardon. This is provided to ensure against any miscarriage of justice. However, the Governor has no power to pardon a person if the case is pending with the Supreme court.
  3. The judges of the High court are appointed by the President in consultation with the Governor and the Chief justice of the high court.
  4. The Governor is entitled to legal advice on matters relating to the constitutional clarity of bills. However, it is not binding on the Governor to accept it.

5. Discretionary Powers:
As first citizen of the state, the Governor has the responsibility of conducting the administrative machinery as per the provisions enshrined in the constitution.
Article 163 vests the Governor with discretionary power that cannot be questioned in any court of law. Though the powers are discretionary, the constitution expects it to be used with common sense, restraint and a sense of justice.

The discretionary powers of the Governor are as follows:

  1. In appointing the Chief Minister if no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the Governor to call any person to form the government and prove his majority.
  2. On the recommendation of the Chief Minister, Governor can sack a minister (Article 164).
  3. If the Governor believes that the government has lost majority or if the Chief Minister having lost majority does not resign or if the government is using unethical means for political gains, under these circumstances he can dissolve the Council of ministers. (‘Article 174).
  4. The Governor can return a bill back to legislature for reconsideration.
  5. The Governor can reserve certain bills passed by the state legislature for consideration of the President (Article 200).
  6. Before issuing an ordinance, the Governor can receive directions from the President.
  7. If the Governor is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government cannot be run according to provision of the constitution he may request the President to take over the state administration under Article 356. This is called President’s rule’. The report sent by the Governor to President must be kept confidential from the Council of ministers.

Question 7.
Explain the powers and functions of the Chief Minister of a State.
Answer:
The power and position of the Chief Minister is so powerful that he is referred to as “the first among equals’” (Primus intersperes). Article 164 of the constitution states that “there shall be a Council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister for the state”. The Chief Minister is elected from among the members of the majority party in Vidhana Sabha. In case no party enjoys majority it is left to the discretion of the Governor to pick the Chief Minister, who in his opinion will prove majority’ in a stipulated time. Traditionally, the Chief Minister should be from the Vidhana Sabha.

1.Formation of Ministry:
The primary task of the Chief Minister on assuming office is the formation of the Council of ministers. Normally ministers are picked from the same political formation to ensure uniformity and continuity of policy. However, nothing prevents the Chief Minister from picking anyone as minister from any party. The Chief Minister enjoys the authority to pick and choose his ministry because he is responsible for the efficiency and performance of the government.

2. Allocation of Portfolios:
After forming the ministry the next important task is the allocation of responsibilities to ministers. Certain key or heavy’ weight portfolios such as Home, Revenue, Finance, Industry, Public works are to be given to key and heavyweights who enjoy clout and following among party workers. Also to ensure efficiency and stability of the government. The Chief Minister enjoys the power of expanding and reforming the ministry.

3. Chairman of the Cabinet:
The cabinet meetings are held under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister. The cabinet is a deliberating forum and differences may come up. It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister to mediate and soften things and arrive at decisions. The Chief Minister has the authority to decide the matters to be taken up by the cabinet and may accept or reject proposals. Normally the proposals brought by ministers for discussion are not rejected. In the era of coalition politics, it is a challenge for the Chief Minister to hold the flock together. It is very difficult to chair a cabinet meeting full of divergent views, ideologies and principles.

4. Leader of Vidhana Sabha:
Chief Minister is the leader of Vidhana Sabha. All major decisions and announcements of the state government are made by the Chief Minister. It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister to ensure that all bills brought before Vidhana Sabha for approval are passed. And he has to defend the government on the floor of the house. Though ministers are individually responsible to their ministries, it is the Chief minister who provides general leadership and direction. If any minister makes a mistake, the Chief Minister has the power to guide and correct him.

5. Leader of the Government:
The decisions of the government however good, are subjected to scrutiny and criticism. The opposition parties lose their identity if they do not criticize the government. So to guard against it, the Chief Minister, as leader of the government has to defend policies and programmes of the government both in and out of legislature.

6. Co-ordination and Supervision:
In running the administrative machinery Chief Minister will have to encounter numerous problems ranging from routine to serious. Under the circumstances it is essential to integrate different departments and see that they work smoothly and the ability of the Chief Minister is tested on this count. A Chief Minister should not only pick a team but also retain it as a team till the end of the term. Whenever problems arise between departments, he has to mediate and sort it out amicably through dialogue and goodwill.

The Chief Minister is the general head of the government. Hence he has the responsibility of supervising the administration. Though each minister is in charge of a ministry, lack of general supervision results in poor administrative quality. To maintain quality in administration, the Chief Minister will have to supervise it, not only gives him a general
feel of the administration but also makes the ministers more responsible. The Chief Minister may correct the working of a particular ministry and offer suggestions.

7. Bridge between the Governor and the State Legislature:
The Chief Minister acts as a link between the Governor and state legislature in a parliamentary government. As all executive powers are vested in the hands of the Governor, the Chief Minister is duty bound to keep the Governor informed about the decisions taken by the government. Also, the Governor himself can call for any information from the government. The Chief Minister not only acts as a bridge but also as the advisor to the President. Whenever necessary’ the President will look forward for advice. For example, the Governor seeks the advice of the Chief Minister before dissolving Vidhana Sabha.

8. Power of Dissolution:
The Vidhana sabha exists as long as the Chief Minister wishes because even before the expiry of 5 years term, Chief Minister may seek the dissolution of Vidhana Sabha. The Vidhana Sabha may be dissolved if deep differences surface within the government or within the ruling party or the government loses a motion of no confidence.

9. Power of Appointment:
Though civil appointments are made by the Governor, it is based on the recommendation of the Chief Minister.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Explain the powers and functions of the council of ministers of a state.
Answer:
The Cabinet referred to as the ‘Wheel within a wheel’, ‘the magnet of policy’ is the most powerful decision making organ of the government. The Cabinet normally meets once in a week though it can meet whenever necessary, under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister. All decisions are taken based on debate and dialogue.

The Cabinet being the highest decision-making body, all ministers must abide by its decisions. In case of difference of opinion on a Cabinet decision, a minister must quit his post, as he is not allowed to criticize the cabinet decisions being a party to it.

The Cabinet makes decisions for the whole state. So, obviously, its work load and responsibilities are varied and diverse. In order to make things convenient Cabinet committees are formed. The committees such as Political Affairs Committee, Economic Affairs Committee, will look in to the respective departments and gather necessary information, which help in decisionmaking. These committees may be temporary or permanent depending upon the task on hand.

1. Formulation of policy:
The primary responsibility of cabinet is formulating the policy of the government. The decisions arrived at cabinet reflects the state’s outlook of the government. Before the start of Legislative assembly session, the cabinet makes a list of bills to be placed before the house for consideration and approval.

No minister can place any bill in the assembly without the approval of cabinet. The bills so placed before the legislature for approval must be strongly defended by the cabinet; the members of legislature can comment, criticize and seek clarifications from the government on any bill. Thus from shaping the policy to defending it, cabinet plays a key role.

2. Control over the executive:
All the ministers who are a part of the government belong to the executive. Each minister having assumed responsibility of a ministry is wholly responsible for any happening in that particular ministry. Hence all ministers must strive hard to implement the Cabinet decisions. If any Minister violates the Cabinet decisions, he may be fired for violating the party unity. The cabinet apart from the ministers also directs and supervises the activities of the civil service.

3. Control over the finance:
The cabinet is responsible for the income and expenditure incurred by the state, though the responsibility of preparing the annual income expenditure statement the budget lies with the Finance minister. In order to ensure secrecy, the cabinet does not discuss the budget proposal.

Generally, the Chief Minister also plays an important part in budget making, so the budget proposals are discussed between the Chief Minister and the finance minister. The content of the budget are not made known to cabinet till the Finance minister’s budget speech. Once the budget is placed before the state legislature, the cabinet can discuss and seek changes if necessary. Though cabinet has the authority to reject the budget in its entirety, it is hardly done. Because it amounts to an insult to the government.

4. Co-ordination:
To co-ordinate the activities of different ministries or departments and guide them is the responsibility of the cabinet. Generally, working of one department will have its effect on the other. For example, if two ministries work out an ambitious project calling for huge investment, the feasibility of it has to be decided by the finance ministry which holds the purse. Under these circumstances, the cabinet has to strike a balance between the two and release money on a priority basis. To co-ordinate governmental activities there are Secretarial Committees at the ministerial level headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Under his chairmanship, these committees suggest means cc co-ordination.

5. Control over appointments:
Generally, appointments do not come before the cabinet. But all major appointments such as the Governor are brought to notice of the cabinet before made public. The consent of the cabinet to these appointments is only a formality.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 6 Legislature

You can Download Chapter 6 Legislature Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 6 Legislature

1st PUC Political Science Legislature One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the root word of parliament?
Answer:
The French word ‘parlor’ is the root word of parliament.

Question 2.
State the primary function of the legislature.
Answer:
Framing of law is the primary function of the legislature.

Question 3.
Which are the two houses of the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
Lok sabha and Rajyasabha.

Question 4.
Name the two houses of the United Kingdom.
Answer:
House of Lords and House of Commons.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 5.
Who is an integral part of the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
President is an integral part of the Indian parliament.

Question 6.
Who summons the parliament of India?
Answer:
The President summons the Parliament of India.

Question 7.
Who can promulgate ordinance?
Answer:
President can promulgate an ordinance.

Question 8.
What is the maximum gap between two sessions of parliament?
Answer:
6 months is the maximum gap between two sessions of parliament.

Question 9.
Which lists are followed by the parliament to make laws?
Answer:
Union lists are followed by the parliament to make laws.

Question 10.
Who presides over the joint sitting of the two houses?
Answer:
President presides over the joint sitting of the two houses.

Question 11.
Which is popularly elected house of Indian parliament?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is a popularly elected house of Indian parliament.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 12.
Who presides over the proceeding of the Loksabha?
Answer:
Speaker presides over the proceeding of the Loksabha.

Question 13.
Who elects the speaker of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Members are Lok Sabha elects the speaker of Lok Sabha.

Question 14.
What is the strength of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The strength of Lok Sabha is 543 + 2.

Question 15.
How many seats are reserved for the Union Territories in Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Under article 81, not more than 20 Lok Sabha members represent the Union Territories.

Question 16.
How many members of the Anglo-Indian community can be nominated to Lok sabha? or How many nominated members are there in Lok Sabha?
Answer:
2 members represent by Anglo-Indian Community.

Question 17.
What is the term of a Loksabha member? or What is the normal tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 18.
When the term of the Lok Sabha can be extended?
Answer:
During the National emergency, the term of the Lok Sabha can be extended.

Question 19.
Where the money bill is introduced?
Answer:
The money bill is introduced in Lok Sabha.

Question 20.
What is the total strength of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The total strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250.

Question 21.
How many members are nominated by the President to Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
12 members are nominated by the President to Rajya Sabha.

Question 22.
Who presides over the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The Vice president presides over the Rajya Sabha.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 23.
What is the tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The tenure of Rajya Sabha is 6 years.

Question 24.
Which union territory does not have representation to the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Lakshadeep does not have representation to the Rajya Sabha.

Question 25.
Which house of the parliament has exclusive power to create new All India services?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha can create new All India services.

Question 26.
Which state has a maximum strength in Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has maximum strength in Lok Sabha.

Question 27.
What is the term of members of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The term of the legislative assembly is 5 years.

Question 28.
What is the term of members of the legislative council?
Answer:
6 years.

Question 29.
What is the maximum strength of the legislative council?
Answer:
The maximum strength of the council shall not exceed and 1/3rd of the total members in the assembly.

Question 30.
Who dissolves Lok Sabha?
Answer:
President dissolves Lok Sabha.

Question 31.
What are the three organs of the government?
Answer:
Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

Question 32.
What type of legislature is existing at the centre in India?
Answer:
Bicameral legislature.

Question 33.
Give the Meaning of legislature.
Answer:
The legislature is one that makes the laws. It expresses the will of the state.

Question 34.
What is the strength of Lok sabha?
Answer:
545.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 35.
What is the term of Rajya sabha?
Answer:
Rajyasabha is a permanent chamber in the term of office of the members in 6 years.

Question 36.
Who is the speaker of Lok sabha today?
Answer:
Meera Kumar.

Question 37.
Who is the chairman of Rajya sabha?
Answer:
The vice president of India Hamid Ansari.

Question 38.
Which state sends the largest number of representatives to Lok sabha?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 39.
What is the age limit to become a member of Lok sabha?
Answer:
25 Years and above.

Question 40.
Who is the Custodian of the finance of the country?
Answer:
Loksabha is the custodian of the finance of the country.

Question 41.
Explain the meaning of the theory of separation of powers.
Answer:
In this, all the 3 branches of government are separate and independent.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 42.
Who wrote the book “The spirit of laws”?
Answer:
French political thinker Montesquieu.

Question 43.
What are the functions of the legislature?
Answer:
Legislature is the law-making organ of government.

Question 44.
What is the other name for the legislature?
Answer:
Parliament.

Question 45.
Who elects the president of India?
Answer:
Electoral College.

Question 46.
Which house is called a permanent house?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha.

Question 47.
Who is the Presiding officer of the Rajya sabha?
Answer:
Vice President of India.

Question 48.
Give any other two names of Lok sabha.
Answer:
House of Representatives and lower house.

Question 49.
Who is the presiding officer of the Lok sabha?
Answer:
Speaker.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 50.
Name the presiding officer of the VidhanaSabha.
Answer:
Kagadu Thimmappa.

Question 51.
What is an amendment?
Answer:
It is a process of amending, altering or changing a Law.

Question 52.
Mention the stages involved in the legislative procedure.
Answer:
There are five stages and three readings.

1st PUC Political Science Legislature Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the legislature?
Answer:
The legislature is the most important organ of government. It is the law-making organ of government. It expresses the will of the state.

Question 2.
Name the two houses of the American congress.
Answer:
The two houses are the House of Representatives the lower house and the Senate the upper house.

Question 3.
Which part of the constitution deals with the Indian Parliament?
Answer:
Part V of the constitution deals with the Indian parliament.

Question 4.
Write the qualifications to become a member of Loksabha.
Answer:

  1. He must be a citizen of India.
  2. He must not be less than 25 years of age.
  3. Must be eligible as voters.
  4. Must process any other qualification as may be prescribed by parliament.

Question 5.
Write the two important functions of the speaker.
Answer:

  1. To preside over the session.
  2. To maintain law and order in the session.

Question 6.
What are the functions of the Deputy speaker?
Answer:
To preside over the house and perform all the functions in the absence of the speaker.

Question 7.
What is the quorum of the house?
Answer:
To conduct the proceedings of the house 1/10th of the attendance is essential. It is called a quorum.

