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Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 10 रिहर्सल

रिहर्सल Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
वैद्य परमानन्द बीमार स्त्री को कितने दिन तक खाना न खाने के लिए कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
‘वैद्य परमानन्द बीमार स्त्री को पंद्रह दिन तक खाना न खाने की सलाह देते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
किसान किसकी बीमारी के इलाज के लिए बैद्य परमानन्द के पास पहुंचता है?
उत्तरः
किसान गाय की बीमारी के इलाज के लिए वैद्य परमानन्द के पास पहुँचता है।

प्रश्न 3.
वैद्य परमानन्द हर बीमारी के लिए कौन-सी दवा देते हैं?
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानन्द हर बीमारी के लिए अमर भास्कर चूर्ण देते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग बीमार स्त्री को कमजोरी दूर करने का क्या उपाय बताते हैं?
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग बीमार स्त्री से कहते हैं कि वह हिम्मत से आँखें बंद करके शेर से लड़ें, पहाड़ों पर चढ़ें, तूफान में समुद्र में कूदकर अपनी कमजोरी दूर कर सकती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग किसान को किसकी फोटो लाने के लिए कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग किसान को गाय की फोटो लाने के लिए कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग किसे यमराज का सगा भाई कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग वैद्य परमानंद को यमराज का सगा भाई कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग लड़के को होश में लाने के लिए कैसी कहानियाँ सुनाने की सलाह देते हैं?
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग लड़के को होश में लाने के लिए ऐसी कहानियाँ सुनाने की सलाह देते हैं कि बेहोश व्यक्तियों के होश में आने का वर्णन हो।

प्रश्न 8.
वैद्य परमानंद के अनुसार लड़के को क्या हुआ है?
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानंद के अनुसार लड़के को सन्निपात हुआ है।

प्रश्न 9.
बेहोशी का अभिनय किसने किया?
उत्तरः
बेहोशी का अभिनय लड़के रमेश ने किया।

प्रश्न 10.
बेहोशी का अभिनय करने वाले लड़के का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तरः
बेहोशी का अभिनय करनेवाला रमेश था।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
सदा घबराहट महसूस करना किसकी निशानी है?
उत्तरः
सदा घबराहट महसूस करना मौत की निशानी है।

प्रश्न 12.
वैद्य परमानंद बीमार स्त्री को कहाँ चंदन का लेप करने के लिए कहा?
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानंद ने बीमार स्त्री को हृदय के भीतरी भाग पर चंदन का लेप करने के लिए कहा।

प्रश्न 13.
वैद्य परमानंद बेहोश बालक को कौन-सा रोग निश्चित करते हैं?
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानंद बेहोश बालक को सन्निपात रोग निश्चित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 14.
‘रिहर्सल’ एकांकी के लेखक कौन हैं?
उत्तरः
‘रिहर्सल’ एकांकी के लेखक ओमप्रकाश ‘आदित्य’ हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
वैद्य परमानन्द बीमार स्त्री का इलाज किस प्रकार करते हैं?
उत्तरः
‘बीमार स्त्री इलाज के लिए जब वैद्य परमानंद के पास जाती है तो वे उसे उसका बचना मुशकिल है कहकर खूब डराते है। बाद में उससे अजीब से प्रश्न पूछते है जिसका बीमारी से संबंध ही नहीं। उसके हृदय पर चंदन का लेप लगाने के लिए कहते है। उसके हाथ में अमर भास्कर चूर्ण देकर उसे इस तरह खाने को कहते है वह सिधे पेट में न जाकर हृदय में जाए। फिर उसे पंद्रह दिन तक खाना न खाने की सलाह देते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
वैद्य परमानंद गाय की बीमारी दूर करने का क्या उपाय बताते हैं?
उत्तरः
परमानंद ने किसान से कहा – तुम बीमार हो या तुम्हारी गाय, मेरे लिए एक ही बात है। लाओ, नब्ज दिखाओं। किसान बोला – जी, नब्ज मैं दिखाऊँ? परमानंद – और कौन दिखाएगा? गाय तुम्हारी बीमार है या किसी और की? नब्ज देखते हुए कहा – गाय की हालत चिंताजनक है। उसे शीघ्र चारा खिलाओ, नहीं तो मरे बिना नहीं मानेगी। उसे उसी का दूध निकालकर पिलाओ। यह अमर भास्कर चूर्ण ले जाओ, गरम पानी के साथ खा लेना। “मैं खाऊँ या गाय को खिलाऊँ?” “तुम भी खा लो, गाय को भी खिला दो। दोनों को लाभ पहुंचेगा।’

प्रश्न 3.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग बीमार स्त्री का इलाज किस ढंग से करते हैं?
उत्तरः
जब स्त्री प्रोफेसर साहब के पास पहुँचकर बोली – बीमार हूँ प्रोफेसर साहब! मेरा हृदय धड़कता है, घबराहट बहुत रहती है, कमजोरी कैसे दूर हो सकती है?, प्रोफेसर ने कहा – आपको भ्रम हो गया है, हृदय तो मेरा भी.धड़कता है, दिल की कमजोरी है, बीमारी नहीं है। हिम्मत रखिए, आँखें मूंद लीजिए, अब आप बीहड़ जंगल में हैं, हाथियों की चिंघाड़, शेरों की दहाड़, शेर आपकी ओर बढ़ रहा है, घबराइए मत, लड़िए उससे, अब इसे घूसे से मार दीजिए। उसके दाँत तोड़ दीजिए। स्त्री आँखें खोलती है। पांडुरंग जी! मैं चलती हूँ, नमस्ते। जाइए, महसूस कीजिए कि आप लक्ष्मीबाई की तरह तलवार चलाती बढ़ रही हैं। इस प्रकार प्रोफेसर बीमार स्त्री का इलाज करते है।

प्रश्न 4.
वैद्य और प्रोफेसर के आमने-सामने आने के बाद का दृश्य प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानंद और प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग आमने-सामने आने के बाद एक-दूसरे पर व्यंग्य करते हैं। प्रोफेसर परमानंद को ‘यमराज का सगा भाई’ कहते हैं तो परमानंद प्रोफेसर को ‘वात-पित्त-कफ’ कहता है। प्रत्युत्तर व्यंग्य करते हुए वह कहता है कि तुम यदि किसी की नब्ज भी पकड़ लेते हो, तो उसकी जान चली जाती है। इस प्रकार आपस में हँसी-मजाक भी होती है और ताने भी दिए जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
रमेश ने बेहोशी का अभिनय क्यों किया?
उत्तरः
रमेश अपने घर में बेहोश हो जाता है। उसके चिंतित पिता वैद्य परमानंद और प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को बुला लाते है। परमानंद के अनुसार लड़के को सन्निपात है तथा प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग के अनुसार उसे स्नायुरोग है। यह सब सुनकर लड़का घबडा जाता है और चादर फेंककर उठते हुए कहता है कि वह पूरी तरह होश में है। न उसे भ्रम है और न उसे कुछ महसूस करने की जरूरत है। स्कूल में होने वाले नाटक जिसमें उसे दो घंटे बेहोशी का अभिनय करना है, वह उसीकी रिहर्सल कर रहा था।

प्रश्न 6.
वैद्य परमानंद का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानंद का आयु लगभग 50 वर्ष है। आँखों पर चश्मा, लम्बी दाढ़ी, झुर्सदार मूंछे हैं। परमानंद स्वयं समझते हैं कि उनके रोगी उनके पास दुबारा नहीं लौटते। हर प्रकार के रोग के लिए उनके पास एक ही दवा है और वह है ‘अमर भास्कर चूर्ण’। उन्हें इस बात की परवाह नहीं कि उनकी दवा से कोई रोगी ठीक होगा या नहीं, उन्हें तो बस सभी को खिलाना है ‘अमर भास्कर चूर्ण’। यहाँ तक कि गाय को भी वही चूर्ण खिलाने को कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग की उम्र बयालीस वर्ष है। उनकी दाढ़ी फ्रेंचकट है, मूंछे साफ, आँखों पर मोटे फ्रेम का चश्मा लगाते हैं। सूट पहनते हैं और टाई लगाते हैं। बीमारियों का इलाज करते हैं। बीमार स्त्री को आँखें बंद करके जंगल में होने का महसूस करने को कहते हैं और शेर को घूसे से मारने को कहते हैं। किसान की बीमार गाय के इलाज के लिए उसका फोटो लाने को कहते हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 8.
प्रोफेसर पांडूरंग किसान को क्या हिदायतें देता हैं?
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग के सामने एक किसान अपनी गाय की बीमारी की समस्या लेकर आता है। तब प्रोफेसर किसान को कहते हैं- अपनी गाय का चेहरा लेकर आना। गाय का चेहरा देखे बिना मैं बीमारी का निदान नहीं कर सकता। चेहरा न ला सको तो उसका एक फोटो खिंचवाकर ही ले आना।

III. निम्नलिखित वाक्य किसने किससे कहे?

प्रश्न 1.
परहेज ही तो असली इलाज है।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य वैद्य परमानन्द ने बीमार स्त्री से कहा।

प्रश्न 2.
तुम भी खा लेना, गाय को भी खिला देना।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य वैद्य परमानन्द ने किसान से कहा।

प्रश्न 3.
नहीं, कई बेटे अपने बाप से भी बड़े हो जाते हैं।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य वैद्य परमानन्द ने अध्यापक से कहा।

प्रश्न 4.
ठीक तो हो जायेगा, पर होश में नहीं आयेगा।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य वैद्य परमानन्द ने रमेश की माँ से कहा।

प्रश्न 5.
तुझे क्या हो गया था मेरे लाड़ले।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य माँ ने अपने पुत्र रमेश से कहा।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
“यही तो मौत की निशानी है।”
उत्तरः
इस वाक्य को वैद्य परमानंद ने स्त्री से कहा।

प्रश्न 7.
“आप गिर नहीं रहे हैं। आप महसूस कीजिए कि नहीं गिर रहे हैं।”
उत्तरः
इस वाक्य को प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग ने वैद्य परमानन्द से कहा।

प्रश्न 8.
“आपको भ्रम हो गया है, आप बीमार नहीं है।”
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग बीमार स्त्री से कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
“घबराइए मत। आँखें मत खोलिए, आप शेर से लडिए।”
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग बीमार स्त्री से कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
“इसकी नब्ज़ बता रही है कि यह बेहोश है।”
उत्तरः
वैद्य परमानन्द ने पिता से कहा।

प्रश्न 11.
“इसका चेहरा कह रहा है कि यह होश में है।”
उत्तरः
प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग ने वैद्य परमानंद से कहा।

IV. ससंदर्भ स्पष्टीकरण कीजिएः

प्रश्न 1.
मरना तो कोई नहीं चाहता, लेकिन मैंने अपने रोगियों को अक्सर मरते देखा है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : बीमार स्त्री जब वैद्य परमानंद के पास इलाज के लिए आती है तब स्त्री की नब्ज पकड़ते हुए परमानंद यह वाक्य कहते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : वैद्य परमानन्द के पास एक अधेड़ उम्र की स्त्री आती है और आकर बेंच पर बैठती है। वह बीमार है। स्त्री वैद्य परमानन्द को बतलाती है कि उसका दिल धड़कता है, नीन्द नहीं आती, आदि-आदि। यह सुनकर वैद्य जी उस स्त्री से कहते हैं कि उसका बचना मुश्किल हैं। स्त्री मरना नहीं चाहती। वैद्य से प्रार्थना करती है कि उसे बचाले। तब वैद्य परमानंद उक्त वाक्य को स्त्री से कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
हृदय का गुण ही धड़कना है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रोफेसर पाण्डुरंग के पास बीमार स्त्री जब इलाज के लिए फिर आती है तब पाण्डुरंग कहते हैं कि उसे भ्रम हो गया है। स्त्री बतलाती है कि उसका हृदय धड़कता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : जब बीमार स्त्री ने कहा कि उसका हृदय धड़कता है तो प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग ने उससे कहा – हृदय तो मेरा भी धड़कता हैं, दुनिया में हर आदमी का धड़कता है। इसमें नयी बात क्या है? हृदय का काम ही धड़कना है। आप को दिल की कमजोरी है, बीमारी नहीं है जिसे धैर्य और कल्पना के सहारे ठीक किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 3.
मुझे डर है कि कहीं यहाँ बैठे-बैठे मेरा दिल धड़कना बंद न कर दे।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं। – संदर्भ : प्रोफेसर के इलाज के दौरान स्त्री झटके के साथ उठकर तेजी से बाहर जाते हुए यह वाक्य कहती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : जब प्रोफेसर ने कहा – आपका दिल लोहे की तरह मजबूत हो जाएगा, तब स्त्री ने कहा – पांडुरंग जी! मुझे डर है कि कहीं यहाँ बैठे-बैठे मेरा दिल धड़कना बन्द न कर दे। मैं चलती हूँ, नमस्ते।

प्रश्न 4.
इसे भ्रम हो गया है कि यह बेहोश है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : माँ कहती है कि यह बेहोश है और आपको कहानियाँ सूझ रही है प्रोफेसर परमानन्द तब कहते हैं कि इसे भ्रम हुआ है कि यह बेहोश है। .
स्पष्टीकरण : जब माँ कहती है – यह बेहोश है, आपको कहानियों की सूझ रही है। प्रोफेसर ने कहा – यह बेहोश नहीं है। परमानंद ने कहा – तो क्या है? तब प्रोफेसर ने कहा – इसे भ्रम हो गया है कि यह बेहोश है। असल में यह होश में ही है।

प्रश्न 5.
सन्निपात है वैद्य परमानंद को और स्नायुरोग है प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : जब लड़का बेहोश हो जाता है तभी दोनों आपस में एक दूसरे से कहते हैं कि इसे स्नायु रोग है तो दूसरा इसे सन्निपात रोग कहता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : जब माँ ने कहा – हाय राम! ये तो रोग पर रोग बढ़ाये जा रहे हैं, तब लड़का कहता है – सन्निपात है वैद्य परमानंद को और स्नायुरोग है प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को। मैं पूरी तरह होश में हूँ। न मुझे भ्रम है और न कुछ महसूस करने की जरूरत।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
“अरे, आग लगे तेरी रिहर्सल को। तू बीस-तीस मिनट और ऐसे ही रहता तो मेरी रिहर्सल हो जाती
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : माँ अपने लड़के रमेश को डाँटते हुए कहती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : रमेश अचानक होश में आ जाता है। तब रमेश की माँ उसे अंक में भरकर पूछती है – तुझे क्या हो गया था मेरे लाडले। तब रमेश कहता है – मैं तो स्कूल में होने जा रहे नाटक में बेहोशी के अभिनय के लिए रिहर्सल कर रहा था। तब माँ गुस्से में कहती है, अरे, आग लगे तेरी रिहर्सल को। तू बीस-तीस मिनट और ऐसे ही रहता तो मेरी रिहर्सल हो जाती।

प्रश्न 7.
“कौन? वैद्य परमानंद! यमराज का सगा भाई।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रोफेसर, अध्यापक के घर अचानक वैद्य परमानंद को देखकर कहते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : वैद्य परमानन्द बारह वर्षीय अचेत लड़के का ईलाज कर रहे हैं। घरवाले सभी चिन्तित है। तभी लड़के की बहन प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को भी बुला लाती है। प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग वहाँ वैद्य को देखकर कहते हैं – कौन? वैद्य परमानंद! यमराज का सगा भाई! वे इसलिए ऐसा कहते हैं कि परमानंद के द्वारा इलाज किया गया व्यक्ति जिन्दा नहीं बचता है। वे साक्षात यमराज हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
“गाय बीमार है तो तुम किसलिए आए हो? गाय का इलाज क्या तुम्हारी शक्ल देखकर करूँ?”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : गाय की बीमारी लेकर आये किसान को प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग यह वाक्य कहते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : एक किसान प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को राम-राम करता है। तब प्रोफेसर उसकी शक्ल देखकर कहते हैं – तुम्हे किसी तरह की कोई बीमारी नहीं है। किसान कहता हैं मैं आज तक बीमार नहीं हुआ। पिछले दस दिनों से मेरी गाय बीमार है। तब प्रोफेसर कहते हैं – गाय बीमार है तो तुम किसलिए आए हो? गाय का इलाज क्या तुम्हारी शक्ल देखकर करूँ?

प्रश्न 9.
“अच्छा। उसे उसी का दूध निकालकर पिलाओ।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : वैद्य परमानंद बीमार गाय की समस्या लेकर आए किसान से यह वाक्य कहते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : किसान वैद्य परमानंद जी से कहता है – वैद्य जी, मेरी गाय बीमार है। दस दिन से न चारा खाती है न दूध देती है। वैद्य जी किसान कि नब्ज देखने लगते है – गाय को शीघ्र चारा खिलाओं नहीं तो मरे बिना नहीं रह सकती। किसान कहता है उसे चारा नहीं खाने का ही . तो रोग है। तब वैद्य परमानंद कहते हैं – उसे उसी का दूध निकालकर पिलाओं।

प्रश्न 10.
“हृदय के भीतरी भाग पर चंदन का लेप कीजिए।’
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रिहर्सल’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक ओमप्रकाश आदित्य हैं।
संदर्भ : वैद्य परमानंद दिल की बीमारी से पीड़ित स्त्री को कहते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : एक स्त्री वैद्य परमानंद के पास दिल की धड़कन की बीमारी बताती हैं। तब वैद्य जी उसे अजीब सलाह देते हैं। वे नब्ज देखकर कहते हैं – हृदय के भीतरी भाग पर चंदन का लेप कीजिए। स्त्री पूछती है भीतरी भाग पर? तब वे उसे अमर भास्कर का चूर्ण देते हुए कहते हैं – इसे इस तरह खाइये कि पेट में न जाकर सीधा हृदय में जाये।

V. अन्य लिंग रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
हाथी, शेर, लड़का, गाय, पिता, अध्यापक, भगवान।
उत्तरः

• हाथी – हथिनी
• शेर – शेरनी
• लड़का – लड़की
• गाय – बैल
• पिता – माता
• अध्यापक – अध्यापिका
• भगवान – भगवती।

VI. अन्य वचन रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
दुकान, घंटा, किताब, मूंछ, मुद्रा, सपना।
उत्तरः

• दुकान – दुकानें
• घंटा – घंटे
• किताब – किताबें
• मूंछ – मूंछे
• मुद्रा – मुद्राएँ
• सपना – सपने।

VII. विलोम शब्द लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
बेहोश, मोटा, मौत, शीघ्र, छोटा।
उत्तरः

• बेहोश × होश
• मोटा × पतला
• मौत × बेमौत (जिंदगी)
• शीघ्र × विलम्ब
• छोटा × बड़ा।

रिहर्सल लेखक परिचयः

हिन्दी साहित्य जगत के प्रसिद्ध हास्य-व्यग्य रचनाकार ओमप्रकाश ‘आदित्य’ का जन्म ‘ 5 नवंबर 1936 को रणसीका, गुड़गाँव (हरियाणा) में हुआ। आपने दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय से एम.ए. (हिन्दी) की उपाधि प्राप्त की। गंभीर कविताओं से प्रारंभ करके हास्य-व्यंग्य के क्षेत्र में अवतरित होनेवाले ‘आदित्य’ जी ने आज कवि के रूप में हिन्दी मंच को और निबंधकार के रूप में पाठक वर्ग को पूरी तरह जकड़ लिया है। हास्य-एकांकी लेखन के क्षेत्र में भी आपने अपने जौहर दिखाए हैं। आपकी मृत्यु 8 जून 2009 को भोपाल के नजदीक कार दुर्घटना में हुई।

प्रमुख कृतियाँ: ‘थर्ड डिवीज़न’, ‘इधर भी गधे हैं, उधर भी गधे हैं’, ‘तोता एंड मैना’, ‘उल्लू का इंटरव्यू’, ‘माडर्न शादी’, ‘घट-घट व्यापी भ्रष्टाचार’, ‘गौरी बैठी छत पर’ आदि सम्मिलित हैं। प्रस्तुत एकांकी ‘श्रेष्ट हास्य-व्यंग्य एकांकी – काका हाथरसी’ डा. गिरिराज शरण अग्रवाल से संकलित की गई है। इस एकांकी में वैद्य परमानन्द तथा प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग अनोखे ढंग से मरीजों का इलाज करते हैं। रमेश के बेहोशी के अभिनय ने एकांकी को न सिर्फ हास्य-व्यंग्य से सराबोर किया है बल्कि वैद्य और प्रोफेसर की सच्चाई को भी भलीभाँति उजागर किया है।

रिहर्सल Summary in Hindi

पात्रवर्गः

1. एक बीमार स्त्री
2. वैद्य परमानन्द
3. किसान
4. अध्यापक
5. प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग
6. एक बालक (रमेश)
7. बालक के पिता, माता आदि।

श्री ओमप्रकाश ‘आदित्य’ हिन्दी में एक सफल एकांकीकार हैं। इन्होंने ‘रिहर्सल’ एकांकी में दो वैद्यों के अशास्त्रीय चिकित्सा-विधान का मजाक उड़ाया है। लेखक ने अपने हास्य-चातुर्य से वातावरण को आल्हादकारी बनाया है। लेखक का संकेत है कि ऐसे अयोग्य वैद्यों से दूर रहना चाहिए।

परमानंद एक आयुर्वेद वैद्य हैं। वे हर रोग की रामबाण औषधि ‘अमर भास्कर चूर्ण’ मानते हैं। हर किसी रोगी को, हर किसी बीमारी के लिए परमानंद उन्हें यही दवा देते हैं। एक बार एक किसान अपनी गाय लेकर वैद्य परमानंद के पास आया। तुरंत वैद्य ने ‘अमर भास्कर चूर्ण’ उसके हाथ में रख दिया। किसान ने चकित होकर कहा कि वैद्यजी! बीमारी मुझे नहीं, मेरी गाय को है। तब वैद्यजी ने तड़ाक से जवाब दिया कि बीमारी उसे है या उसकी गाय को, कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता। यही दवा गाय को पिलाओ। गाय ठीक हो जाएगी। किसान अवाक् रह गया।

प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग अजीब, ढंग के वैद्य हैं। जब कोई मरीज उसके पास आता है, वह रोगी से कई उलटे-सीधे सवाल करके उसकी जान खाता है। मरीज की शिकायत सुने बिना प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग दवा देता है। एक बीमार स्त्री दिल की धड़कन की शिकायत लेकर प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग के पास आई।

प्रोफेसर ने उससे कहा कि दिल की धड़कन तो होगी है। वह तो उसका गुण धर्म है। आँधी-तूफान में, शेर-बाघ के सामने उसे धैर्य से खड़े होना चाहिए। यह दिल कुछ नहीं कर सकता। हर स्त्री को दिलेर बनने की सलाह देता है। वह स्त्री अपना सिर पीटते हुए चली जाती है।

रमेश नामक बारह साल का लड़का बेहोश हो गया था। वैद्य परमानंद उस लड़के की जाँच करने उसके घर आता है। वह लड़के की जाँच करके ऊट-पटांग बातें करने लगता है। इतने में लड़के की बहन प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग को बुला लाती है। दोनों वैद्य आपस में छींटाकशी करने लगते हैं। आपस में वे दोनों झगड़ने लगते हैं। इधर लड़के के माँ-बाप परेशान होते हैं। मगर वैद्यों का झगड़ा खत्म नहीं होता। इतने में बेहोश लड़का उठ बैठता है। यह देखकर सब लोग दंग रह जाते हैं। तब लड़का रमेश कहता है कि अगले दिन स्कूल के वार्षिकोत्सव नाटक में बेहोशी का अभिनय करना था। ‘रिहर्सल’ के तौर पर उसने बेहोश होने का नाटक किया।

यह सुनकर वैद्य परमानंद जी सचमुच बेहोश होने लगते हैं और प्रोफेसर पांडुरंग उसे उठाने लगते है|

रिहर्सल Summary in Kannada

रिहर्सल Summary in English

Characters:

1. A sick woman
2. Doctor Paramanand
3. Farmer
4. Teacher
5. Professor Pandurang
6. A boy (Ramesh)
7. The boy’s parents

Shri Omprakash ‘Aditya’ is a successful Hindi playwright. This play, ‘Rehearsal is a satire on the unscientific medical practices of two doctors. With his brilliant comic timing, the playwright has created an atmosphere of chivalry and light humour. The play gives us the message that we must be wary of such untrained or unskilled doctors.

Paramanand is an ayurvedic doctor. He considers ‘Amar Bhaskar Churna’ to be the miraculous remedy for every disease. Whatever be the disease and whoever be the patient, Paramanand would always recommend the same medicine to everyone. Once a farmer came to Paramanand with his sick cow. Immediately, Paramanand put ‘Amar Bhaskar Churna’ in the farmer’s hand. The farmer was taken aback and he told Paramanand that he was not the one who was ill, but it was rather his cow that was ill. Paramanand replied immediately that it did not matter whether the illness plagued the farmer or his cow. He told the farmer to give the medicine to the cow, and that the cow would get well. The farmer was left speechless.

Professor Pandurang is a strange kind of doctor. Whenever a patient visits him, he asks ridiculous questions and harasses his patients. He prescribes medicines without listening to the complaints of the patient. Once, a woman patient visited Professor Pandurang with a complaint. about her heartbeat. Professor Pandurang told the woman that the heart would always beat – it was the heart’s basic characteristic. According to him, during a storm, or when confronted by a lion or tiger, the heart should stand its ground with courage. He told her that the heart cannot do anything as such and he advised her that all women must try to be courageous. The woman left, beating her own forehead for visiting such a doctor.