Question 8.
Who can create or abolish the legislative councils of a state?
Answer:
Parliament can create or abolish the legislative councils by the recommendation of the concerned state Assembly.

Question 9.
What are the electoral powers of the Vidhan Sabha?
Answer:
Electing the president and speaker of the assembly is the electoral power of the Vidhan Sabha.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 10.
Who dissolve the legislative assembly?
Answer:
Governor dissolve the legislative assembly.

Question 11.
Mention the three types of legislative proceedings.
Answer:

  1. First Reading
  2. Second Reading
  3. Third Reading.

Question 12.
What are the responsibilities of the joint sitting of the house?
Answer:
In case of disagreement between the two houses on a matter of legislation, it is resolved by a Joint Sitting of both the houses presided over by the Speaker. In a Joint Sitting, Loksabha would emerge triumphant because the decisions are taken by a majority of the total number of members of both the house present and voting in which the numerical superiority of Loksabha prevails.

Question 13.
Write the two function of the speaker of the Vidhana Sabha.
Answer:

  1. To preside over the session.
  2. To maintain law and order in the session.

Question 14.
What are the qualifications of a member of Rajyasabha?
Answer:
Qualifications of members of the Rajyasabha:

  1. Must be a citizen of India.
  2. “Should have attained the age of 30 years.
  3. Owe allegiance to the constitution.
  4. Must not hold any office of profit under the Government – National, Regional or local.
  5. Should not be insolvent or man of unsound mind.
  6. Must not have acquired the citizenship of a foreign state.

Question 15.
Write the significance of the legislature.
Answer:
It is the most important organ of the government. The will of the state is expressed through the legislature. In modem representative democracy it acts as a mirror of the nation.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 16.
What type of legislature is existing in the centre in India?
Answer:
The legislature with two houses is called bicameralism. There will be upper and lower house. Different nations call the two houses by different names and the composition of house differs.

Question 17.
Write a note on the speaker of Loksabha?
Answer:
Speaker is the presiding officer of Loksabha the conducts all proceedings of Loksabha except the resolution which seeks his removal. He is the spokesman of the House.

Question 18.
Write a note on the Indian parliament.
Answer:
The constitution of India lays down that there shall be a parliament and two houses to known as the house of people (The Loksabha) upper house is Rajyasabha. In other words, we have a bicameral legislature in India.

Question 19.
Who summons the parliament of India?
Answer:
The president is empowered to summon each house of parliament to meet at such a time and place as he thinks fit. The time interval between two sessions of parliament should not be more than six months.

Question 20.
Mention the methods by which the legislature controls the executive.
Answer:
The legislature controls the executive by way of discussions and debates during the Question Hour, Adjournment Motion, Zero Hour, Cut motion. Call-attention motion etc. The soundest way of controlling the executive is by way of moving the No-confidence motion. If the executive fails to win the support of Lok sabha, they must step down.

Question 21.
What is an electoral college?
Answer:
The elected by the members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha along with the members of Legislative Assemblies of the states from the Electoral College.

Question 22.
Briefly explain the composition of Rajyasabha.
Answer:
Composition of the Rajyasabha:
The Rajyasabha consist of 250 members, of which 238 members are elected from the states through indirect elections by a single transferable vote. 12 members are nominated by the president from among those with special knowledge and experience in the field of art, literature, science, social service, etc.

Question 24.
Name the three sessions of the Indian parliament.
Answer:
The parliament meets in three sessions: the Budget session (February-May), the Monsoon session (July-September) and the winter session (November/December).

Question 25.
What is delegated legislation?
Answer:
The rules and the regulations made by the executive for the formulation and implementation of law in the parliament are called delegated legislation.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 26.
What is No-confidence motion?
Answer:
It is a resolution passed by the lower house of the legislature indicating loss or lack of faith in the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. Hence the prime minister and his council will have to resign.

1st PUC Political Science Legislature Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the meaning and significance of the legislature.
Answer:
Legislature is the most important institution in a democratic system of government. It is the law-making organ of the government. It brings the will of the people into laws. The importance of the legislature is increasing because the executive and judiciary have to work on the basis of the laws made by the legislature.

The legislature is the primary and most powerful organ of the government. It controls the executive especially in the parliamentary form of government. It sanctions the budget and controls the national finances. In a parliamentary system, the real executive is chosen from and is also controlled by it.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the Indian parliament.
Answer:
The constitution of India lays down that there shall be a parliament and two houses to be known as the house of people (The Loksabha) upper house is Rajyasabha. In other words, we have a bicameral legislature in India.

Question 3.
Write a briefly note on the composition of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected by the people. All adult citizens unless disqualified for other reasons have the right to select their representatives. Qualifications to become the members are must be a citizen of the country and must have attained the minimum age fixed by the constitution. The term of office is five years. Speaker is the presiding officer. He is elected from among the members of the house.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
Describe the composition of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
In federal representation the state is important. In India, the members of the Rajyasabha are indirectly elected for 6 years but l/3rd of them will retire every 2 years. The Rajyasabha has 250 members out of whom 12 are nominated by the president for their contributions to science, literature, art and social sendee. The remaining 238 members are indirectly elected by the state legislative assemblies through a system of proportional representation.

Question 5.
Discuss the powers and functions of Loksabha.
Answer:
1. Legislative functions:
The power of Loksabha extends to all subjects falling under the Union List and the Concurrent list. In case of emergency in operation, its power also extends to the State list as well. No bill can become a law without the consent of Loksabha. The Loksabha has equal powers of law-making with Rajyasabha except on financial matters where the supremacy of Loksabha is total.

In case of disagreement between the two houses on a matter of legislation, it is resolved by a Joint Sitting of both the houses presided over by the Speaker. In a Joint Sitting, Loksabha would emerge triumphant because tire decisions are taken by a majority of the total number of members of both the house present and voting in which the numerical superiority of Loksabha prevails.

2. Financial functions:
On financial matters, the supremacy of the Loksabha is total and complete. “One, who holds a purse, holds power,” said James Madison. By establishing its authority over the national purse, Loksabha establishes its authority over the Rajyasabha. It is expressly stated that the Money bill can originate only in the house of people. Regarding budget, Loksabha being a representative house enjoys total authority. Loksabha’s position on financial matters is such that the demands for grants are placed only before the Loksabha.

3. Control over the executive:
The Loksabha enjoys direct control over the executive because; the executive is directly responsible to the lower house and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the house. The Loksabha not only makes laws but also supervises the implementation. The lower house being a debating house, the members are free to seek information from the executive and raise questions and seek clarifications. The members can effectively seek information from the government by way of discussions and debates during the Question Hour (seek clarification), the Adjournment Motion (raises issues of national importance), the Zero Hour, the Cu motion, the Call-attention motion, etc. The soundest way of controlling the executive is by way of moving the No-confidence motion, if the executive fails to win the support of Lok sabha, they must step down.

4. Constituent functions:
The Loksabha shares equal powers in regard to amending provisions of the constitution. An amendment may be initiated either in the Rajyasabha or Loksabha and must be passed by a 2/3 majority in both the houses present and voting. The agreement of Rajyasabha is compulsory for the success of the constitutional amendment.

5. Electoral functions:
The Loksabha and Rajyasabha elect the highest constitutional- functionaries such as the President and the Vice-president. The President is elected by the members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha along with the members of Legislative Assemblies of the states. The Vice-president is elected by members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha.

6. Judicial functions:
The Loksabha acts as a judge in the impeachment of the President. Either house can prefer the charge of impeachment. If Rajyasabha prefers the charge, Loksabha investigates the charge and if it passes a resolution by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the house. President stands impeached from the office. The Loksabha also sits in Judgement, along with the Rajyasabha, in removing high constitutional functionaries such as the Comptroller and Auditor General, The Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Chief Election Commissioner, etc.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 6.
Explain the powers and functions of Rajyasabha.
Answer:
1. Legislative functions:
On legislative matters, the Rajyasabha enjoys powers with the Loksabha except in case of a Money Bill or Financial Bill. Non-money Bill can originate in Rajyasabha and must get a 2/3 majority in the House and then proceeds to the Loksabha. The approval of both Houses is essential for a bill to become a law. In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a bill, both the houses sit oh a joint sitting presided by the speaker and the deadlock is resolved by a majority of the total number of members of both the houses present and voting.

2. Financial functions:
On the financial front, the Rajyasabha virtually has no powers. The procedure to deal with Money bills clearly states that a Money bill or financial bill cannot originate in the Rajyasabha. The Rajyasabha may discuss and suggest changes but have no right to reject or amend a Money Bill. It is left to the Loksabha to accept or reject its recommendations. In case, the Rajyasabha does not send back a Money bill back to the Loksabha within 14 days from the date of receipt of the bill, the bill is deemed passed, in the original form, by both the Houses.

3. Control over the executive:
The Rajyasabha’s hold over the executive is very minimal because the executive is not directly responsible to the upper house. However, it can seek information, and make clarifications on various policy matters. On issues of national and local importance, the members can grill the executive during debates and discussions during the Question Hour, the Adjournment motion, the Zero Hour, the Cut-Motion. Call- attention Motion etc.

4. Constituent functions:
The Rajyasabha enjoys full powers with Loksabha in executing constituent functions. An amendment to provisions of the constitution can be initiated in either House of the parliament and must be passed by a 2/3 majority in both the Houses present and voting. If Rajyasabha does not pass an amendment bill, the amendment Bill stands defeated. In some special provisions apart from the 2/3 majority in both house of parliament and ratification by not less than 1/2 of the states is necessary.

5. Electoral functions:
The Rajyasabha shares the privilege of electing the highest constitutional functionaries, the President and Vice-president. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of parliament along with the members of the State legislative assemblies. The members of both the houses of parliament elect the Vice-president.

6.Judicial functions:
The impeachment move against the President may be initiated in either house of the parliament. If Loksabha prefers the charge, Rajyasabha investigates the charge and passes a resolution by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the house, then the President stands impeached. There is no need for an impeachment against the Vice-president who may be removed by a resolution of Rajyasabha passed by the majority of its members and consented to it by Loksabha. The Rajyasabha also participates in the removal of the highest constitutional functionaries such as the Chief Election Commissioner, the Vigilance Commissioner, etc.

7. Miscellaneous functions:
The Rajyasabha performs other functions as well

  1. By a resolution, Rajyasabha can create one or more All India Services.
  2. Continuation of emergency beyond the specified time must come before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  3. Orders made by the President suspending enforcement of fundamental rights is required to be laid before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  4. According to Article 249, the Rajyasabha by a resolution can ask the parliament to legislate on certain subjects in the State list.

Question 7.
Discuss the financial powers of both the houses of Parliament.
Answer:
Financial functions are a very important function of the modem legislature. The national finances are controlled by the legislature. The legislature enacts the annual budget. The entire financial administration of the country comes under its general supervision direction and control.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 8.
Write a short note on the composition of the Vidhana Sabha.
Answer:
There is a legislative assembly for every state. The number of members depends upon the population of the state. But it can not have less than 60 and more than 500 members. The members are chosen by direct election by people of the state. The governor has been given the power to nominate one or two members of the Anglo Indian community legislative assembly is five years.

Question 9.
Write a short note on the composition of the Vidhana Parishad.
Answer:
The Composition of the legislative council is as follows:

  • 1/3 – of the members are elected from the local bodies such as municipalities and district boards;
  • 1/3 – of the members are elected from members of the Legislative Assembly;
  • 1/12 – of the members are elected by the graduates from graduate constituencies.
  • 1/12 – of the members are elected from teacher’s constituencies consisting of secondary- school, college and university- teachers; and
  • 1/6- of the members are nominated by the Governor from the fields of science, art, social service, the co-operative movement, literature, etc.

Question 10.
Explain the powers and functions of Vidhana Sabha.
Answer:
1. Legislative Functions:
The Legislative Assembly is entitled to pass laws on all subjects that fall under the state list such as police, public health, education, local-self governments, etc. Without the consent of the Vidlianasabha, no bill can become a law. Though the Vidhanasabha is competent enough to make laws on subjects listed in the concurrent list along with the central legislature, if parliament passes a law contained in the concurrent list, the legislative assembly is not competent to pass a law on the same subject.

However, some bills require the previous permission of the President before they are introduced in the state legislature. In case of breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state or when the proclamation of emergency is in operation, parliament has the power of making laws on matters falling under the state list. In case of a conflict between state law and the law of the parliament, the law of the parliament shall supreme.

2. Financial Functions:
The Vidhanasabha enjoys total control over the finance of the state. No new tax can be levied or collected without the consent of the Vidhanasabha. The authority of the Vidhanasabha over Vidhanaparishad is strengthened by the fact that a Money bill or Financial bill can only originate in the Vidhanasabha and the Vdhanaparishad can at the most delay it by 14 days but cannot reject or amend the Bill. The annual income-expenditure statement of the year the Budget must get the approval of the Vidhanasabha. Every- year during March-April, the beginning of the financial year, it is the responsibility of the government to place the budget before the house and seek its approval.

3. Control over the Executive (Administration):
The Vidhanasabha enjoys direct control over the administration, as the executive is directly, collectively, responsible to the Vidhanasabha and remains in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the house. The members of the house can seek information from the government through questions and supplementary questions. It is the responsibility of the ministers to clarify points raised by members and give a satisfactory explanation.

Any attempt to lie or mislead the house is considered an offence against the house punishable under Contempt of the House. The debating occasions such as the Question Hour, Adjournment motion, the Emergency Adjournment motion, the Zero Hour, the Cut motion, the Call-attention motion keeps the executive under constant check and tire executive must be alert and ready with answers. However, ministers can ask for time to answer questions. The most effective weapon in the hands of the Vidhana sabha is the No-confidence motion, which can bring down a government.

4. Electoral Functions:
The members of the Vidhana sabha along with the members of the parliament constitute an electoral college to elect the President of India. They also take part in electing the members of Rajyasabha and also of the members of Legislative council.

5. Constituent Functions:
The state legislative assembly takes part in amending a few constitutional provisions. The Assembly does not initiate any amendment to constitution neither does it has such powers. But ratification of at least not less than half of the State legislative assemblies is necessary1 for amending certain provisions of the constitution. For instance, if there has to be an amendment made to electoral procedure of electing president of India then it has to be ratified by 1/2 of the states, which in turn is done by state legislative assemblies.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 11.
Discuss the powers and functions of Vidhana Parishad.
Answer:
The powers and functions of the Vidhana Parishad are as follows:
1. Legislative functions:
No bill can become a law unless agreed upon by both the Legislative council and the Legislative assembly. Any bill other than a Money Bill can originate in the upper house. The lower house on passing a bill sends it to the upper house for consideration and recommendations.

If the upper house rejects the bill after keeping it with them for 120 days, the low er house can again send the bill. And if the Legislative council does not give approval the second time, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of the state legislature.