Once, a twelve-year-old boy, Ramesh, fainted. Doctor Paramanand arrived at the boy’s house in order to check up on the boy. Just then, the boy’s sister arrived, having brought along Professor Pandurang to treat her brother. Both the doctors then began to bicker between themselves. Soon, they began to argue about the disease the boy was suffering from. The boy’s parents began to get worried. But, the doctors did not stop fighting. Just then, the boy, Ramesh, got up. This surprised everyone and they were all stunned. Then, Ramesh explained that he had to enact a fainting scene in the Annual school play which was to be held the following day. He explained that he wanted to rehearse, and therefore he acted as he had fainted.
Hearing this,Vaidya Paramanand fainted. Professor Pandurang tried to wake him up.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• नब्ज – नाड़ी, रक्त वाहिनी शिराएँ;
• परहेज – हानिकारक एवं अहितकर वस्तुओं का सेवन न करना;
• बीहड़ – विषम, घना, ऊबड़-खाबड़;
• पैताने – वह दिशा जिधर पैर फैलाकर सोया जाए;
• अंक में भरना – गले लगाना, लिपटाना।

You can Download Chapter 9 राष्ट्र का स्वरूप Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 9 राष्ट्र का स्वरूप

राष्ट्र का स्वरूप Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए :

प्रश्न 1.
किनके सम्मिलन से राष्ट्र का स्वरूप बनता है?
उत्तरः
भूमि, जन और संस्कृति के सम्मिलन से राष्ट्र का स्वरूप बनता है।

प्रश्न 2.
किसकी कोख में अमूल्य निधियाँ भरी हैं?
उत्तरः
धरती माता की कोख में अमूल्य निधियाँ भरी हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
सच्चे अर्थों में पृथ्वी का पुत्र कौन है?
उत्तरः
निष्काम भाव से सेवा करनेवाला ही सच्चे अर्थों में पृथ्वी का पुत्र हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
पुत्र का स्वाभाविक कर्तव्य क्या है?
उत्तरः
माता के प्रति अनुराग और सेवाभाव ही पुत्र का स्वाभाविक कर्तव्य है।

प्रश्न 5.
माता अपने सब पुत्रों को किस भाव से चाहती है?
उत्तरः
माता अपने सब पुत्रों को समान भाव से चाहती है।

प्रश्न 6.
राष्ट्र का तीसरा अंग कौन-सा है?
उत्तरः
राष्ट्र का तीसरा अंग संस्कृति है।

प्रश्न 7.
राष्ट्र की वृद्धि किसके द्वारा संभव है?
उत्तरः
राष्ट्र की वृद्धि संस्कृति के द्वारा संभव है।

प्रश्न 8.
राष्ट्र का सुखदायी रूप क्या है?
उत्तरः
समन्वययुक्त जीवन ही राष्ट्र का सुखदायी रूप है।

प्रश्न 9.
संस्कृति का अमित भंडार किसमें भरा हुआ है?
उत्तरः
संस्कृति का अमित भंडार स्वच्छन्द लोक गीतों और विकसित लोक कथाओं में भरा हुआ है।

प्रश्न 10.
‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं?
उत्तरः
‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ पाठ के लेखक श्री वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
सच्चे अर्थ में समस्त राष्ट्रीय विचारधाराओं की जननी कौन हैं?
उत्तरः
सच्चे अर्थ में समस्त राष्ट्रीय विचारधाराओं की जननी पृथ्वी माता हैं।

प्रश्न 12.
जो जन मातृभूमि के साथ अपना संबंध जोड़ना चाहते हैं, उन्हें किनके प्रति ध्यान देना चाहिए?
उत्तरः
जो जन मातृभूमि के साथ अपना संबंध जोड़ना चाहते हैं, उन्हें राष्ट्र-निर्माण के प्रति ध्यान देना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 13.
किसके विकास और अभ्युदय के द्वारा राष्ट्र की वृद्धि संभव है?
उत्तरः
संस्कृति के विकास और अभ्युदय के द्वारा राष्ट्र की वृद्धि संभव है।

प्रश्न 14.
पृथ्वी का सांगोपांग अध्ययन किसके लिए बहुत ही आनंदप्रद कर्तव्य माना जाता है?
उत्तरः
पृथ्वी का सांगोपांग अध्ययन जागरणशील राष्ट्र के लिए बहुत ही आनंदप्रद कर्तव्य माना जाता है।

प्रश्न 15.
किसका प्रवाह अनंत होता है?
उत्तरः
जन का प्रवाह अनंत होता है।

प्रश्न 16.
भूमि का निर्माण किसने किया है?
उत्तरः
भूमि का निर्माण देवों ने किया है।

प्रश्न 17.
भूमि कब से है?
उत्तरः
भूमि अनंत काल से है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
राष्ट्र को निर्मित करनेवाले तत्वों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तरः
भूमि, भूमि पर बसनेवाले जन और जन की संस्कृति इन तीनों के सम्मिलन से राष्ट्र का स्वरूपे बनता है। भूमि के प्रति हम जितने जागृत होंगे, उतनी ही हमारी राष्ट्रीयता बलवती होगी। मातृभूमि पर निवास करनेवाले मनुष्य राष्ट्र का दूसरा अंग है। पृथ्वी माता है और जन उसके पुत्र हैं। राष्ट्र का तीसरा अंग जन की संस्कृति है। संस्कृति के विकास और अभ्युदय के द्वारा ही राष्ट्र की वृद्धि संभव है।

प्रश्न 2.
धरती ‘वसुंधरा’ क्यों कहलाती है?
उत्तरः
धरती माता की कोख में अमूल्य निधियाँ भरी हैं, जिनके कारण वह वसुंधरा कहलाती है। लाखो, करोड़ों वर्षो से अनेक प्रकार की धातुओं को पृथ्वी के गर्भ में पोषण मिला है। नदियों ने पहाड़ों को पीस-पीसकर अगणित प्रकार की मिट्टियों से पृथ्वी की देह को सजाया है। पृथ्वी की गोद में जन्म लेनेवाले जड़-पत्थर कुशल शिल्पियों से सँवारे जाने पर अत्यन्त सौन्दर्य के प्रतीक बन जाते हैं। नाना प्रकार के अनगढ़ रत्न, विन्ध्य की नदियों के प्रवाह में चिलकते घाट से नई शोभा फूट पड़ती है।

प्रश्न 3.
राष्ट्र निर्माण में जन का क्या योगदान होता है?
उत्तरः
जन के हृदय में राष्ट्रीयता की कुंजी है। इसी भावना से राष्ट्र-निर्माण के अंकुर उत्पन्न होते हैं। जो जन पृथ्वी के साथ माता और पुत्र के सम्बन्ध को स्वीकार करता है, उसे ही पृथ्वी के वरदानों में भाग पाने का अधिकार है। माता के प्रति अनुराग और सेवाभाव पुत्र का स्वाभाविक कर्तव्य है। जो जन मातृभूमि के साथ अपना सम्बन्ध जोड़ना चाहता है, उसे अपने कर्तव्यों के प्रति पहले ध्यान देना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
लेखक ने संस्कृति को जीवन-विटप का पुष्प क्यों कहा है?
उत्तरः
राष्ट्र के समग्र रूप में भूमि और जन के साथ-साथ जन की संस्कृति का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। यदि भूमि और जन अपनी संस्कृति से विरहित कर दिए जायँ, तो राष्ट्र का लोप समझना चाहिए। जीवन के विटप का पुष्प संस्कृति है। संस्कृति के सौंदर्य और सौरभ में ही राष्ट्रीय जन के जीवन का सौन्दर्य और यश अन्तर्निहित है। जीवन के विकास की युक्ति ही संस्कृति के रूप में प्रकट होती है।

प्रश्न 5.
समन्वययुक्त जीवन के संबंध में वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल के विचार प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तरः
माता अपने सब पुत्रों को समान भाव से चाहती है। इसी प्रकार पृथ्वी पर बसनेवाले जन बराबर हैं। उनमें ऊँच और नीच का भाव नहीं है। ये जन अनेक प्रकार की भाषाएँ बोलनेवाले
और अनेक धर्मों को माननेवाले हैं, फिर भी ये मातृभूमि के पुत्र हैं और इस कारण इनका सौहार्द्र भाव अखंड है। समन्वय के मार्ग से भरपूर प्रगति और उन्नति करने का सबको समान अधिकार है। राष्ट्रीय जीवन की अनेक विधियाँ राष्ट्रीय संस्कृति में समन्वय प्राप्त करती हैं। समन्वययुक्त जीवन ही राष्ट्र का सुखदायी रूप है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
राष्ट्रीयता कैसे बलवती होती है?
उत्तरः
लेखक कहते हैं, भूमि के भौतिक रूप, उसके सौन्दर्य और समृद्धि के प्रति सचेत होना हमारा कर्तव्य है। इस भूमि के पार्थिव स्वरूप अर्थात् पहाड़, नदियाँ, मनुष्य सबकुछ के प्रति हम जितने अधिक जागरूक होंगे उतनी ही हमारी राष्ट्रीयता की भावना बलवती होगी।

प्रश्न 7.
‘माता पृथ्वी को प्रणाम’ – इसी दृढ़ भित्ती पर राष्ट्र का भवन कैसे निर्मित है?
उत्तरः
भूमि और जन मिलकर ही राष्ट्र की कल्पना को साकार करते हैं। जिस समय जन का हृदय भूमि के साथ माता और पुत्र के संबंध को पहचानता है उसी समय उसके भीतर ‘माता पृथ्वी को प्रणाम है’ का भाव प्रकट होता है। इसी प्रणाम भाव की दृढ़ भित्ति पर राष्ट्र का भवन तैयार होता है।

प्रश्न 8.
‘पृथ्वी पर बसनेवाले जन बराबर हैं। इस विषय पर लेखक क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
माता अपने सभी पुत्रों को समान भाव से चाहती है। पृथ्वी पर बसनेवाले सभी जन बराबर हैं। उनमें ऊँच-नीच का भाव नहीं है। इस पृथ्वी पर नगर और जनपद, पुर और गाँव, जंगल और पर्वत अनेक प्रकार के जनों से भरे हुए हैं। ये जन अनेक प्रकार की भाषाएँ एवं धर्मों को मानने वाले हैं, फिर भी ये मातृभूमि के पुत्र है।

प्रश्न 9.
विभिन्न समुदाय, संस्कृतियों के समन्वय के बारे में लेखक क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
विभिन्न समुदाय, संस्कृतियों के समन्वय के बारे में लेखक कहते हैं कि जिस प्रकार जंगल में अनेक लता, वृक्ष और वनस्पति बिना किसी भेदभाव, विरोध के वृद्धि करते हैं, ठीक उसी प्रकार राष्ट्रीय जन अपनी संस्कृतियों के द्वारा एक-दूसरे के साथ मिलकर राष्ट्र में रहते हैं। जिस प्रकार नदियों के प्रवाह समुद्र में मिलकर एक हो जाते हैं, उसी तरह राष्ट्रीय जीवन की अनेक परंपराएँ राष्ट्रीय संस्कृति में समन्वय प्राप्त करती हैं। उपलब्धियों को हथं संस्कृति के क्षेत्र मध्यता का निर्माण किया है।

प्रश्न 10.
पूर्वजों के बारे में हमें कैसी भावना रखनी चाहिए?
उत्तरः
हमारे पूर्वजों ने ही युग-युगों से सभ्यता का निर्माण किया है। उन्होंने चरित्र और धर्म-विज्ञान, साहित्य, कला एवं संस्कृति के क्षेत्र में जो कुछ भी पराक्रम किया है उस पराक्रम को, उनकी उपलब्धियों को हमें गौरव के साथ स्वीकार करना चाहिए। अतीत हमारे लिए बोझ नहीं बल्कि गर्व की बात है। इसलिए हमें हमारे पूर्वजों के प्रति गौरव का भाव रखना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 11.
विज्ञान और उद्यम दोनों से हम क्या खड़ा कर सकते हैं?
उत्तरः
विज्ञान और उद्यम दोनों को मिलाकर हम राष्ट्र के भौतिक स्वरूप का नया ठाट खड़ा कर सकते हैं। इस कार्य को प्रसन्नता, उत्साह और अथक परिश्रम के द्वारा नित्य आगे बढ़ाना चाहिए। देश की प्रगति के लिए सभी जनों का सामूहिक प्रयास जरूरी है।

III. ससंदर्भ स्पष्टीकरण कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
भूमि माता है, मैं उसका पुत्र हूँ।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : जब तक लोगों के मन में भूमि के प्रति स्वाभाविक प्रेम, आदर सेवाभाव नहीं रहता – राष्ट्र की प्रगति नहीं हो सकती।
स्पष्टीकरण : मनुष्य अपनी माँ की कोख से जन्म लेता है, लेकिन बाद में उसका उदर पोषण करनेवाली माता पृथ्वी माता है। पृथ्वी न हो तो अन्न नहीं, जीवन नहीं, संस्कृती नहीं। पृथ्वी और जन दोनों के सम्मिलन से ही राष्ट्र का स्वरूप संपादित होता है। इसलिये लेखक कहते है कि भूमि माता है, मैं उसका पुत्र हूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
यह प्रणाम भाव ही भूमि और जन का दृढ़ बंधन होता है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक के अनुसार कि जिस समय जन का हृदय भूमि के साथ माता और पुत्र के संबंध को पहचानता है, उसी समय (क्षण) आनंद और श्रद्धा से भरा हुआ इसका प्रणाम भाव मातृभूमि के लिए दृढ़ बंधन बन जाता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक कहते हैं कि – लोगों के हृदय में भूमि माता है, मैं उसका पुत्र हूँ। इसी भावना के द्वारा मनुष्य पृथ्वी के साथ अपने सच्चे संबंध को प्राप्त करते हैं। जहाँ यह भाव नहीं है, वहाँ जन और भूमि का संबंध अचेतन और जड़ बना रहता है। जिस समय जन का हृदय भूमि के साथ माता और पुत्र के संबंध को पहचानता है, उसी क्षण आनंद और श्रद्धा से भरा हुआ उसका प्रणाम भाव मातृभूमि के लिए इस प्रकार होता है कि यह प्रणाम भाव ही भूमि और जन का दृढ़ बंधन होता है।

प्रश्न 3.
जन का प्रवाह अनंत होता है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : जन का प्रवाह अनंत होता है यदि भूमि और जन अपनी संस्कृति से अलग कर दिये जाए तो राष्ट्र का लोप समझना चाहिए।
स्पष्टीकरण : हजारों वर्षों से भूमि के साथ राष्ट्रीय जन ने तादात्मय स्थापित किया है। उसका प्रवाह अनंत है। जब तक सूरज की किरणें संसार को अमृत से भरता रहेगा तब तक राष्ट्रीय जन का जीवन भी अमर है। जन का संततवाही जीवन नदी के प्रवाह की तरह है, जिसमें कर्म और श्रम के द्वारा उत्थान के अनेक घाटों का निर्माण करना होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
संस्कृति ही जन का मस्तिष्क है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : संस्कृति ही सारे जन-मानस को जोड़ती है। इसलिए संस्कृति ही जन का मस्तिष्क है।
स्पष्टीकरण : संस्कृति ही जन का मस्तिष्क है। बिना संस्कृति के जन की कल्पना कबंध मात्र है। संस्कृति के विकास और अभ्युदय के द्वारा ही राष्ट्र की वृद्धि संभव है। राष्ट्र के समग्र रूप में भूमि और जन की संस्कृति का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है।

प्रश्न 5.
उन सबका मूल आधार पारस्परिक सहिष्णुता और समन्वय पर निर्भर है।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक उदाहरण के रूप में वन और समुद्र को प्रस्तुत करते हुए कहते हैं कि जिस प्रकार नदियाँ जाकर समुद्र का स्वरूप बनाते है उसी प्रकार विभिन्न संस्कृतियाँ राष्ट्र का स्वरूप बनाते है।
स्पष्टीकरण : प्रत्येक जाति अपनी-अपनी विशेषताओं के साथ संस्कृति का विकास करती है। प्रत्येक जन की अपनी-अपनी भावनाओं के अनुसार अलग-अलग संस्कृतियाँ राष्ट्र में विकसित होती हैं, परन्तु उन सबका मूल आधार पारस्परिक सहिष्णुता और समन्वय पर निर्भर है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
“इस प्रकार की उदार भावना ही विविध जनों से बने हुए राष्ट्र के लिए स्वास्थ्यकर है।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक भिन्न भिन्न विचार, रंग, संस्कृति एवं धर्मों के बीच की आन्तरिक एकता के बारे में बता रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक बता रहे हैं कि राष्ट्रीय जन साहित्य, कला, नृत्य, गीत जैसे अनेक रूपों में अपने-अपने मानसिक भावों को प्रकट करते हैं। बाह्य रूप में संस्कृति के ये लक्षण अनेक दिखाई पड़ते हैं परंतु आंतरिक आनंद के रूप में उनमें समानता है। जो व्यक्ति सहृदय है वह बिना भेदभाव के प्रत्येक संस्कृति के आनंद-पक्ष को स्वीकार करता है। इस प्रकार की उदार भावना ही विविध जनों से बने हुए राष्ट्र के लिए जरूरी है। विविधता में एकता इसी को कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
“समन्वययुक्त जीवन ही राष्ट्र का सुखदायी रूप है।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक विविधता में एकता के जरूरी सूत्रों के बारे में बता रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : एक राष्ट्र के भीतर अलग-अलग संस्कृतियों की उपस्थिति होती है। सहिष्णुता एवं समन्वय के आधार पर वह एक राष्ट्र का रूप प्राप्त करती हैं। लेखक उदाहरण देते हुए समझाते हैं कि जिस प्रकार अनेक नदियों का जल समुद्र में मिलकर एक बनता हैं उसी तरह राष्ट्रीय जीवन की अनेक पद्धतियां भी राष्ट्रीय संस्कृति में समन्वय प्राप्त करती हैं। लेखक बताते हैं – समन्वय युक्त जीवन ही राष्ट्र का सुखदायी रूप है।

प्रश्न 8.
“इसी दृढ़ चट्टान पर राष्ट्र का चिर जीवन आश्रित रहता है।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक कहते हैं कि – मातृभूमि के प्रति प्रणाम भाव ही राष्ट्रीय चेतना के विकास में सहायक होता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : जन का मातृभूमि के प्रति लगाव, उसके प्रति प्रणाम का भाव या मातृभूमि के साथ माँ और पुत्र के रिश्ते को स्वीकार करने का भाव ही एक राष्ट्र के रूप में विकसित होता है। लेखक कहते हैं – जिस समय भी जन का हृदय भूमि के साथ माता और पुत्र के संबंध को पहचानता है उसी क्षण उसके भीतर ‘माता पृथ्वी को प्रणाम है’ का भाव प्रकट होता है। भूमि और जन के इसी रिश्ते की दीवार पर राष्ट्र का भवन तैयार किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 9.
“हमारा यह ध्येय हो कि राष्ट्र में जितने हाथ हैं, उनमें से कोई भी इस कार्य में भाग लिए बिना रीता न रहे|
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक राष्ट्र की प्रगति के लिए सामूहिक प्रयास की आवश्यकता के बारे में बता रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल राष्ट्र के विकास के लिए जन की भागीदारी को रेखांकित करते हुए कह रहे हैं कि विज्ञान और परिश्रम को मिलाकर हमें राष्ट्र के विकसित स्वरूप को तैयार करना है। वे कहते हैं, यह कार्य प्रसन्नता, उत्साह और बिना थके परिश्रम करते हुए हो सकता है। इसके लिए जरूरी है कि राष्ट्र के भीतर जितने भी लोग हैं उनमें से कोई भी इस प्रयास में खाली न रहें।

प्रश्न 10.
“पृथ्वी के भौतिक स्वरूप की आद्योपांत जानकारी प्राप्त करना, उसकी सुंदरता, उपयोगिता और महिमा को पहिचानना आवश्यक धर्म है।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘राष्ट्र का स्वरूप’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक कह रहे हैं कि भूमि से संबंधित चीजों के प्रति हमारी जागरूकता ही राष्ट्रीय भावना को पैदा करती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : राष्ट्रीय भावना के विकास के लिए मातृभूमि के स्वरूप को समझना एवं उससे हृदय से जुड़ने पर ही जन के भीतर राष्ट्रीयता की भावना प्रकट होती है। राष्ट्रीयता की जड़ें पृथ्वी के साथ मजबूत जुड़ाव में निहित होती है। इसके लिए आवश्यक है कि हम इस पृथ्वी के भौतिक स्वरूप की संपूर्ण जानकारी प्राप्त करें। साथ ही पृथ्वी की सुन्दरता, उपयोगिता और उसके महत्व को पहचानना हमारा आवश्यक धर्म होना चाहिए।

IV. निम्नलिखित वाक्य सूचनानुसार बदलिए:

प्रश्न 1.
हमारे ज्ञान के कपाट खुलते हैं। (भविष्यत्काल में बदलिए)
उत्तरः
हमारे ज्ञान के कपाट खुलेंगे।

प्रश्न 2.
माता अपने सब पुत्रों को समान भाव से चाहती थी। (वर्तमानकाल में बदलिए)
उत्तरः
माता अपने सब पुत्रों को समान भाव से चाहती है।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्य सभ्यता का निर्माण करेगा। (भूतकाल में बदलिए)
उत्तरः
मनुष्य ने सभ्यता का निर्माण किया था।

V. कोष्ठक में दिए गए कारक चिन्हों से रिक्त स्थान भरिएः

(पर, का, के, में)

प्रश्न 1.
जन ………… प्रवाह अनंत होता है।
उत्तरः
का

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन नदी ……….. प्रवाह की तरह है।
उत्तरः
के

प्रश्न 3.
पृथ्वी के गर्भ ……….. अमूल्य निधियाँ है।
उत्तरः
में

प्रश्न 4.
भूमि ……….. जन निवास करते हैं।
उत्तरः
पर

प्रश्न 5.
उसने भिक्षुक …………. भीख दी।
उत्तरः
को

V. समानार्थक शब्द लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
अंबर, धरती, पेड़, नारी, सूर्य।
उत्तरः

• अंबर – आकाश
• धरती – पृथ्वी
• पेड़ – वृक्ष
• नारी – स्त्री
• सूर्य – भानु

VI. विलोम शब्द लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
प्रसन्न, उत्साह, अमृत, स्वाभाविक, जन्म, ज्ञान।
उत्तरः

• प्रसन्न – अप्रसन्न
• उत्साह – निरुत्साह
• अमृत – विष
• स्वाभाविक – अस्वाभाविक
• जन्म – मरण (मृत्यु)
• ज्ञान – अज्ञान

राष्ट्र का स्वरूप लेखक परिचयः

श्री वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल का जन्म 1904 ई. में लखनऊ के एक प्रतिष्टित वैश्य परिवार में हुआ था। आपने 1929 में एम.ए., 1941 में पीएच.डी. और 1946 में डी.लिट्. की उपाधि प्राप्त कर ली। अग्रवाल जी ने पाली, संस्कृत, अंग्रेजी आदि भाषाओं का तथा प्राचीन भारतीय संस्कृति एवं पुरातत्व आदि विषयों का गहन अध्ययन किया था। आप भारतीय साहित्य एवं संस्कृति के गंभीर अध्येता के रूप में विख्यात हैं। 1967 ई. में आपका निधन हो गया।

प्रमुख कृतियाँ : ‘कल्पवृक्ष’, ‘पृथ्वीपुत्र’, ‘भारत की एकता’, ‘माता भूमि’ आदि।
प्रस्तुत निबंध आपके ‘पृथ्वीपुत्र’ नामक निबंध संग्रह से लिया गया है। इस निबंध में लेखक ने यह बताया है कि “राष्ट्र का स्वरूप” तीन तत्वों से मिलकर बनता है – भूमि, जन और संस्कृति। राष्ट्र के समग्र रूप में भूमि और जन का दृढ़ संबंध होना चाहिए। इसके साथ-साथ संस्कृति के विषय में लेखक ने मार्मिक विचार प्रकट किये हैं।
विद्यार्थियों को राष्ट्र के स्वरूप से भलीभाँति परिचित कराना एवं उनमें राष्ट्रीय भावना को जागृत करने के उद्देश्य से इस निबंध का चयन किया गया है।

राष्ट्र का स्वरूप Summary in Hindi

डॉ. वासुदेवशरण अग्रवाल मशहूर इतिहासकार और प्राचीन भारत के विद्वान हैं। उन्होंने प्रस्तुत निबन्ध में राष्ट्र का स्वरूप, तत्व और लक्षणों के बारे में लिखा है। लेखक ने भारतीय संस्कृति की भी चर्चा की है। भूमि और उसके निवासी तथा उनकी संस्कृति का मिलन ही राष्ट्र है।

भूमि को हमारे ऋषि-मुनियों ने माता कहा है और पृथ्वी-संतान को पुत्र कहा गया है। भूमि अपनी संतान को जीवित रखने के लिए आवश्यक सभी वस्तुओं को देती है। इसीलिए भूमि को वसुंधरा कहते हैं। भूमि पर नद-नदी, टीले-पहाड़, तालाब-पोखर, कुएँ-बावड़ियाँ, झरने- प्रपात, पेड़-पौधे, पशु-पक्षी हैं। इनसे प्रकृति का संतुलन बना रहता है। मनुष्य को पानी, आहार मिलता है। भगवान ने प्राकृतिक संपदा देकर मानव जाति को जीने की कई सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराई है।

राष्ट्र का दूसरा अंग है- जन या लोग, जो भूमि पर रहते हैं। वे भूमिपुत्र कहलाते हैं। भूमि पर रहनेवाले लोगों के लिए भूमि उनकी माता है। संतान की देखभाल करना माता का कर्तव्य है। माँ की सेवा करना और उसका हित चाहना पुत्र का कर्तव्य है। इस प्रकार भूमि और उसके जन का सम्बन्ध अटूट है।

भारत में भूमि को मातृभूमि, जन्मभूमि के रूप में जाना जाता है। भूमि की चर-अचर, पशु-पक्षी तथा प्रकृति का संरक्षण करने पर ही यह भूमि हमारा ध्यान रखती है। अतः पर्यावरण की रक्षा करना हम सबका कर्तव्य है।

राष्ट्र का तीसरा अंग है- संस्कृति। यह बहुत ही मुख्य अंग है। जीवन में जो भी अच्छाई है, वही संस्कृति कहलाती है। साहित्य, कलाएँ, आचार-विचार आदि मिलकर ‘संस्कृति’ का रूप लेते हैं। जीवन में जिस प्रकार अंतरंग और बहिरंग दो रूप होते हैं, वैसे संस्कृति के भी दो रूप होते हैं- खान-पान, घर-बार, मंदिर-मसजिद – ये संस्कृति के बहिरंग रूप हैं। साहित्य और संगीत का आनंद, ललित कलाओं की मधुर अनुभूति इत्यादि संस्कृति के अंतरंग रूप हैं।

हमारे पूर्वजों ने साहित्य, कला, संगीत, शास्त्र आदि क्षेत्रों में प्रतिभा दिखाई थी। हमें उस परंपरा को निभाए रखना चाहिए। भविष्य के प्रति आशावादी होना चाहिए। भूतकाल से सबक सीखते हुए, वर्तमान को साथ लेकर, अपने उज्जवल भविष्य की ओर अग्रसर होना है। इस कार्य में संस्कृति सदा हमारे साथ है।

राष्ट्र का स्वरूप Summary in Kannada

राष्ट्र का स्वरूप Summary in English

Dr. Vasudevsharan Agarwal is a noted historian and a scholar on ancient India. In this essay, he has written about the identity of the nation, its qualities and characteristics. He has also commented on Indian culture.

Land and its inhabitants and their culture make up a nation. The land has been termed as our mother by sages and saints while the offspring of the earth has been termed the son. Land gives all the necessities for its offspring to survive. Therefore, the land is also known as ‘Vasundhara’ (One who nourishes). On the land, we can find rivers and streams, hillocks and mountains, lakes, wells and ponds, rivulets, trees, forests, animals and birds. These maintain the balance of nature. Man is able to procure water and food from nature through these gifts of nature. By giving mankind a great and bountiful nature, God has given mankind many facilities in order for him to lead a good life.

Another element of a nation is its people, the people who live on the land. They have been referred to as the sons of the soil. For these people, the land that they live on is their mother. Looking after her offspring is the duty of a mother. Serving the mother and taking care of her interests is the duty of a son. Thus the relationship between the land and its people is unbreakable.

In India, the land is often referred to and known as mother-land. Only if we protect the animate and inanimate, the flora and fauna, and take care of nature, will naturally take care of us. Therefore, the protection and conservation of nature is everyone’s duty.
The third element of nation is culture. This is a very important element that constitutes a nation. Whatever good there is in life is known as culture. Literature, arts, thoughts and philosophy, all taken together, constitute culture. Just as we have the internal (or personal) and the external (or public) in life, so also in the culture there are two parts. The cuisine, the houses and the daily chores, the places of worship are all part of the external features of culture. The pleasure derived from literature or music, the pleasing effect of the fine arts are representative of the internal (or personal) features of culture.

Our ancestors had shown great promise in the fields of literature, arts, music and science. We must keep up that tradition. We must also be hopeful with respect to the future. Learning from our mistakes of the past, and living in the present, we must move towards our future with ambition and hope. In this endeavour, our culture will always be with us.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• बलवती – बलिष्ठ;
• आद्योपांत – आरंभ से अंत तक;
• सांगोपांग – पूर्ण रूप से;
• परिवर्द्धित – जिसमें वृद्धि हुई हो;
• अभ्युदय – उन्नति, वृद्धि;
• अनगढ़ – बेडौल;
• तादात्म्य – एकत्व समर्पण;
• सततवाही – निरंतर, सदा;
• कबंध – सिर रहित धड़;
• विटप – पेड, वृक्ष;
• संवर्धन – उन्नति करना;
• रीता – खाली;
• भित्ति – दीवार;
• भुवन – विश्व, संसार।

You can Download Chapter 8 नालायक Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 8 नालायक

नालायक Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए :

प्रश्न 1.
कितने अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों का चुनाव था?
उत्तरः
तीन सौ अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों का चुनाव था।

प्रश्न 2.
कितने उम्मीदवार आये थे?
उत्तरः
दस हजार उम्मीदवार आये थे।

प्रश्न 3.
प्रति उम्मीदवार के पीछे कितनी सिफारिशें आयी थीं?
उत्तरः
प्रति उम्मीदवार के पीछे लगभग 5 – 6 सिफारिशें आयी थीं।

प्रश्न 4.
ज्योतिषी कहाँ पर बैठे थे?
उत्तरः
ज्योतिषी फुटपाथ पर बैठे थे।

प्रश्न 5.
पुलिस की कितनी गाड़ियाँ आयी थीं?
उत्तरः
पुलिस की दो गाड़ियाँ आई थीं।

प्रश्न 6.
किसका नाम सभापति के लिए प्रस्तावित किया गया?
उत्तरः
श्री रघुपति राघव का नाम सभापति के लिए प्रस्तावित किया गया।

प्रश्न 7.
‘नालायक’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं?
उत्तरः
‘नालायक’ पाठ के लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 8.
उम्मीदवारों में कौन अधिक संख्या में थे?
उत्तरः
उम्मीदवारों में थर्ड डिवीजनर अधिक संख्या में थे।

प्रश्न 9.
लेखक के पास पहुंचे हुए उम्मीदवार किस डिविजन में पास है?
उत्तरः
लेखक के पास पहुंचे हुए उम्मीदवार थर्ड डिविजन में पास है।

प्रश्न 10.
अध्यापकों के चुनाव की कार्रवाई शुरू होने में कितनी देरी थी?
उत्तरः
अध्यापकों के चुनाव की कार्रवाई शुरू होने में एक घण्टे की देरी थी।

प्रश्न 11.
नया स्टाक लाने के लिए कौन शहर की ओर दौड़े?
उत्तरः
दुकानदार नया स्टाक लाने के लिए शहर की ओर दौड़े।

प्रश्न 12.
किसकी सहायता से खाँचियों में शिफारिशी पत्र डालने का कार्य सम्पन्न हुआ?
उत्तरः
पुलिस की सहायता से खाँचियों में शिफारिशी पत्र डालने का कार्य सम्पन्न हुआ।

प्रश्न 13.
सभी थर्ड डिविजनर कहाँ पर एकत्र हुए?
उत्तरः
शहर के बाहर लगभग डेढ़ मील दूर नदी के किनारे एक बगीचे में सभी थर्ड डिविजनर एकत्र हुए।

प्रश्न 14.
अत्यंत गुप्त रूप से क्या ज्ञात हुआ?
उत्तरः
अत्यंत गुप्त रूप से ज्ञात हुआ कि शहर के बाहर जहाँ पुलिस और सी.आई.डी. वाले न पहुँच सके वहाँ कॉन्फ्रेन्स होगी।

प्रश्न 15.
कौन-सा नारा बहुत देर तक दुहराया गया?
उत्तरः
‘किसको मिले मास्टरी चाँस, थर्ड डिवीजन मैट्रिक पास’ – यह नारा बहुत देर तक दुहराया गया।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों के चुनाव के माहौल का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तरः
उस दिन जिला परिषद में प्राइमरी स्कूलों के लिए अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों का चुनाव था। उसमें तीन सौ अध्यापक चुने जानेवाले थे। दस हजार उम्मीद्वार आये थे। हर एक उम्मीद्वार के साथ लगभग 5-6 सिफारिश करनेवाले थे। दर्शक भी काफी थे और वह एक मेला जैसा लग रहा था। अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों के चुनाव के लिए शहर में सुबह से ही इतनी भीड़ लग गई थी कि मानो कुंभ का मेला लग गया हो। सड़कों पर लोगों की चहल-पहल और शोरगुल शुरू हो गया था। ऐसा लग रहा था कि किसी नेता को देखने भीड़ इकट्ठी हो रही है।

प्रश्न 2.
जिला परिषद के बाहर का दृश्य प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तरः
जिला परिषद में प्राइमरी स्कूलों के लिए अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों की नियुक्ति होनी थी। इसलिए जिला परिषद् के बाहर अपार जनसागर उमड़कर जमा हो गया था। प्रवेश-द्वार से लेकर बाहर आँगन, लान, मैदान, चौक, सड़क और लगभग दो-तीन फर्लाग तक ठसमठस आदमी भरे हैं, किसी को पता नहीं कि क्यों खड़े हैं, बस खड़े हैं। जो पहले आये वे पहले से फाटक की ओर खड़े होते गए। जो आगे थे उनका निकलना कठिन हो रहा था। भीतर परिषद कार्यालय था, जो बन्द था।

प्रश्न 3.
लाउड स्पीकर से क्या घोषणा की जा रही थी?
उत्तरः
चेयरमैन साहब के बंगले के बाहर भीड़ जमा होने के कारण, पुलिस की गाड़ियाँ भीड़ को नियंत्रित करने पहुंची। लाउड़ स्पीकर से घोषणा की जाने लगी कि “सज्जनों, ज्ञात हुआ है कि आप लोग थर्ड डिवीजनरों के सिफारिशी हैं। आप लोगों को बहुत समझाया गया कि सिफारिश से काम नहीं चलेगा, परन्तु आप लोग मानते ही नहीं हैं। अब स्कूल-मास्टर के लिए थर्ड डिवीजनर्स नहीं लिए जायेंगे। यदि आप लोग बिना उस सिफारिशी कागज को दिये टलनेवाले नहीं हैं तो दे दीजिये। पचास व्यक्ति खांची लेकर तैनात किये जाते हैं। इन्हीं खांचियों में डाल दें।”

प्रश्न 4.
दौड़ कर आते हुए उम्मीदवार ने क्या कहा?
उत्तरः
दौड़कर आते हुए उम्मीदवार ने गुस्से में कहा – “साहब लोग कहते हैं कि अध्यापक पद के लिए थर्ड डिविजनर नहीं लिये जाएँगे। क्यों नहीं लिये जायेंगे? जिसका ज्यादा वोट होगा, उसे लिया जायेगा। हम सभी फर्स्ट और सेकेंड डिवीजनर के खिलाफ़ आंदोलन करेंगे।”

प्रश्न 5.
थर्ड डिवीजनरों की व्यथा को प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तरः
थर्ड डिवीजनरों का जीवन नरक के समान होता है। उनके लिए हर कहीं दरवाजा बंद रहता है जैसे वे आदमी नहीं, बैल हैं। उनकी उपेक्षा होती है। उन्हें नौकरी के लिए नाक रगड़नी पड़ती है। कदम, कदम पर निराशा होती है। अतः थर्ड डिविजनवालों को नालायक समझकर कोई नौकरी नहीं देता।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
चबूतरे पर खड़े युवक ने क्या भाषण दिया?
उत्तरः
चबूतरे पर खड़े युवक ने ‘थर्ड डिवीजनर्स’ की कॉन्फ्रेन्स में ‘करो या मरो’ का नारा दिया। उसने कहा हमने स्कूल की फीस दी, परीक्षा दी। परीक्षा में थर्ड डिवीजन आया तो यह सरकार, स्कूल एवं स्कूल अधिकारियों का दोष है। हम लोगों को जिन्होंने थर्ड क्लास का बताया, वे अपराधी हैं, चोर है। इन्होंने हमारा जीवन नरक बना दिया है। जैसे हम आदमी नहीं बैल हैं। यह प्रजातंत्र का युग है। अगर निरक्षर एम.एल.ए. हो सकता है तो थर्ड डिवीजन अध्यापक क्यों नहीं हो सकता। हमें इसके लिए आन्दोलन करना होगा।

प्रश्न 7.
चैयरमैन साहब के बँगले पर का दृश्य प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
उत्तरः
चैयरमैन साहब के बंगले पर जिला परिषद के कार्यालय से भी दूनी भीड़ जमा थी। मैदान में लोग ज्वार बाजरे की तरह खड़े थे। जैसे चुनाव के समय पोलिंग स्टेशनों पर बातें होती है वैसी ही बातें यहाँ भी हो रही थी। सबके हाथों में सिफारिशी कागज थे। सभी लोगों की निगाहें चैयरमैन साहब के बंगले की ओर थी।

प्रश्न 8.
परिषद कार्यालय बंद रहने से उम्मीदवार क्या सोच रहे थे?
उत्तरः
सभी बेरोजगार परिषद कार्यालय के प्रवेश द्वार पर खड़े थे। परिषद कार्यालय बंद था। यह रहस्य का विषय था। सबको इसमें रहस्य लग रहा था। शायद अन्दर कुछ हो रहा हो। सब यही सोच रहे थे। सब लोग प्रवेश द्वार पर ही जमे हैं कि कहीं बाहर गये और इधर कहीं कुछ हो न जाए।

प्रश्न 9.
शिफारिश करने का तरीका क्या था?
उत्तरः
सिफारिश के लिए एक कागज पर उम्मीदवार का नाम, गांव का नाम एवं शिक्षा संबंधी जानकारी लिखी गयी। उस कागज के नीचे सिफारिश. करने वालों ने अपने-अपने हस्ताक्षर किया।

प्रश्न 10.
‘यह कैसा कुम्भ पर्व कुछ पहले ही यहाँ आ गया? लेखक किसके बारे में कह रहे हैं?
उत्तरः
जनवरी महीने की शीतलहर में शहर में अचानक असाधारण भीड़ बढ़ गयी थी। इस भीड़ को देखकर लेखक कहते हैं- ‘यह कैसा कुम्भ पर्व कुछ अरसे पहले ही यहाँ आ गया?’

III. निम्नलिखित वाक्य किसने किससे कहे?

प्रश्न 1.
आपका उम्मीदवार किस डिवीजन में पास है?
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य लेखक ने एक उम्मीदवार से कहा।

प्रश्न 2.
थर्ड डिवीजनर के लिए दुनिया में कोई जगह नहीं है।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य लेखक ने सिफारिशी लोगों से कहा।

प्रश्न 3.
ये लोग हम लोगों का हक मार रहे हैं।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य नौकरी के लिए आए एक थर्ड डिविजन उम्मीदवार ने लेखक से कहा।

प्रश्न 4.
हमारे लिए हर जगह दरवाजा बंद है।
उत्तरः
यह वाक्य एक थर्ड डिविजनर युवक ने बाकी थर्ड डिविजनर युवकों से कहा।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
“हाँ, चलिए आपके साथ चल सकता हूँ।”
उत्तरः
लेखक विवेकी राय ने उम्मीदवार से कहा।

प्रश्न 6.
“हम लोग फर्ट और सेकंड डिवीजन वालों के खिलाफ आंदोलन करेंगे।
उत्तरः
थर्ड डिवीजन पास एक उम्मीदवार ने अन्य उम्मीदवार साथियों से कहा।

IV. ससंदर्भ स्पष्टीकरण कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
जीवन में पहली बार सिफारिश का यह तरीका जाना।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : स्कूलों के लिए अध्यापक के चुनाव के लिए आए उम्मीदवारों के साथ उनके शिफारिश करनेवाले तथा साथ में एक कागज पर उम्मीदवार का नाम, ग्राम, शिक्षा आदि लिखकर हस्ताक्षर किए थे।
स्पष्टीकरण : पता चला कि थर्ड डिविजनर्स को प्राइमरी अध्यापक की नौकरी नहीं दे रहे हैं, तो जो युवक उम्मीद लगाए बैठे थे, वे गुस्से में लाल-पीले होकर जवानों की तरह लड़ने-मारने को तैयार हो गए।

प्रश्न 2.
सुबह का सिकुड़ा वह बालक अब तनकर जवान की तरह लग रहा था।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं। .
संदर्भ : एक उम्मीदवार दौड़ता हुआ लेखक के पास आया और उसने कहा – लोग कह रहें है कि थर्ड डिवीजनर्स को नहीं लेंगे। हम आन्दोलन करेंगे।
स्पष्टीकरण : सुबह जो उम्मीदवार लेखक के पास आया था, वही दौड़ता हुआ लेखक के पास आया और उसने कहा – कि लोग कहते हैं वे थर्ड डिवीजनर्स को नहीं लेंगे? हम फर्स्ट डिवीजन और सेकेण्ड डिवीजन वालों के खिलाफ आंदोलन करेंगे। वे हमारा हक मार रहे है, यही बालक जो सुबह से सिकुड़ा बैठा था अब वह तनकर जवान की तरह बातें कह रहा है।

प्रश्न 3.
हम हरगिज़ नहीं मानते कि कागज की तीन लकीरों के कारण हम लोग नालायक हैं।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : इस वाक्य को मंच पर खड़े युवा उम्मीदवार ने कहा। अंको के आधार पर नहीं बल्कि प्रतिभा के आधार पर युवकों को नौकरी मिलनी चाहिए।
स्पष्टीकरण : जब थर्ड डिविजनरों को खारिज कर दिया गया, तो वे लोग इसका दोष शिक्षाविभाग तथा अध्यापकों पर डालने लगे। सिर्फ कागज पर थर्ड डिविजन लिख देने से हम नालायक हो गए क्या? नहीं।

प्रश्न 4.
किसको मिले मास्टरी चाँस, थर्ड डिवीज़न मैट्रिक पास।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है जिसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : थर्ड डिवीजन वालों को नालायक समझकर कोई नौकरी नहीं देता। फर्स्ट और सेकेण्ड डिवीजन वालों के खिलाफ उनका आंदोलन होता है। उसी में यह नारा लगाते हुए लेखक ने यह नारा सुना।
स्पष्टीकरण : थर्ड डिवीजनरों के अधिकार छिन जाने से वे उत्तेजित हो गए और सभी मिलकर ‘थर्ड डिविजनर्स जिंदाबाद’ के नारे लगाते हुए आन्दोलन पर उतर गए।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
“शिक्षा का स्तर गिर रहा है। उसे अब और नहीं गिरने दिया जायेगा।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक यह बात थर्ड डिवीजनर लोगों को कहते है।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक के यहाँ एक उम्मीदवार और उसके चार सिफारिशी पहुंच गए। थर्ड डिवीजनर ने लेखक से कहा – दुनिया में कोई जगह हो चाहे न हो, पर स्कूल मास्टर की जगह तो रिजर्व है। तब लेखक जवाब देते हैं कि आप लोग गलत समझते है। अब योग्य लोगों को अध्यापक के रूप में भरती किया जायेगा। शिक्षा का स्तर गिर रहा है। उसे अब और नहीं गिरने दिया जाएगा।

प्रश्न 6.
“ये लोग आज उल्टा चोर कोतवाल को डांटे’ की कहावत चरितार्थ कर रहे हैं।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : एक युवक ने थर्ड डिवीजनर्स की मीटिंग में भाषण देते हुए कहा।
स्पष्टीकरण : काली माई के टूटे चबूतरे से थर्ड डिवीजनर बेरोजगारों को संबोधित करते हुए एक युवक कह रहा है- हमने फीस दी, परीक्षा दी और अगर हमारा थर्ड डिवीजन आया तो इसमें स्कूल का दोष है। हम लोग इन संस्थानों और लोगों पर मुकदमा कायम करेंगे। हम लोग फर्स्ट क्लास के आदमी हैं। हम लोगों को जिन्होंने थर्ड क्लास का बनाया, वे अपराधी हैं, चोर हैं। ये लोग आज ‘उल्टा चोर कोतवाल को डांटे’ की कहावत चरितार्थ कर रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
“सो मैं पाँच वर्ष फेल होकर छठे साल के हाईस्कूल में थर्ड डिवीजनर भाई श्री रघुपतिराघव का नाम आज की सभा के लिए प्रस्तावित करता हूँ।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया। है। इसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : थर्ड डिवीजनर्स की मीटिंग में बोलते हुए युवक ने यह घोषणा की।
स्पष्टीकरण : जब थर्ड डिवीजनर्स को अध्यापक की नौकरी के लिए अयोग्य घोषित कर दिया तब वे शहर में काली माई के टूटे चबूतरे के पास इकट्ठे हुए। उन युवकों में से एक युवक चबूतरे पर खड़े होकर भाषण देने लगा। उसने अपने भाषण के अंत में थर्ड डिवीजनर्स की सभा के लिए सभापति के रूप में पाँच वर्ष फेल होकर छठे साल के हाईस्कूल में थर्ड डिवीजनर भाई श्री रघुपति । राघव का नाम प्रस्तावित किया।

प्रश्न 8.
“आज हम थर्ड डिवीजनर्स कॉन्फ्रेन्स में ‘करो या मरो’ का नारा लगाएँगे और जीवन का संकल्प लेंगे।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘नालायक’ पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक विवेकी राय हैं।
संदर्भ : काली माई के टूटे चबूतरे पर खड़े होकर भाषण देने वाले युवक ने कहा।
स्पष्टीकरण : युवक ने थर्ड डिवीजनर्स की कान्फ्रेंस में युवाओं को संबोधित करते हुए कहा – दोस्तों आज हम इस थर्ड डिवीजनर्स कान्फ्रेन्स में ‘करो या मरो’ का नारा लगाएँगे। अध्यापक की नौकरी के लिए हम थर्ड डिवीजनर्स के पास सबसे ज्यादा संख्या है। इस पर फर्स्ट-सेकिण्ड डिवीजन वालों ने धावा बोल दिया है। वे मास्टर की गद्दी छोड़े। इसके लिए हमें आन्दोलन करना होगा। इसके लिए वह युवक सभी बेरोजगार थर्ड डिवीजनर्स को ‘करो या मरो’ के लिए तैयार करता है।

V. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को सूचना के अनुसार बदलिए:

प्रश्न 1.
तीन सौ अध्यापक चुने जायेंगे। (वर्तमानकाल में बदलिए)
उत्तरः
तीन सौ अध्यापक चुने जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
सभी सिफारिशें तिरस्कृत की गईं। (भविष्यत्काल में बदलिए)
उत्तरः
सभी सिफारिशें तिरस्कृत की जाएंगी।

प्रश्न 3.
पुलिस लोगों की रक्षा कर रही है। (भूतकाल में बदलिए).
उत्तरः
पुलिस लोगों की रक्षा कर रही थी।

VI. अन्य लिंग रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
शेर, अध्यापक, मास्टर, साहब, युवक।
उत्तरः

• शेर – शेरनी
• अध्यापक – अध्यापिका
• मास्टर – मास्टरनी
• साहब – साहिबा
• युवक – युवती

VII. अन्य वचन रूप लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
पुस्तक, गाड़ी, लड़का, बेटियाँ।
उत्तरः

• पुस्तक – पुस्तकें
• गाड़ी – गाड़ियाँ
• लड़का – लड़के
• बेटियाँ – बेटी

VIII. समानार्थक शब्द लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
सम्राट, अध्यापक, स्वतंत्र, प्रयत्न, सहायता।
उत्तरः

• सम्राट – राजा
• अध्यापक – शिक्षक
• स्वतंत्र – आजाद
• प्रयत्न – कोशिश
• सहायता – मदद

IX. मुहावरेः

• गोबर बारूद होना – नाकाम होना
• नाक रगड़ना – गिड़गिड़ाना
• हक मारना – अधिकार छीनना।

नालायक लेखक परिचयः

विवेकी राय का जन्म सन् 1923 नवंबर 20 को गाजीपुर जिले के सोनवानी नामक गाँव के किसान परिवार में हुआ। आप स्वयं को किसान साहित्यकार कहते हैं। अतीत के अभावग्रस्त जीवन, ग्रामीण शिक्षा और प्राइमरी स्कूल के शिक्षक से आरम्भ जीवन यात्रा को, उच्च शिक्षण संस्था’. में रीडर पद पर सेवा, बड़े लोगों से संपर्क-सान्निध्य तथा ख्याति प्राप्त रचनाकार के रूप में स्थापित हो जाने पर भी सादगी से परिचय में प्रस्तुति उनकी लेखकीय विश्वसनीयता का उत्कृष्ट साक्ष्य है।

प्रमुख कृतियाँ : काव्य – ‘अर्गला’, ‘रजनीगंधा’, ‘दीक्षा’। कहानी संग्रह – ‘जीवन परिधि’, ‘नयी कोयल’, ‘गूंगा जहाज’, ‘कालातीत’, ‘अतिथि’, ‘दलित विमर्श और विवेकी राय की कहानियाँ’ आदि।

प्रस्तुत ‘नालायक’ कहानी में मुख्य रूप से थर्ड डिविज़न में पास होनेवालों की मनोदशा को दर्शाया गया है। साथ ही इसमें बेरोजगारी जैसी व्यापक समस्याओं को उजागर किया गया है।

आज युवाओं में नौकरी के लिए होड़ लगी है। नौकरी पर ही निर्भर न रहकर, किसी न किसी काम पर या व्यवहार में जुट जाने की कला को अपनाना चाहिए। अंको के आधार पर ही नहीं बल्कि प्रतिभा के आधार पर भी युवकों को नौकरियों में अवसर मिले। इन विचारों को ध्यान में रखकर इस पाठ का चयन किया गया है।

नालायक Summary in Hindi

डॉ. विवेकी राय हिन्दी के प्रसिद्ध कहानीकार, उपन्यासकार तथा निबन्धकार हैं। उन्होंने ‘नालायक, कहानी में शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में गिरते हुए मूल्यों तथा फैलते हुए भ्रष्टाचार का पर्दाफाश किया है। उन्होंने परोक्ष रूप से शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में अध्यापकों का बौद्धिक-स्तर कायम रखने की ओर संकेत दिया है।

जनवरी महीने में एक दिन शहर में युवाओं की भीड़ जमा हुई थी। जहाँ देखों वहाँ पढ़े-लिखे नौजवानों का जमावड़ा समुद्र जैसा फैला हुआ था। पता चला कि ये सब जिला-परिषद के स्कूलों के लिए अनट्रेण्ड अध्यापकों के पद के लिए आवेदन-पत्र देने आये बेरोजगार थे। अध्यापकों की जगहें केवल 300 थीं, जब कि आवेदक दस हजार से ज्यादा थे। उन उम्मीदवारों में कुछ उदास थे, कुछ मौन थे, तो कई जोशीले थे। उनकी आँखों से आग निकल रही थी। इन उम्मीदवारों की हालत बड़ी विचित्र थी। कई लोग सिफारिशी-पत्र लाये थे, तो कई थर्ड डिविजन में उत्तीर्ण थे।

जिला परिषद अध्यक्ष का कार्यालय बेरोजगार युवा-पीढ़ी से भरा हुआ था। पैर रखने की भी जगह नहीं थी। चारों ओर खलबली मची हुई थी। सब लोग परिषद के अध्यक्ष की राह देखने लगे थे। लम्बे समय के बाद पता चला कि अध्यक्ष अपने बंगले पर ही हैं। सभी उस ओर चल पड़े। परिषद के अध्यक्ष घबरा गए। पल भर में पुलिस की गाड़ियाँ आईं। कोई पुलिसवाला लाउडस्पीकर से घोषणा करने लगा कि अध्यापक पद के लिए थर्ड डिविजन प्राप्त आवेदक जा सकते हैं। युवाओं में दहशत फैल गई। क्योंकि दस हजार लोगों में थर्ड डिविजन वाले ही ज्यादा थे।

कुछ समय के बाद अध्यक्ष के बंगले से दूर नदी के किनारे, मैदान में सभी इकट्ठे हुए। उनमें से कुछ नेता गण आये। लाउडस्पीकर से ये उद्गार निकलने लगे – करो या मरो! थर्ड डिविजन वाले जिंदाबाद! कुछ युवा नेता गरजने लगे – क्या थर्ड डिविजनवाले शिक्षक पद के लिए नालायक हैं? ऐसा क्यों? सेकेन्ड या फस्ट डिविजन वालों ने कौनसा तीर मारा है? सरकार को झुकना पड़ेगा। “किसे मिले मास्टरी चान्स? थर्ड डिविजन मैट्रिक पास!” नारे आसमान में गूंजने लगे।

नालायक Summary in Kannada

नालायक Summary in English

Dr. Viveki Rai is a renowned writer of stories, novels and essays in Hindi. In this story, he sheds light on the falling standards and increasing corruption in the field of education. He says that in the field of education, teachers must maintain a steady state of mind.

One day in the month of January, there was a large congregation of youths in the town. As far as the eye could see, there were educated young people assembled like an unending ocean. It soon became clear that these youths were all unemployed, and hand-assembled in order to hand in their applications for the post of untrained teachers in the Zilla Parishad’s schools. There were only 300 posts while the number of applicants exceeded 10,000. Among the applicants, some were dejected and some were silent, while others were very enthusiastic and brimming with confidence. There was a burning fire in their eyes. It was a strange collection of applicants. While some of the applicants had come with glowing recommendation letters, others had barely managed to pass with a third division.

The office of the president of the Zilla Parishad was filled to the brim with unemployed youths. There was no place even to stand. The whole office was engulfed in commotion. Everyone was waiting for the arrival of the Zilla Parishad President. However, it became known that the President was at his bungalow. The whole crowd then began to proceed in that direction. Seeing such a large crowd coming towards his residence, the president was scared. The police was called in, and they soon arrived in police vans. One of the policemen made an announcement on the loudspeaker. He informed the crowd that all those applicants who had cleared their exams with a third division could leave, as they would not be considered for the post. Hearing this, panic gripped the entire crowd as most of them were third division pass.