2. Financial functions:
The Legislative council does not enjoy any position of power on financial matters. It is expressly stated in the constitution that a Money bill or financial bill cannot originate in the upper house. The Vidhanasabha on passing a Money bill sends it to the Vidhana Parishad for its recommendations, but it is to the lower House to accept or reject the recommendations. The Vidhana Parishad can neither correct nor amend a Money Bill.

If a Money Bill is not returned to the Vidhana sabha within 14 days of receipt of the bill, the bill is deemed passed by both the houses in its original form. On Financial matters, the Vidhana Parishad is sub-ordinate to the Vidhana Sabha. The Vidhana Parishad can only discuss the Budget but cannot make changes.

3. Control over the executive:
The influence of the Legislative council over the executive is minimal because the executive is directly responsible to the Legislative assembly. It has the right to seek necessary information and records for suggestions but cannot directly control the administration. The upper House can ask questions and supplementary questions during which ministers are duty-bound to provide satisfactory answers. The Vidhana Parishad can not initiate a motion of No-confidence to bring down the government as it is a nominated House.

Question 12.
Discuss the powers and functions of the speaker of the Loksabha.
Answer:
The presiding officer of Loksabha is the Speaker who is elected from among the members along with the Deputy Speaker and stays in office till the life of the House i.e., 5 years. His primary task is to protect the dignity and decorum of the House and to see that the proceedings of the House are conducted in an orderly and a focused manner. He is the principal spokesperson of the House and must be impartial and even-handed in dealing as the custodian of the House.

In order to ensure impartiality, the speaker resigns his party membership in the election. The Deputy speaker discharges the duty even the office of the speaker falls vacant due to resignation, death or removal by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the House or in the absence of the speaker. The salary of the speaker is determined by the parliament from time to time. The Speaker’s position in the House is one of dignity and authority.

  • All orders of the house are executed through the Speaker
  • Communication from the President is made known through the Speaker.
  • It is the power of the speaker to declare whether a bill is a money bill or not.
  • He enjoys the authority of interpreting the Rules of procedure and has the power to vote except in case of a tie.
  • No member can speak in the House without the permission of the speaker and it is the speaker who fixes the time limit for speech.
  • He presides over the Joint sittings of the parliament.
  • During discussions, the members must address the Chair.
  • In case of a tie, the speaker has the right to cast a vote.
  • Speaker’s decisions cannot be questioned in a court of law.

Question 13.
Discuss the role of the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The presiding officer of the Rajyasabha is the Vice-President who acts as the ex-officio chairman of the Rajyasabha. He holds office for a period of 5 years and salaries and allowances are as determined by the parliament. The position of the Chairman is that of dignity and honour and his task is to see that the transaction of business is conducted with dignity and purpose. Smooth transaction of business and maintenance of order is the responsibility of the Chairman.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 14.
Explain the law-making procedure.
Answer:
A bill in order to become a law has to go through the law-making process. A bill, other than a Money bill, can originate in either house of the parliament before it goes to the President for assent. Non-money bill goes through three readings, involving five stages, in both the houses, before becoming a Law. A Bill may be moved by a private member called a Private Member bill or by a minister representing the Government called a Public bill. It is also called a Government bill.

1. The First Reading:
A minister or a member can introduce a bill with the permission of the Speaker. No formal debate or no speeches relating to contents of the bill are made at this stage. After the bill has been introduced, it is immediately published in the Gazette of the Government of India. Now. the First reading of the bill is complete.

2. The Second Reading:
At this stage, the concerned minister provides details such as the purpose, objectives, and background of the bill in general as well as specifics relating to various clauses, schedules, and amendments to take place. No corrections or amendments can be made at this stage and after detailed discussion, the bill is put to vote.

3. The Committee Stage:
At this stage, the bill is submitted to a Committee and the names of. the members of the Committee are published. The committee headed by a chairman examines the Bill and its provisions and discusses it clause by clause. In the process, it may ask for relevant information and suggest its own changes and modifications. And now, the report and the bill are published in the Gazette.

4. The Report Stage:
Based on recommendations made by the Committee, the bill goes through detailed discussions. Changes can be suggested at this stage and the Report Stage is the last chance for the members to make any amendments to the bill.

5. The Third Reading:
This is the formalization stage of the bill where general discussions about the concerned bill take place. At this stage, no formal amendments can be made except informal changes. Then the bill is put to vote. Though the bill is open tor rejection, even at this stage, it is not normally resorted to.

After completing five stages in the House from which it originated, say Rajyasabha, it goes to the loksabha and has to undergo the same procedure. After getting passed in both the houses, it goes for the acceptance of the President. In case the other house rejects the bill altogether, the president may call for a joint sitting of the parliament to resolve the deadlock (Article 108).

Question 15.
Write a brief note on the Legislative powers of the president.
Answer:
1. Legislative Functions:

The legislative functions are detailed below:
1. To summon, prorogue and dissolve the Parliament.

2. The President enjoys the power to address the Parliament. It is normally done after general elections or the first session of the year. It is generally called Presidential speech. This inaugural speech outlines the objectives and priorities of the government.

3. In passing the bills, if a deadlock arises due to non-agreement between two houses of the parliament, the President may call for a joint session of both the houses.

4. The President may address Lok sabha or Rajya sabha or both any time and also may send a message to both the houses of parliament to look into a bill.

5. In the considered view of the President, if he is satisfied that the Anglo-Indian com¬munity is not adequately represented, he may nominate 12 members to Rajya Sabha and 2 members to Lok sabha.

6. Prior permission of the President is essential while dealing with bills relating to the formation of new states, alteration of boundaries and some special bills like the finance bills.

7. No bill can become a law without the assent of the President. He enjoys the power to withhold a bill. This power is called ‘Veto power’. However, he cannot refuse his assent for finance bills. But he can withhold assent for a nonmoney bill. But if the same is resubmitted for signature even without changes, he cannot refuse to sign it.

8. The President enjoys the power of issuing Ordinance when the parliament is not in session. It will have the same power and effect similar to that of a law made by the Parliament provided the same is ratified by the Parliament within 6 weeks of its passage. Otherwise, it ceases to be a law and is considered null and void or zero.

Question 16.
Which is more powerful? State legislative assembly or state legislative council? Explain.
Answer:
The legislative council is a weaker chamber. It is not only the second but also the secondary chamber of the state legislature. Money bills must originate only in the legislative assembly. The council has no control over the ministry in the state.

Question 17.
What are the miscellaneous functions of the Rajyasabha?
Answer:
The miscellaneous functions of the Rajyasabha are:

  1. By a resolution, Rajyasabha can create one or more All India Services.
  2. Continuation of emergency beyond the specified time must come before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  3. Orders made by the President suspending enforcement of fundamental rights is required to be laid before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  4. According to Article 249, the Rajyasabha by a resolution can ask the parliament to legislate on certain subjects in the State list.

Question 18.
What are the functions of the legislature?
Answer:
1. Lawmaking: The legislature enacts new laws, amends old laws and repeals unwanted laws.

2. Deliberative: The Legislature conducts extensive discussions on matters of public importance, bills and the budget.

3. Formulates policies: The legislature formulates domestic and foreign policy.

4. Controlling the executive: The legislature controls both the political and administrative executive, through questions, resolutions, and motions. A no-confidence motion is to express a lack of faith in and to oust the government.

5. Financial control: To enact money bills and budgets.

6. Judicial: The judiciary can impeach the heads of state and the judges of the higher courts.

7. Constitutional: the legislature amends the constitution.

8. Electoral: It is part of the Electoral College that elects the head of the state.

9. Ventilation of grievances: The legislature is a forum of complaints and formation of public opinion.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 19. Briefly explain the importance of the legislature.
Answer:
The Importance of the legislature is:
The importance of Legislature has grown many-fold due to the ever-increasing role of government in the developmental activity. In present times, the role of the executive and judiciary cannot be imagined without legislature. That’s why Gilchrist has rightly observed thus: “The legislature is the preamble, executive the content and judiciary the conclusion”.

1. Lawmaking:
The Lawmaking the role of the legislature is so vital because even though the executive is strong, a wrong law passed by the legislature will have disastrous consequences. So, efficient lawmaking is essential and that task is handled by legislature. While making laws, it is important to evaluate the pros and cons of that legislation.

2. Determines the government:
In democracies, people elect a government of their choice from among competing political parties in elections, held periodically. Party or parties that secure majority support of the people form the government and others act as the opposition. The government is also called as “the ruling party or ruling coalition” continues as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature (lower house). If the government fails to secure a motion of no confidence it has to vacate the office. In India, parliamentary elections are held once in 5 years whereas in U.S.A, presidential elections are held once in 4 years.

3. Public platform:
The importance of legislature is reflected in its role serving as a public platform. The legislature consists of people’s representatives from different nooks and comers of the country representing various castes, religions, languages, customs, traditions, cultures and vivid socio-economic backgrounds. These representatives assemble in one place to discuss problems concerning people of the whole nation. So, legislature plays a key role in mirroring national sentiment.

Question 20.
Briefly explain the theory of separation of powers.
Answer:
The theory of separation of powers deals with the relationship between the three organs of government. This theory was put forward by Montesquieu, a French political thinker in his book “The spirit of the laws”. He suggested that the governmental powers must be separated between i.e., legislature, executive and judiciary, Montesquieu theory had a great influence on the US constitution.

1st PUC Political Science Legislature Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the composition, powers, and functions of Loksabha.
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected by the people. All adult citizens unless disqualified for other reasons have the right to select their representatives. Qualifications to become the members are must be a citizen of the country and must have attained the minimum age fixed by the constitution. The term of office is five years. Speaker is the presiding officer. He is elected from among the members of the house.

The powers and functions of LokSabha are as follows
1. Legislative functions:
The power of Loksabha extends to all subjects falling under the Union List and the Concurrent List. In case of emergency in operation, its power also extends to the State list as well. No bill can become a law without the consent of Loksabha. The Loksabha has equal powers of law-making with Rajyasabha except on financial matters where the supremacy of Loksabha is total.

In case of disagreement between the two houses on a matter of legislation, it is resolved by a Joint Sitting of both the houses presided over by the Speaker. In a Joint Sitting, Loksabha would emerge triumphant because the decisions are taken by a majority of the total number of members of both the house present and voting in which the numerical superiority of Loksabha prevails.

2. Financial functions:
On financial matters, the supremacy of the Loksabha is total and complete. “One, who holds purse, holds power” said James Madison. By establishing its authority over the national purse, Loksabha establishes its authority over the Rajyasabha. It is expressly stated that the Money bill can originate only in the house of people. Regarding budget, Loksabha being a representative house enjoys total authority. Loksabha’s position on financial matters is such that the demands for grants are placed only before the Loksabha.

3. Control over the executive:
The Loksabha enjoys direct control over the executive because; the executive is directly responsible to the lower house and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the house. The Loksabha not only makes laws but also supervises the implementation. The lower house being a debating house, the members are free to seek information from the executive and raise questions and seek clarifications.

The members can effectively seek information from the government by way of discussions and debates during the Question Hour (seek clarification), the Adjournment Motion (raises issues of national importance), the Zero Hour, the Cu motion, the Call-attention motion, etc. The soundest way of controlling the executive is by way of moving the No-confidence motion, if the executive fails to win the support of Lok sabha, they must step down.

4. Constituent functions:
The Loksabha shares equal powers in regard to amending provisions of the constitution. An amendment may be initiated either in the Rajyasabha or Loksabha and must be passed by a 2/3 majority in both the houses present and voting. The agreement of Rajyasabha is compulsory for the success of the constitutional amendment.

5. Electoral functions:
The Loksabha and Rajyasabha elect the highest constitutional functionaries such as the President and the Vice-president. The President is elected by the members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha along with the members of Legislative Assemblies of the states. The Vice-president is elected by members of Loksabha and Rajyasabha.

6. Judicial functions:
The Loksabha acts as a judge in the impeachment of the President. Either house can prefer the charge of impeachment. If. Rajyasabha prefers the charge, Loksabha investigates the charge and if it passes a resolution by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the house. President stands impeached from the office. The Loksabha also sits in Judgement along with the Rajyasabha, in removing high constitutional functionaries such as the Comptroller and Auditor General, The Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Chief Election Commissioner, etc.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
Describe the composition, powers, and functions of Rajyasabha.
Answer:
In federal representation the state is important. In India, the members of the Rajyasabha are indirectly elected for 6 yrs but 1/3rd of them will retire even. 2 yrs. The Rajyasabha has 250 members out of whom 12 are nominated by the president for their contributions to science, literature, art and social service. The remaining 238 members are indirectly elected by the state legislative assemblies through a system of proportional representation.

The powers and functions of Rajyasabha are as follows:
1. Legislative functions:
Oh legislative matters, the Rajyasabha enjoys powers with the Loksabha except in case of a Money Bill or Financial Bill. Non-money Bill can originate in Rajyasabha and must get a 2/3 majority in the House and then proceeds to the Loksabha. The approval of both Houses is essential for a bill to become a law.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a bill, both the houses sit on a joint sitting presided by the speaker and the deadlock is resolved by a majority of the total number of members of both the houses present and voting.

2. Financial functions:
On the financial front, the Rajyasabha virtually has no powers. The procedure to deal with Money bills clearly states that a Money bill or financial bill cannot originate in the Rajyasabha. The Rajyasabha may discuss and suggest changes but have no right to reject or amend a Money Bill. It is left to the Loksabha to accept or reject its recommendations. In case, the Rajyasabha does not send back a Money bill back to the Loksabha within 14 days from the date of receipt of the bill, the bill is deemed passed, in the original form, by both the Houses.

3. Control over the executive:
The Rajyasabha’s hold over the executive is very minimal because the executive is not directly responsible to the upper house. However, it can seek information, and make clarifications on various policy matters. On issues of national and local importance, the members can grill the executive during debates and discussions during the Question Hour, the Adjournment motion, the Zero Hour, the Cut-Motion, Call- attention Motion, etc.

4. Constituent functions:
The Rajyasabha enjoys full powers with Loksabha in executing constituent functions. An amendment to provisions of the constitution can be initiated in either House of the parliament and must be passed by a 2/3 majority’ in both the Houses present and voting. If Rajyasabha does not pass an amendment bill, the amendment Bill stands defeated. In some special provisions apart from the 2/3 majority in both house of parliament and ratification by not less than 1/2 of the states is necessary.

5. Electoral functions:
The Rajyasabha shares the privilege of electing the highest constitutional functionaries, the President and Vice-president. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of parliament along with the members of the State legislative assemblies. The members of both the houses of parliament elect the Vice-president.

6. Judicial functions: The impeachment move against the President may be initiated in either house of the parliament. If Loksabha prefers the charge, Rajyasabha investigates the charge and passes a resolution by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the house, then the President stands impeached.