After some time, most of the crowd had reassembled on the banks of the river, far away from the president’s bungalow. Some of the members in the crowd were involved in politics. Their cries were heard from the loudspeaker – “Do or Die!”, “Long live the third division!” Some youth leaders began to give speeches, asking whether third division applicants were unworthy of a teacher’s post. They wanted to know how people with second or even first division were better than them. They said that the government would have to bow to their demands. Slogans like “Who should get the teacher’s job? Third division metric pass!” began to resonate across the sky.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• मवेशी – जानवर;
• बकलम – हस्ताक्षर;
• मुंड – सर;
• फतह – जीत;
• ढाठा – डंठल;
• खांची – टोकरी;
• भुसहुड़ – भूसे का ढेर;
• हरजाना – भरपाई;
• चरितार्थ – हकीकत;
• दुत्कार – तिरस्कार;
• मुर्रिसी – मास्टरी।

You can Download Chapter 5 बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 5 बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर

बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
डॉ. बी.आर. अंबेडकर का जन्म कब हुआ?
उत्तरः
डॉ. बी.आर. अंबेडकर का जन्म 14 अप्रैल 1891 ई. में हुआ।

प्रश्न 2.
अंबेडकर की माता का नाम क्या था?
उत्तरः
अंबेडकर की माता का नाम भीमाबाई था।

प्रश्न 3.
रामजी सूबेदार किस गाँव में सैनिक थे?
उत्तरः
रामजी सुबेदार महूँ गाँव में सैनिक थे।

प्रश्न 4.
भीमराव ने मैट्रिक परीक्षा कब पास की?
उत्तरः
भीमराव ने मैट्रिक परीक्षा सन् 1907 में पास की।

प्रश्न 5.
कृष्णजी अर्जुन केलुस्कर ने कौन-सी पुस्तक भीमराव को भेंट दी?
उत्तरः
कृष्णजी अर्जुन केलुस्कर ने अपनी “बुद्ध जीवनी’ नामक पुस्तक भीमराव को भेंट की।

प्रश्न 6.
भीमराव का विवाह किसके साथ हुआ?
उत्तरः
भीमराव का विवाह रमाबाई के साथ हुआ।

प्रश्न 7.
महाराजा की ओर से भीमराव को मासिक छात्रवृत्ति कितनी मिलती थी?
उत्तरः
महाराजा की ओर से भीमराव को मासिक छात्रवृत्ति 25 रु. मिलते थे।

प्रश्न 8.
अंबेडकर जी ने बी.ए. की परीक्षा कब पास की?
उत्तरः
अंबेडकर जी ने बी.ए. की परीक्षा सन् 1912 ई. में पास की।

प्रश्न 9.
भीमराव जी 1913 में अमेरिका के किस विश्वविद्यालय में दाखिल हो गए?
उत्तरः
भीमराव जी 1913 में अमेरिका के कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय में दाखिल हो गए।

प्रश्न 10.
डॉ. अंबेडकर ने किस समाज को जागरूक करना आरंभ किया?
उत्तरः
डॉ. अंबेडकर ने वंचित एवं पीड़ित समाज को जागरूक करना आरंभ किया।

प्रश्न 11.
‘मूक नायक’ पत्रिका के संपादक कौन थे?
उत्तरः
‘मूक नायक’ पत्रिका के संपादक डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर थे।

प्रश्न 12.
डॉ. अंबेडकर पत्नी और बच्चों से भी अधिक किसे मानते थे?
उत्तरः
डॉ. अंबेडकर पत्नी और बच्चों से भी अधिक पुस्तकों को मानते थे।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 13.
डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर के पिता का नाम क्या था?
उत्तरः
डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर के पिता का नाम रामजी सूबेदार था।

प्रश्न 14.
परिवार वाले अंबेडकर को क्या कहकर पुकारते थे?
उत्तरः
परिवार वाले अंबेडकर को भीवा कहकर पुकारते थे।

प्रश्न 15.
‘बाबा साहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ पाठ के लेखक कौन है?
उत्तरः
‘बाबा साहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ पाठ के लेखक शान्ति स्वरूप बौद्ध हैं।

प्रश्न 16.
डॉ. अंबेडकर को (मरणोपरान्त) भारत सरकार का कौन-सा सर्वोच्च पुरस्कार मिला?
उत्तरः
डॉ. अंबेडकर को (मरणोपरान्त) भारत सरकार का सर्वोच्च पुरस्कार ‘भारत रत्न’ मिला।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
अंबेडकर जी के बाल्य जीवन का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तरः
बचपन में डॉ. अम्बेडकर को भीमराव नाम रखा गया। घरवाले प्यार से ‘भीवा’ कहकर पुकारते थे। बचपन में उन्हें छुआछूत के भेदभाव को सहन करना पड़ा। स्कूल में प्रवेश भी मुश्किल से मिला। उन्हें कक्षा के भीतर अन्य विद्यार्थियों के साथ बैठने की अनुमति नहीं थी। बैठने के लिए घर से बिछौना ले जाना पड़ता था। प्यास बुझाने के लिए स्कूल में पीने का पानी तक उन्हें नहीं मिल पाता था।

प्रश्न 2.
अंबेडकर जी को शिक्षा प्राप्त करते समय किन-किन समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ा?
उत्तरः
डॉ. अम्बेडकर को शिक्षा प्राप्त करने में कई कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ा। अपने बैठने का टाट अपने साथ घर से ही ले जाना पड़ता था। पाठशाला में उन्हें कक्षा के भीतर अन्य विद्यार्थियों के साथ बैठने की मनाही थी। वे अपनी कक्षा के बाहर सब छात्रों के जूतों के बीच दरवाजे के बाहर बैठते थे। भीमराव को पानी के घड़े को भी छूने की इजाजत नहीं थी। कारण यह था कि अछूतों के छू लेने से घड़े का जल भ्रष्ट हो जाता। चाहे कितनी भी प्यास लगे, बेशक प्यास के मारे प्राण ही क्यों न निकल जाएँ, मगर प्यासा अछूत घड़े से पानी लेकर नहीं पी सकता था। किसी चपरासी की कृपा हो गई, तो पानी मिल जाता, नहीं तो घर आकर ही पानी पीना पड़ता था। एक बार स्कूल में गुरु के प्रश्न का उत्तर लिखने के लिए वे ब्लैक-बोर्ड की ओर चले, त्यों ही कक्षा के सवर्ण छात्रों ने विरोध किया की ब्लैक-बोर्ड के नीचे रखा भोजन इसके छूने से भ्रष्ट हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न 3.
लंडन के गोलमेज सम्मेलन में अंबेडकर जी ने किन विषयों पर प्रकाश डाला?
उत्तरः
भारत की भावी शासन प्रणाली और संविधान के बारे में रूप-रेखा तय करने के लिए ब्रिटिश … सम्राट में एक गोलमेज सम्मेलन लंडन में आयोजित किया। इस सम्मेलन में डॉ. अम्बेडकर जी ने अपने प्रभावशाली भाषण में अछूतों के उद्धार के लिए, उनके सुधार के लिए निर्भयता से अपने विचार रखे। उन्होने सिंह गर्जना करते हुए कहा “जब हम अपनी वर्तमान स्थिति और ब्रिटिश शासन से पहले की स्थिति की तुलना करते हैं, तो हम पाते हैं कि हम उन्नति करने की बजाय व्यर्थ में अपना समय बर्बाद कर रहे हैं।’

प्रश्न 4.
पत्नी की मृत्यु का डॉ. अंबेडकर पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?
उत्तरः
27 मई 1935 को अम्बेडकर जी की पत्नी रमाबाई का देहान्त हो गया। उन्होंने दुःखी होकर, भगवा वस्त्र पहनकर संन्यास लेने का निर्णय कर लिया। परन्तु परिवार के बड़ों तथा मित्रों के समझाने-बुझाने पर उन्होंने भगवा वस्त्र त्यागकर समाज-कल्याण के लिए संघर्ष करने का विचार किया। इस समय भगवा वस्त्र धारण करने के कारण लोगों ने उन्हें ‘बाबासाहेब’ कहना शुरू कर दिया।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
अंबेडकर की विदेशी शिक्षा के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तरः
भीमराव अंबेडकर ने 1913 में न्यूयार्क (अमेरिका) में जाकर कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय में दाखिला लिया। यहाँ से उन्होंने 1915 में एम.ए. तथा 1916 में पीएच.डी. की डिग्री प्राप्त की। 1916 में ही वे डॉक्टरेट ऑफ साइन्स (डी.एस.सी.) की तैयारी के लिए लंडन पहुंचे। विभिन्न कारणों से उन्हें पुनः भारत आना पड़ा। अपनी अधूरी डिग्री को पूरा करने के लिए एक बार फिर वे 1920 में लंडन गए। यहाँ उन्होंने 1921 में ब्रिटिश भारत में साम्राज्य पूंजी का प्रादेशिक विकेन्द्रीकरण’ विषय पर शोधकार्य पूरा कर मास्टर ऑफ साइंस की डिग्री प्राप्त की। एम.ए., पीएच.डी., एम.एससी., डी.एससी. और बार-एट-लॉ बनकर वे बंबई आए।

प्रश्न 6.
पारसी सराय में अम्बेडकर का क्या अपमान हुआ?
उत्तरः
अंबेडकर ने बड़ौदा रियासत में सैन्य सचिव के पद पर कार्य प्रारंभ किया। उन्हें बड़ौदा में रहने के लिए घर नहीं मिला। तब वे नाम बदलकर एक पारसी धर्मशाला में रहने लगे। मगर पारसियों को उनकी जाति का पता चला तो उन्होंने भी डॉ. अम्बेडकर को अपमानित करके भगा दिया। डॉ. अंबेडकर इस अपमान को बरसों तक नहीं भूल पाए।

प्रश्न 7.
अंबेडकर ने पीडित समाज के उद्धार के लिए क्या-क्या किया?
उत्तरः
अंबेडकर ने पीड़ित समाज के कष्टों को अहिंसात्मक तरीकों से दूर करने का निर्णय किया। उन्होंने वंचित एवं पीड़ित समाज को जागरूक करना आरंभ किया। उन्होंने ‘मूकनायक’ नामक पत्र निकाला। उन्होंने महाड़ नामक स्थान पर तालाब से पानी लेने पर दलित समाज पर पाबंदी के खिलाफ ‘महाड़ सत्याग्रह’ किया। डॉ. अंबेडकर गोल मेज सम्मेलन में ‘पृथक निर्वाचन’ का। अधिकार दलितों के लिए प्राप्त करने में सफल रहे।

प्रश्न 8.
अंबेडकर को भारत के संविधान जनक माना जाता है। क्यों?
उत्तरः
डॉ. अंबेडकर को देश का संविधान बनाने की महत्वपूर्ण जिम्मेदारी दी गयी। मसौदा समिति के अध्यक्ष के रूप में उन्होने भारत का संविधान लिखा। उन्होंने विश्व के लोकतंत्रों एवं संविधानों का अध्ययन कर भारतीय संविधान में श्रेष्ठतम प्रावधान किए। इसीलिए अंबेडकर को भारतीय संविधान का जनक माना जाता है।

III. ससंदर्भ स्पष्टीकरण कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
“वर्षों का समय बीत जाने फ भी पारसी सराय में मेरे साथ हुए दुर्व्यवहार का स्मरण करते ही मेरी आँखों में आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक शान्ति स्वरूप बौद्ध हैं।
संदर्भ : बड़ौदा महाराज की नोकरी करते हुए डॉ. अंबेडकर को अनेक अपमान सहने पड़े थे। उनमें से एक घटना पारसी सराय में रहते हुए अंबेडकर के साथ घटी थी।
स्पष्टीकरण : बड़ौदा रियासत की नौकरी करते हुए अंबेडकर को बड़ौदा में रहने के लिए घर की जरूरत थी। मगर छूतछात की दूषित भावना के कारण अंबेडकर को कोई घर नहीं मिला। वे नाम बदलकर पारसी सराय में रहने लगे। मगर पारसियों को जब उनकी जाति का पता चला, तो उन्होंने डॉ. अंबेडकर को अपमानित करके खदेड़ दिया। अंबेडकर इस घटना को जीवन भर भूले नहीं। वे लिखते हैं – ‘वर्षों का समय बीत जाने पर भी पारसी सराय में मेरे साथ हुए दुर्व्यवहार का स्मरण करते ही मेरी आँखों में आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं।’

प्रश्न 2.
“भीमराव इस प्रकार के असंख्य अपमान के खून के चूट चुपचाप पी जाते।
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक शान्ति स्वरूप बौद्ध हैं।
संदर्भ : बालक भीमराव को स्कूल में पढ़ते हुए भी कई बार अपमान का सामना करना पड़ा। लेखक उन घटनाओं को बता रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : भीमराव सब प्रकार के अत्याचार, अनाचार और भेदभाव सहन करके भी शिक्षा प्राप्त करते रहे। वे घड़े से पानी नहीं पी सकते थे। पाठशाला में उन्हें दरवाजे के बाहर जूतों के पास बैठना होता था। एक बार अध्यापक ने एक प्रश्न पूछा। भीमराव उस प्रश्न का उत्तर लिखने के लिए ज्यों ही ब्लैक बोर्ड की तरफ चले, त्यों ही कक्षा के सवर्ण छात्रों ने शोर मचाकर कहा – रोको इस अछूत को। यह हमारे भोजन को छूकर भ्रष्ट कर देगा। भीमराव इस प्रकार के असंख्य अपमान के खून के चूट चुपचाप पी जाते।

प्रश्न 3.
“हमारी आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक नहीं है, फिर भी मैं भीमराव को उच्च शिक्षा दिलाने का भरसक प्रयास करूँगा
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक शान्ति स्वरूप बौद्ध हैं।
संदर्भ : भीमराव ने जब मैट्रिक की परीक्षा पास की तो उनके पिता ने उन्हें उच्च शिक्षा दिलाने के लिए यह घोषणा की।
स्पष्टीकरण : डॉ. अंबेडकर ने तमाम विपरीत परिस्थितियों में अपनी स्कूली एवं हाईस्कूल शिक्षा प्राप्त कर ली थी। 1907 में भीमराव ने मैट्रिक की परीक्षा पास की। इस अवसर पर भीमराव के सम्मान में एक सभा का आयोजन किया गया। इसी समय उनके पिता रामजी सूबेदार ने घोषणा की कि ‘हमारी आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक नहीं है, फिर भी मैं भीमराव को उच्च शिक्षा दिलाने का भरसक प्रयास करूंगा।’

प्रश्न 4.
“मगर धन्य है डॉ. अम्बेडकर। उन्होंने तलवार या बंदूक का नहीं, अहिंसात्मक तरीके से अपने समाज के कष्टों को दूर करने का निर्णय लिया।”
उत्तरः
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक शान्ति स्वरूप बौद्ध हैं।
संदर्भ : डॉ. अंबेडकर को जीवन में पग पग अपमान के खून के चूंट पीने पड़े लेकिन उन्होंने इसका प्रतिरोध अहिंसात्मक तरीके से किया।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक अंबेडकर के जीवन पर रोशनी डालते हुए कहते हैं कि भीमराव को स्कूल में पढ़ाई से लेकर नौकरी तक अछूत होने का दंश झेलना पड़ा। उन्हें पारसी सराय से अपमानित कर बाहर किया गया। यहाँ तक कि सिडनेहम कॉलेज, मुंबई में भी जातिवादी लोगों ने उन्हें प्रताड़ित किया। अंबेडकर इन अत्याचारों से पीड़ित हो कई बार बंदूक उठाने के बारे में सोचते थे। मगर धन्य है डॉ. अंबेडकर उन्होंने तलवार या बंदूक का नहीं अहिंसात्मक तरीके से अपने समाज की पीड़ा दूर करने का बीड़ा उठाया।

IV. कोष्ठक में दिए गए कारक चिन्हों से रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति कीजिए:

(के, का, में, के लिए, से)

प्रश्न 1.
जन्म के समय डॉ. अंबेडकर ………….. नाम भीमराव रखा गया था।
उत्तरः
का

प्रश्न 2.
उस समय एक अछूत ………. यह बहुत अनोखी बात थी।
उत्तरः
के लिए

प्रश्न 3.
इसी बीच उन्हें बड़ौदा …………. दीवान ने एक पत्र लिखा।
उत्तरः
के

प्रश्न 4.
आँखों ………….. आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं।
उत्तरः
में

प्रश्न 5.
उसके हाथ ………….. बड़ी किताब है।
उत्तरः
में।

V. अन्य लिंग रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
पंडित, सूबेदार, पिता, नायक, गाय, नारी।
उत्तरः
पंडित – पंडिताइन
सूबेदार – सूबेदारनी
पिता – माता
नायक – नायिका
गाय – बैल
नारी – नर

VI. निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेद पढ़कर उस पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

१७ वर्ष की आयु में भीमराव का विद्यार्थी जीवन में ही ९ वर्ष की रमाबाई के साथ विवाह हो गया। अनेक कठिनाइयों का सामना करते हुए भीमराव बंबई के एलफिंस्टन कालेज में दाखिल हो गए। उस समय एक अछूत के लिए यह बहुत अनोखी बात थी। मगर रामजी सूबेदार भीमराव को और पढ़ाने में कठिनाई महसूस करने लगे, तो केलुस्कर गुरुजी भीमराव को बड़ौदा के महाराजा सयाजीराव गायकवाड जी के पास ले गए। भीमराव ने अपनी विद्वत्ता एवं बुद्धिमत्ता से महाराजा का दिल जीत लिया। महाराजा ने भीमराव की उच्च शिक्षा के लिए रु. २५/- मासिक छात्रवृत्ति स्वीकृत कर दी। समाज की क्रूर जाति-व्यवस्था उन्हें पग-पग पर पीड़ा पहुँचाती रही। वे संस्कृत पढ़ना चाहते थे, मगर अछूत होने के कारण उन्हें संस्कृत भाषा नहीं पढ़ने दी गई। दृढ़ इच्छाशक्ति के धनी भीमराव ने १९१२ में अंग्रेजी और पारसी विषयों के साथ बंबई विश्वविद्यालय से बी.ए. की परीक्षा पास की थी। वे बी.ए. की परीक्षा पास करने वाले पहले महार थे।

प्रश्न 1.
भीमराव का विवाह किसके साथ हुआ?
उत्तरः
भीमराव का विवाह रमाबाई के साथ हुआ।

प्रश्न 2.
भीमराव बंबई के किस कालेज में दाखिल हो गए?
उत्तरः
भीमराव बंबई के एलफिंस्टन कालेज में दाखिल हो गए।

प्रश्न 3.
केलुस्कर गुरुजी भीमराव को किस महाराजा के पास ले गये?
उत्तरः
केलुस्कर गुरुजी भीमराव को बडौदा के महाराजा सयाजीराव गायकवाड़ के पास ले गए।

प्रश्न 4.
महाराजा ने भीमराव की उच्च शिक्षा के लिए कितने रुपयों की छात्रवृत्ति स्वीकृत कर दी?
उत्तरः
महाराजा ने भीमराव की उच्च शिक्षा के लिए रु. 25 मासिक छात्रवृत्ति स्वीकृत कर दी।

प्रश्न 5.
भीमराव जी ने बी.ए. की परीक्षा किस वर्ष पास की?
उत्तरः
भीमराव जी ने बी.ए. की परीक्षा 1912 में पास की।

बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर लेखक का परिचयः

शांति स्वरूप बौद्ध जी का जन्म 2 अक्तूबर 1949 में फराशखाना, पुरानी दिल्ली में हुआ। आपकी माता भुरियादेवी तथा पिता परिनिब्बुत्त लाल हरिचंद मौर्य थे। आप जन्मजात प्रतिभाशाली थे तथा बौद्ध धर्म के पक्के अनुयायी थे। प्रमुख नगरों में बौद्ध धर्म का प्रचार किया। कई सालों तक सरकारी नौकरी की। बाद में सरकारी नौकरी छोड़कर समाज सेवा करने लगे। आपके साहित्यिक तथा सामाजिक सेवाओं के लिए कई पुरस्कार मिले।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘महाबोधि राहुल सांकृत्यायन’, ‘बोधगया’, ‘सारनाथ’, ‘भीम जीवनी’, ‘अशोक’, ‘भगवान बुद्ध’, ‘महात्मा ज्योतिराव फूले’ इत्यादि।
उद्देश्य : प्रस्तुत जीवनी डॉ. भीमराव अंबेडकर के संघर्षपूर्ण जीवन का सजीव एवं मार्मिक चित्रण है। उन्होंने जीवन की कठिन परिस्थितियों से जूझते हुए अपनी शिक्षा पूरी की तथा दलित समाज को जागरूक करना एवं उनके अधिकारों के प्रति सचेत करना ही उनके जीवन का मूल ध्येय रहा।
अंबेडकर के मूल मंत्र – ‘शिक्षा, संगठन एवं संघर्ष’ से विद्यार्थियों को भलीभांति परिचित कराने के उद्देश्य से इस जीवनी को संकलित किया गया है।

बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर Summary in Hindi

डॉ. बी.आर. अंबेडकर भारत के महान व्यक्तियों में एक हैं। दलित होने के नाते कई मुसीबतों को झेलकर, संघर्ष-पथ पर आगे बढ़ते गए। वे बहुत. बड़े मेधावी, संगठनकर्ता, भाषणकार और दलितों के मसीहा थे। उनका जन्म महाराष्ट्र के महार नामक अछूत परिवार में 14 अप्रैल 1891 को हुआ। उनकी माता का नाम भीमाबाई और पिता का नाम रामजी था। रामजी ब्रिटिश सेना में सूबेदार थे। वे अपने बेटे को अच्छी शिक्षा दिलाना चाहते थे।

भीमराव अम्बेडकर की शिक्षा-दीक्षा बड़ी कठिनाइयों के बीच संपन्न हुई। सहपाठी अम्बेडकर का हररोज अपमान किया करते थे। अध्यापक भी उन्हें अछूत मानकर दूर रखते थे। वे पढ़ने में तेज थे। उन्होंने सन् 1907 में मेट्रिक्युलेशन की परीक्षा पास की। फिर वे बम्बई के एलफिंस्टन कॉलेज में दाखिल हुए। बड़ौदा के महाराजा सयाजीराव गायकवाड ने उन्हें 25 रुपये की मासिक छात्रवृत्ति दी। उन्होंने सन् 1912 में बी.ए. की परीक्षा पास की।

सन 1913 में अम्बेडकर उच्च शिक्षा पाने के लिए अमेरिका गए। वहाँ के कोलम्बिया विश्वविद्यालय से उन्होंने 1915 में एम.ए. तथा 1916 में पीएच.डी. की डिग्रियाँ हासिल की। फिर वे 1916 में उच्च शिक्षा पाने इंग्लैंड गए। उन्होंने बड़ौदा राजा को लिखित रूप में वादा किया था कि वे पढ़ाई खत्म करने के बाद बडौदा सरकार में काम करेंगे। पढ़ाई बीच में छोड़कर वे बडौदा लौट आये। वहाँ भी उन्हें बार-बार अपमानित होना पड़ा। फिर वे बम्बई के सिडनेहम कॉलेज में प्रोफेसर बन गए। वे पैसे बचत करके अपनी अधूरी उच्च शिक्षा पूरी करने 1920 में दुबारा लंडन गए। वहाँ से एम.एस.सी. तथा बार-एट-लॉ की पदवियाँ पाकर सन् 1923 में भारत लौटे।

डॉ. अम्बेड़कर अस्पृश्यों की उन्नति के बारे में सदा सोचा करते थे। उन्होंने 1924 में समता सैनिक दल की स्थापना की। वे मुम्बई विधान परिषद के सदस्य भी बने। उन्होंने इस पद पर काम करते हुए अस्पृश्यों के उद्धार के लिए कई अच्छे काम किए। उन्होंने ‘मूक नायक’ नामक पत्रिका प्रारंभ की। इसमें अछूतों की समस्याएँ चर्चित की जाती थीं। इतना ही नहीं, अम्बेडकर जी ने अपने प्रभावशाली भाषणों द्वारा दलितों में चेतना जगाने का भरसक प्रयास किया।

भारत की भावी शासन-प्रणाली व संविधान के बारे में रूप-रेखा तय करने के लिए ब्रिटिश सम्राट द्वारा लंडन में आयोजित गोलमेज अधिवेशन में डॉ. अम्बेडकर ने सदस्य के रूप में भाग लेकर दलितों के अधिकारों के लिए अपने विचारों को प्रकट किया। सन् 1932 में पुणे में संपन्न पुणे पैक्ट के द्वारा नौकरियों में और शिक्षा के क्षेत्र के लिए चुनाओं में आरक्षण की व्यवस्था की। डॉ. अम्बेडकर के लगातार प्रयत्नों के कारण दलित वर्ग अपना सिर उठाकर चलने लगा।

भारत स्वतंत्र हुआ। डॉ. अम्बेडकर ने भारतीय संविधान की रचना करके ऐतिहासिक गौरव प्राप्त किया। वे ‘भारतीय संविधान के जनक’ कहलाए। वे स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम कानून मंत्री बने। दलित सूर्य डॉ. अम्बेडकर ने सन 1956, अक्तूबर 14 को नागपुर में अपने पाँच लाख अनुयायियों को लेकर बौद्ध धर्म की दीक्षा स्वीकार की। दलित सूर्य डॉ. अम्बेडकर 6 दिसम्बर 1956 को चल बसे। डॉ. बी.आर. अम्बेडकर को भारत सरकार ने मरणोपरान्त ‘भारत रत्न’ सम्मान से अलंकृत किया।

बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर Summary in Kannada

बाबासाहेब डॉ. अंबेडकर Summary in English

‘Babasaheb Dr. Ambedkar’, written by Shanti Swarup Boudh, is a biography of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is one of the great personalities of India. Since he belonged to the Dalit community, he had to face many hardships and challenges. He was a very wise man, a team worker, a great orator and a messiah for the Dalit community. He was born into an untouchable Mahar (caste) family on 14 April 1891. His mother was Bhimabai and his father was Ramji. Ramji was a Subedar in the British Army. He wanted to give his son a good education.

Bhimrao Ambedkar completed his education amidst great difficulties and challenges. His classmates would insult him every day. Even his teachers considered him an untouchable and always kept him at a distance. He was a bright student. In 1907, he passed the matriculation examination. He enrolled at Elphinstone College in Bombay. The Maharaja of Baroda, Sayyajirao Gaekwad gave him a monthly stipend of 25 rupees. In 1912, he passed the B.A. examination.

In 1913, Ambedkar went to the United States of America for further education. He obtained his M.A. in 1915 and a PhD. in 1916 from Columbia University. Later, in 1916, he moved to England for further studies. He had made a written promise to the Maharaja of Baroda, that after he finished his education, he would work for the government of Baroda. Leaving his studies midway, he returned to Baroda, from England. Even when he returned, he had to bear insults time and again. Then he became a professor in Sydenham College in Bombay. He saved money and in 1920 he returned to England to finish his studies, which he had left midway. He obtained his M.Sc. and Barrister-at-law degrees and then returned to India – in 1923.

Dr. Ambedkar always worried about the development of the untouchable community. In 1924, he established the Samata Sainik Dal. He also became a member of the Bombay Science Society. While at this post, he worked towards the upliftment of untouchables. He started a journal called ‘Mook Nayak’. In this, the problems facing the untouchable community were discussed. Besides this, Ambedkar endeavoured to kindle hope in the Dalit community through his powerful speeches and oration.

He was invited as a member of the Round Table Conference, which was organized by the British in London, to decide upon the future government and the Constitution of India. At the conference, Ambedkar spoke on behalf of the Dalits, demanding basic rights for the community. In 1932, through the ‘Pune Pact, he obtained special reservations in jobs and posts in educational institutions for the Dalits. Due to the untiring and constant efforts of Dr. Ambedkar, the people of the Dalit community began to live with their heads held high.

After India became independent, Dr. Ambedkar gained worldwide fame by compiling the Indian Constitution. He is known as the ‘Father of the Indian Constitution’. He also became the first law minister of independent India.

On 14th of October, 1956, Dr. Ambedkar along with five lakh followers, converted to Buddhism in the city of Nagpur. On the 6th of December, 1956, Dr. Ambedkar passed away. After his death, the government of India honoured him with the highest civilian award, the ‘Bharat Ratna’.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• ललक – बलवती इच्छा, ಪ್ರಬಲವಾದ ಇಚ್ಚಿ ;
• मसौदा – ಕರಡು, draft;
• निर्दयता – निष्ठुरता;
• पराकाष्ठा – चरमसीमा;
• दमन – दबाने की क्रिया, ತುಳಿತ;
• छूतछात – छुआछूत, अस्पृश्यता।

You can Download Chapter 8 World Revolutions Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 8 World Revolutions

1st PUC History World Revolutions One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by ‘revolution’?
Answer:
The Latin word ‘revolution’ means a complete change.

Question 2.
What was the period in which the Industrial Revolution took place?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution took place between 1750 and 1850.

Question 3.
Mention on which particular field the Industrial Revolution had its profound effect.
Answer:
The Industrial Resolution had its profound effect on social, economic and cultural conditions of that time.

Question 4.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin at first?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution first began in the United Kingdom.

Question 5.
Who invented the Water Frame?
Answer:
Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame.

Question 6.
Who invented the Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny.

Question 7.
Mention the city in which the Cotton Revolution first began.
Answer:
The Cotton Revolution first began in Derby.

Question 8.
Which city is called the ‘Power House of the North’?
Answer:
Derby is called the Power House of the North.

Question 9.
Where did the Coal Mining start first?
Answer:
Coal mining first started in South Wales.

Question 10.
Why is James Watt famous?
Answer:
James Watt is famous for the development of the Steam Engine.

Question 11.
In which year did the American war of Independence take place?
Answer:
American War of Independence began in 1776.

Question 12.
Who was the Commander in Chief of the colonial army?
Answer:
George Washington was the Commander in Chief of the colonial army.

Question 13.
Who was the first President of the USA?
Answer:
George Washington was the first President of USA.

Question 14.
Who was the King of England during the American war of Independence?
Answer:
George III was the King of England during the American war of Independence.

Question 15.
Who drafted the Declaration of American Independence?
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson.

Question 16.
In which year was the American Constitution adopted?
Answer:
In 1787, the American Constitution was adopted.

Question 17.
Who founded the 13 colonies in America?
Answer:
Great Britain.

Question 18.
Which country of Europe supported the colonies?
Answer:
France.

Question 19.
What was the slogan of the colonists against the British taxation policy?
Answer:
“No taxation without representation” was the slogan of the colonists.

Question 20.
Where did Lord Cornwallis surrender to the American Army?
Answer:
Yorktown in 1781.

Question 21.
In which year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer:
The French Revolution began in 1789.

Question 22.
Name the dynasty that ruled France at the time of the French Revolution.
Answer:
The Bourbon Dynasty ruled France at the time of the French Revolution.

Question 23.
Who was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’?
Answer:
Louis XIV, the King of France was called as the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’.

Question 24.
Who was the King of France at the time of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Louis XIV was the King of France at the time of the French Revolution.

Question 25.
What was the nickname of Marie Antoinette?
Answer:
Madame Deficit was the nickname of Marie Antoinette.

Question 26.
Which was the famous book of Montesquieu?
Answer:
The ‘Spirit of Laws’ was the famous book of Montesquieu.

Question 27.
Name the book written by Voltaire.
Answer:
‘The Letters on the English’ was the book written by Voltaire.

Question 28.
Name the French Philosopher who supported the benevolent despotism.
Answer:
J. J. Rousseau was the French philosopher who supported the benevolent despotism.

Question 29.
Who is known as “The Father of French Revolution”?
Answer:
Jean Jacques Rousseau was known as ‘The Father of French Revolution’.

Question 30.
Which book is regarded as the ‘Bible of French Revolution’?
Answer:
‘Social Contract’ by J.J. Rousseau is regarded as the ‘Bible of the French Revolution’.

Question 31.
Who wrote the book called ‘Social Contract’?
Answer:
J. J. Rousseau wrote the book called Social Contract.

Question 32.
In which year did the fall of Bastille take place?
Answer:
Fall of Bastille took place on the 14^th of July 1789.

Question 33.
Who was the head of the ‘Committee of Public Safety’?
Answer:
Robespierre was the head of the ‘Committee of Public Safety’.

Question 34.
When did the French Revolution begin and with what actions?
Answer:
In 1789 A.D. On the 20^th June, the Third Estate came out of the Parliament and took the famous ‘Tennis Court Oath’ and on the 14^th of July, the Bastille Prison was razed to the ground and prisoners were released.

Question 35.
Which book is considered as a ‘Testament of Modern Democracy’?
Answer:
Rousseau’s ‘Social Contract’ is considered as a ‘Testament of Modem Democracy’.

Question 36.
Which incident was considered to be a triumph of liberty in France?
Answer:
Fall of Bastille on 14^thof July 1789 A.D.

Question 37.
“Man is born free, but he is in chains everywhere”. Whose statement was this?
Answer:
J.J. Rousseau.

Question 38.
What is Rousseau’s autobiography called as?
Answer:
Confessions

Question 39.
Which was the principle advocated by the Russian Revolution?
Answer:
Socialistic Principles were advocated by the Russian revolution.

Question 40.
Who was the Tsar ruling Russia at the time of Revolution?
Answer:
Tsar Nicolas II was ruling Russia at the time of the Russian Revolution.

Question 41.
Which was the dynasty ruling Russia at the time of Revolution?
Answer:
The Romanov dynasty was ruling Russia at the time of Revolution.

Question 42.
Name the Queen of Tsar Nicholas-II.
Answer:
Tsarina Alexandra.

Question 43.
Who was the Monk who influenced the administration of Tsar Nicholas-II?
Answer:
Rasputin was the monk who influenced the administration of Tsar Nicholas II.

Question 44.
On what principles were the Tsars ruling Russia?
Answer:
Divine Origin.

Question 45.
Who introduced the principle of Russification?
Answer:
Tsar Alexander III.

Question 46.
Who wrote the literary work ‘Poor Folk’?
Answer:
Fyodor Dostoyevsky wrote it.

Question 47.
Who wrote the book ‘Fathers and sons’?
Answer:
Turgenev wrote it.

Question 48.
When did the bloody Sunday take place?
Answer:
On 22^nd January 1905.

Question 49.
Which nation defeated Russia in 1905?
Answer:
Japan defeated Russia in 1905.

Question 50.
Who was the leader of Mensheviks?
Answer:
Kerensky was the leader of the Mensheviks.

Question 51.
Name the party that was led by Lenin.
Answer:
Bolshevik party was led by Lenin.

Question 52.
Under which leader was the Provisional Government formed in Russia?
Answer:
The Provisional Government was formed in Russia by the Mensheviks under Kerensky.

Question 53.
Expand- N.E.P
Answer:
New Economic Policy.

Question 54.
Expand- USSR.
Answer:
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Question 55.
When did the Russian Revolution take place?
Answer:
In 1917 A D.

Question 56.
Who wrote “Das Capital”?
Answer:
Karl Marx.

Question 57.
Where did the Russian Revolution of 1917 start?
Answer:
At Petrograd city.

Question 58.
Who abolished the serfdom in Russia?
Answer:
Tsar Alexander- II

Question 59.
Who wrote the book “War and Peace”?
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy.

Question 60.
Which book was written by Maxim Gorky?
Answer:
Mother.

Question 61.
What is the modern name of Petrograd?
Answer:
Leningrad.

Question 62.
Who wrote the book “State and Revolution?
Answer:
Lenin.

1st PUC History World Revolutions Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by Revolution?
Answer:
The term Revolution is derived from the Latin word ‘revolution’ which means a complete change. It incorporates fundamental change in governance or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time.

Question 2.
Mention the fields in which changes took place during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
Industrial Revolution brought in changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology.

Question 3.
Mention any two chemicals invented during the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
The two major chemicals invented during the Industrial Revolution were Sodium carbonate and Sulphuric Acid.

Question 4.
Who invented Gaslighting on a large scale? Which was the City where Gas lighting was introduced first?
Answer:
William Sugg introduced Gas Lighting on a large scale. It was introduced in London.

Question 5.
Which country started Coal mining and where was it introduced?
Answer.
Britain started Coal mining for the first time in South Wales.

Question 6.
In which century were Clocks and Watches made for the first time?
Ans.
In the 18^th Century, Watches and Clocks were made for the first time.

Question 7.
Write a note on the Machine tools from the Industrial Revolution. Period.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled manufacturing machines. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18^th Century by the makers of Clocks and Watches and Scientific instruments on a large scale. Machines were built by various craftsmen – carpenters made wooden framings and smiths and turners made the metal parts.

Question 8.
Which Country took the leadership in the Chemical industry during the Industrial Revolution?
Ans.
After 1860, when the focus was in dyestuffs, Germany took world leadership in Chemical Industry.

Question 9.
Name any two colonies of America.
Answer:

1. Maryland.
2. Rhode Island.

Question 10.
What was ‘Boston Tea Party’?
Answer:
British Parliament passed an act in 1773 and gave the monopoly of Tea trade to the East India Company, which was resented by the colonists. When a ship loaded with tea packets arrived at Boston, the colonists disguised as Red Indians raided the ship and threw all the tea packets into the sea. This incident is called‘Boston Tea Party’.

Question 11.
Mention any two factors of the Navigation Act. (or) Why did the American colonies oppose the Navigation Act?
Answer:
British Parliament to restrict free trade of the Colonies, levied heavy taxes and introduced the Navigation Act. As per this act, the raw materials produced in America should be exported to England only and the essential goods needed by the colonies should be imported from England only. Americans should use only British ships for trade and should not duplicate the British products. These restrictions violated the principles of free trade and the colonies opposed them.

Question 12.
Name any two Philosophers who influenced the American war of Independence.
Answer:

1. Thomas Jefferson.
2. Samuel Adams.

Question 13.
Who drafted the Declaration of American Independence? When?
Answer:
Thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration of American Independence on 4^th July 1776 A.D.

Question 14.
Name any two taxes imposed by England on the Colonies.
Answer:
Stamp Act and Sugar and Molasses Act.

Question 15.
When was the Stamp Act passed? What was it?
Answer:
British Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1764 A.D. The Colonists were compelled to pay Stamp duties on all legal documents.

Question 16.
Name the leaders of the American War of Independence.
Answer:
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, John Dickenson.

Question 17.
Where was the first Continental Congress held? When?
Answer:
The First Continental Congress was held in the city of Philadelphia in 1774 A.D.

Question 18.
Why did France support the American Colonists?.
Answer:
France was defeated in the seven years (1756-1763) war by England and had to give up Canada to the English. They were waiting for a chance to take revenge on English. Therefore, when the war broke out between the American colonies and England, France sided with the colonies.

Question 19.
Write the cause for the Boston Tea Party.
Answer:
British Parliament passed an act in 1773 and gave the monopoly of Tea trade to the East India Company, which was resented by the colonists. Cheaper tea powder was available in the black market. The first shipment was forced to go back to England. When another ship loaded with tea packets arrived at Boston, the colonists disguised as Red Indians raided the ship and threw all the tea packets into the sea making it the ‘Boston Tea Party’.

Question 20.
What was the significance of the First Continental Congress?
Answer:
Representatives of the 12 colonies except Georgia assembled at the first continental Congress of Philadelphia held on 5th September 1774 A.D and formulated the future course of action and drew up a ‘Declaration of Rights’. This confirmed their resolve that the colonists could not be taxed without their consent.

Question 21.
Name the British General who surrendered to Washington. Where? When?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown on 19^th October 1781 A.D.

Question 22.
What is the Quebec Act?
Answer:
This act passed in 1774 by the British Parliament, granted most of the Ohio county to the French which was opposed by the colonists as they wanted to expand westwards. It also permitted the French Canadians to Practice Roman Catholicism in America much to the resentment of the colonists. The colonists felt that the British were trying to ‘Divide and Rule’.

Question 23.
What is Boston Massacre?
Answer:
American colonists protested the imposition of new taxes. When they revolted, Britain sent its troops to put down the revolt. British troops occupied Boston and in the clashes between the troops and the colonists in 1770, five Bostonians lost their lives and many were injured. This incidence is known as the ‘Boston Massacre’.

Question 24.
Name any two rulers of France on the Eve of the French Revolution.
Answer:
Louis XIV and Louis XVI.

Question 25.
Who were the King and Queen of France at the time of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Louis XVI was the King and Marie Antoinette was the Queen.

Question 26.
Mention any two differences between the privileged and unprivileged groups of French society.
Answer:

1. The people of I and II Estates who were the Clergy and the Nobility respectively formed the privileged classes. They were in minority who were less than 2% of the French population. They monopolized all the highest offices in the Army, Church and the Government. They were exempted from paying taxes and free from the authority of the court.

2. The commoners consisting of peasants, workers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc., were the III Estate and formed the unprivileged group. They were not eligible for the higher posts. They had to pay all the taxes and were at the mercy of the court for even minor offenses.

Question 27.
Name the three classes of French society.
Answer:
Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners were the three classes of the French Society.

Question 28.
Name any two important Philosophers of France.
Answer:
Montesquieu, J.J.Rousseau.

Question 29.
What were the principles or watchwords of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity are the watchwords of the French Revolution.

Question 30.
Name any two books of J.J. Rousseau.
Answer:
Social Contract, Confession.

Question 31.
Name any two taxes paid by the French people.
Answer:
Commoners paid taxes like ‘Tailie’ (Property Tax), ‘Gable’ (Salt Tax), ‘Tithe’ (Religious tax) and other cesses.

Question 32.
Name any two finance ministers of France on the Eve of the French Revolution?
Answer:
Turgot, Neckar, and Colonne were the Finance ministers of France.

Question 33.
What did the Finance Ministers of France suggest to solve the financial crisis?
Answer:
To solve the financial crisis they suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditures and to impose some taxes on the privileged classes who were till then exempted from paying any kind of tax.

Question 34.
What is the Tennis Court Oath?
Answer:
Louis XVi willed for a meeting of the French Parliament in May 1789, to solve the financial crisis. The third Estate insisted for joint sitting, which was not agreed to by the first two Estates and the King. The Third Estate, which was in majority, came out of the Parliament and assembled at a tennis court on 20^th June 1789 and took an oath that they should not disperse until a constitution for France was framed. This is famous as ‘The Tennis Court Oath’.

Question 35.
Name the groups of French Revolutionaries.
Answer:
Girondists (Moderates) and Jacobins (Extremists).

Question 36.
What is ‘September Massacre’?
Answer:
After overthrowing the King, a new Legislative Assembly came into existence, which was later replaced by the ‘National Convention’ headed by the Jacobins, the Extremists. Suspected loyalists were massacred in September 1782, with a machine called Guillotine to behead people. Since thousands of people were massacred in this month, it is called as ‘September Massacre’.

Question 37.
Give an account of the Intellectual causes for the French Revolution.
Answer:
Many great Philosophers during the 18^th century in France criticized about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic exploitation in France and also insisted for reforms. Montesquieu, Voltaire, J.J. Rousseau, and Diderot were the important philosophers of France who lived much before the outbreak of the French Revolution. They strongly criticized the Church and social inequality. Rousseau gave the watchword of the revolution ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’.

Question 38.
Name the two classes of the Russian Society.
Answer:
Privileged Class and Unprivileged Class.

Question 39.
Which was the slogan of Russification?
Answer:
‘One Nation, One language, One Church and One Tsar’ was the Slogan.

Question 40.
Name any two intellectuals who influenced the Russian revolution.
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy and Turgenev, Karl Marx.

Question 41.
Name any two works of Leo Tolstoy.
Answer:
War and Peace, Anna Karenina.

Question 42.
Who was Maxim Gorky? Mention his works.
Answer:
Maxim Gorky was a famous Philosopher and writer of Russia. His main works are ‘Mother’ and ‘Children of the Sun’.

Question 43.
Name the intellectuals of Russia who were influenced by Karl Marx.
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy and Turgenev.

Question 44.
Who was Karl Marx? Mention two of his works.
Answer:
Karl Marx was a German Philosopher. His famous works were ‘Das Capital’ arid ‘Communist Manifesto’.

Question 45.
What was the call given by Karl Marx to the world Labourers?
Answer:
“Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains of Slavery”.

Question 46.
What is ‘Bloody Sunday’?
Answer:
On Sunday the 22^nd of January 1905, Father Gapan led a huge rally of workers and wanted to meet the Tsar to express their grievances. Most of them were killed by the army. This is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and caused great resentment among the Russians about the Tsar.

Question 47.
Name the two parties during the Russian revolution.
Answer:
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Question 48.
When did the Russian Revolution take place? Who was the Russian Ruler at that time?
Answer:
In 1917 A-D. Nicholas-II was the Czar of Russia at that time.

Question 49.
Name the Philosophers who influenced the Russian revolution.
Answer:
Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, Robert Owen, Karl Marx, Simon, Louis Blanc.

Question 50.
Who organized the Social Democratic party? When?
Answer:
Lenin organized the Social Democratic party in 1898 A.D.

Question 51.
Who introduced the Five years plan in Russia? When?
Answer:
Joseph Stalin introduced the Five Years Plan in 1928 A.D.

Question 52.
Who were the Mensheviks?
Answer:
The Socialist Democratic Party in Russia split in 1903, into Radicals and Moderates. Moderates led by Alexander Kerensky were called Mensheviks which means minority. They wanted to bring about changes by gradual and peaceful means.

Question 53.
Who were the Bolsheviks?
Answer:
The Socialist Democratic Party in Russia split in 1903, into Radicals and Moderates. Radicals led by Lenin came to be known as Bolsheviks which means the majority. They wanted to bring about changes by more radical and violent means.

Question 54.
What is the New Economic Policy? When did Russia adopt this policy?
Answer:
The new economic policy was an adoption of mixed economy, i.e. both Government and Private property. This was adopted in 1921 A.D by Lenin.

1st PUC History World Revolutions Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the main effects of the Industrial Revolution in the fields of Agriculture, Transport, Canals, and Roads?
Answer:
1. Agriculture:
Revolution in Agriculture began centuries before Industrial Revolution. The invention of machinery gave it a big impetus. It lessened the dependence on labour and freed labour from land to work in the new industrial mills. As the revolution in industry progressed, a series of machines became available which increased the food production.

2. Transport:
Industrial Revolution improved Britain’s Transport Infrastructure a turnpike road network, a canal, and waterway network and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved faster and cheaper than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

3. Railways:
Wagon ways were used to move coal from mines. The introduction of railways made it highly successful in the transportation of passengers and freight. Many railway projects were undertaken. After completion of the railway projects, the workers did not return to the rural lifestyles.

They remained in the cities adding additional workforce to the factories. Canals: Canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. These canals helped the growth of commercial activities. The Bridgewater Canal in North West England was the first such successful canal.

4. Roads:
A number of new roads were built by private people and companies who collected tolls from the users. They connected major cities of England which helped the quick transport of men, material, and mails to distant parts.

Question 2.
What were the main effects of the Industrial Revolution in the fields of Socialism, Capitalism, Factories and Urbanization and Child Labour?
Answer:
1. Effects of Socialism:
Socialism was an economic theory that sprang almost directly from the Industrial Revolution. It was a reaction against the unregulated capitalism of that time. Socialism proposed that society as a whole should control the means of production. It advocated – that the Government exists only to oversee its initial phases and then to become nonexistent, leaving the people to govern themselves cooperatively.

This contradicted the tenets of laissez-faire capitalism, which stated that the best total result for the society was achieved if competition took its natural course. This movement was inspired by the problems that the Industrial Revolution presented for the common worker. Working conditions, long hours, and low pay made the workers to come together and unite for a common socialist system.

2. Effects on Capitalism:
Industrialization depends largely on capital i.e. Wealth available for investment in order to speed up development and make more wealth. Capital investment was one of the leading reasons as to why the British industrial economy prospered.

3. Factories and Urbanization:
Industrialization led to the creation of factories. The Cotton spinning activity was the first to be mechanized. Later, a factory system developed. A large number of workers migrated to cities in search of employment. Many cotton mills were established at Manchester which was the first Industrial City of the World. The factory system speeded up urbanization.

4. Child Labour:
Industrial Revolution led to an increase in population. Infant mortality rates reduced remarkably. Still, there was only a limited scope for education. Children were expected to work at less pay even though their efficiency was comparable with adults. There was no need of strength to operate machines but skilled labourers were needed. Since the required skilled adults were not available, child labour was the preferred choice in some of the manufacturing industries.

Thus, the Industrial Revolution brought drastic changes in the life of people across nations. It gave rise to urban centres requiring vast municipal services. It created a specialized and interdependent economic life. It made the urban worker completely dependent and at the mercy of the employer. Relations between capitalist and labour were getting aggravated, and Marxism was the result of this unrest.

The revolution also brought a need for a new type of state intervention to protect the labourer and to provide necessary services. Industrial Revolution provided the economic base for the rise of newer professions, an increase in population and improvement in the living standards.

Question 3.
Explain why the Industrial Revolution process first began in England.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) witnessed changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology. It had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. In the second half of the 18^th century, a new revolution gripped the world that it was not ready for.

This was neither political nor social or cultural in nature. But it led to many implications later in its existence. It was an economic one. It began in the United Kingdom and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan and eventually the rest of the world. Industrial revolution marked a major turning point in history.

Almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented growth. After the 18^th century, the World’s average per capita income increased over tenfold while the world’s population increased over six times in the next two centuries. The industrial revolution changed the way by how the world produced its goods.

It also changed our society from being mainly an agricultural society to an industrial and manufacturing one. It began in the field of textiles because there was more demand for cloth. Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution. Britain was the first country in Europe to begin the process of industrialization. It had a lead over the rest of the European nations.

Factors contributing to Britain’s lead were as follows:

1. It had achieved Political stability after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
2. National Banking system was the first of its kind in Europe, to invest with low-interest rates.
3. The availability of Natural resources like coal and iron in Britain.
4. There was an increase in population due to better health facilities, low mortality rate, better diet, etc. This excess population gave rise to a larger workforce, ready to work at low wages and there was also an increase in the number of consumers.

Question 4.
Write a note on agriculture and Transport.
Answer:
1. Agriculture:
Revolution in Agriculture began centuries before Industrial Revolution. But the invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the Agricultural Revolution. It played a big part in freeing up labour from the land, to work in the new industrial mills of the 18^th century. As the revolution in industry progressed a series of machines became available, which increased food production.

2. Transport:
The Industrial Revolution improved Britain’s transport infrastructure with turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

Question 5.
Write a note on Steam Power and Chemicals.
Answer:
1. Steam power:
The improved steam engine invented by James Watt was mainly used as power pumps for pumping water out of mines. Later, it was used in other types of machines. For over a hundred years the steam engine was the king of the industries.

2. Chemicals:
The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The inventions of Sulphuric Acid, the production of large scale alkalis and the method of production of Sodium carbonate became the host of other inventions.

They were also cost-effective. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries Early uses for sulphuric acid were for pickling (removing rust) iron and steel and for bleaching cloth. After 1860 when the focus shifted to dyestuffs, Germany took the r lead.

Question 6.
Describe the results of the American war of Independence.
Answer:
1. Emergence of the USA:
A new nation called the ‘United States of America’ was born. They adopted the republican type of government. In 1787, America adopted a republican form of government with a federal structural. It became the first country in the world to adopt a written constitution. George Washington became the first president of the USA. Loss to England: According to the Paris treaty concluded in 1783, Britain suffered heavily in terms of economy and lost 13 resourceful colonies.

2. Triumph of Democracy:
Victory of the Americans strengthened the democratic ideologies and principles all over the world. It inspired patriots, who fought against imperialism in several other countries.

3. A lesson to England:
After losing the 13 colonies in the war, England changed its attitude towards its other colonies. The belief that the Sun never sets in their Empire received a deathblow. Inspiration for French Revolution: The French soldiers, who participated in the American Revolution, were inspired by the revolutionary slogans of the Americans. This resulted in the outbreak of the French revolution in 1789.

4. End of the monarchy in England :
After being defeated in the American war of independence, the English King Charles III lost his prestige and popularity. He was subjected to come under the rule of the Parliament. This led to the constitutional Kingship.

Question 7.
Describe the part played by George Washington in the American war of Independence.
Answer:
George Washington 1732-1799:
He was born in Virginia on February 22, 1732 A.D. He was the son of a landlord. He gained his military experience during the seven years war in Europe 1 and got a reputation as a capable leader. He was a better soldier than a great leader and a man of determination and courage. He became a symbol to the Americans.

(i) The first battle between the British troops and the Colonies took place around Boston, known as the Battle of Bunker hill in 1775 A.D. Though the Colonies lost that battle, they proved the fighting qualities of their militia. Every defeat filled Washington with fresh enthusiasm for further success.

(ii) He went on recruiting the hardy farmers and foresters and gave them training and adequate equipment. He could enlist the support of Spain, Red Indians and French.

(iii) The Americans tried to capture Canada but failed. Washington secured brilliant victories against the British at Trenton.

(iv) The second Continental (Philadelphia) Congress in 1775 appointed Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Colonial army. In 1776, Americans lost Philadelphia but they gained a decisive victory at Saratoga in 1778 A.D. This was the turning point in the war. The British were compelled to evacuate Philadelphia in 1778 A.D.

(v) In 1781, Cornwallis, the British General established himself in the village of Yorktown and began building fortifications. Washington decided to win an impressive and decisive victory against Cornwallis. The war came to an end by the treaty of Paris in 1783. England recognized the independence of the 13 Colonies. The 4^th of July was a great day for Americans.

(vi)Third Philadelphia Congress was held in 1787. The Congress decided that the States should unite together into a Federation and the new Nation was to be called U.S.A. Washington became the first President of America on 30^th April 1789. He declined to be the President for the third term.

(vii) He made way for the younger revolutionaries to lead the nation. He passed away on 14^th December 1799. He was the father of America. The saying “George Washington was first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countryman” aptly sums up the feelings of the Americans.

Question 8.
Explain the course of the American War of Independence.
Answer:
The punitive and oppressive laws passed by the British Parliament and the heavy taxes were disapproved by the Colonists. Alarmed by the repressive policy of the British, all the Colonies united together in their opposition. On 5^th September 1774, delegates of 12 Colonies except Georgia met at Philadelphia to decide the future plan of action. This is known as the First Continental (Philadelphia) Congress.

The Congress drew up a ‘Declaration of rights’ and sent a petition to George III requesting him to intervene and redress their grievances. But George- III turned a deaf ear to their plea and branded the members of the Congress as revolutionaries. Moreover, he ordered his troops to crush them.

This action of the King was not tolerated by the Colonists. The Congress appointed George Washington as the Commander in Chief of the Colonial army to fight the British troops and on 4^th July 1776 proclaimed their Independence from the control of England.

A Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson was unanimously adopted by the Colonies. Infuriated with the colonist’s attitude, Britain declared war on America. In the early stages of the war, the British had an upper hand. Americans lost the Bunker Hill battle but won at Trenton and Prinistjne.

Washington crushed the British in the battle of Saratoga and on 17th October 1777, the British Commander-in-Chief surrendered to him. This was the turning point in the war. The war continued and Lord Cornwallis and the British army under him were routed at York Town in 1781. The war came to an end with the. Treaty of Paris in 1783. England recognized the Independence of the 13 Colonies. 4^th of July was a great day of Americans and is their Independence day.

Question 9.
Write a note on Boston Tea Party.
Answer:
British Parliament passed an act in 1773 and gave the monopoly of Tea trade to the East India Company. Colonists resented it. Cheaper Tea powder was available in the black market. When the first consignment came to New York and Philadelphia, they were forced to go back to England.

But again when another ship loaded with Tea packets arrived at Boston in 1773, the colonists disguised themselves as ‘Red Indians’ under the leadership of Paul Revere, entered the ship and threw the Tea boxes into the ocean. This incident is called the ‘Boston Tea Party’.

To retaliate, in 1774 the British Prime Minister Lord North Broke introduced four coercive acts on the colonists putting some restrictions and giving liberal concessions for the British soldiers. These acts were called as Intolerable Acts and helped in uniting the colonists further . in their war of Independence.

Question 10.
Write a note on British taxation Policy.
Answer:
The seven years war with France was a big financial burden on England. To recover these expenses, England levied taxes on goods imported into the colonies. The Sugar and Molasses Act was passed in 1764 which levied taxes on sugar and molasses. The tax on molasses was a hindrance to the production of wine. It led to the increase of smuggling activities and the colonies faced many problems. The public outcry made the British Parliament to decrease the same.

The stamp act was passed in 1764, which declared that stamp duties were to be paid On all legal documents. The colonists opposed this Act. They said that the British Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonists when they were not given representation in the Parliament. Their slogan was ‘No Taxation without Representation’. The colonists showed their anger by burning the stamps. British Parliament was forced to withdraw this act.

In 1767, the Townsend Act was passed which imposed heavy taxes on Glass, Paper, and Tea. Troops were sent to help the officers in collecting the taxes. When the colonists protested and revolted, troops were sent to put down the same. British troops occupied Boston and in a fight with them, five people lost their Have and many were injured. After this ‘Boston Massacre’, taxes on glass and paper were withdrawn and to show their power and control, tax on tea was retained.

Boston Tea Party:
British Parliament passed an Act in 1773 and gave the monopoly of Tea trade to the East India Company. Colonists resented it. Cheaper Tea powder was available in the black market. When the first consignment came to New York and Philadelphia they were forced to go back to England. But again when another ship loaded with Tea packets arrived at Boston in 1773, the colonists disguised themselves as ‘Red Indians’ under the leadership of Paul Revere, entered the ship and threw the Tea boxes into the ocean marking the ‘Boston Tea Party’.

Question 11.
Explain the social and economic causes for the French Revolution.
Answer:
1. Social Causes:
Social inequality was one of the main causes for the French revolution. On the top of the social hierarchy was the King and the Royal family, next came the Clergy the I Estate and Nobility the II Estate, and below them the Commoners the III Estate.

The first two Estates were the privileged classes and the Third Estate was the unprivileged one consisting of Peasants, Workers, Teachers, Lawyers, Doctors, and Philosophers, etc. The people of I and II Estates were in minority who were less than 2% of the French population. The first two Estates monopolized all the highest offices in the Army, Church and the Government.

They were also exempted from paying taxes and free from the authority of the court. They were the owners of enormous wealth and exploited the peasants and workers. On the other hand, the conditions of the commoners were deplorable. They had to pay all taxes and were not eligible for any higher government services.

“The Nobles fight, the Clergy pray and the Commons pay”, was a popular statement in France. Thus the majority of the French people were disgusted owing to their social inferiority and discrimination, which paved the way for the outbreak of this revolution.

2. Economic Causes:
The policy of taxation in France was defective and unfair. The burden of tax mostly fell on the Commoners, because the Clergy and Nobles were exempted from all kinds of taxes. Commoners had to pay ‘Tai lie’(Property Tax), ‘Gable’ (Salt Tax), ‘Tithe’ (Religious Tax) and other cesses to the Government. The peasants and workers after paying all these taxes were left with only 18 to 20% of their earnings. Even during the famines they had to pay their taxes and were suffering from untold miseries.

Thousands of people died due to starvation. If 10 people died in France, 9 would have been due to the starvation and the tenth one due to indigestion” was the condition of France on the eve of the French Revolution. This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common people made them to revolt against the discriminative taxation policy of the French Government.

Question 12.
Give an account of the Intellectual causes for the French Revolution.
Answer:
Many great Philosophers during the 18^th century in France, criticized about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic exploitation in France and also insisted for reforms. Montesquieu, Voltaire, J.J. Rousseau, and Diderot were the important philosophers of France who lived much before the outbreak of the French Revolution.

France was prepared mentally and morally for a revolt against the old regime because of the writings and speeches of these brilliant thinkers of that age. They strongly criticized the Church and social inequality and provided the intellectual justification for the revolution.

Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty of the people. Voltaire asked people to apply ‘Reason’ in every field. Rousseau gave the watchword of the revolution ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’. Diderot condemned the privileged classes.