There is no need for an impeachment against the Vice president who may be removed by a resolution of Rajyasabha passed by the majority of its members and consented to it by Loksabha. The Rajyasabha also participates in the removal of the highest constitutional functionaries such as the Chief Election Commissioner, the Vigilance Commissioner, etc.

7. Miscellaneous functions:
The Rajyasabha performs other functions as well as

  1. By a resolution Rajyasabha can create one or more All India Services.
  2. Continuation of emergency beyond the specified time must come before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  3. Orders made by the President suspending enforcement of fundamental rights is required to be laid before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  4. According to Article 249, the Rajyasabha by a resolution can ask the parliament to legislate on certain subjects in the State list.

Question 3.
Explain the composition, powers, and functions of Vidhana Sabha.
Answer:
There is a legislative assembly for every state. The number of members depends upon the population of the state. But it can not have less than 60 and more than 500 members. The members are chosen by direct election by people of the state. The governor has been given the power to nominate one or two members of the Anglo Indian community legislative assembly is five years.

The powers and functions of Vidhanasabha are as follows:
1. Legislative Functions:
The Legislative Assembly is entitled to pass laws on all subjects that fall under the state list such as police, public health, education, local-self governments, etc. Without the consent of the Vidhanasabha, no bill can become a law. Though the Vidhanasabha is competent enough to make laws on subjects listed in the concurrent list along with the central legislature, if parliament passes a law contained in the concurrent list, the legislative assembly is not competent to pass a law on the same subject.

However, some bills require the previous permission of the President before they are introduced in the state legislature. In case of breakdown of constitutional machinery’ in a state or when the proclamation of emergency is in operation, parliament has the power of making laws on matters falling under the state list. In case of a conflict between state law and the law of the parliament, the law of the parliament shall supreme.

2. Financial Functions:
The Vidhanasabha enjoys total control over the finance of the state. No new tax can be levied or collected without the consent of the Vidhanasabha. The authority of the Vidhanasabha over Vidhanaparishad is strengthened by the fact that a Money bill or Financial bill can only originate in the Vidhanasabha and the Vidhanaparishad can at the most delay it by 14 days but cannot reject or amend the Bill. The annual income-expenditure statement of the year the Budget must get the approval of the Vidhanasabha. Even year during March-April, the beginning of the financial year, it is the responsibility of the government to place the budget before the house and seek its approval.

3. Control over the Executive (Administration):
The Vidhanasabha enjoys direct control over the administration, as the executive is directly, collectively, responsible to the Vidhanasabha and remains in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the house. The members of the house can seek information from the government through questions and supplementary questions. It is the responsibility of the ministers to clarify points raised by members and give a satisfactory explanation.

Any attempt to lie or mislead the house is considered an offence against the house punishable under Contempt of the House. The debating occasions such as the Question Hour, Adjournment motion, the Emergency Adjournment motion, the Zero Hour, the Cut motion, the Call-attention motion keeps the executive under constant check and the executive must be alert and ready with answers. However, ministers can ask for time to answer questions. The most effective weapon in the hands of the Vidhanasabha is the No-confidence motion, which can bring down a government.

4. Electoral Functions:
The members of the Vidhanasabha along with the members of the parliament constitute an electoral college to elect the President of India. They also take part in electing the members of Rajyasabha and also of the members of Legislative council.

5. Constituent Functions:
The state legislative assembly takes part in amending a few constitutional provisions. The Assembly does not initiate any amendment to constitution neither does it has such powers. But ratification of at least not less than half of the State legislative assemblies is necessary for amending certain provisions of the constitution. For instance, if there has to be an amendment made to electoral procedure of electing president of India then it has to be ratified by 1/2 of the states, which in turn is done by state legislative assemblies.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
Describe the composition, powers, and functions of Vidhana Parishad.
Answer:
The Composition of the legislative council is as follows:

  • 1/3 – of the members are elected from the local bodies such as municipalities and district boards.
  • 1/3 – of the members are elected from members of the Legislative Assembly.
  • 1/12 – of the members are elected by the graduates from graduate constituencies.
  • 1/12 – of the members are elected from teacher’s constituencies consisting of secondary school, college, and university teachers; and
  • 1/6- of the members are nominated by the Governor from the fields of science, art, social service, the co-operative movement, literature, etc.

The powers and functions of the Vidhana Parishad are as follows:
1. Legislative functions:
No bill can become a law unless agreed upon by both the Legislative council and the Legislative assembly. Any bill other than a Money Bill can originate in the upper house. The lower house on passing a bill sends it to the upper house for consideration and recommendations. If the upper house rejects the bill after keeping it with them for 120 days, the lower house can again send the bill. And if the Legislative council does not give approval the second time, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of the state legislature.

2. Financial functions:
The Legislative council does not enjoy any position of power on financial matters. It is expressly stated in the constitution that a Money bill or financial bill cannot originate in the upper house. The Vidhanasabha on passing a Money bill sends it to the Vidhana Parishad for its recommendations, but it is to the lower House to accept or reject the recommendations. The Vidhana Parishad can. neither correct nor amend a Money Bill. If a Money Bill is not returned to the Vidhana sabha within 14 days of receipt of the bill, the bill is deemed passed by both the houses in its original form. On Financial matters, the Vidhana Parishad is sub-ordinate to the Vidhana Sabha. The Vidhana Parishad can only discuss the Budget but cannot make changes.

3. Control over the executive:
The influence of the Legislative council over the executive is minimal because the executive is directly responsible to the Legislative assembly. It has the right to seek necessary information and records for suggestions but cannot directly control the administration. The upper House can ask questions and supplementary questions during which ministers are duty-bound to provide satisfactory answers. The Vidhana Parishad cannot initiate a motion of No-confidence to bring down the government as it is a nominated House.

Question 5.
What are the special powers of both the Houses of the Parliament?
Answer:
The Rajyasabha performs other functions as well as

  1. By a resolution, Rajyasabha can create one or more All India Services.
  2. Continuation of emergency beyond the specified time must come before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  3. Orders made by the President suspending enforcement of fundamental rights is required to be laid before the Rajyasabha and Loksabha.
  4. According to Article 249, the Rajyasabha by a resolution can ask the parliament to legislate on certain subjects in State list. The Loksabha enjoys direct control over the executive because; executive is directly responsible to the lower house and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the house. The Loksabha not only makes laws but also supervises the implementation. The lower house being a debating house, the members are free to seek information from the executive and raise questions and seek clarifications.

The members can effectively seek information from the government by way of discussions and debates during the Question Hour (seek clarification), the Adjournment Motion(raises issues of national importance), the Zero Hour, the Cu motion, the Call-attention motion, etc. The – soundest way of controlling the executive is by way of moving the No-confidence motion, if the executive fails to win the support of Lok sabha, they must step down.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 6.
Explain the role, powers, and functions of the speaker of Loksabha.
Answer:
The presiding officer of Loksabha is the Speaker who is elected from among the members along with the Deputy Speaker and stays in office till the life of the House i.e., 5 years. His primary task is to protect the dignity and decorum of the House and to see that the proceedings of the House are conducted in an orderly and a focused manner. He is the principal spokesperson of the House and must be impartial and even-handed in dealing as the custodian of the House.

In order to ensure impartiality, speaker resigns his party membership on election. The Deputy speaker discharges the duty when the office of the speaker falls vacant due to resignation, death or removal by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the House or in the absence of the speaker. The salary of the speaker is determined by the parliament from time to time. The Speakers’ position in the House is one of dignity and authority.

  • All orders of the house are executed through the Speaker
  • Communication from the President is made known through the Speaker.
  • It is the power of the speaker to declare whether a bill is a money bill or not.
  • He enjoys the authority of interpreting the Rules of procedure and has the power to vote except in case of a tie.
  • No member can speak in the House without the permission of the speaker and it is the speaker who fixes the time limit for speech.
  • He presides over the Joint sittings of the parliament.
  • During discussions, the members must address the Chair.
  • In the case of a tie, the speaker has the right to cast a vote.
  • Speaker’s decisions cannot be questioned in a court of law.

Question 7.
Explain the role, powers, and functions of the speaker of Vidhana Sabha.
Answer:
The presiding officer of Vidhana sabha is the Speaker who is elected from among the members along with the Deputy Speaker and stays in office till the life of the House i.e., 5 years. His primary task is to protect the dignity and decorum of the House and to see that the proceedings of the House are conducted in an orderly and a focused manner. He is the principal spokesperson of the House and must be impartial and even-handed in dealing as the custodian of the House. In order to ensure impartiality, the speaker resigns his party membership in the election.

The Deputy speaker discharges the duty when the office of the speaker falls vacant due to resignation, death or removal by a 2/3 majority of the total membership of the House or in the absence of the speaker. The salary of the speaker is determined by the parliament from time to time. The Speaker’s position in the House is one of dignity and authority.

All orders of the house are executed through the Speaker

  • Communication from the Governor is made known through the Speaker.
  • It is the power of the speaker to declare whether a bill is money bill or not.
  • He enjoys the authority of interpreting the Rules of procedure and has the power to vote except in case of a tie.
  • No member can speak in the House without the permission of the speaker and it is the speaker who fixes the time limit for speech.
  • During discussions, the members must address the Chair.
  • In case of a tie, the speaker has the right to cast a vote.
  • Speaker’s decisions cannot be questioned in a court of law.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Constitution of India

You can Download Chapter 5 Constitution of India Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Constitution of India

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When did the constitution of India came into force?
Answer:
The constitution as a whole came into force with effect from January 26, 1950.

Question 2.
Who was elected as a temporary president of the constituent assembly?
Answer:
Sachidanda Sinha elected as a temporary president of the constituent assembly.

Question 3.
Who was elected permanent chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent chairman of the constituent assembly.

Question 4.
Who was the chairman of the drafting committee?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee.

Question 5.
Name any two members of the Indian constituent assembly.
Answer:
Acharya Krupalani and K.M. Munshi are two members of the Indian constituent assembly.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 6.
How many members were there in the constituent assembly?
Answer:
There were 389 members in the constituent assembly.

Question 7.
When did the drafting committee submitted the draft of Indian constitution?
Answer:
The first draft submitted on February 1948 and the second one on October 1948.

Question 8.
When did the constituent assembly accept the draft of the Indian constitution?
Answer:
The constituent assembly accepts the draft of the Indian constitution on 26th November 1949.

Question 9.
How many articles exist in the original constitution.
Answer:
There are 395 articles that exists in the original constitution.

Question 10.
How many articles exist now in our constitution.
Answer:
There are 465 articles that exist now in our constitution.

Question 11.
Which is the lengthiest constitution in the world?
Answer:
The Constitution of India is the lengthiest constitution in the world.

Question 12.
Which is the shortest constitution in the world?
Answer:
The American constitution is the shortest constitution in the world.

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Question 13.
How much time has been taken by the constituent assembly to make the Indian constitution?
Answer:
The constituent assembly took 2 years 11 months and 18 days with 11 session to make the Indian constitution.

Question 4.
Who described the preamble as the “political horoscope” of the constitution?
Answer:
K. M. Munshi described the preamble as the “political horoscope” of the constitution.

Question 15.
Mention the words which were added to the preamble by the 42nd amendment.
Answer:
The words “Socialism” and “Secular” were added to the preamble by the 42nd amendment.

Question 16.
Name the three lists of division of power.
Answer:

  1. Centre list
  2. State list
  3. Concurrent list.

Question 17.
Name the part which contains the directive principles of state policy.
Answer:
Part IV of the constitution contains the directive principles of state policy.

Question 18.
Name the part which contains the fundamental rights.
Answer:
Part III of Indian constitution.

Question 19.
Which amendment removes the right to property from fundamental rights.
Answer:
44th amendment removes the right to property from fundamental rights.

Question 20.
Which article refers to right to constitutional remedies?
Answer:
Article 32 refers to right to constitutional remedies.

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Question 21.
How many fundamental duties were there in the constitution?
Answer:
There were 11 fundamental duties were there in the constitution.

Question 22.
Name the body that framed the Indian constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of free India was framed by the Constituent Assembly.

Question 23.
When the constituent Assembly was constituted?
Answer:
It was elected in the year 1946 under the cabinet mission plan.

Question 24.
Which body drafted the constitution of India?
Answer:
A Drafting committee drafted the constitution of India.

Question 25.
What is meant by a preamble?
Answer:
It is one which declares the aims and objectives of constitution.

Question 26.
What is secular state?
Answer:
It is where there is freedom of religion state doesn’t interfere with the individuals religious matters.

Question 27.
What is ordinance?
Answer:
It is temporary law issued by executive for the sake of administrative convenience or to meet the urgent situation.

Question 28.
What is Republic?
Answer:
It means that India shall have an elected representative as the head of the state for a limited period of time.

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Question 29.
Mention the number of articles and schedules in constitution of India.
Answer:
It originally consisted of 395 articles and 9 schedules. At present there are 445 articles and 12 schedules.

Question 30.
Which new words were added to preamble by 42nd amendment to the constitution Assembly act 1947?
Answer:
The word secular was added.

Question 31.
Name the lengthiest constitution in the world.
Answer:
Indian constitution.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is preamble?
Answer:
It is the introduction of constitution which deals with the aims and objectives.

Question 2.
Name the two aspects of sovereignty?
Answer:

  1. Internal sovereignty.
  2. External sovereignty.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of a socialist state?
Answer:
Bringing about socio-economic changes to ensure a decent life to Indian citizens is called a socialist state.

Question 4.
State the meaning of secular state.
Answer:
The government cannot extend special favour to any particular religion and treats equal is called secular state.

Question 5.
What do you mean by republic state?
Answer:
The head of the state directly or indirectly elects through election for a fixed tenure is called republic state.

Question 6.
What do you mean by parliamentary form of government?
Answer:
The executive is created by the legislature and responsible for it. It is known as the parliamentary form of government.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 7.
What do you mean by fundamental rights?
Answer:
Fundamental rights are the facilities granted by the law to develop the individual personalities of the citizens.

Question 8.
What do you mean by directive principles of state policy?
Answer:
Directive principles of state policy are provisions enshrined in the constitution to provide the ideals of social and economic democracy.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of single citizenship.
Answer:
All the Indians irrespective of state, province are having only one citizenship is called single citizenship.

Question 10.
State the emergency power of the president.
Answer:

  1. Under article 352 National emergency.
  2. Under article 356 state emergency.
  3. Under article 360 financial emergency.

Question 11.
List out the fundamental rights.
Answer:

  1. Right to equality.
  2. Right to liberty.
  3. Right against exploitation.
  4. Right to freedom of religion.
  5. Cultural and educational rights.
  6. Right to constitutional remedies.

Question 12.
Name the different kinds of writs.
Answer:

  1. Habeas corpus
  2. Prohibition
  3. Certiorari.
  4. Oro – warrant.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 13.
What you mean by universal adult franchaise?
Answer:
All the citizens who attained the particular age are having right to vote irrespective of caste, creed, religion is called universal adult franchaise.