Question 13.
Write a note on the Political and Immediate Cause for the French Revolution,
Answer:
1. Political causes:
France Was ruled by the ‘Bourbon Dynasty’ for many centuries. The French monarchy was absolute. Louis XIV, the King of France, who was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’ went to the extent of saying “lam the state, I am the Government”. He believed in the ‘Divine Right Theory of Kings’. He neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to his whims and fancies. His successor Louis XV had no ability to rule the nation.

During his reign, France fought many wars viz, the War of Austrian Succession, the Seven Years War and others. In these wars, it was defeated and it was a great financial burden, The administrative system of France was highly flawed and the Rulers neglected their responsibilities and welfare of the people and were addicted to women, wine and wealth. The officials were highly corrupt and there was no uniform legal system. This type of political anarchy, absolutism, and misrule increased the dissatisfaction of the people and led to the revolution.

2. Immediate cause:
The financial condition of France was deplorable by about 1789. National debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish lifestyle of the King and his family. There was no difference between the state and the King’s personal expenditures. The unprivileged class was paying all the taxes. The Finance Ministers of France, such as Turgot, Neckar, and Colonne, suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditures and to impose some taxes on the privileged classes to solve the financial crisis. This was not acceptable to the privileged classes and the deterioration continued.

Question 14.
Analyze the results of the French Revolution.
Answer:
This revolution abolished absolute monarchy and ended the political anarchy and misrule of the French Kings. It paved way for the establishment of a Republican Government in France based on the democratic principles, as propounded by Montesquieu, J.J. Rousseau, and others. The French Revolution ended Feudalism and hereditary aristocracy. It proved that suppressed ones can revolt against the oppressive Government.

It put an end to the special privileges of the Clergy and Nobility and their properties were confiscated. Thus social inequality also ended. The new constitution declared the rights of man, which upheld the ‘Doctrine of popular sovereignty’. This revolution popularized the ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in other countries of the world.

It spread the feeling of unity and taught the principle of Nationalism among the French people. Hence, it became a source of inspiration to the Unification of Italy and Germany and finally freedom movements in other parts of the world including India. H.A.L Fisher says “If cold attacks France, the entire Europe sneezes”.

This revolution caused heavy bloodshed. During ‘The Reign of Terror’, nearly 17000 people were killed. Even King Louis XVI, his Queen Marie Antoinette, and others were guillotined. The Directory Government, which came to power after the revolution, failed to rule properly. Again there was chaos and confusion in France.

This gave an opportunity for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the military Dictator of France. He called himself as the ‘Child of Revolution’. Thus the French Revolution was indeed a great event in the history of France. The political developments after this revolution greatly changed the course of the History of Europe and also the world.

Question 15.
Explain the social and economic factors for the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
1. Social and Economic Causes:
The Russian Society was divided into two categories as the privileged and the unprivileged. The privileged class included the Royals, the landlords and the capitalists (factory owners). They were rich and also had a high status in the society. Civil, administrative and military posts were reserved for them. The unprivileged class mainly consisted of the peasants and the workers. It formed the majority population. They were living in poverty and also were exploited by the privileged classes. Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but the condition of the peasants did not change for the better.

The Russian economy before the Revolution was primarily agricultural. The Industrial Revolution created a large working class. These workers worked for long hours for low wages and they worked in dangerous and unhygienic conditions. Accidents and deaths were not adequately compensated. The Russian Industries created wealth for the owners but affected the agriculturists. As most of the industrialists were landlords, they neglected agriculture and forced agricultural workers to work in their industries. As agricultural production decreased, inflation set in. People were pushed to hardships.

Question 16.
Explain the role of intellectuals inf the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
In the Russian Revolution, the role of Intellectuals, that too of writers was immense. The major literary works like Leo Tolstoy’s ‘War and Peace’ and’ Anna Karenina’, Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s-1 Poor Folk’, Maxim Gorky’s ‘Mother”, and ‘Children of the sun’, Turgenev’s ‘Fathers and sons’, etc., generated a new sense of awareness among Russians. It made them reflect over questions of human freedom, fate, sufferings and the meaning of life. They began to realise that human beings were not destined to endure the tyranny let loose by a handful of autocrats.

As a result of regular contacts with Germany, many Russian intellectuals were drawn towards Marxism. Prominent among them were Lenin, Kautsky, and Trotsky. The writings of Karl Marx (1818-1882) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) were widely read. Marx’s major works were ‘Communist Manifesto’ (1848) and ‘Das Capital’ (1867). These writings upheld the principles of socialism based on social and economic equality. The call of Karl Marx to the workers was “Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains of Slavery”, which inspired thousands of young men and women.

Question 17.
Explain the course of the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
The working classes in Russia were influenced by Marxism. They organized Workmen’s Social Democratic Party. The Party split into two in 1903 on ideological grounds. The radicals, led by Lenin, came to be known as Bolsheviks, while the moderates led by Alexander Kerensky yere called Mensheviks.

After the defeat of Russian in 1915 in the World War-I, revolutionaries insisted on overthrowing the Tsarist regime. Rasputin was killed by the end of 1916. Demand for constitutional reforms in the ‘Duma’ had begun even before the World War I. Tsar dissolved ‘Duma’ and arrested its members. Negligence of administration had an adverse effect on food supply.

On March 8^th,1917, women workers organised a protest at Petrograd demanding food. On March 9th a large number of workers joined the protest. They gave a call for a general protest on March 10^th. Soldiers were ordered to open fire on these protesters, but they refused to obey and supported the workers. Tsar Nicholas II had to abdicate the throne on March 15^th.

After ousting the Tsar, a provisional government was established in Russia headed by Kerensky. This is called as the Menshevik Revolution or theMarch Revolution. The government ensured freedom of speech and association, upheld the freedom of press and religion and encouraged liberal reforms. But the provisional government continued to participate in the First World War and suffered serious setbacks.

The Menshevik Government under Kerensky failed to remain in power, because, the aspirations of the Russians for land, peace, and security were not fulfilled. Finally, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, challenged the Menshevik government on 15^th October 1917, and ultimately overthrew them on 25^th October 1917.

This is called as the October Revolution or Bolshevik Revolution. With the help of the ‘Red Army’, Lenin who came to power fulfilled these aspirations by using force. Thus U.S.S.R was established after the October Revolution. Lenin became the head of the Republic and continued in office till his death in 1924.

Question 18.
Describe the role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
Lenin was born in Simbirsk on 22^nd April 1870. His original name was Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. His father was a school inspector who died when Lenin was sixteen. After this, his elder brother Alexander was executed for making an attempt to assassinate Tsar Nicholas II. Lenin was influenced by Marxism at an early age and he became a revolutionary. He was arrested in 1895 and later exiled to Siberia, where he wrote a book ‘Development of capitalism in Russia’ in 1899.

Lenin escaped from Siberia and lived in exile in Switzerland. He joined Plekhanov in Geneva in 1900 and planned to launch a newspaper called ‘Iskra’ (Spark). In 1903, he became the leader of an extremist revolutionary group called the Bolshevik party. He continued his fight against the Tsarist regime and supported the revolution of 1905. On 25^th October 1917, he overthrew the Menshevik Government of Kerensky. He appealed to soldiers, poor peasants and workers, and promised to provide “Peace, Land, Bread”.

Lenin withdrew from the First World War through the treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917). A new constitution was adopted in 1918. He introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in March 1921. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) was formed on 30^th December 1922. He successfully redressed the problems of unemployment, food scarcity and retarded industrial growth.

Trade and commerce, communication, industries, and banking were nationalized; England and France who hated this new ideology supported the Counter-Revolution in Russia. Lenin was successful in crushing the foreign and domestic danger with the help of the Red Army and the ‘Cheka’ the Secret Police. Lenin passed away at Gorky on 21^st January 1924

1st PUC History World Revolutions Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the various effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
1. Effects of Socialism:
Socialism was an economic theory that sprang almost directly from the Industrial Revolution. It was a reaction against the unregulated capitalism of the time. Socialism r proposed that society as a whole should control the means of production. It advocated that the Government exists only to oversee its initial phases and then to become nonexistent, leaving the people to govern themselves cooperatively.

This contradicted the tenets of laissez-faire capitalism, which stated that the best total result for the society was achieved if competition 1 took its natural course. This movement was inspired by the problem that the Industrial Revolution presented for the common workers like unsafe working conditions, long hours, and low pay. This made the workers to come together and unite for a common socialist system.

2. Effects on Capitalism:
Industrialization depends largely on capital-wealth available for investment in order to speed up development and make more wealth. This capita was one of the leading reasons as to why the British industrial economy prospered.

3. Factories and Urbanization:
Industrialization led to the creation of the factories. The Cotton Spinning activity was first to be mechanized. Later factory system developed. A large number of workers migrated to cities in search of employment. Many cotton mills were established at Manchester which is the first Industrial City-of the World. The factory system speeded up urbanization.

4. Child Labour:
Industrial Revolution led to an increase in population. In fact, mortality rates reduced remarkably. Still, there was only a limited scope for education. Children were expected to work at a less pay even though their efficiency was comparable with adults. There was no need of strength to operate machines but skilled labours were needed. Since skilled adults, 5 were not available child labour was the preferred choice in manufacturing industries.

5. Conclusion:
Thus the Industrial Revolution has brought drastic changes in the life of nations. It gives rise to urban centres requiring vast municipal services. It created a specialized and interdependent economic life. It made the urban worker completely dependent and at the mercy of the employer. Relations between capitalist and labour were aggravated, and Marxism was the result of this unrest. The revolution also brought a need for a new type of state intervention to protect the labourer and to provide necessary services.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the effects of Industrial Revolution in the Technology field.
Answer:
The Industrial Revolution witnessed changes in technology also, along with agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation. It had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.lt marks a major turning point in history. Richard Arkwright invented the water frame. James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny and Samuel Crompton combined both of them and designed a new Spinning Machine. As a result, many cotton mills were established. There was the Cotton revolution in Derby known as the ‘Power House of the North’.

The improved Steam Engine invented by James Watt was mainly used as power pumps for pumping water out of mines. Later it was used in other types of machines. For over a hundred years the steam engine was the King of the industries. It reduced the fuel costs of engines making mining more profitable. The development of mining and metallurgy were complementary to each other.

The major change in the metal industries was the replacement of wood-based organic fuels with the fossil fuels based on coal which could provide higher temperatures. This led to the production of various metals especially Iron and Steel. The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The inventions of Sulphuric Acid, the production of alkalis on a large scale and the method of production of Sodium carbonate became the host of other inventions.

They were also cost-effective. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Dyestuffs became the focus of chemical innovation and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry. Machine tools, commercial Gaslighting in cities, the cylinder process in glassmaking allowing for larger panes of glass to be created were some other major developments.

Question 3.
Explain the causes for the American war of Independence.
Answer:
The main causes for the American Revolution or War of Independence were the following.

1. Commercial policy of England
2. Seven years War
3. Intellectual Causes
4. British taxation Policy
5. Coercive Act
6. Quebec Act

1. Commercial policy of England:
British Parliament thought that the colonies were for the benefit of the motherland. So they levied heavy taxes and to further restrict the trade of the colonies, they introduced the Navigation act.

The main features of this act were:

• The raw materials produced in America (coffee, cotton, tobacco, etc) should be exported to England only.
• The essential goods like cotton, linen, cloth, glass, sugar, etc. that America needed should be imported from England only.
• Americans should use only the British ships for trade to keep away competition of other European nations.
• Iron, blue, paper, cotton, linen, cloth, etc. that were produced by England should not be produced in America.
• England’s merchant-agents should be kept and be given security.

2. Seven years War:
England could not tolerate the progress of France and did not want her to establish settlements in their neighborhood. The colonies also wanted British protection against the French. England declared war in 1756, which lasted till 1763. It is called the ‘Seven years war’. England won the war. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, and France had to give away Canada to England. Thus the American colonies were freed from the fear of the French attack.

3. Intellectual Causes:
The colonists set up their own social and political institutions. Their enlightenment was due to their own heritage. John Adams, a philosopher remarked, “The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of Americans and it had started even before the American war of Independence”.

Roger Williams, a symbol of American enlightenment, preached Religious Tolerance and separation of State from the Church. ‘Two Treatises of Government’ by John Locke is considered as the Bible of American war Of Independence. Thus the American enlightened class and philosophers laid the strong foundation for the American Revolution.

4. British taxation Policy:
The seven years war with France was a big financial burden on England. To recover these expenses, England levied taxes on goods imported into the colonies. The Sugar and Molasses Act was passed in 1764 which levied taxes on sugar and molasses. This was a hindrance to the production of wine. It led to the increase of smuggling activities and the colonies faced many problems. The public outcry made the British Parliament to decrease the same.

The stamp act was passed in 1764, which declared that stamp duties were to be paid on all legal documents. The colonists opposed this Act. They said that the British Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonists when they were not given representation in the Parliament. Their slogan was ‘No Taxation without Representation’. The colonists showed their anger by burning the stamps. British Parliament was forced to withdraw this act.

In 1767, the Townsend Act was passed which imposed heavy taxes on Glass, Paper, and Tea. Troops were sent to help the officers in collecting the taxes. When the colonists protested and revolted, troops were sent to put down the same. British troops occupied Boston and in a fight with them, five people lost their lives and many were injured. After this ‘Boston Massacre’, taxes on glass and paper were withdrawn and to show their power and control, tax on tea was retained.

5. Boston Tea Party:
British Parliament passed an Act in 1773 and gave the monopoly of Tea trade to the East India Company. Colonists resented it. Cheaper Tea powder was available in the black market. When the first consignment came to New York and Philadelphia they were forced to go back to England. But again when another ship loaded with Tea packets arrived at Boston in 1773, the colonists disguised themselves as ‘Red Indians’ under the leadership of Paul Revere, entered the ship and threw the Tea boxes into the ocean marking the ‘Boston Tea Party’.

Question 4.
Describe the various causes for the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789.
Answer:
The various causes for the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789 are:

1. Political causes:
France was ruled by the ‘Bourbon Dynasty’ for many centuries. The French monarchy was absolute. Louis XIV, the King of France, who was called the ‘Grand Monarch of Europe’ went to the extent of saying “I am the state, I am the Government”. He believed in the ‘Divine Right Theory of Kings’. He neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to his whims and fancies.

His successor Louis XV had no ability to rule the nation. During his reign, France fought many wars viz., the War of Austrian Succession, the Seven Years War and others. In these wars, it was defeated and it was a great financial burden.

The administrative system of France was highly flawed and the Rulers neglected their responsibilities and welfare of the people and were addicted to women, wine and wealth. The officials were highly corrupt and there was no uniform legal system. This type of political anarchy, absolutism, and misrule increased the dissatisfaction of the people and led to the revolution.

2. Immediate cause:
The financial condition of France was deplorable by about 1789. National debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish lifestyle of the King and his family. There was no difference between the state and the King’s personal expenditures. Unprivileged class was paying al 1 the taxes. The Finance Ministers of France, such as Turgot, Neckar, and Colonne, suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditures and to impose some taxes on the privileged classes to solve the financial crisis. This was not acceptable to the privileged classes and the deterioration continued.

3. Social Causes:
Social inequality was one of the main causes for the French revolution. On the top of the social hierarchy was the King and the Royal family, next came the Clergy the I Estate and Nobility the II Estate, and below them the Commoners the III Estate. The first two Estates were the privileged classes and the Third Estate was the unprivileged one consisting of Peasants, Workers, Teachers, Lawyers, Doctors, and Philosophers, etc. The people of I and II Estates were in minority who were less than 2% of the French population. The first two Estates monopolized all the highest offices in the Army, Church and the Government.

They were also exempted from paying taxes and free from the authority of the court. They were the owners of enormous wealth and exploited the peasants and workers. On the other hand, the conditions of the commoners were deplorable. They had to pay all taxes and were not eligible ’for any higher government services.

“The Nobles fight, the Clergy pray and the Commons pay”, was a popular statement in France. Thus the majority of the French people were disgusted owing to their social inferiority and discrimination, which paved the way for the outbreak of this revolution.

4. Economic Causes:
The policy of taxation in France was defective and unfair. The burden of tax mostly fell on the Commoners, because the Clergy and Nobles were exempted from all kinds of taxes. Commoners had to pay ‘Taille’(Property Tax), ‘Gable’ (Salt Tax), ‘Tithe’ (Religious Tax) and other cesses to the Government. The peasants and workers after paying all these taxes were left with only 18 to 20% of their earnings. Even during the famines they had to pay their taxes and were suffering from untold miseries.

Thousands of people died due to starvation. “If 10 people died in France, 9 would have been due to the starvation and the tenth one due to indigestion” was the condition of France on the eve of the French Revolution. This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common people made them to revolt against the discriminative taxation policy of the French Government.

5. Intellectual Causes:
Many great Philosophers during the 18^th century in France, criticized about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic exploitation in France and also insisted for reforms. Montesquieu, Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, and Diderot were the important philosophers of France who lived much before the outbreak of the French Revolution. France was prepared mentally and morally for a revolt against the old regime because of the writings and speeches of these brilliant thinkers of that age.

They strongly criticized the Church and social inequality and provided the intellectual justification for the revolution. Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty of the people. Voltaire asked people to apply ‘Reason’ in every field. Rousseau gave the watchword of the revolution ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’. Diderot condemned the privileged classes.

Question 5.
Briefly write about the causes and results of the French Revolution of 1789.
Answer:
The various causes for the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789 are:

1. Political causes:
The ‘Bourbon Dynasty’ which ruled France for many centuries neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to their whims and fancies. During Louis XV’s reign, France fought many wars viz., the War of Austrian Succession, the Seven Years War and others. In these wars, it was defeated and it was a great financial burden. The administrative system of France was highly flawed and the Rulers neglected their responsibilities and welfare of the people and were addicted to women, wine and wealth. The officials were highly corrupt and there was no uniform legal system. This type of political anarchy, absolutism, and misrule increased the dissatisfaction of the people and led to the revolution.

2. Immediate cause:
The financial condition of France was deplorable by about 1789. National. debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish lifestyle of the King and his family. The unprivileged class was paying all the taxes. The Finance Ministers of France suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditures and to impose sortie taxes on the privileged classes to solve the financial crisis which was not acceptable to the privileged classes and the deterioration continued.

3. Social Causes:
Social inequality was one of the main causes for the French revolution. The first two Estates monopolized all the highest offices in’ the Army, Church and the Government. They were also exempted from paying taxes and free from the authority of the court. They were the owners of enormous wealth and exploited the peasants and workers. On the other hand, the conditions of the commoners were deplorable.

They had to pay all taxes and were not eligible for any higher government services. “The Nobles fight, the Clergy pray and the Commons pay”, was a popular statement in France. Thus the majority of the French people were disgusted owing to their social inferiority and discrimination, which paved the way for the outbreak of this revolution.

4. Economic Causes:
The policy of taxation in France was defective and unfair. The burden of tax mostly fell on the Commoners, because the Clergy and Nobles were exempted from all kinds of taxes. Commoners had to pay ‘Taille’(Property Tax), ‘Gable’ (Salt Tax), ‘Tithe’ (Religious Tax) and other cesses to the Government. This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common people made them to revolt against the discriminative taxation policy of the French Government.

5. Intellectual Causes:
Many great Philosophers during the 18^th century in France, criticized about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic exploitation in France and also insisted for reforms. France was prepared mentally and morally for a revolt against the old regime because of the writings and speeches of these brilliant thinkers of that age. They strongly criticized the Church and social inequality and provided the intellectual justification for the revolution.

Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty of the people. Voltaire asked people to apply ‘Reason’ in every field. Rousseau gave the watchword of the revolution ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’. Diderot condemned the privileged classes.

The results of the French Revolution are:

1. This revolution abolished absolute monarchy and ended the political anarchy and misrule of the French Kings. It paved way for the establishment of a Republican Government in France based on the democratic principles, as propounded by Montesquieu, J.J. Rousseau, and others.

2. The French Revolution ended Feudalism and hereditary aristocracy. It proved that suppressed ones can revolt against the oppressive government.

3. It put an end to the special privileges of the Clergy and Nobility and their properties were confiscated. Thus social inequality also ended.

4. The new constitution declared the rights of man, which upheld the ‘Doctrine of popular sovereignty’.

5. This revolution popularized the ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in other countries of the world.

6. It spread the feeling of unity and taught the principle of Nationalism among the French people. Hence, it became a source of inspiration to the Unification of Italy and Germany and finally freedom movements in other parts of the world including India. H.A.L Fisher says “If cold attacks France, the entire Europe sneezes”.

7. This revolution caused heavy bloodshed. During ‘The Reign of Terror’ nearly 17000 people were killed. Even King Louis XVI, his Queen Marie Antoinette, and others were guillotined.

The Directory Government, which came to power after the revolution, failed to rule properly. Again there was chaos and confusion in France. This gave an opportunity for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the military Dictator of France.

He called himself as the ‘Child of Revolution’.Thus the French Revolution was indeed a great event in the history of France. The political developments after this revolution greatly changed the course of the History of Europe and also the world.

Question 6.
Explain the Causes and Results of Russian Revolution.
Answer:
The causes of Russian Revolution were as follows.

1. Political causes:
Russia was ruled by the Tsars. The Romanov dynasty ruled over Russia, which was the largest country of the world. The Tsars were autocratic and inefficient. They ruled the Kingdom on the principle of Divine Origin. The administration was centralized and very corrupt, which affected the lives of the people.

Duma (Parliament) was a legislative body, but it was not regularly consulted by the Tsars. It was many a times abolished by the Tsars at different points of time. The administration was also troubled by the constant interference by people like the infamous monk Rasputin and Tsarina (Queen) Alexandra.

2. Social and Economic Causes:
The Russian Society was divided into two categories as the privileged and the unprivileged classes. The privileged class included the Royals, the landlords and the capitalists (factory owners). They were rich and also had a high status in the society.

Civil, administrative and military posts were reserved for them. The unprivileged class mainly consisted of the peasants and the workers. Even though they were the majority population, they lived in poverty and also were exploited by the privileged classes. Serfdom was abolished in 1861 but the condition of the peasants did not change for the better.

The Russian economy before the Revolution was primarily agricultural. The Industrial Revolution created a large working class. These workers worked for long hours for low wages and they worked in dangerous and unhygienic conditions. Accidents and deaths were not adequately compensated. The Russian Industries created wealth for the owners but affected the agriculturists. As most of the industrialists were landlords, they neglected agriculture and forced agricultural workers to work in their industries.

3. Russification: Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II implemented an oppressive, autocratic and centralized administration. The slogan was ‘One Nation, One language, One Church and One Tsar’ for Russia. The Poles, Finns, Jews, Germans, etc. in Russia were subjugated to this policy.

This was called Russification. The policy was started by Tsar Alexander III and „ continued by Tsar Nicholas II. The autocratic policies of the Tsar were severely opposed by the Nihilists, who killed the officers and agents of the Tsar. The Government ruthlessly hunted them down and summarily murdered them. Russia encouraged the ‘Pan-Slav’ movement in the Balkans. The Balkan states looked up to Russia as ‘the Big Brother’.

4. Role of Intellectuals:
In the Russian Revolution, the role of Intellectuals, that too of writers was immense. The major literary works like Leo Tolstoy’s ‘War and Peace’ and ‘Anna Karenina’, Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s ‘Poor Folk’, Maxim Gorky’s ‘Mother”, and ‘Children of the sun’, Turgenev’s ‘Fathers and sons, etc., generated a new sense of awareness among Russians.

It made them reflect over questions of human freedom, fate, sufferings and the meaning of life. They began to realise that human beings were not destined to endure silently, the tyranny let loose by a handful of autocrats. As a result of regular contacts with Germany, many Russian intellectuals were drawn towards Marxism.

Prominent among them were Lenin, Kautsky, and Trotsky. The writing of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were widely read. Marx’s major works were ‘Communist Manifesto’ and ‘Das Capital’. These writings upheld the principles of socialism based on social and economic equality. The call of Karl Marx to the workers which was “Workers of the world unite: you have nothing to lose but your chains of Slavery”, inspired thousands of young men and women.

5. Bloody Sunday incident:
On Sunday the 22^nd of January 1905, Father Gapan led a huge rally of workers and wanted to meet the Tsar to express their grievances. Most of them were killed by the army. This is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ and caused great resentment among the Russians about the Tsar.

6. Military Causes:
The defeat of Russia by a small country like Japan in 1905 added to the resentment of Russians against the Tsar. The thought that the Tsars were invincible was shattered. Further, Russia entered into the First World War along with England and France. Even though it had strong artillery, Russia’s military was highly disorganized.

Proper strategies of Warfare could not be evolved to suit the needs of the time, in spite of the rich store of arms and ammunition. It faced another military setback when it was defeated in 1915 in the First World War. These debacles exposed the military weakness of Russia to the world.

Results of the Russian Revolution were as follows:
The autocratic rule of the Tsar came to an end and a constitutional Republic based on socialist ideals was formed in Russia. The USSR was established, which became a counter-force to the USA. This led to the rise of two power-blocs in the world, whose rivalries gave rise to the Cold War after the World War II.

• The conditions of workers and peasants in Russia improved because of the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921.
• Russia achieved tremendous progress under new communist Government and emerged as a powerful nation.
• Communist ideology began to spread to different parts of the World, including Asia, * Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America.

Question 7.
Describe the role of Lenin in the Russian revolution.
Answer:
Lenin was born in Simbirsk on 22^nd April 1870. His original name was Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. His father was a school inspector who died when Lenin was sixteen. After this, his elder brother Alexander was executed for making an attempt to assassinate Tsar Nicholas II. Lenin was influenced by Marxism at an early age and he became a revolutionary. He was arrested in 1895 and later exiled to Siberia, where he wrote a book ‘Development of Capitalism in Russia’ in 1899.

Lenin escaped from Siberia and lived in exile in Switzerland. He joined Plekhanov in Geneva in 1900 and planned to launch a newspaper called ‘Iskra’(spark). In 1903, he became the leader of a extremist revolutionary group called the Bolshevik party. He declared that they did not want a parliamentary type of democracy and proclaimed the Soviet Republic as the workers’ state. In this connection, he wrote several revolutionary articles and advocated the dictatorship of the working class.

He began to build up a new Nation on the basis of the communist programs of Karl Marx. He continued his fight against the Tsarist regime and supported the revolution of 1905. After the March revolution, a Provisional (temporary) Government was set up by the Mensheviks, headed by Alexander Kerensky.

But it failed to satisfy even the least basic general demand of the majority of the people. On 25^th October 1917, Lenin overthrew the Menshevik Government of Kerensky and the Bolshevik Government was set up. This is known as the Bolshevik Revolution or October Revolution.

By his brilliant speeches and promises to provide the people ‘Peace, land, bread’, Lenin soon earned the sympathy and support of the workers, peasants, and soldiers. “Peace to the huts and war on the Palace” was another slogan. Lenin forcibly seized the postal, telegraph, railways, banks, military quarters on 7^th November 1917.

Lenin withdrew from the First World War through the treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917). A new constitution was adopted in 1918. He introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in March 1921. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) was formed on 30^th December 1922. He successfully redressed the problems of unemployment, food scarcity and retarded industrial growth.

Trade and commerce, communication, industries, and banking were nationalized; England and France who hated this new ideology supported the Counter-Revolution in Russia. Lenin was successful in crushing the foreign and domestic danger with the help of the Red Army and the ‘Cheka’ the Secret Police. Lenin passed away at Gorky on 21^st January 1924.

You can Download Chapter 1 Physical World Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Physics Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Physics Question Bank Chapter 1 Physical World

1st PUC Physics Physical World One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is physics?
Answer:
physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different phenomena.

Question 2.
What is the Scientific method?
Answer:
The method used to understand any natural process by a combination of logical reasoning & controlled experimentation is called the scientific method.

Question 3.
Who discovered electron?
Answer:
J.J. Thomson.

Question 4.
Name the Indian physicist who got Nobel prize in physics.
Answer:
C.V. Raman.

Question 5.
What is the original name of the word ‘Physics’?
Answer:
‘Fusis’ is the original name of the word Physics.

Question 6.
Who invented television?
Answer:
John Biard Logi.

Question 7.
Name the discovery made by Sir C.V.Raman.
Answer:
Scattering of light by molecules.

Question 8.
Name two Indian born physicists who have been awarded Nobel Prize in physics.
Answer:
C.V.Raman and S.Chandra Shekhar.

Question 9.
Name any one fundamental force in nature.
Answer:
Gravitational force.

Question 10.
What is a conserved physical quantity?
Answer:
Physical quantity that remains unchanged in a process is called conserved quantity.

Question 11.
Mention one of the major contributions of S. Chandrashekhar in the field of Physics
Answer:
Chandrashekhar’s limit (1.44 solar mass).

Question 12.
Who discovered neutron?
Answer:
Chadwick.

1st PUC Physics Physical World Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name four fundamental forces of nature out of the four, which one is
(a) strongest and
(b) weakest?
Answer:
The forces are:

• Gravitational force
• Electromagnetic force
• Strong nuclear force strongest
• Weak nuclear force

(a) The nuclear force is the strongest.
(b) Gravitational force is weakest.

Question 2.
Why do we need quantum theory?
Answer:
Quantum theory is needed because many phenomena at the microscopic level can not be explained using classical theory, eg: Photoelectric effect, interaction among elementary particles.

Question 3.
Name the important conservation laws.
Answer:
Some of the general conservation laws in nature are conservation of mass, conservation of energy, conservation of momentum, conservation of charge, etc.

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1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was the First Consul of France?
Answer:
Napoleon was the First Consul of France.

Question 2.
Who was Admiral Nelson?
Answer:
Vice-Admiral Nelson was the Commander of the Royal British Navy, who defeated the French navy of Napoleon in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, even though he lost his life in the battle.

Question 3.
In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as the Emperor of France?
Answer:
In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor of France.

Question 4.
Who established the Bank of France?
Answer:
Napoleon established the Bank of France.

Question 5.
Which University was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
The University of France was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 6.
Who imposed the Continental System?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte imposed the Continental System, to weaken England’s trade and
commerce.

Question 7.
Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte died on the Island of St. Helena.

Question 8.
Which was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
Waterloo Was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 9.
Who is called as the second Justinian?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was called as the second Justinian.

Question 10.
In which year was the Battle of Waterloo fought?
Answer:
Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815.

Question 11.
Who was called the ‘Child of the French Revolution’?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was called the ‘Child of the French Revolution’.

Question 12.
Who destroyed the French Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar?
Answer:
Vice-Admiral Nelson destroyed the French Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Question 13.
“I am the child of the Revolution” and “I destroyed the Revolution”. Whose statements ‘ were these?
Answer:
These were Napoleon Bonaparte’s statements.

Question 14.
Who said that “I was born, when my country was dying”?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 15.
What was Napoleon’s Religious Treaty with the Church known as?
Answer:
The Religious Treaty with the Church was known as Concordat.

Question 16.
Who is called the Father of Italian Unification?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini is called as the Father of Italian Unification.

Question 17.
What is Carbonari?
Answer:
Carbonari was one of the Secret Societies of Italy in the early nineteenth century, who were active in creating opposition to foreign rule.

Question 18.
Who founded Young Italy?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini founded Young Italy.

Question 19.
Who said, “Pen is mightier than Sword”?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini said that “Pen is mightier than Sword”.

Question 20.
Who published the paper ‘Risorgimento’?
Answer:
Count de Cavour published the paper ‘Risorgimento’ (Rebirth).

Question 21.
Who helped Sardinia and Piedmont in their war against Austria?
Answer:
Count de Cavour helped Sardinia and Piedmont in their war against Austria.

Question 22.
Which treaty was concluded after the war between Austria and Sardinia?
Answer:
Treaty of Villa Franca in 1859 was concluded after the war between Austria and Sardinia.

Question 23.
Who established the Red Shirt Army?
Answer:
Garibaldi established the Red Shirt Army.

Question 24.
Who was the first King of United Italy?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II was the first King of United Italy.

Question 25.
Name the capital of United Italy.
Answer:
Rome was the first Capital of United Italy.

Question 26.
When was Italy unified?
Answer:
1870 A.D.

Question 27.
What was the Italian movement for unification known as?
Answer:
Risorgimento (Rebirth).

Question 28.
Which secret organization was associated with the early stage of Italian unification?
Answer:
Carbonari.

Question 29.
Which society was founded by Mazzini?
Answer:
Young Italy.

Question 30.
Who was the King of Piedmont during the Italian unification?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel-II was the King of Piedmont and Sardinia.

Question 31.
Which organization was founded by Garibaldi?
Answer:
Red Shirts organization was founded by Garibaldi.

Question 32.
What was the great belief of Garibaldi?
Answer:
The unification of Italy is only possible by the sword.

Question 33.
Who liberated Naples and Sicily from the rule of Bourbons?
Answer:
Garibaldi liberated Naples and Sicily from the rule of Bourbons.

Question 34.
What was the famous policy of Bismarck?
Answer:
Bismarck said that ‘The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions but by ‘iron and blood’. This became popular as the ‘Blood and Iron’ policy of Bismarck.

Question 35.
In which year did Prussia attack Denmark?
Answer:
The combined armies of Prussia and Austria attacked Denmark in 1864.

Question 36.
Which King of Denmark declared the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein?
Answer:
King Christian IX of Denmark declared the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.

Question 37.
Which treaty ended the Austro-Prussian war?
Answer:
The Treaty of Prague ended the Austro-Prussian war.

Question 38.
Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian war?
Answer:
The Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian war.

Question 39.
When was Germany unified?
Answer:
In 1871 A.D.

Question 40.
Who was the architect of the unification of Germany?
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck.

Question 41.
Who was the King of Prussia during the Germany unification?
Answer:
‘Kaiser’ William.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte’s parents were Count Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina.

Question 2.
Where and in which year was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on August 15^th,1769.

Question 3.
Between whom and when was the ‘Titlist Treaty’ concluded?
Answer:
The Titlist Treaty was concluded between Napoleon and the Tsar of Russia in 1807.

Question 4.
What is Concordat?
Answer:
It was the aim of Napoleon to heal up the wounds caused by the French Revolution by its breach with the papacy. He felt that a State without religion was like an empty vessel so he decided to regain the sympathy of the Catholics by improving his relations with the Pope. After negotiations with Pope Pius VII, he reached a religious understanding with the Pope in 1802, which came to be known as the ‘Concordat’. With this treaty, Catholicism became the state religion of France.

Question 5.
What is the Continental System?
Answer:
England’s strength was in its Trade and Commerce. Napoleon decided to curb it. He issued two, decrees from Berlin and Milan. British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe. This economic warfare on England was called the Continental System. As Europe depended on imports from England, this system harmed France more than England.

Question 6.
What is Legion of Honour?
Answer:
It was an award constituted by Napoleon to honour those who had rendered distinguished and meritorious service to France in Military and Civil services. It was based on principles of equality without distinction of class and religion. This is called Legion of Honour.

Question 7.
Which and when was the last battle of Napoleon?
Answer:
Battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D.

Question 8.
To which place and when was Napoleon exiled?
Answer:
After his defeat in the Waterloo battle, Napoleon was exiled, to St. Helena, an island in the Atlantic Ocean on May 5^th 1821.

Question 9.
What is meant by ‘The Hundred days’?
Answer:
Napoleon after escaping from the Island of Elba occupied the throne of France and ruled from March to June in 1815 for a period of about a hundred days. This episode is called ‘The Hundred Days’.

Question 10.
Name the architects of Italian Unification.
Answer:
Count De Cavour, Garibaldi, Joseph Mazzini.

Question 11.
What were the aims of young Italy?
Answer:
The aim of young Italy was to train the Italians and make them aware of their great past. It stood for unity and independence and wanted liberty, equality, and humanity.

Question 12.
Who was called the Sword of Italian Unification? Name the army he established.
Answer:
Garibaldi was called the Sword of Italian Unification. He established the Red Shirt Army.

Question 13.
Name any four states of Italy.
Answer:
Lombardy, Tuscany, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Piedmont.

Question 14.
Who was the Chancellor of Victor Emmanuel II? What was his policy?
Answer:
Count de Cavour was the Chancellor of Victor Emmanuel II and he believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy.

Question 15.
Who was the founder of Young Italy? When?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini founded the Young Italy in 1831 A.D.

Question 16.
Who organized the ‘Red Shirts Movement’? When?
Answer:
Garibaldi organized the army of thousand Redshirts in 1860 A.D.

Question 17.
Which were the two states captured by Garibaldi?
Answer:
Sicily and Naples (Italian) were captured by Garibaldi.

Question 18.
Who was the Ruler of Sardinia at the time of the unification of Italy? Who was his Prime Minister?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II was the Ruler and Count de Cavour was his Prime Minister or Chancellor.

Question 19.
What was Zollverein?
Answer:
In 1834, Prussia worked for an economic union of the German States, namely the Customs Union called ‘Zollverein’ which allowed free trade amongst the States. The member states agreed to abolish the customs duties in their borders for each other for easy movement of goods. This was the first step towards political unity.

Question 20.
Why did Fredrick William IV reject the offer of the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer:
He did not want to accept the crown offered by the elected representatives instead of their Kings. He was also afraid of the military intervention of Austria and Russia and hence rejected the offer.

Question 21.
Who assisted Bismarck in the re-organization of the Prussian military?
Answer:
General Roon and General Moltke assisted Bismarck in the re-organization of the Prussian military.

Question 22.
Who was the architect of German unification? What was his policy?
Answer:
Otto von Bismark- ‘Blood and Iron’ policy.

Question 23.
Name the wars fought by Bismark for the unification of Germany?
Answer:
War with Denmark – 1864, war with Austria – 1868 and war with France – 1870-71.

Question 24.
When did the Austro-Prussian war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The war with Austria took place in 1866. It ended with the treaty of Prague.

Question 25.
When did the Danish war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The war with Denmark took place in 1864 and it ended with the treaty of Vienna.

Question 26.
When did the Franco -Prussian war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The Franco-Prussian war took place in 1870 – 71 and ended with the treaty of Frankfurt.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the life and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio in the Island of Corsica on August 15^th,1769. His parents were Count’Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina. During his childhood, he cultivated self-confidence, an ability to work hard and immense ambition. After his education, he joined the Military Academy in Paris and graduated. Because of his keen interest in Military Science and ability, he rose up in the ranks fast and proved his talent by suppressing two rebellions against the French Government.

In 1796, the Directory Government appointed Napoleon as the commander of the French Army in Italy. His Italian campaign was a great success. He defeated the Sardinians and then the Austrians. By the Treaty of ‘Campo-Formio’ in 1797, he gained immense success for France.

Napoleon started re-drawing the map of Europe though his conquests. Arbitrary Governments were imposed on Italy and Belgium. His Egyptian campaign was aimed at striking the British “. Imperialism. In the ‘Battle of the Pyramids’ Napoleon could score a victory over England. But in the Naval Battle of the Nile or ‘Aboukir Bay’, he was defeated by Admiral Nelson. Napoleon overthrew the Directory Government and became the First Consul of the three-member Consulate government and later took over absolute control and declared himself as the Emperor.

Question 2.
Write about the military expeditions of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
1. Napoleon as Emperor of France(1804-1814):
By 1802 Napoleon’s control over France was total. He aspired to become Consul for life. On December 2, 1804, he was coronated as the Emperor of France. Napoleon had invited the Pope to give his blessings and also to crown him. But at the last moment, he himself placed the crown on his head and later remarked “I found the Crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword”.

2. Wars of Napoleon:
The Napoleonic Empire lasted for ten years from 1804 to 1814. It was a period of uninterrupted warfare. He had become all-powerful in France. Now he desired to become all-powerful in Europe. He had overthrown the three great military states of Europe: Austria, Russia and Prussia. Only Great Britain and Sweden remained to be defeated.

3. Continental system:
Britain was the chief commercial and industrial nation of the world. But invading Britain was impossible as it was the strongest naval power. So its Commerce and industry must be attacked by preventing the import of British goods into the continent, which was its chief market. Such a move would ruin the British commerce and industry and compel Britain to sue for peace. Toward this end, Napoleon fought an economic war with Great Britain from 1806 to 1814, this economic warfare is known as the ‘Continental System’.

In 1806, Napoleon proclaimed a decree which provided for closure of all ports on the continent to the British manufactured goods. In retaliation the British Government issued ‘Orders in Council ’ (1807). The result of this confrontation was that Napoleon would not allow import of British goods into the continent and Britain, in turn, would prevent the sea trade of France and its allies.

For Napoleon it proved physically impossible to enforce the “Continental system” thoroughly. It was difficult to prevent the bribery of customs officials and smuggling. In the course of enforcing the ‘Continental System’, Napoleon was involved in the series of disastrous wars in Europe.

Tsar Alexander violated the Continental System and Napoleon organised a huge army for the invasion of Moscow. It was a disaster and the French army suffered from the biting cold, hunger and thirst and lost more than 3,00,000 soldiers. Napoleon’s enemies increased and the combined armies of Austria and Prussia with the help of England defeated him in the Battle of Leipzig. He was deported to the island of Elba. He escaped from there and ruled France for 100 days but was completely routed in the battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena where he died.

Question 3.
Discuss the Continental system of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
England’s strength was in its trade and commerce. Hence Napoleon decided to attack England by destroying its trade. He issued two decrees from Berlin in 1806 and Milan in 1807 as per which, British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe. This was called the Continental System. Since Europe was dependent on England and its imports, the application of this system harmed France more than England. The European nations which depended on imports from England suffered a lot.

As a result, Spain and Portugal were attacked for not observing the Continental System. When there was a civil war in Spain, Napoleon installed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne against the wishes of its people. There was a national revolution in Spain and England sent its Army which defeated the French Army.

Question 4.
Explain the causes of the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Causes for the downfall of Napoleon are manifold. Mainly they were as given below.

1. Though he was a genius, his inordinate ambition, pride and self-centred nature ruined him in the end.

2. Napoleonic Empire depended only on his military strength. His army consisted of soldiers belonging to different nationalities who did not have any attachment to the Empire.

3. The rise of nationalism against the Napoleonic Empire was another factor that led to his fall. This spirit of nationalism which initially worked well in Spain, later on, spread to other countries like Austria, Prussia, and Russia, leading to the War of Liberation.

4. The Continental System was one of the great blunders committed by Napoleon. Due to the heavy losses, the European countries came out of the system.

5. The Russian expedition was ill-fated and the grand army of Napoleon was reduced to pieces due to the bad weather. The opportunity was immediately seized by his enemies who formed the fourth coalition to bring about his downfall.

6. The ill-treatment of the Pope by Napoleon antagonized the. Roman Catholics throughout Europe. In 1809, he had seized the Papal territories and transferred the seat of Papacy to Paris as the Pope had refused to observe the continental system.

7. The continued opposition of England, its undisputed supremacy on the sea and the ability of its commanders like Vice-Admiral Nelson and General Wellesley also contributed much towards the destruction of Napoleonic Empire. The fact was that his navy was very weak.

Question 5.
Napoleon Bonaparte was ‘The Child of Revolution’ and also ‘The Destroyer of Revolution’. Justify this statement.
Answer:
After the Revolution, France became a Republic in 1792. The National convention gave all executive authorities to the ‘Committee of Public Safety’, which let loose a reign of terror internally. It came to an end with the guillotining of Robespierre, the head of the Committee. The Directory government was formed in 1795, which was overthrown by Napoleon in 1799. The revolution had resulted in a series of only temporary solutions in the Governance of France and had paved the way for Napoleon to take over control. The principles of the revolution were given life with his reforms. So, Napoleon was in a way the offshoot or ‘The Child of Revolution’.

The underlying principles of the French Revolution as per J.J. Rousseau were ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’. Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty, of the people. Napoleon being overambitious wanted to rule over the World. His military campaigns, the continuous war with England, the disastrous invasion of Moscow, his absolute control of power over legislative, executive and Judiciary systems were all against the principles on which the French Revolution was set up. He undermined them and so rightfully called the ‘Destroyer’.

Question 6.
Trace the role of Joseph Mazzini in the Unification of Italy.
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872): Mazzini was one of the architects of Italian unification. He was the prophet of the unification movement. He was born in Genoa in 1805. He was the son of a Professor of Anatomy. He was influenced by nationalist ideas from his boyhood days. The misery of his country had left a deep impression on his mind and as a symbol of mourning he used to dress himself in black. He joined the Carbonari. He had studied law and was greatly influenced by the writings of Dante, Milton, Scott and others. Count Cavour’s Risorgimento was a source of great inspiration to him. His ambition was to drive out the Austrians from the Italian soil.

He founded the organization called ‘Young Italy’ in 1813. The main intention of his organization was to train the Italians and make them aware of their great past. It stood for unity and independence and wanted liberty, equality and humanity. He was basically a democrat and he spread the ideas of unity and independence through his personal, abilities without any external help. He was a staunch believer in “Pen is mightier than sword”. He laid a strong foundation for Italian unification. His efforts created a new spark of nationalism throughout the country.

Question 7.
Describe the role of Count de Cavour in the Unification of Italy.
Answer:
Count de Cavour was born in 1810 at Piedmont, and received military education. He served in military for some time. He had studied history and culture of Italy and had developed a patriotic spirit. He advocated the English Constitutional System. In 1847, he started a newspaper called ‘Risorgimento’ (Rebirth). As the editor of the paper, he mobilized public opinion to unite Italy.

His political career began when he was elected to the Parliament of Piedmont in 1850. He was appointed as the Prime Minister in 1852 by Victor Emmanuel II. He served as Prime Minister from 1852 to 1861. He had the dream of uniting Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. But before taking up that task, he undertook many reforms to make Sardinia strong. Economy was reformed. Commercial taxes were reduced. He encouraged education and industries. He thus developed the State and it became a ‘Model State’.

He relieved in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy. Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war, fought between England and France 1854-1856, on the side of Turkey against Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with a foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked. ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’. After the war, in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders.

Napoleon III, the ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for Which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm. When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859. This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria.

According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in. Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour. He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused, he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister.

In 1860 Modena, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna, Umbria and Marches voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ he died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the Unification of Italy. His last words were “Italy is made, all is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

Question 8.
Write about the part played by Garibaldi in the Italian Unification.
Answer:
he third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot, Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities. He was the most romantic figure of the Italian unification movement. He was a great disciple of Mazzini. His parents wanted him to join the Church, but he joined seafarers and spent many years at sea. He believed in “The Unification of Italy is possible only by the Sword”. He was a revolutionary and was exiled to South America for taking part in plots and insurrections. While in exile, Garibaldi learned the art of guerrilla warfare.

He participated in the revolt organized by Mazzini at Savoy in 1834. But the revolt failed. Because of his nationalistic activities he was given death sentence. He managed to escape to South America and lived in exile for 14 years. He had a large number of followers who were ready for any sacrifice for the sake of their country.

They were transformed into an army called the ‘Red Shirts’. During the 1848 revolution, he returned to Italy and took part in the Italian Nationalist Movement. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, he commanded the Sardinian forces.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months, Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so.

So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome and Garibaldi, whose main aim was the Unification of Italy, handed over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi is called the ‘Sword of Italian Unification’. A true patriot, he refused to accept titles and honours which were offered to him, went back to his village and lived the life of a peasant.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany?
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about the European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William I.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So-he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

German provinces of Scheleswig and Holstein were declared to be part of Denmark by Christian IX of Denmark. In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, attacked and defeated Denmark and captured these provinces back. Prussia and Austria split the administration of these two. Later, Prussia proposed a National Constitution and a National Diet for the German states for which some of the States were reluctant to be part of.

The Prussian troop movements near the Austrian borders arranged by Bismarck, made Austria declare war on Prussia and, appear as the aggressor. The hitherto reluctant States joined Prussia and the well prepared Prussian army with the support of Italy and the States won over Austria and in 1866 annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The formation of the North German Confederation resulted in a partial Unification of Germany.

Bismarck wanted a war with France, the remaining big power in Europe to complete the German Unification. He diplomatically managed the situation in such a way that Napoleon III of France declared war on Prussia. France was alone and the South German States also joined hands with Prussia and the French forces were defeated at different fronts and even Paris was captured. The Prussian King William was crowned as the Emperor of United Germany with the title ‘Kaiser’. The unification of Germany was complete and Bismarck rightfully was hailed as the ‘Architect of German Unification’.

Question 10.
Write a note on Frankfurt Parliament (1848).
Answer:
Many European nations including the German States witnessed revolutions in 1848. The revolutions in German States aimed at unification and a single German constitution. The revolutionaries hoped that such a constitution would provide a universal male suffrage, a permanent national Parliament and a united Germany under the leadership of the Prussian King. The Frankfurt Parliament consisting of the representatives of all the German states met on 27^th March 1849.

It held discussions, passed the resolution and offered the title “Kaiser” to the Prussian King, Fredrick William IV. He refused the offer to become the Emperor of United Germany stating that he could not accept the crown offered by the elected representatives of the states, instead of their Kings. Moreover, he was afraid of the military intervention of Austria and Russia. Thus the attempt at unification failed.

Question 11.
How did the Zollverain system help unify Germany?
Answer:
1. Introduction:
Germany was divided into a number of principalities. The spirit of provincialism was strong which prevented political unity. The French Revolution and Napoleon’s Uniform System of Administration led to a rapid .growth of nationalism and democracy which became a determining factor in the political division of Europe in the 19^th century. People sought political unity and a Government which would be the expression of the will of the people. Bismarck led the unification movement in Germany. Vienna Congress was held in 1815, the Congress strengthening Monarchy everywhere by suppressing national revolts.

The hopes of the Germans were thus shattered by the Congress. The diplomats divided Germany and put it under the control of different powers. The German confederation was very weak. It could not achieve any kind of unity. But Unification was achieved in Germany at the initiative taken by the State of Prussia, its King William-I and Chancellor Bismarck.

2. Zollverein system:
Prussia was the largest and the strongest among the 39 States of the confederation of Rhine. As a first step towards unification, Prussia launched an economic movement. Till the beginning of the 19^th century, there was no uniformity in custom duties between the German states as each state had its own laws, weights, and measurements system and custom duties with other States. On Prussia’s initiative, an economic union of the German States called the Customs Union – ‘Zollverein’ was formed in 1834. It allowed free trade, reduced the protectionist barriers and eased the transportation of raw materials and finished goods among the German States.

As the custom duties were removed, the products were less costly to buy or sell. Austria did not like to see a unified Germany in any manner. Zollverein subdued the narrow local feeling and replaced it with the wider and stronger feelings of German nationality and unity. This economic unity was the first step towards the political unification of Germany. Thus ‘Zollverein’ was the catalyst for the German Unification.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the Administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte:
Napoleon centralised the entire system of local government in France. The entire country was divided into Provinces, Arrondissements, and Communes. The powers were vested in Prefects and Sub-Prefects who were responsible to only Napoleon. It assured that the decrees of the
Central Government should promptly and uniformly be carried out. He developed and empowered the office of the ‘Secretariat of the State’. His major reforms were as follows.

1. Code Napoleon:
The most durable of Napoleon’s work was the introduction of the legal code which is the base for the French Law. This was known as ‘Code Napoleon’ and came into effect in 1804 A.D. He appointed two committees to draft the legal codes and the committees was presided over by Napoleon. He had a good commonsense and a legislative vision. The 5 codes were

• French Civil Code,
• Code of Civil Procedure,
• Code of Criminal Procedure,
• Penal Code and,
• Commercial Code.

The basic demands of the Revolution like Civil equality, religious toleration, the emancipation of land, etc., were taken care of with these codes. He was hailed as the second Justinian.

2. Education:
He introduced a national scheme of education managed by the State which
was organized into four types- Elementary, Secondary, Higher and Special Schools. This was to maintain uniformity of standard in Schools and Colleges. He also established the University of France.

3. Religious reforms or the Concordat:
He made a code of laws for the Clergy also and to heal up the mistrust with the Papacy, entered into a religious understanding with Pope Pius-VII in 1802 known as the Concordat. He regained the sympathy of the Catholics by improving his relations with the Pope and with this treaty, Catholicism became the State religion.

4. Public works:
He built new highways connecting Paris with the other major cities and improved the means of communication. Bridges and Canals were constructed. These helped in solving the unemployment problem also to a great extent. He encouraged trade and commerce and Paris and other cities were beautified and transformed into modem cities.

5. Economy:
Bank of France was established. It supervised the entire financial setup and stimulated trade and industry. Careful collection of taxes and rigid economic measures were carried out. Revenue boards were set up. The national loan was reduced and the Stock Exchanges were regulated. He took stern measures to root out corruption and gambling.

6. Legion of honour:
To honour those who had rendered meritorious Military and Civil services to the State, Napoleon started an award called ‘Legion of Honour’. It was based on principles of equality, without distinction of class and religion.

Question 2.
Write about life and conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte ended the rule of the Directory in France and assumed supreme military command. He provided-a stable political system based on personal dictatorship. Her reign lasted for fifteen years, from 1799 to 1814.

1. Early life of Napoleon:
Napoleon was born at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on 15th August 1769. At sixteen, he joined the French army as an Artillery Officer. He was unquestionably a man of extraordinary force of mind and character. He believed that he was a man of destiny. The outbreak of the French Revolution gave him an opportunity to fulfill his ambitions and also channelize his energy. The Italian campaigns which he led in 1796 made him the most brilliant General of the French Republic. In 1799, he overthrew the corrupt and inefficient Directory Government and established a three-member Consulate Government and became the First Consul. He was the man who presided over the destiny of France for the next 15 years. He was virtually a Sovereign.

2. Napoleon as Emperor of France (1804-1814):
In 1802, Napoleon’s control over France was total. He aspired to become Consul for life. On December 2^nd 1804, Napoleon was coronated as the Emperor of France. He had invited the Pope to give his blessings and also to crown him. But at the last moment he himself placed the crown on his head and later remarked “I found the crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword”.

3. Wars of Napoleon:
The Napoleonic Empire lasted for ten years from 1804 to 1814. It was a period of uninterrupted warfare. He had become all-powerful in France. Now he desired to become all-powerful in Europe. He had overthrown the three great military states of Europe: Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Only Great Britain and Sweden remained to be defeated.

4. Continental system:
Britain was the chief commercial and industrial nation of the world. But invading Britain was impossible as it was the strongest naval power. So Napoleon planned that its commerce and industry must be attacked, by preventing the import of British goods into the continent, which was its chief market. Such a move would ruin British commerce and industry and compel Britain to sue for peace. Towards this end, Napoleon fought an economic war with Great Britain from 1806 to 1814, this.economic warfare was known as the “Continental System”.

In 1806, Napoleon proclaimed a decree which provided for closure of all ports on the continent to the British manufactured goods. In retaliation, the British Government issued ‘Orders in Council’. The result of this confrontation was that Napoleon would not allow the import of British goods into the continent and Britain, in turn, would prevent the sea trade of France and its allies. For Napoleon, it proved physically impossible to enforce the “Continental System” thoroughly. It was difficult to prevent the bribery of customs officials and smuggling. In the course of enforcing the ‘Continental System’, Napoleon was involved in a series of disastrous wars in Europe.

5. Abdication of Napoleon:
In March 1814, Napoleon’s chief enemies – Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia concluded a treaty with -the sole aim of overthrowing their arch enemy and they declared war against France. The French resistance was broken within a month and Paris was surrounded on March 31, 1814. Napoleon, at last, abdicated his throne. In return, the allies offered him Elba, an island in the Mediterranean. Amid the tears of his soldiers, Napoleon left for Elba. The allies decided to restore the Bourbon dynasty on the throne of France, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, was offered the crown.

6. The Hundred Days:
For ten months Napoleon was in Elba. On March 1, 1815, he escaped from Elba and landed with 1,100 men on the South Coast of France. Then he advanced towards Paris. Hearing this news, Louis XVIII fled to Belgium. Napoleon occupied the throne of France and ruled as Emperor from March to June 1815. This episode is known as “The Hundred Days”.

The allies once again pledged to fight against Napoleon to the finish. They declared war on France and finally defeated Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium. This was Napoleon’s sixteenth and final battle. The battle destroyed once for all the last army of the French Emperor. Napoleon abdicated for the second time and was exiled to St. Helena.

Question 3.
Describe the stages of Italian Unification.
Answer:
1. Introduction to Italian Unification:
Before the 19^th century, Italy was only a ‘geographical expression’. There was no unity among the different States. Hence they became victims of foreign domination. The northern states of Lombardy and Venetia were directly under the Austrians, other small states were under the Hapsburgs, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany were under the Austrian Royal family, Central Italian Duchies were ruled by the Pope and Naples and Sicily in the South were under the Bourbons of France.