Question 14.
Name the freedoms mentioned in article 19 of the constitution,
Answer:

  1. Freedom of speech and expression.
  2. Freedom of rally.
  3. Freedom of association.
  4. Freedom of travelling in India.
  5. Freedom of residing in India.
  6. Freedom of carrying any job.

Question 15.
Write a short note on the drafting committee of the constitution of India?
Answer:
The constituent assembly set up a drafting committee of 7 members with Dr. Ambedkar as its chairman. The constituent assembly spent more than 2 years in thoroughly discussing and enacting the constitution.

Question 16.
What are territorial constituencies?
Answer:
Areas delimited for the purpose of election are called constituencies. Each state or union territory is divided into elected areas or territorial constituencies as parliamentary constituencies.

Question 17.
Write the reservation of seats for scheduled castes and tribes?
Answer:
A Specified number of seats are reserved for the scheduled castes and tribes in Loksabha. From a reserved constituency, persons belonging to these castes and tribes can contest an election. This provision was made to provide due to representation to the weaker sections of the society.

18.
What is consolidated fund of India?
Answer:
The expenditure considered being a charge on the consolidated fund of India is not put to the vote of parliament. It includes salaries of president.

KSEEB Solutions

19.
Write the meaning of federation.
Answer:
The word federation is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement federation is born by creating new state.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give an introductory note on Indian constitution.
Answer:
The framers of constitution of India drew the ideals, principles and even the organizational details from many sources. They have harrowed extensively from several well-known constitutions of the world.

It has incorporated the parliamentary system of England. The USA has taken mainly from the government of India Act 1935.

The objectives, resolution adopted by the constituent assembly in its first session became the basis of the preamble to constitution.

Question 2.
Write a short note on constituent assembly.
Answer:
It was set up under the 1946, cabinet mission plan. The assembly consisted of representatives of all important communities. The constituent assembly met on 11th December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was unanimously elected as its president.

The constituent assembly initially consisted of 389 members 292 from the British India province and 93 from the states. The elections were held in July 1946.

On 29th August 1947, the constituent assembly appointed a drafting committee, under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 3.
Write about the drafting committee.
Answer:
The drafting committee of the Indian constitution has been formed on 29th August 1947 and B.R. Ambedkar was elected as a chairman. The main responsibility that entrusted to the drafting committee to draft the new constitution. It consists of 7 members called B.R. Ambedkar, chairman, B.L. Mitter, N: Gopalaswamy Ayvangar, Alladi KrishswamyAyyar, Dr. K.M Munshi, Saiyid Mohd Saadullah, D.R Khaitan.

The drafting committee prepared the first draft which was published in February 1948. It prepared a second draft which was published in October 1948 and completed its work in 141 days. On 29th November 1949, the constituent assembly accepts and enacted the Indian constitution.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 4.
Write the text of the preamble of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
The preamble of the constitution of India explains the aims and ideology and reads as:
WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, DEMOCRATIC, SOCIALIST, SECULAR and REPUBLIC Nation and securing to all its citizens.
JUSTICE – social, economic and political.
LIBERTY – of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
EQUALITY – of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.
FRATERNITY – assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and the integrity of the Nation.
The idea of the preamble has been borrowed from constitution of U.S.A.

Question 5. Explain the principles of the preamble.
Answer:
The preamble of the constitution of India explains the aims and ideology and reads as:
WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, DEMOCRATIC, SOCIALIST, SECULAR and REPUBLIC Nation and securing to all its citizens.

  • JUSTICE – social, economic and political.
  • LIBERTY – of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
  • EQUALITY – of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.
  • FRATERNITY – assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and the integrity of the Nation.
  • The idea of the preamble has been borrowed from constitution of U.S.A.

Question 6.
List out the fundamental duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
The 42nd amendment has incorporated a number of fundamental duties.

  1. Abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the national flag and, national anthem.
  2. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
  3. Defend the country and render national service.
  4. Promote common brotherhood and harmony.
  5. Value and preserve our composite culture.
  6. Protect the natural environment.
  7. Develop the scientific temper.
  8. Strive towards excellence in all sphere.

Question 7.
Explain the different kinds of writs.
Answer:
1. Habeas corpus: It is an order issued by the court to produce the person who has wrongly detained within 24 hours.

2. Mandamus: It is a command issued by the court to ask the government official for performing his duties.

3. Prohibition: It is issued by a higher court to lower court to prevent their exceeding jurisdiction.

4. Certiorari: It is issued by a higher court to lower court to transfer a case pending with the later in a case.

5. Quo – warranto: It is issued by a court to enquire into the legality of claim of a person to public office.

Question 8.
Write a short note on RTE.
Answer:
RTE stands right to education which means all the children in India are entitled to get compulsory and free education. The 86th amendment act of 2002 provides an opportunity to get free and compulsory education to all the children from the age 6 to 14 years.

Parliament passed the compulsory education act on 2009 and in compliance of the central government, the Karnataka government framed rules and enforced from 28th April 2012. Main provisions of RTE

  1. All the children from the age of 6 to 14 should get free and compulsory education.
  2. The responsibility of the parents are to send their children to the school.
  3. The provisions are made to ensure the education facilities especially to the weaker section and child belonging to a disadvantaged group.
  4. The central and state government have jointly responsible to carry over this scheme.
  5. To provide the education to all the children, the government should establish the schools accesses to the children.
  6. The government should bear the expenses of education and should pay the same to education institutions.
  7. The concerned BEO and DDPI should have responsibility to look after this.

Question 9.
Why is the Indian Constitution called quasi-federal?
Answer:
The constitution of India has been described as quasi-federal because it has both federal and unitary features. Though the constitution of India establishes a federal form of government. The term federation has not been used anywhere in the constitution. The framers of constitution incorporated a number of unitary elements such as strong centre, single citizenship, appointment of governess by the centre, etc. According to K.C. Where the Indian constitution establishes a system of government which is almost quasi-federal.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 10.
What is Right to freedom?
Answer:
Our constitution guarantees 6 valuable freedoms to the citizens of India.

  1. The freedom of speech and expression.
  2. To assemble peacefully without arms.
  3. To form associations or unions.
  4. To move freely across the length and breadth of the country.
  5. To reside or settle down in any part of India.
  6. To carry on any lawful trade or occupation.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the salient features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution are:
The constitution of India came into force on 26th January, 1950. The preamble enumerates the source, the nature and high aims and ideals of the constitution. The preamble cannot be enforced in a court of law it is a grand declaration.

The following are the salient features of the constitution of India:
1.Detailed and Written Constitution:
The constitution of India is a comprehensive document. It is detailed and lengthy constitution in the world. It consists of 445 Articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 100 Amendments. The bulk of the constitution is due to many reasons. Such as :

  • It contains the broad principles and details of administration.
  • The constitution provides for the administrative machinery at the centre and also in the States.
  • Incorporation of Fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy.
  • Special provision for safeguarding the interest of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes,
  • UPSC and SPSC and Election Commission, Independent Judiciary,
  • Official languages and regional languages etc. have been dealt with in the constitution.

2. Sovereign, Democratic, Republic:
The constitution of India is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic.

  • India is a sovereign state and it is subject to no other authority either in her internal affairs or external relations. Its power is absolute internally and externally within its sphere.
  • 42 Amendment Act of 1976 declares India to be a socialist state.
  • Preamble to the constitution declares that India is a sovereign democratic Republic. The President of India is elected and his term of office is five years.

3.Single Citizenship:
The constitution of India has established a single and uniform citizenship for the whole of the country. Single citizenship implies that all Indian citizens owe allegiance to the Indian Union. Any citizen, irrespective of his birth or residence, is entitled to enjoy civil and political rights throughout India In all states and Union Territories.

4.Fundamental Rights:
Part III of the Indian constitution embodies six fundamental Rights, which are guaranteed to the people of India. These rights are sacred and sacrosanct and cannot be violated. The constitution makes the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the guardian of rights and liberties of the people. However they are not absolute. The constitution imposes necessary limitations and the rights can be suspended under conditions of grave emergency.

  • Right to Equality.
  • Right to Freedom.
  • Right against Exploitation.
  • Right to Religion.
  • Cultural and Educational Rights.
  • Right to constitutional Remedies.

5. Fundamental Duties:
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 has incorporated ten duties for even Indian citizen.

  • To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the flag, and the National Anthem.
  • To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspire our national struggle for freedom.
  • To uphold and protect the sovereignty; unity and integrity of India.
  • To defend the country and render national services when called upon to do so.
  • To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.
  • To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
  • To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
  • To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the script of inquiry and reform.
  • To safeguard public property and to adjure violence,
  • To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collection activity.

6.Secular and Socialist State:
At the time of drafting the constitution, the framers did not have the vision to mention these words in the preamble of the constitution. But these words were added in the preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Accordingly, India is a secular and non-religious in character. In fact, it does not identify itself with any religion. India is neither religious, nor irreligious, nor anti-religious but it is detached from the religious dogmas and activities. The aim of the constitution is too make India a socialist state on the basis of welfare programs.

7. Backward Classes and Minorities:
The constitution protects the interest of the backward class and the Minorities.

8. Official language:
Hindi. is laid as the official language of India. A common official language symbolized the unity of the country.

9. Directive Principles of State Policy:
It is another important feature of the Indian constitution. It contains various aims and aspirations to fulfilled by the state. They are instruments of instructions to the government to follow specific polices.

10.Parliamentary System of Government:
The Indian constitution proposed a parliamentary system of government for India.

11. Federation with strong centre:
The constitution has laid down a federal form of government; with a Union of the states. The Union is more powerful than the states.

12. Independent Judiciary:
The judiciary under the constitution is made independent of the legislature and the executive. It protects the fundamental rights and safeguards the provisions of the constitution. In fact, it is the guardian of the constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights.

13. Judicial review:
The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review. It can declare laws enacted by the parliament and state legislatures and orders passed by the executive as invalid if found contrary to the provisions of the constitution.

14. Election Commission:
The constitution provides for the establishment of Election Commission for the whole country. It conducts free and fair elections of the president, vice-president, members of parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It consists of one chief Election commissioner and two other Election commissioners who are appointed by the president of India for the period of 6 years.

15. Rigidity and flexibility:
There is a unique procedure of constitutional amendment. Article 368 of the constitution deals with the amendment procedure:

(a) By simple majority:
The creation of new states, creation or abolition of the legislative council, etc. These can be amended by a simple majority in both the houses of the union parliament.

(b) By half – simple and half-rigid method:
The provisions such as citizenship, Fundamental Rights, Directive principles, etc., shall be amended by 2/3 majority of members present and voting in both houses of the parliament.

(c) By Rigid Method:
The method of amending the constitution involves rigid procedure. Matters relating to the election and powers of the president and powers of the Union and State government. Union judiciary, establishment of High Court, division of legislative powers, representation of states in Union Parliament, etc., can be amended by 2/3 majority members of both houses of the Union parliament and has to be ratified by not less than half of the state legislature.

16. Adult.Franchise:
Every person who is a citizen of India and who are above 18 years of age irrespective, gender is entitled to be registered as a voter.

17. Emergency provisions: the constitution of India envisages three types of emergencies. which the president may proclaim in different critical situations. Such as:

(a) National Emergency:
Article 352 provides national emergency. If the president is satisfied that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war, or external aggression or internal disturbance, he may issue a proclamation of emergency. But it must be laid before each house of parliament for approval.

(b) Failure of constitutional machinery in the state:
The president on the receipt of report from the Governor of a state if satisfied, that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, he can proclaim state emergency. It is to be approved by each House of parliament within two months. But normally it remains for six months and can be continued for three years.

(c) Financial Emergency:
The president of India is satisfied that the financial stability of India is any part thereof is threatened he may proclaim financial emergency . It expires at the end of two months unless it is approved by the parliament.

18. Local self-Governments:
A constitutional statue was given to local self-governments in accordance with the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments which were made in the year 1992 and came into force in 1993.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 2.
Explain the Fundamental Rights of Indian Citizens.
Answer:
The III Part of the constitution of India has guaranteed seven fundamental rights. But the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 deleted 6th fundamental right; right to property. Now it remains only a legal right. All the fundamental rights come under articles from 12 to 35. These rights are explained as under

1. Right to Equality:
(14 to 18) Article 14 confers on all the citizens equality before the law and equal protection of the law.

Article 15 prohibits any discrimination by the state towards its citizens on grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, and place of birth. The same article throws open public places, like shops, wells, restaurants, etc. to all citizens.

Article 16 provides for equality in matters of public employment. No one shall be discriminated against on the grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, place of birth and residence. But the state may discriminate in favor of Backward classes of citizens by reserving jobs in the Government.

Article 17 prohibits the practice of untouchability in any form. Those who practice it will be severely punished.

Article 18 prohibits the state from conferring titles like Rao Bahadur, His Highness, etc, on its citizens. However, it may award military or civil distinction like Paramavir Chakra,
Bharat Ratna, Padma Bhushan, Padmashree.

2. Right to Freedom (19 to 22) Article 19 gives 6 freedoms to the citizens of India. Such as:

  1. Freedom of speech and expression.
  2. Assemble peacefully without arms.
  3. Form associations.
  4. Move freely within the country.
  5. To reside and settle down in any part of the country.
  6. To practice any profession or trade.

Article 20 – lays down the Right to personal Life and Liberty.
No person shall be arrested when the law is not in operation.
No person shall be punished more than once for the same offence.
No person shall be forced to give evidence against himself.

Article 21 – No person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except according to the procedure established by law. The punishment shall be enforced only when he is punished.

Article 22 – Preventive Detention provides safeguards to persons under arrest. They are:
22 (1) the person arrested shall be informed on the grounds of his arrest as soon as possible.
22 (2) the person arrested shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest. He shall not be denied the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer.
22 (3) preventive detention shall not be applicable to the person who has been arrested according to law.
22 (4) the person who has been arrested shall not be detained in custody for more than 3 months.
22 (5) the person who has been arrested and detained in custody shall be informed of the ground of his arrest.
22 (6) to inform the ground of arrest against the public interest shall be informed.
22(7) with the approval of the parliament the detention period shall Be extended, more than 3 months.

3. Right against Exploitation: (23 to 24)
Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. Selling of women into prostitution is prohibited.
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years of age in factories and mines which is of hazardous nature.

4. Right to Religion: (25 to 28)
Article 25 – Every citizen has the right to profess, propagate and practice any religion as he pleases subject to public peace and morality.
Article 26 – Every religious group shall establish institutions for charitable and religious purposes and manage its internal affairs and acquire the property.
Article 27 – State shall not collected taxes for the maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution.
Article 28 – no religions instructions shall be given in the government or aided educational institutions.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights: (29 to 30)
Article 29- Every citizen has the right to protect the culture and script of his choice.
Article 30 gives the right to any cultural group or minority community to run an educational institution and the government shall not make any discrimination while making grants.

6. Right to constitutional Remedies: (32)
It protects the citizens against encroachment of his rights. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that this right is “the heart and soul of the constitution”. Every citizen has the right to move to the court if his rights are encroached by anybody. Article 32 (1) The Supreme Court is empowered to issue writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-Warranto and Certiorari. Article 226-High Court can also issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. This right is regarded as die custodian of all the rights.

KSEEB Solutions

Question 3.
Write a note on constituent assembly.
Answer:
The first of Constituent Assembly was held on 9th December, 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made as the President of the Constituent Assembly. The historic objectives resolution was moved in the Government Assembly by Nehru on 13th December 1946 The beautifully worded draft of the objectives resolution cast the horoscope of the sovereign Democratic Republic.

The Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with the framing of the constitution. The committees worked hard and produced valuable reports. These reports were considered by the Constituent Assembly and later considered by the drafting committee. On 29th August 1947, the Constituent Assembly appointed a Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to scrutinize the draft of the constitution, prepared by constitutional advisor B. N. Rau.

The constitution of India was drafted by the Drafting Committee and was submitted to the president of the Constituent Assembly on 21st February 1948. A large number of comments, criticism, and suggestions for the amendment of the draft were received. The Drafting Committee decided to issue a report of the draft constitution and was submitted to the President of the Assembly on 26th October. 1948.

The second reading of the constitution was completed on 16th Nov 1949 and on the next day the Constituent Assembly took up the third reading of the constitution. It was adopted on 26th Nov 1949. The Constituent Assembly accomplished the tremendous task of framing the constitution in 2 years 11 months and 18 days. The constitution was finally signed by members of the Constituent Assembly. The same constitution came into force on 26th Jan 1950.

Besides framing the constitution, the Constituent Assembly performed several other important functions like passing certain statues, adopting the national flag, declaring the national anthem, ratifying the decision in regard to the membership of the commonwealth and election of the first president of the Republic.
The draft of the constitution contained 18 parts 8 schedules and 445 articles are considered as the most bulky and lengthiest in the world.

Question 4.
Explain the Directive principles of state policy.
Answer:
Our constitution lays down some directives in the nature of moral guides to the state. These are non – enforceable. The idea of incorporating directives or ideals or goals in the constitution was borrowed from the Irish constitution. The directive principles are contained in part IV of the constitution, in Article 36 to 51.

Full list of the Directive Principles:
Article 39: The state shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing:

  1. That the citizens, men, and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to livelihood.
  2. That the ownership and control of the material resources to be useful for the common good.
  3. That the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common determinant.
  4. That there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
  5. That the health and strength of the workers, men, and women, and the tender age of children are not used and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuitable to their age or strength.
  6. That children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Classification of Directives:
The directive principles are embodied in Articles from 36 to 51. They cover a wide range of state activities concerning social, economic, legal, educational and International principles. They are classified into four categories, such as welfare, Gandhian, liberal and general principles.

Welfare Principles:
These principle aims at the attainment of the welfare state.
Article 38 provides that the state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of national life.

Article 39 provides that the state shall direct its policy towards securing that.

  1. The citizens, men, and women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
  2. The ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to subserve the common good.
  3. The operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
  4. There is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
  5. The health and strength of workers, men, women, and children are not abused and that citizens are not forced to enter vocations unsuitable to their age.
  6. Childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and moral and mental abandonment.

Article 41 ensures that the right to work education and public assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and other cases of undeserved want.

Article 42 provides that provisions shall be made by the state for securing just and human conditions of work and maternity relief.

Article 43 exhorts the state to secure to all workers – industrial, agricultural work, a living wage, conditions of work, decent standard of life, enjoyment of leisure, social and cultural opportunities.

Article 46 provides that the state shall take special care of the economic and educational interest of the weaker sections particularly of SC’s and ST’s and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

Article 47 states that are made duty-bound to raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health.

Gandhian Principles:
The Gandhian philosophy finds its expression in some of the articles mentioned in the 4th part of the constitution. Such as :

  1. To organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers as may enable them to function as units of self-government.
  2. To promote the educational and economic interests of SC’s ST’s and weaker sections of the people.
  3. To promote cottage industries on an individual and co-operative basis.
  4. To take steps for preventing and improving the breeds of milk and drought cattle, including cows and prohibition of slaughter of cows.
  5. Prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injuries to health (except for medical purpose).

Liberal Principles:
These principles are embedded in the following provisions.

  1. To secure uniform civil code for the citizens throughout the territory of India.
  2. To provide free and compulsory education for the children up to the age of 14 years of age.
  3. To organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modem and scientific lines.
  4. To take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public service of the state.
  5. Article 49 provides that it is the obligation of the state to protect every historical monu¬ment or place for national interest.

General Principles:

  1. The state shall promote international peace and security.
  2. To maintain just and honorable relations between nations.
  3. To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.
  4. To encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitrations.

Criticism:

  1. The directives have been subjected to serve criticisms.
  2. These principles are considered as mere platitudes without any practical use for the people.
  3. There is no immediate social and economic program for the people.
  4. These principles do not attract the people as they are silent and not inspiring.
  5. These principles are neither properly classified nor logically arranged.
  6. There is no legal force behind them.
  7. These principles are not legally enforceable.

1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Students can Download 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North), Karnataka 1st PUC English Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus.

Karnataka 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Mins.
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions

  • Follow the prescribed limit while answering the questions.
  • Write the correct question number as it appears on the question paper.
  • One mark question attempted more than once will be awarded zero.
  • For multiple-choice questions choose the correct answer and rewrite it.

I. Answer the following in a word, a phrase, or a sentence each. (12 × 1 = 12)

Question 1.
What favor did the elephant ask the man on a rainy day in ‘The Gentlemen of the Jungle’?
Answer:
The Elephant asked the man to give a place for its trunk to protect it from the rain.

Question 2.
How do the little ones spend the day in the school in ‘The School Boy’?
Answer:
The author, Jomo Kenyatta concludes the story ‘The Gentlemen of the Jungle’ by quoting ‘Pass is costly but it is worth the expense’. What the author is trying to convey to us through this short story is that in a society one’s weakness can be misused by the dominating people arid this would ultimately lead the weaker section to have to leave the society.

He is trying to instill the idea in the readers’ minds that the suppressed minority in a society will eventually rise to seek power He stands by his ground by saying that the dominated majority can fool the minority over a period of time but not forever. No one likes to be treated as a slave in society and equality is what everyone desires. The moral of the story emphasizes to its readers that one should stop colonialism and discrimination. It comes from the old saying treat others the way you want to be treated’

Question 3.
Krishna has the disease
(a) Cancer
(b) piles
(c) Fever
(d) T.B.
Answer:
(b) piles

Question 4.
What was the narrator doing to earn a living in ‘Oru Manushyan’?
Answer:
Teaching English to some migrant laborers.

Question 5.
Mention one of the things which should be made available free of cost in ‘Money Madness’.
Answer:
Bread, fire, and shelter should be made aai1abIe free of cost to all,

Question 6.
Where does Babar Ali run classes for poor children?
Answer:
Babar All runs classes at his village in Murshidabad in West Bengal.

Question 7.
Why was the headman in a hurry to complete the roadwork in ‘Watchman of the Lake”?
Answer:
Because the King was due to arrive at the village, the next day.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 8.
Who committed suicide in ‘The Farmer’s wife’?
Answer:
The farmer.

Question 9.
Name the person who was believed to be both Douglass’ father & master.
Answer:
Mr. Anthony.

Question 10.
What does the old woman offer to do?
Answer:
She offers to take you to the Horseshoe shrine which means that she wants to work as a guide.

Question 11.
Where does the narrator first meet the two boys in “Two Gentlemen of Verona”?
Answer:
On the outskirts of Verona.

Question 12.
When does the speaker realize what he thought about love was not true in ‘Do not ask of Me, My love’?
Answer:
When he understood that there are other sorrows in the world than love.

II. Answer any eight of the following in a paragraph of 50-70 words each : (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 13.
What fate awaited the man each time he built a new hut in ‘The Gentleman of the Jungle’?
Answer:
The man did not get justice in the elephant’s case. So he built a new house instead of opposing the commission’s verdict/judgment. He was afraid of the animals, that if he ignored the judgment they could pose danger for him. So he obeyed the judgment and built a new house. But no sooner had he built another hut, than Mr. Rhinoceros occupied it. Next time Mr.Buffalo, then Mr. Leopard, Mr. . Hyena, and the rest occupied the huts that he was building.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 14.
How does the poet argue against formal education in ‘Money Madness’?
Answer:
Formal education is the obstacle for free learning to children Children prefer nature – learning to formal schooling. The restrictions of formal schooling make children detest their learning. Hence the poet questions when the buds are nipped and ‘blossoms blown away, and tender plants are stripped’, how can a child get happiness in learning.

Question 15.
How was Krishna cured of his illness in ‘Around a Medicinal Creeper’?
Answer:
Krishna was suffering from piles and met the narrator to get some help. But the narrator only helped him with some money which was not enough for the treatment. But Krishna knew a Malayali Sadhu. This godman had treated Krishna on an earlier occasion when Krishna had started dëveloping boils all over his body. The godman had cured him with the barks of a tree. Krishna went in search of the godman. but he was too old and could not search for the medicinal creepers. He described the features of the plant to Krishna. Krishna went in search of the leaves and on the way he met the narrator and described the leaves. The narrator understood that those were the leaves that Mara and Appanna had tied to the nearest tree. The narrator took him to the plant and dug quite a bit to get the tuber. Krishna ground this root with milk and drank it. In this way, he was cured of piles within five days.

Question 16.
Give an account of the embarrassing experience of the narrator at the restaurant in ‘Oru Manushyan’.
Answer:
Once. the narrator went to a restaurant with fourteen rupees in his wallet kept in the pocket and ate a full meal consisting of chapatis and meat carry. He drank tea. The bill was eleven annas. He searched his pocket to pay the bill, but was shocked that his wallet was not in his pocket and someone had stolen it. When he said the same to the owner. the owner caught him by the lapels and ordered him to pay up. But as he did not have any moue’. he offered to keep his coat there and later ould bring some money and claim the coat. But the owner asked him to take if all his clothes. When he was removing them with great humiliation, a stranger came and helped the narrator by paying his bill.

Question 17.
How does money trigger fear in an individual in ‘Money Madness’?
Answer:
The narrator used to forego his breakfast and morning tea so that he had the money for his evening meal and tea. One day as usual he came to the crowded restaurant and had his regular meal and tea. When he had to pay the bill. he realized that his wallet had been picked. He revealed this fact to the owner who only found it funny and laughed out loud, Though the narrator offered to leave his coat with the owner, he forced the narrator to take off all his clothes. As the narrator was very much ashamed of taking off his trousers, a stranger stopped him and paid his bill. He later made the narrator wear his clothes and took him away.

When the narrator praised and thanked him. the stranger just laughed. He did not recall his name but only warned the narrator against speaking about him. The stranger showed five wallets to the narrator. out of which one was the narrators. The stranger told the narrator to check whether his money was intact, and he wished him good luck. The narrator had mixed feelings by now’. It was clear that his humiliation at the restaurant was due to the stranger’s picking his wallet and rendering him helplešs. But he is also thankful for his help at the right moment. avoiding the humiliation of standing štark naked in front of all the people. He felt that the stranger had perhaps undergone a transformation during his own interaction with the restaurant owner. This made him say at the end, ‘May God helps you, and leave without Saving anything more to the stranger.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 18.
Why does the speaker want to be a tree in ‘If I was a Tree’?
Answer:
The speaker wanted to be a tree because no one would discriminate against it and birds wouldn’t ask to what caste it belonged and sunlight would (approach) embrace it and its shadow wouldn’t be termed polluted. It can make friendship with the cool breeze, and raindrops would not go back by thinking that it is untouchable, The tree would feel happy with the touch of a sacred cow and it would get the opportunity of providing shelter for the hundred thousand Gods said to be residing in the cow. The tree can become pure when it is cut into dry pieces and burnt in the holy fire and can help the sinless dead body by becoming a bier on the shoulders of four good men.

The poem describes the sense of equality present in nature. Sunlight and cool breeze treat everybody with love and spread their sweetness to all without discrimination, Unlike some humans who feel polluted getting in contact with the untouchables, nature has no such sense of superiority. All are equal in their eves.

The poem also presents social discrimination, as the speaker is much humiliated by the social discrimination and wanted to become a tree to escape from discrimination in society. He feels the safety. purity and generosity and helping nature of a tree more than in human beings. In a society. a man without thinking of helping others. thinks which is pure and which is polluted. He neglects and discriminates against some and appreciates others in name of caste, creed mid religion. So this practice is meaningless and the practice must be prohibited to sustain equality in society.

Question 19.
Bring out the significance of the sacred spot that Mara described in ‘Watchman of the Lake’.
Answer:
The place was very sacred. Water had flowed on since the day Hanuman took the Sanjeevini. Its birth was in the fleeting mists of the mountain top. and on its av through rare flowers and forests, it has come down to their i11age. River Veda carried nectar in its bosom which revived Gods and nourished mortals. But, in summer Veda stops flowing and villagers die of drought. To get water the whole ear. they need to build a tank for Veda, That was the significance of that place. It was the place where Sanjeevini grew.

Question 20.
The poem ‘Farmer’s Wife’ highlights the plight of the widows after the death of husbands. Discuss.
Answer:
The poem The Farmer’s Wife” is a tragic poem that reflects the helpless conditions of farmers’ widows. The plight of the widows is explained by one such widow. The poet uses many phrases to contrast her condition with that of her dead husband. She called the farmer virtuous’ and herself a poor sinner’. The farmer was unable to pay the debts and he left all the debts to his wife, so she was very sad about his act of committing suicide. The feminist concept was also highlighted in the poem, the phrase “I was born with a head bent” justifies the discrimination in our society between men and women.

Man is born with his head held high, but a woman is born with her head bent. But he did not face his creditors bravely and left all this to his wife to solve. She accused her husband that he poisoned himself and gone away by poisoning his wife’s existence. She remembered the memories of his beating, blaming, drinking, and kicking haunting her. She never dreamt that he would commit suicide, It was true that the crop was gone but the debt remained there and dignity had hit the dust. She expresses her helplessness that how would she be able to bear the burden of their four children. She compared her condition with “worn-eaten cotton pods.” She got ambiguous and asked what was that and why he committed suicide.

At last, she confidently asserts her determination to struggle out her life even without her husband for the sake of her children. So, she shows a strong will to survive against all difficulties. Her voice is raised against society in general,

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 21.
Why wasn’t Douglass much affected by his mother’s death?
Answer:
Frederick Douglass was separated from his mother before he was twelve months old. He had spent very little time with her and that too only during a few night times. He lost her at the age of seven and never enjoyed any care and communication during those years. So, he was not affected by her death. He was also not allowed to visit her during her illness, death, or burial.

Question 22.
In what ways were the boys useful to the narrator in ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’?
Answer:
The boys were very useful for the narrator, When the narrator wanted a pack of American cigarettes or seats for the opera. or the name of good restaUrant, they were always there in all these needs with cheerful competence. Théy had also taken the author on a guided tour to the different places of interest al ‘Verona including Juliet’s tomb.

III. Answer one of the following in about 200 words. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 23.
Babar Ali’s efforts to teach the poor children have brought about a change in their lives. Discuss.
Answer:
Babar Mi’s school was started when he was only nine while playing a game Very soon. children began to love his way of teaching and flocked to his ‘school’. Babar did not charge a fee for his teaching. He also got the help of the local educated people. ho came and taught the children. Bahar was successful in getting the help of nine high school student volunteers. The oldest and most educated of them is Debarita who goes to College in Behrampur.

Babar himself studies in class XII in a school quite far from his house He commutes the long-distance, attends classes in the mornings, and comes back in the afternoons to his ‘school’ to teach youngsters who have worked hard in the mornings and are now ready for learning. The fact that his school is entirely free, he and his staff teach well, there is a midday meal and his school is recognized by the West Bengal Government. attracts many students to his school.

The increasing strength of his school just sho how cager people are to get their children educated, and how good. selfless work gets noticed by people soon. Those who cannot afford education in the regular schools, do not mind sending their children to learn from teachers like Babar. This only proves that Indians are realizing the significance of education in life.
OR
Describe Mara as a great environmentalist who saved the lake.
Answer:
Mara’s sacrifice remains eternal in the history of men who saved lakes. He was the man who didn’t think about himself even for a single day but always about others. In other words. his social service is unforgettable to the society, he is the great environmentalist whom the modern materialists must follow and adore to protect nature Mara’s sacrifice of (leaving his body) taking his last breath is ultimate. Of course, today’s people cannot do that much but have to sacrifice a little of their wants and needs to protect nature. People should not pollute rivers in the name of ‘Vatras’ and funerals. All superstitious beliefs and must be stopped now.

Man must live according to his needs and not for his wants. For this, he has to follow the examples of tribals who live a contented life with whatever they get. They do not torture nature for coal or gold and live in a simple way. If men learn to lead a simple life that is the greatest sacrifice to protect nature from calamities.
OR
What harsh realities of life have drawn the speaker’s attention much more than the beauty of his beloved.
Answer:
Though he loved her deep when he comes to realize that there are other truths than his love. He became helpless towards his beloved. He honestly says his love would be the same but he can’t spend the time for her love because there are many problems in the country for Which he has to give attention, like poverty and helpless destitute.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

IV. Read the following passage and answer the questions set on it. (10 × 1 = 10)

The great wall of China is said to be one structure built by man on earth which would be visible to observers on the moon. It covers a distance of 1,500 miles as the crow flies. From the Liaotung Peninsula Westward to the last fortress in central Asia, it crosses the northern province of China.

In the eastern section its height varies from 15-30 feet, and its width from about 25 feet at the bottom to 15 feet at the top. Where there is a pathway wide enough for six horsemen to ride side by side protected by parapets. When the wall was first built it had about 25,000 towers each 40 feet square and 40 feet high projecting from it every few hundred yards, with holes from which the defenders could shoot at attackers. There are also many watch-towers on the enemy side, outside the wall on hilltops or passes there and towers of the wall were used for signaling with smoke or flags by day and with fire by night.

The great emperor high Haung Ti joined three earlier frontier walls to form a great wall to act as a boundary between China and the North and keep out the feared nomads of the Mongolian steppes. The wall was designed to strengthen the nation’s defense. Later it became in Ming time, a substitute for a strong army and state.

Construction was started in about 221 B.C. and the structure was practically complete when high Haung Ti died in 210 B.C. The man who did most in carrying out the emperor’s plans was general Meng Tien, who 221 B.C. led an expedition against Tartars and drove them back from the yellow river into the steppes, and set his men to work on building the wall. They were later joined by thousands of convicts year in year out, in icy winds and snowstorms in winter, and in the dust storms in summer, the work went on and so many men died that the wall was sometimes called the longest cemetery in the world.

Question 24.
Name the only structure that would be visible to the observers on the moon.
Answer:
The great wall of China.

Question 25.
What is the distance it covers?
Answer:
1,500 miles.

Question 26.
What is the width and height of the wall?
Answer:
Height 15-30 feet and width 25 feet at the bottom and 15 feet at the top.

Question 27.
How many horsemen can ride on its pathway?
Answer:
6 horsemen.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 28.
How many towers are built on the wall?
Answer:
25,000 towers.

Question 29.
Who was the emperor of China?
Answer:
Sigh Huang Ti.

Question 30.
When was the construction started and completed?
Answer:
Construction was started in about 221 BC and completed in 210 BC.

Question 31.
Who was the man that carried out the emperor’s plans?
Answer:
Mengen.

Question 32.
Why did so many men die in the construction of the wall?
Answer:
Due to icy winds and snows storms in winter, and dust storms in summer.

Question 33.
Write a suitable title to the passage.
Answer:
The Great Wall of China.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

V. A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions given in brackets. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 34.
The sharp sickle had apparently cut ________ artery and it started bleeding copiously _______ spurts. Everyone around was alarmed and someone brought some leaf, pressed it against ______ wound, and bandaged it with _____ cloth from one of their lungs. (with, on, the, a, an, in)
Answer:
The sharp sickle had apparently cut an artery and it started bleeding copiously in spurts. Everyone around was alarmed and someone brought some leaf, pressed it against the wound, and bandaged it with a cloth from one of their lungs.

B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the verbs given in brackets. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 35.
Englishman was angry because he______(think) that Mara____(is) so greedy that even though he________(has offer) him his entire estate, he was not_______(satisfy).
Answer:
English was angry because he thought (think) that Mara was (is) so greedy that even though he had offered (has to offer) him his entire estate, he was not satisfied (satisfy).

C. Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject. (1 × 3 = 3)

Question 36.
The narrator ______ (is/are) a wanderer. He ________(live/lives) in a dingy room. He ______ (has/have) only 14 rupees in his pocket.
Answer:
The narrator is (is/are) a wanderer. He lives (live/lives) in a dingy room. He has (has/have) only 14 rupees in his pocket.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

D. Correct the following sentences and rewrite them. (2 × 1 = 2)

Question 37.
One of the student was learning.
Answer:
One of the students was learning.

Question 38.
Where the fruits are?
Answer:
Where are the fruits?

E. Rewrite as directed. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 39.
The king came to _____ (know/no) the problem of the tank. (Fill in the blank with the appropriate word given in bracket)
Answer:
know.

Question 40.
The ____ (punish) for mistakes is common to blacks. (Complete the sentence with the right form of the word given in the brackets).
Answer:
Punishment.

Question 41.
taught/Babar/lesson/to/students (Rearrange the segments to form a meaningful sentence)
Answer:
Babar taught lessons to students.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

Question 42.
A stranger helped the narrator (Add a question tag).
Answer:
didn’t he?

Question 43.
They worked hard on the farm the whole day. (Change into a question beginning with the right form of ‘Do’)
Answer:
Did they work hard on the farm the whole day?

Question 44.
The narrator met the boys on the outskirts of Verona. (Frame a question so as to get the underlined word as answers).
Answer:
Where did the narrator meet the boys?

VI. A. Read the KSRTC schedule and answer the question. (4 × 1 = 4)

Question 45.
1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North) 1
(a) How long will the train stop at Guntakal?
(b) What is the departure time from Doddaballapur to Bangalore?
(c) When will the train arrive at Mahabubnagar?
(d) What is the arrival time at Bangalore?
Answer:
(a) 1 hour
(b) 11:10 am
(c) 11:45 pm
(d) 12:30 pm

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

B. You need a study certificate from the principal of your college. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 46.
Write a letter to include the following:
(a) Your admission number, year of study.
(b) Why do you need it?
(c) When and whom it has to be submitted?
Answer:
Rajanish
Il PUC, ‘A’ Section.
Vìjaya College,
Jayanagar, Bangalore – II.

20 March 2014.

The Principal
Vijaya College,
Jayanagar, Bangalore – 11.

Dear Sir,
I am studying in II PUC ‘A’ Section. My admission number is 24/2012 – 13. I have passed the I PUC exam with a distinction. Now I would like to apply for a scholarship, to the BCM officer of our district. I need a Study Certificate for the same. Therefore, I request you to kindly issue my study certificate within two days and oblige.

Thank you

Yours faithfully
Sd/

VII. A. Match the expressions under column ‘A’ to its corresponding language functions under B. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 47.

A. Expressions

B. Functions

1. Could you please pass the salt? (a) introducing
2. I am very upset to hear that (b) gratitude
3. Hi, this is Prem (c) greeting
4. Good evening (d) requesting
5. Thank a lot (e) expressing sympathy

Answer:
(1) – d,
(2) – e,
(3) – a,
(4) – c,
(5) – b.

B. Complete the dialogue: (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 48.
Ravi: _________to carry this?
Raghn:_________________
Ravi: _________ carrying this.
Raghu:___________
Answer:
Ravi: Can you please help me to carry this?
Raghu: Certainly I will.
Ravi: Thank you for carrying this.
Raghu: It’s ok. Bye.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2020 (North)

C. Dialogue Writing : (1 × 3 = 3)

Question 49.
Ramesh has gone to Chennai for the first time to attend a conference. He asks a stranger how to reach Vijaya College from the railway station. Write a dialogue between Ramesh and Stranger.
Answer:
Ramesh: Hello sir! How to go to Vijaya college?
Stranger: Hi! Go straight and take right at the signal. Vijaya college is on your left.
Ramesh: How far from here?
Stranger: Just 500 meters from here.
Ramesh: Thank you, sir.
Stranger: You are welcome.

1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2017 (South)

Students can Download 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2017 (South), Karnataka 1st PUC English Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus.

Karnataka 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2017 (South)

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Mins.
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions

  • Follow the prescribed limit while answering the questions.
  • Write the correct question number as it appears on the question paper.
  • One mark question attempted more than once will be awarded zero.
  • For multiple-choice questions choose the correct answer and rewrite it.

I. Answer the following in a word, a phrase, or a sentence each. (12 × 1 = 12)

 

1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Students can Download 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North), Karnataka 1st PUC English Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus.

Karnataka 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Mins.
Max. Marks: 100

Instructions

  • Follow the prescribed limit while answering the questions.
  • Write the correct question number as it appears on the question paper.
  • One mark question attempted more than once will be awarded zero.
  • For multiple-choice questions choose the correct answer and rewrite it.

I. Answer the following in a word, a phrase, or a sentence each. (12 × 1 = 12)

Question 1.
What kind of judgment did the man expect in, “The Gentleman of the Jungle”?
Answer:
An impartial judgment.

Question 2.
How do Mongoose and Cowcal cure themselves of snake bites?
Answer:
By chewing the leaves of the medicinal creeper.

Question 3.
How did the narrator earn his living in, “Oru Manushyan”?
Answer:
By teaching English to the migrant laborers.

Question 4.
A person could feel a tremor when he
(a) hands out a one-pound note
(b) hands ou a ten-pound note
(c) Receives a ten-pound note.
Answer:
(b) hands out ten-pound note.

Question 5.
What was Tulu Rani Hazra’s occupation?
Answer:
Fishmonger.

Question 6.
How many Gods are supposed to dwell in the body of the cow in the poem, “It was a tree”?
Answer:
Three Hundred Thousand Gods.

Question 7.
Where, according to Mara, had Hanuman found Sanjeevini in the Lesson, “Watchman of the Lake”?
Answer:
On the east of the mountain

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 8.
How did the farmer commit suicide in “The Farmer’s Wife”?
Answer:
By consuming poison/By poisoning himself.

Question 9.
How old was Frederick Douglass when his mother died?
Answer:
Seven years.

Question 10.
What does the old woman offer to do in order to get a fifty paise coin from the speaker?
Answer:
To take the speaker to the horseshoe shrine.

Question 11.
Name the city in which Lucia was undergoing treatment in the lesson, “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.
Answer:
Polenta.

Question 12.
What gave the spring ever-lasting youth in the poem, “Do not ask of Me, My Love”?
Answer:
The beauty of the beloved.

II. Answer any eight of the following in a paragraph of 50-70 words each : (8 × 4 = 32)

Question 13.
Why does the child hate to go to school in, “The School Boy”?
Answer:
The boy is very happy being with nature. He loves to rise on a summer morning. He would love to hear the birds singing on every tree. He would love to hear the sound of horns of hunters at faraway places. He would love to sing with the skylarks. The very thought of going to school makes him sad. He felt the school was a prison. It creates fear and anxiety. He is unable to concentrate as it doesn’t help to widen his mental horizon and physical growth.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 14.
What was the story behind Mara’s loss of teeth?
Answer:
Mara went to the forest. He had laid a trap to catch rabbits. He went early doubting someone will take his trap away. The trap was empty. He went to a nearby stream. He decided to brush his teeth. He plucked a small stick from a nearby plant. He felt sour. He took water from the stream churned and spit out all the teeth touched by the plant fell down.

Question 15.
How does the stranger rescue the narrator in, “Oru Manushyan”?
Answer:
Once. tile narrator went to a restaurant with fourteen rupees in his a1let kept in the pocket and ate a full meal consisting of chapatis and meat CUrry. He drank tea. The bill was eleven annas. He searched his pocket to pay the bill, but was shocked that his wallet was not in his pocket and someone had stolen it. When he said tile same to the oner. the owner caught him by the lapels and ordered him to pay up. But as lie did not have an’ moue’, he offered to keep his coat there and later ould bring some money and claim the coat. But the owner asked him to take off all his clothes. When lie was removing them with great humiliation, a stranger came and helped the narrator by paying his bill.

Question 16.
How was education imparted in BabarAli’s School?
Answer:
Haber All started his school at the age of nine. ¡n fact his school “Anand Siksha Niketan” grew out of a game. Initially, the children used to play with Babar as a teacher. His friends had never seen the inside of a school. so they enjoyed playing students, They ended learning arithmetic and enjoying it. In 2002, this game got institutionalized the strength of eight. Word spread and the numbers grew. Mans’ friends of Ah and Non-Government Organisations. lAS officers and local cops donated rice for midday meals. At last, Government took the initiative to provide rice to the school. Now the school has 800 students in total. ith 10 volunteer teachers teaching for classes one to eight. It is a godsent opportunity for the poor children of the neighboring villages.,

Question 17.
Why does the poet wish to become a tree?
Answer:
The speaker wanted to be a tree because no one would discriminate against it and birds wouldn’t ask to what caste it belonged and sunlight would (approach) embrace it and its shadow wouldn’t be termed polluted. It can make friendship with the cool breeze, and raindrops would not go back by thinking that it is untouchable. The tree would feel happy with the touch of a sacred cow and it would get the opportunity of providing shelter for the hundred thousand Gods said to be residing in the cow. The tree can become pure when it iš cut into dry pieces and burnt in the holy fire and can help the sinless dead both by becoming a bier on the shoulders of four good men.

The poem describes the sense of equality present in nature. Sunlight and cool breeze treat everybody with love and spread their sweetness to all without discrimination. Unlike some humans who feel polluted getting in contact with the untouchables. nature has no such sense of superiority. All are equal in their eves.

The poem also presents social discrimination, as the speaker is much humiliated by the social discrimination and wanted to become a tree to escape from discrimination in society. He feels the safety. purity and generosity and helping nature of a tree more than in human beings. In society, a man without thinking of helping others thinks which is pure and which is polluted. He neglects and discriminates against some and appreciates others in name of caste. creed and religion. So this practice is meaningless and the practice must be prohibited to sustain equality in society.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 18.
How did Mara’s sacrifice save the lake?
Answer:
Mara’s sacrifice remains eternal in the history of men who saved lakes. He was the man who didn’t think about himself even for a single day but always about others. In other words, his social service is unforgettable to the society, he is the great environmentalist whom the modem materialists must follow and adore to protect the natUre. Mara’s sacrifice of (leaving his body) taking his last breath is ultimate. Of course, today’s people cannot do that much but have to sacrifice a little of their wants and needs to protect nature. People should not pollute rivers in the name of ‘yatras’ and funerals. All superstitious beliefs and must be stopped now. Man must live according to his needs and not for his wants. For this, he has to follow the examples of tribals who live a contented life with whatever they get. They do not torture nature for coal or gold and live in a simple way. If men learn to lead a simple life that is the greatest sacrifice to protect nature from calamities.

Question 19.
How is the plight of the farmer’s wife depicted in the poem, “The Farmer’s Wife”?
Answer:
The poem “The Farmer’s Wife” is a tragic poem that reflects the helpless conditions of farmers’ widows. The plight of the widows is explained by one such widow. The poet uses man phrases to contrast her condition with that of her dead husband. She called the farmer as virtuous’ and herself a ‘poor sinner’. The farmer was unable to pay the debts and he left all the debts to his wife, so she was very sad about his act of committing suicide. The feminist concept was also highlighted in the poem, the phrase “I was born with a head bent” justifies the discrimination in our society between men and women. Man is born with his head held high, but a woman is born with her head bent. But he did not face his creditors bravely and left all this to his wife to solve.

She accused her husband that he poisoned himself and gone away by poisoning his wife’s existence. She remembered the memories of his beating. blaming, drinking, and kicking haunting her. She never dreamt that he would commit suicide. It was true that the crop was gone but the debt remained there and dignity had bit the dust. She expresses her helplessness that how would she be able to bear the burden of their four children. She compared her condition with ‘worm-eaten cotton pods.” She got ambiguous and asked what was that and why he committed suicide.

At last, she confidently asserts her determination to struggle out her life even without her husband for the sake of her children. So, she shos a strong will to survive against all difficulties. Her voice is raised against society in general.

Question 20.
How does Douglass portray the life of the slaves?
Answer:
The passage reflects the brutal hidden faces of the masters who treat their slaves cruelly. The slaves were not given proper food. They were exploited without any freedom. Especially for women, it was double exploitation in the name of patriarchy and in the name of slavery. When the girls at teenage seem to be beautiful for their masters, they use them sexually and if they give birth to children, the children were sold at the age of infants to avoid their sentimental relationship.

The passage also explains the heart-rendering description of walking at night for several miles of mothers to see their children. Moreover, they could talk only a little bit because the children would be tired and go to sleep but in the morning they have to go back to work before sunrise. 1f they fail, they get whipping. This shows the brutal nature of white masters towards their slaves.

Question 21.
Describe the changes that occur in the speaker’s attitude towards the old woman in the poem, “An Old Woman”.
Answer:
The poet by depicting her physical appearance makes ‘An Old Woman’ more sympathetic. The passer-by initially did not show much sympathy to her but later when he observes keenly her physical appearance and when she offered to become a tourist guide to sho% around the shrine, he was very much moved by her condition and admired her self respect. here, a passer represents anybody in general, Finally when he feels as if the sb was falling with the sound of plate glass clatter all around the old crone who was shatterproof and standing alone. he undergoes a change in attitude. So, the old woman was successful in evoking sympathy from anyone. in front of the temple.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 22.
Describe the circumstances that made Nicola and Jacopo homeless.
Answer:
War is the element of mass destruction and total annihilation of cities and populations. War not only affects soldiers but also civilians. Jacopo and Nicola are adversely affected by war. The boys lost everything in the war including their father and their house. War affected the boys emotionally. They were thrown onto the streets their sister became a victim of tuberculosis. Jacopo and Nicola’s sheer dint and hard work is an example that war may destroy home but not one’s heart.

III. Answer one of the following in about 200 words. (1 × 6 = 6)

Question 23.
How is the imperial attitude of the jungle lords brought out the lesson? “The Gentlemen of the Jungle”?
Answer:
“The Gentlemen of the Jungle” is an allegory with a moral. It is a political satire that shows the selfish ways of the colonizers. The animals represent the colonizers. Man as the colonized. The relationship of the colonizers and the colonized. The colonizers have an arrogant attitude. They think it is their duty to reform backward classes. The story tells about the selfish deeds of the animals who think they are jungle lords.
OR
“Money is dangerous due to man’s madness for it” – Substantiate your opinion.
Answer:
The poem Money Madness by D.H. Lawrence focuses on how a man becomes more materialistic and loses the values and sentiments in society. He respects money over relationships. Society goes on to measure a man in terms of money. A man who does not have money does not get respect from society and those who have more get respect and are obeyed by all. So to get all these social status, the man gives much importance to money and he never helps other fellow beings who a be in difficulties.

The poet says that man has this money madness and it is widely spread among men. Fie affirms that if society goes behind money, individuals to goes behind the same. He confirms that no man gives a pound without pain and no man gives ten pounds without trembling, and the man loses his generosity. Man makes more, but money makes man and many things. So. the man fears money and tries to accumulate it and respects it instead of other men. The poet also warns that money-less people should not be treated with neglect and should not be treated based on status.

The poet fears for mankind that if it measures another man only in terms of money, there would be no future for human relationships. If people do not regain sanity about money, certainly money has got men down to become its slaves So. the poet offers a genuine solution that bread shoUld be free, shelter should be free and fire should be free to all the people in the world.

In the overall view of the poem, the poet worries about man’s greed for money and offers a better solution for a better tomorrow.
OR
How does “Watchman of the Lake” brings out the idea that, “Nature is both protective and destructive”?
Answer:
Basically, nature is goodness personified. It showers its blessings on people in abundance. People must respect what nature provides them and reciprocate by not destroying nature. When people take care of the nature and environment, it protects them. Rivers, trees, hills are all part of nature and they are all for the benefit of mankind. When a man cuts down the trees, blasts the hills, etc., nature’s imbalance causes floods, landslides, and other calamities. Water flows in a river, and if used ise1v serves for drinking, irrigation, and other uses. This dry season there man’s not enough water, so excess water coming in torrents during monsoon should be stored by constructing tanks for the waters of the rivers. When the rivers are over-polluted. it results in overflow and floods causing loss of livers, lands, and properties. Nature that way is both productive and destructive.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

IV. Read the following passage and answer the questions set on it. (10 × 1 = 10)

Pineapple, one of the popular tropical fruits, is widely cultivated in South India; Assam, and the other Himalayan States. It is one of the rare fruits that can be grown in shades, preferably under mango trees. The plant grows widely in any soil and does not require much care.

The shoots of the plants reach maturity within a short span of time. It takes 15 to 22 months for a plant to bear fruit; the fruit possesses a wonderful taste and an excellent flavor. In America, some of the farmers are producing fibreless variety – One type of pineapple is almost without any core.

Pineapple has medicinal values. It contains an enzyme called Bromelain that helps the body digest protein and fats. So, pineapple juice along with the meals is recommended for people suffering from indigestion.

Fresh pineapple juice relieves thirst and soothes the throat, especially the vocal cords. So, it is a valuable tonic for singers. Another chemical product of pineapple is chlorine that stimulates the kidneys. In dropsy, a disease-causing collection of water fluid in the body. Pineapple juice is helpful in relieving jaundice and strengthening the liver. In Diptheria, pineapple juice relieves the misery and irritable condition of the throat. If the juice is sour, one should add honey instead of sugar to improve its medicinal properties.

Question 24.
Where is pineapple widely cultivated?
Answer:
In South India, Assam, and the other Himalayan States.

Question 25.
Which chemical present in pineapples stimulates kidneys?
Answer:
Chlorine.

Question 26.
How much time does the pineapple plant take to bear fruit?
Answer:
15 to 22 months.

Question 27.
Which variety of pineapples is grown in America?
Answer:
Fibreless Variety.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 28.
Who is recommended to take pineapple juice along with the meals?
Answer:
People Suffering from indigestion.

Question 29.
Which is the enzyme that helps the body digest protein and fats.
Answer:
Bromelain.

Question 30.
Why is fresh pineapple juice is a valuable tonic for singers?
Answer:
Soothes throat, especially vocal cords.

Question 31.
________ is a disease-causing water fluid collection in the body.
(a) Jaundice
(b) Dropsy
(c) Diptheria.
Answer:
(b) Dropsy

Question 32.
Add prefix to the word “digestion” to make an antonym of the word.
Answer:
Indigestion.

Question 33.
Find the word in the passage which means, “grown”.
Answer:
Cultivated.

V. A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles and prepositions given in brackets. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 34.
Verona is _______lovely city and rich_______history. The streets and splendid buildings are of _____exquisite pale honey colour. Romeo and Juliet are reputed _______ have lived there, (to, the, an, a, in).
Answer:
a, in, an, to.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the verbs given in brackets. (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 35.
In 1838, Frederick Douglass________(escape) from slavery and ________(go) to New York City where he_____ (marry) Anna Murray whom he _______(have + meet) in Baltimore.
Answer:
escaped, went, married, had met.

C. Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject. (1 × 3 = 3)

Question 36.
To go to school on a summer morning _______(drive/drives) away the joy of the boy. He _____ (spend/spends) the day in mesery and_____(sit/sits) in the cage.
Answer:
drives, spends, sits.

D. Correct the following sentences and rewrite them. (2 × 1 = 2)

Question 37.
He worked very hardly.
Answer:
He worked very hard.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 38.
He is superior than me.
Answer:
He is superior to me.

E. Rewrite as directed. (6 × 1 = 6)

Question 39.
The bird has a long blue ______(tale/tail). (Fill in the blacks with the appropriate word given in brackets)
Answer:
Tail.

Question 40.
Students learnt the correct (pronounce) of the words. (Complete the sentence With the right form of word given in the brackets).
Answer:
Pronunciation.

Question 41.
Oh the left side/Mara/everything/ had to chew/of his mouth. (Rearrange the segments to form a meaningful sentence)
Answer:
Mara had to chew everything on the left side of his mouth.

Question 42.
The boys had to work very hard to earn a living. (Add a question tag).
Answer:
Hadn’t they?

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

Question 43.
Mara tied it to the nearby tree. (Change into a question beginning with the right form of ‘Do’)
Answer:
Did Mara tie it to a near by tree?

Question 44.
The narrator went to a restaurant to have lunch. (Frame a question so as to get the underlined word as answers).
Answer:
Why did the narrator go to a restaurant?

VI. A. Refer to the following Train schedule and answer the question set on it : (4 × 1 = 4)

1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North) 1
Question 45.
(i) Which team has the highest run rate?
(ii) How many matches has Royal Challengers played?
(iii) How many matches has Rajasthan Royals lost?
(iv) Name the team that has the lowest run rate.
Answer:
(a)Mumbai
(ii) 5
(iii) 1
(iv) Sunrisers Hyderabad.

B. Imagine that you have lost your I PUC identity card. Write a letter to the Principal of your college requesting him/her to issue a duplicate identity card. (1 × 5 = 5)

Question 46.
Your letter should include the following points:

  • Reasons for the loss.
  • Your Register Number
  • Your home address.

Answer:
Neha Gupta
# 22, 1st cross,
Gandhinagar, Bangalore-04

28 February 2018
The Principal
Govt PU College.
Vidyanagar, Dharwad.

Respected Sir,/Madam,

Sub: Issue of Duplicate ID card.

I, Neha student oft PU Science section. 1 lost my identity card along with my purse on the bus. My register No is AN 146. My residential address is # 22, Pt crosses Gandhinagar, I3angalore-04. I kindly request you to issue a duplicate Id card.

Thank you,

Yours sincerely
Sd/
Neha Gupta.

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

VII. A. Match the expressions under column ‘A’ to its corresponding language functions under B. (5 × 1 = 5)

Question 47.

A. Expressions B. Functions
1. You can use my bicycle (a) Introducing
2. Aunt, could you buy me a pen? (b) Permission
3. Hello, I am Tirumalesh from Tipatur (c) Greeting
4. May I help you? (d) Request
5. Good Evening, Sir (e) Offering help

Answer:
(1)- b
(2)-d
(3)- a
(4) -e
(5)-c.

B. Complete the dialogue: (1 × 4 = 4)

Question 48.
Rahul and his wife Latha plan to have a holiday. They discuss the options. Write a dialogue between them.
Rahul: Latha today my boss told me that I could take a vacation.
Latha: __________ (Congratulating)
Rahul: _______________ (Idea of going to some hotel)
Latha: ____________(giving a different suggestion)
Rahul: Let us not argue. We will have our food at home only.
Latha: _________Thank you.
Answer:
Latha: Congratulations Rahul
Rahul; Let us to Taj Hotel and celebrate
Latha: No. let us go to Taj West End
Rahul: I agree, let us have food at home

KSEEB Solutions 1st PUC English Previous Year Question Paper March 2018 (North)

C. Dialogue Writing : (1 × 3 = 3)

Question 49.
Ravi buys a big gift from a gift center. He requests Raghu to help him to carry it towards the car. Write a dialogue between Ravi and Raghu.
Answer:
Ravi: Hi! Raghu, How are you”?
Raghu: Hi! Ravi. I am fine thank you.
Ravi: What brings you here?
Raghu: I came here to buy a gift for my friend.
Ravi: Raghu, can you please help me to carry my gift to my car.
Raghu: Sure, I will help you.
Ravi: Thank you Raghu. I shall drop you home.
Raghu: Thank you, Ravi