By 1820, insurrections began. These insurrections were the work of secret societies. The largest of these was the Carbonari or ‘Charcoal burners’. They were active in creating opposition to foreign rule. There were many revolts during 1820-1831. But the revolts were put down by Austria. Joseph Mazzini called the ‘Soul of Italian unification’ was born at Genoa in 1805. He was a lawyer by Profession. He believed that ‘Pen is mightier than Sword’ and decided to infuse patriotism among the people through his articles. He was a member of the Carbonari. He founded a society called ‘Young Italy’ in 1831.

2. First Stage of Unification:
Young Italy was an organization of the Youth and a secret and underground organization. Mazzini felt that unification has to be achieved only by ItaliAnswer: Men below 40 years of age were given membership to this society. They were able-bodied youth of Italy. The unity of – Italy was preached as a new religion and a holy mission. ‘God, the people and Italy’ were the watchwords of this organization. Because of his activities, Mazzini was banished and lived in exile in France, Switzerland, and England and guided the movement from outside.

Mazzini’s influence was such that in 1848, well organized revolts were seen in Italy. People of Lombardy, Parma, Modena arid Tuscany rose in revolt against their rulers. Since there was no unity among them, they were easily put down by Austria and France. Charles Albert, the King of Italy led the national movement and drove out Austria from Lombardy. But this success was short-lived. The Austrians defeated the Sardinian army. Disappointed with this, Charles Albert abdicated his throne in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.

Count de Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war fought during 1854-1856 with England and France on the side of Turkey against Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked. ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’. After the war in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders.

Napoleon III, the ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm. When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859.

This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria. According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in.

3. Second Stage of Unification:
Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour. He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister. In 1860, Modena, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ Count de Cavour. died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the total Unification of Italy, His last words were “Italy is made, all is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

4. Third Stage of Unification:
The third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot, Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities.

He participated in a revolt organized by Mazzini at Savoy in 1834. But the revolt failed. Because of his nationalistic activities, he was given a death sentence. He managed to escape to South America and lived in exile for 14 years. He had a large number of loyal followers prepared for any sacrifice for the sake of their country. They were transformed into an army called ‘Red Shirts’. During the 1848 revolution, he returned to Italy and took part in the Italian Nationalist Movement. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, he commanded the Sardinian forces.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome, but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so. So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome.

Garibaldi, whose main aim was the Unification of Italy, handed over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi is called the ‘Sword of Italian Unification’. A true patriot, he refused to accept titles and honours which were offered to him, went back to his village and lived the life of a peasant.

Victor Emmanuel II, the King of Sardinia was a patriot himself and an honest King of Italy. He achieved the unification through peaceful negotiations. He appointed Count Cavour as his prime minister. By 1861, Cavour had united-most of Italy. On 18^th February 1861, a new Parliament was convened at Turin and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of Italy. But Venetia and Rome were yet to be added. Venetia was under Austria and Rome was under the Pope. In 1866, a war broke out between Austria and Prussia, in which Victor Emmanuel II sided with Prussia. The victory of Prussia over Austria compelled Austria to give Venetia to Italy.

In 1870, when there was a war between Prussia and France. Napoleon III withdraw his forces from Rome which had been kept for the protection of the Pope. Immediately, Victor Emmanuel’s troops occupied Rome. The unification of Italy was completed in 1870. Rome became the capital of United Italy. Thus, the Patriotism of Mazzini, the Wars of Garibaldi, the Diplomacy of Cavour and the Statesmanship of Victor Emmanuel helped the Unification of Italy.

Question 4.
Describe the part played by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi in the Italian Unification.
Answer:
1. Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872):
Joseph Mazzini called the ‘Soul of Italian unification’ was born at Genoa in 1805. He was a lawyer by Profession. He believed that ‘Pen is mightier than Sword’ and decided to infuse patriotism among the people through his articles. He was a member of the Carbonari. He founded a society called ‘Young Italy’ in 1831. It was an organization of the Youth and a secret and underground organization. He felt that unification has to be achieved only by Italians.

Men below 40 years of age were given membership to this society. They were able bodied youth of Italy. The unity of Italy was preached as a new religion and a holy mission. ‘God, the people and Italy’ were the watchwords of this organization. Because of his activities, Mazzini was banished and lived in exile in France, Switzerland, and England and guided the movement from outside.

Mazzini’s influence was such that in 1848, well organized revolts were seen in Italy. People of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany rose in revolt against their rulers. Since there was no unity among them, they were easily put down by Austria and France, Charles Albert, the King of Italy led the national movement and drove put Austria from Lombardy. But this success was short lived. The Austrians defeated the Sardinian army. Disappointed with this, Charles Albert abdicated his throne in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.

2. Count de Cavour (1810-1861):
He had the dream of uniting Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. But before taking up that task, he undertook many reforms to make Sardinia strong. Economy was reformed. Commercial taxes were reduced. He encouraged education and industries. He thus developed the state and it became a‘Model State’.

He believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy. Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war, fought during 1854-1856, with England and France on the side of Turkey against-Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with a foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’.

After the war in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders-. Napoleon III, the Ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm.

When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859. This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria. According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in. Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour.

He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister. In 1860 Modern, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ he died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the Unification of Italy. His last words were “Italy is made, all .is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

3. Garibaldi (1807-1882):
The third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities.

He participated in a revolt organized by Mazzini at Savoy in 1834. But the revolt failed. Because of his nationalistic activities, he was given a death sentence. He managed to escape to South America and lived in exile for 14 years. He had a large number of loyal followers prepared for any sacrifice for the sake of their country. They were transformed into an army called ‘Red Shirts’. During the 1848 revolution, he returned to Italy and took part in the Italian Nationalist Movement. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, he commanded the Sardinian forces.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so. So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome.

Garibaldi, whose main aim was the Unification of Italy, handed over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi is called the ‘Sword of Italian Unification’. A true patriot, he refused to accept titles and honours which were offered to him, went back to his village and lived the life of a peasant.

Question 5.
Discuss in detail the different stages of the German Unification.
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

1. War with Denmark:
The King of Denmark was also the Duke of the German provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. They were declared to be part of Denmark by Christian IX of Denmark. The people of these provinces and other German states were unhappy at this move. In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, attacked and defeated Denmark and captured these provinces back. The Peace Treaty of Vienna was signed in Oct 1864. Later on, Prussia and Austria agreed to administer Schleswig and Holstein respectively according to the Convention of Gastein.

2. Austro – Prussian war (1866):
Bismarck promised compensation to Napoleon III, the Emperor of France for the French neutrality, in case of a war with Austria. Prussia and Italy also came to a secret understanding to militarily help each other. Prussia proposed a National Constitution and a National Diet for the German States for which some of the States were reluctant to be part of. Prussia and Italy started troop movements near the Austrian borders. Austria responded by full-scale mobilization of troops. The troop movements of the Prussian army near the Austrian borders arranged by Bismarck, made Austria declare war on Prussia and appear as the aggressor.

The hitherto reluctant States joined Prussia and the well prepared Prussian army with the support of Italy and the States defeated Austria and in 1866 annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The decisive battle was fought at Koniggratz near Sadowa, in which Austria was completely routed. This war is also called as ‘Seven Weeks War’. The Austro Prussian war of 1866 ended with the Treaty of Prague. The formation of the North German Confederation resulted in a partial Unification of Germany.

3. Franco-Prussian war (1870-71):
Bismarck did not keep up the promise of compensation to France for its neutrality. He desired a war with France to complete his scheme of unification. He knew that a war with France would make the remaining German states join the North German confederation. The dispute for the Spanish throne offered a pretext for war. Bismarck supported the claims of Prince Leopold, a relative of the Prussian King. The French were alarmed at the growth of Prussian power.

The French opposed the claims and were successful in pressurizing Leopold to decline the offer. Bismarck diplomatically managed the situation in such a way that Napoleon III of France declared war on Prussia. France was alone and the South German States also joined hands with Prussia and the French forces were defeated at different fronts and even Paris was captured. The unification of Germany was complete. The Prussian King William was crowned as the Emperor of United Germany with the title ‘Kaiser’.

Question 6.
Discuss the statesmanship qualities of Bismarck in achieving the Unification of Germany.
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

1. War with Denmark:
The King of Denmark was also the Duke of the German provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. They were declared to be part of Denmark by Christian IX of Denmark. The people of these provinces and other German states were unhappy at this move. In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, attacked and defeated Denmark and captured these provinces back. The Peace Treaty of Vienna was signed in Oct 1864. Later on, Prussia and Austria agreed to administer Schleswig and Holstein respectively according to the Convention of Gastein.

2. Austro – Prussian war (1866):
Bismarck promised compensation to Napoleon III, the Emperor of France for the French neutrality, in case of a war with Austria. Prussia and Italy also came to a secret understanding to militarily help each other. Prussia proposed a National Constitution and a National Diet for the German States for which some of the States were reluctant to be part of. Prussia and Italy started troop movements near the Austrian borders. Austria responded by full-scale mobilization of troops. The troop movements of the Prussian army near the Austrian borders arranged by Bismarck, made Austria declare war on Prussia and appear as the aggressor.

The hitherto reluctant States joined Prussia and the well prepared Prussian army with the support of Italy and the States defeated Austria and in 1866 annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The decisive battle was fought at Koniggratz near Sadowa, in which Austria was completely routed. This war is also called as ‘Seven Weeks War’. The Austro Prussian war of 1866 ended with the Treaty of Prague. The formation of the North German Confederation resulted in a partial Unification of Germany.

3. Franco-Prussian war (1870-71):
Bismarck did not keep up the promise of compensation to France for its neutrality. He desired a war with France to complete his scheme of unification. He knew that a war with France would make the remaining German states join the North German confederation. The dispute for the Spanish throne offered a pretext for war. Bismarck supported the claims of Prince Leopold, a relative of the Prussian King. The French were alarmed at the growth of Prussian power.

The French opposed the claims and were successful in pressurizing Leopold to decline the offer. Bismarck diplomatically managed the situation in such a way that Napoleon III of France declared war on Prussia. France was alone and the South German States also joined hands with Prussia and the French forces were defeated at different fronts and even Paris was captured. The unification of Germany was complete. The Prussian King William was crowned as the Emperor of United Germany with the title ‘Kaiser’.

4. Conclusion:
Bismarck was a brilliant Statesman, Strategist, and Manipulator. His main aim was the unification of the German States. He realised that Prussia alone was capable of leading the States to Unification. To that end, he first reorganised the Prussian Military into a strong unit. He then made alliances with the different powers to achieve his goal and managed to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France one by one and made United Germany a reality and a powerful nation.

You can Download Chapter 7 Beginning of Modern Age Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 7 Beginning of Modern Age

1st PUC History Beginning of Modern Age One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was called as the ‘Navigator’?
Answer:
Prince Henry of Portugal was called as ‘Navigator’.

Question 2.
Who explored the mainland of ‘South America’?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus discovered the landmass of South America.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Renaissance’?
Answer:
Renaissance means rebirth or revival or new learning.

Question 4.
From which word is the term ‘Renaissance’ derived?
Answer:
The word Renaissance is derived from the Latin word ‘Renasaree’, which means rebirth or revival or new learning.

Question 5.
Which country was called as the Motherland of Renaissance?
Answer:
Italy was called as the Motherland of Renaissance.

Question 6.
Who invented the printing press?
Answer:
John Guttenberg invented the printing press.

Question 7.
Who was known as the Father of Renaissance?
Answer:
Petrarch was known as the Father of renaissance.

Question 8.
Who was called the Father of Humanism?
Answer:
Petrarch the great humanist was called as the Father of Humanism.

Question 9.
Who is the author of ‘Divine comedy’?
Answer:
Dante is the author of ‘Divine comedy’.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Utopia’.
Answer:
Sir Thomas More wrote ‘Utopia’.

Question 11.
Who wrote ‘Paradise Lost’?
Answer:
John Milton wrote ‘Paradise Lost’.

Question 12.
Who painted the ‘Mona Lisa’?
Answer:
Leonardo da Vinci painted the ‘Mona Lisa’.

Question 13.
Who propounded the Laws of Gravitation?
Answer:
Sir Isaac Newton propounded the Laws of Gravitation.

Question 14.
Who was the leader of the Reformation?
Answer:
Martin Luther was the leader of the Reformation Movement.

Question 15.
Who published the 95 theses against the Catholic Church?
Answer:
Martin Luther published the 95 theses against the Catholic Church.

Question 16.
Who is called the Morning Star of Reformation?
Answer:
John Wycliffe is called the Morning Star of Reformation.

Question 17.
What is ‘Counter-Reformation’?
Answer:
The advent of the various radical sects within Christianity and the rapid spread of Protestantism prompted the Catholics to conduct reforms within their Church organization and its practices, in order to check further damage, which was called ‘Counter-Reformation’.

Question 18.
What is Inquisition?
Answer:
Inquisition (Church Court) was part of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, pertaining to conducting inquiry into cases of heresy and meting out severe punishments to the guilty. It was established in 1542 in Spain.

Question 19.
Who founded the Society of Jesus?
Answer:
Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, in 1534.

Question 20.
Who was the Pope during the Reformation Movement?
Answer:
Pope Leo X was the Pope at the time of the Reformation Movement.

Question 21.
What were Indulgences?
Answer:
Indulgences were certificates issued by Pope Leo X, for monetary consideration, exempting the people from receiving punishments, for the specific purpose of raising funds for rebuilding the great Basilica of St. Peters at Rome.

Question 22.
What were the followers of Ignatius Loyola called as?
Answer:
The followers of Ignatius Loyola were called as ‘Jesuits’.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who occupied the City of Constantinople and when?
Answer:
The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453.

Question 2.
Why was Prince Henry called as the ‘Navigator’?
Answer:
Prince Henry opened the School of Navigation to train sailors to venture out in search of new lands. He engaged the services of enterprising Italian sailors, geographers, map makers, and ship-builders. During his lifetime, Portuguese sailors explored the African coast. All such efforts made him to be called as the ‘Navigator’.

Question 3.
Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

Question 4.
Name any two ships of Magellan.
Answer:

1. Victoria
2. Santa Maria.

Question 5.
Which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world and who led this?
Answer:
The first ship to circumnavigate the world was the ‘Victoria’ and Ferdinand Magellan the Portuguese sailor, led this expedition.

Question 6.
Name any two Geographical Explorers?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 7.
Name any two Humanists of the Renaissance.
Answer:
Dante and Petrarch.

Question 8.
Mention any two works of William Shakespeare.
Answer:
Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet.

Question 9.
Name any two Painters of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo.

Question 10.
Name any two paintings of Leonardo da Vinci.
Answer:
The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Virgin of the Rocks, Adoration of the Magi.

Question 11.
Name any two paintings of Michael Angelo.
Answer:
The Last Judgment, Day and Night, Birth of Adam.

Question 12.
Name any two Scientists of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo.

Question 13.
Where and in which year was Martin Luther born?
Answer:
Martin Luther was born in 1483, in Eiselben (Germany).

Question 14.
Who was John Wycliffe and to which country did he belong?
Answer:
John Wycliffe was an early leader of the Reformation. He belonged to England.

Question 15.
Name the two Sects of Christianity.
Answer:
Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Question 16.
Who led the Counter-Reformation? Name the Organization he founded.
Answer:
Ignatius Loyola led the Counter-Reformation. The Organization was the Society of Jesus.

Question 17.
Who was Machiavelli? Name any of his works?
Answer:
Machiavelli was an Italian politician, historian, and writer of the Renaissance period. ‘The Prince’ and ‘The History of Florence’ were his noteworthy writings.

Question 18.
Name some of the famous scientists of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Nicholas Copernicus, John Kepler, Galileo, Sir Isaac Newton, William Harvey, John Guttenberg.

Question 19.
Who were the famous sculptors of the Renaissance period?
Answer:
Michael Angelo, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Luca della Robbia, Albrecht Durer.

Question 20.
Who were the trinity of Italian literature?
Answer:
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were the trinity of Italian Literature.

Question 21.
What is meant by Renaissance? Where did it begin?
Answer:
The literary term ‘Renaissance’ means rebirth or revival. It means the revival of interest in the classical culture of ancient Greek and Rome. (Classical learning) It began in Italy.

Question 22.
What is humanism? Who were the humanists at the time of Renaissance?
Answer:
Humanism is an approach to life which emphasizes the importance of human affairs in this world. Petrarch, Dante, Cicero, Boccaccio, and Cervantes were the humanists.

Question 23.
Write any two features of Renaissance in Europe.
Answer:
Growth of vernaculars, Humanism, New approach, scientific progress, development of art and architecture etc. are some of the features.

Question 24.
Which country is called as the homeland of Reformation?
Answer:
Germany is known as the homeland of Reformation.

Question 25.
Who was the Father of the Protestant movement?
Answer:
Martin Luther.

Question 26.
Name the Pope who sold indulgences.
Answer:
Pope Leo X started the sale of indulgences.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the causes for the Geographical explorations?
Answer:
1. Fall of Constantinople:
The trade route between the. East and the West was through Constantinople and when in 1453 A.D. the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, they closed the land route to the East and also indulged in looting the merchants. As the Europeans depended entirely upon the East for the supply of spices and other luxury goods, it necessitated them to discover a new trade route, possibly through the Sea.

2. The travelers’ accounts or romantic writings:
The accounts of travellers who Ventured into the East, aroused the curiosity of the Europeans. Italian travellers like Nicola Polo and Marco Polo (1254-1324A.D) were successful in reaching China. Marco polo wrote a vivid account of his travels to Mongolia, India, and China. Friar John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscan Monk reached Mongolia and had written about the Mongols in the thirteenth century. William Bubruquis and others in their accounts have narrated their thrilling experiences. Since then, the curiosity and spirit of adventure enabled the Europeans to reach far off lands not only by land but also by sea.

3. Demand for commodities:
There was a great demand in Europe for Asian commodities like spices-pepper, ginger, clove, cardamom, etc. Muslin, Silk, Pearls, Ivory and Precious stones were also in demand. It was a lucrative trade. Europeans were eager to improve, their standard of living by earning more. This was possible by enlarging commercial contacts with the Eastern countries. The discovery of new lands and sea routes opened them avenues for earning huge profits. Many adventurous sailors and traders too risked their lives to fulfill their ambitions.

4. Geographical knowledge:
This also led to the discovery of new sea routes and lands. In the 14^th century, travellers and sailors had the advantage of access to several books on travel, like ‘A merchant’s Handbook’ by Francesco Balducci, ‘Secrets of the faithful crusader’ by Marino Sanudo. Myths like the earth being flat, seas filled with terrible monsters, the tropical portion of Africa being blazing hot and surrounded by boiling water, etc., were proved false with the new knowledge on Geography. This made people less wary of travelling to these new places.

5. Spread of Christianity:
Kings, Nobles, and Missionaries were very enthusiastic to spread Christianity in the new lands. Hence the Kings of Spain and Portugal encouraged explorations and the Missionaries took up the cause to spread Christianity.

6. Efforts of Prince Henry :
The training school of navigation started by Prince Henry of Portugal gave the necessary training to sailors, geographers, map makers, and shipbuilders.

7. Other causes:
The invention of the printing press, mariner’s compass, new maps, and Establishment of Banks and Joint Stock Companies also encouraged the navigators. Patronage by Kings also went far in the field of geographical discoveries.

Question 2.
What was the role of Columbus and Vasco da Gama in Geographical explorations?
Answer:
1. Christopher Columbus:
He was a sailor from Genoa in Italy. He believed that the earth was round in shape and thought of reaching India by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. He secured the help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. They patronized Columbus with ships, men and money. Columbus and his men reached San Salvador, one of the Islands in the Bahamas (West Indies) in 1492.

He believed that he had reached India. Hence he called the natives as ‘Red Indians’, as they were red in colour. Columbus made more voyages and discovered the landmass of South America, Cuba, and Haiti. It may be noted here, that Columbus did not discover the mainland of America.

2. Vasco da Gama:
He was a Portuguese sailor, who discovered the sea route to India. He was patronized by Emmanuel II, the Portuguese King. He sailed along the Western coast of Africa and reached the Cape of Storms, which&was calm and pleasant. It gave a definite hope of discovering the sea route to the East. Hence he renamed it as ‘The Cape of Good Hope’. Then he sailed straight across the Indian Ocean and reached Calicut in the Malabar Coast in 1498. His voyage opened the gate for Europeans to enter India.

Question 3.
Describe the results of the Geographical explorations.
Answer:
The geographical discoveries had a great impact on the political, economic, social, religious and cultural history of the world.

1. The circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan proved that the earth is round.

2. The explorations increased the European contact with the East. Now, a large number of Europeans came to the East for trade, to spread Christianity, to establish colonies, etc. This had an impact on both the East and the West.

3. Venice, Genoa, Florence, etc were important trading centres of Europe. But now, they lost their importance because of the emergence of new cities like London, Lisbon, Amsterdam, etc. This was mainly due to the discovery of new trade routes.

4. The Kings sent missionaries into the newly explored territories to spread Christianity. Hence Christianity entered into Asia, Africa, and America. The Geographical discoveries gave a large scope for the spread of the Christian religion by converting the natives.

5. The explorations brought the support of the rich merchants and the middle classes to monarchy. This Support enabled stable monarchies at England, Spain, France, etc.

6. The Geographical discoveries ensured competition among the European nations. The competition was mainly to have trade contacts with the newly discovered lands and subsequently have trade Monopoly. They became aggressive and ruthless to realize these goals.

7. Discoveiyofnew lands encouraged Slave trading, Shipbuilding, Banking, and Commerce. It also helped Renaissance and Reformation.

Question 4.
What were the causes for Renaissance?
Answer:
1. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive as the Church controlled all activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. There were all round discontentment and the time was ripe for a major upheaval and people started questioning the authority of the Church.

2. The capture of Constantinople in 1453:
In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and forced the Greek and Latin Scholars to flee to Italy. The encouraging and peaceful conditions in Italy helped the study of classical literature and the birth of Renaissance.

3. Geographical exploration:
Medieval age Europeans came out off religious restrictions and superstitious ideas were shattered. People became bold and adventurous. The geographical discoveries not only brought great wealth but also expanded their knowledge. Coming in contact with other cultures brought them new ideas, thoughts, and knowledge. Thinkers began to give importance to Reason, Observation and Experimentation. This prepared the ground for a great cultural revolution.

4. Patronage of Kings, Popes, and Nobles:
When the Greek and Latin scholars fled to Italy and other European countries along with their books and manuscripts, King, Popes, Nobles and the rich Merchants patronised these scholars. European people got exposed to Classical Art, Architecture and Learning and interest in these grew all over.

5. Nation-State idea:
In the age of new learning, emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual. With the dawn of the new spirit, City-States lost their significance and the idea of Nation States took shape. As feudalism collapsed, the Monarchs were interested in the welfare of their subjects and gave importance to Classical literature and Education in general.

6. The invention of Printing Press:
This was the chief factor in spreading new ideas and thoughts across the multitude. Printing helped the tremendous development of European civilization and culture. Production of books on varied subjects stimulated a general desire for literacy.

Question 5.
Describe the important features of Renaissance.
Answer:
1. Humanism:
The Renaissance scholars began to take deep interest in Humanism, a sympathetic study of man and his achievements. Humanists promoted a rational and humanistic approach in their studies. They tried to bring learning into a close relationship with life as such. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Martin Luther, Nicholas-II and others were noted humanists.

2. New approach:
In the medieval age, religious belief, political principles and social standards were all stagnant. Enlightened thinkers like Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, John Wycliffe, and others challenged those views, and boldly and openly expressed their new ideas.

3. Renaissance Art and Architecture:
Renaissance Art and Architecture were humanistic and realistic. They came out of the clutches of the Church and became secular and closer to human life. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ developed during Renaissance was a  mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles. It consists of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations.

4. Scientific progress:
Renaissance spread the spirit of enquiry, investigation, and criticism. The rise of Nation – States helped the progress of Science. The discovery of new lands, new knowledge about the shape of the earth and observations of Astronomers disproved f certain age-old beliefs. Renaissance made its great impact resulting in scientific revolution in Europe.

Question 6.
What were the contributions of Renaissance to literature?
Answer:
1. Humanism:
The renaissance scholars began to take deep interest in the study of man and his achievements. The humanists promoted rational and humanistic approach. They tried to bring learning into close relation with life. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Cervantes, and other humanists promoted classical literature. They were called the ‘Morning Stars’.

2. Classicism:
A very important feature in Europe during Renaissance was the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Latin classics. This manifested as an expression of classism in Literature along with Art and Architecture. A classical culture developed in Europe.

3. Vernacular languages:
Renaissance in Europe resulted in the development of vernacular languages like English, German, Spanish and Italian as well. Classical literature in Latin and Greek were translated or written in the vernacular languages. This activity popularised classical literature and developed the vernacular languages also.

4. Renaissance scholars or Rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive and the Church controlled all the activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. The invention of the printing press made it very convenient and easy to spread the new ideas and thoughts to all the nooks and comers of the world. People became enlightened and progressive.

5. The major literary works of this period were the following:
Dante’s Divine Comedy. Machiavelli’s The Prince, Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and Paradise Regained, Shakespeare’s numerous Comedies, Tragedies, and Plays, Cervantes’ Don Quixote, etc.

Question 7.
What were the contributions of renaissance to Art and Architecture?
Answer:
The Renaissance art and architecture was humanistic and realistic. It had a new and independent outlook, came out of the clutches of the Church and became secular. Art, in particular, came closer to human life. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations. The structures were generally built in stone. Large Palaces, Churches, Monasteries and Public buildings were built. The famous Architects of the period were Alberti, Monetti, Brumeleschi, Brumante and Michael Angelo.

The important architectural and sculptural examples of Renaissance period are as follows,

1. Rome – The Medici and the Farnese Palaces
2. London – The Palace of Pope Julius III
3. Florence – The Pitti Palace
4. London-The Banquet House in Whitehall
5. London – St. Paul’s Cathedral
6. Rome – St. Peter’s Cathedral
7. Venice – St. Mark’s Cathedral
8. Spain – Piccolomini Palace
9. Venice – Doyage Palace
10. Vatican – Sistine Chapel.

Sculpture :
During Renaissance, sculpture was much encouraged. The famous Sculptors of the Renaissance period were Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Michael Angelo, and Albrecht Durer.

The following are their contributions.

1. Lorenzo Ghiberti- the carvings of the doors of the Baptistery at Florence.
2. Donatello- ‘Statue of St. George’ in Florence, ‘Statue of St. Mark’ in Venice.
3. Michael Angelo- The statues of‘The David’, ‘The Moses’, ‘ThePieta’and ‘JheBounded Slave’. He also designed the Dome of the Church of St. Peter at Rome.
4. Albrecht Durer- ‘The Knight and Death’and‘St. Jerome in his study’.

Paintings :
The greatest glory of the Renaissance were its paintings. They were made on canvas, glass, wood or other materials. The technique of oil painting was mastered. Titian was. Popular for using bright colours. Popes, Kings and rich Merchants gave generous patronage to painting. The Florentine School to which Leonardo da Vinci, Michel Angelo, and Raphael belonged, became a great centre of painting. They were able to develop their genius fully. without being restricted or controlled by the rigid rules of the Church. They made a humanistic and secular approach and produced highly artistic and life-like paintings.

The important painters and their works were as follows

1. Leonardo da Vinci- ‘The Last Supper’,‘The Mona Lisa’, ‘Virgin of the Rocks’, ‘The Virgin and Child’, ‘Head of the woman’, ‘Madonna Litta’, etc.
2. Michael Angelo- ‘The Last Judgement’, ‘The Creation of Adam’, ‘Day and Night’, ‘Dawn and Sunset’ etc.
3. Sanzio Raphael- ‘Sistine Madonna’.
4. Titian- ‘The Assumption of the virgin’.

Question 8.
Give an account to the Scientific progress during the Renaissance.
Answer:
Renaissance encouraged the development of science. Especially in science, observation and experimentations were included. Several great Scientists contributed much to the progress of L Science in several fields – Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, and Chemistry.

In 1500, Jackot Nufer (Swiss) carried out the first successful caesarean operation. Roger Bacon succeeded in discovering many uses for gun powder and the magnifying lens. Leonardo, da Vinci (Italy) invented the ‘Parachute’ in 1480. He produced the diagram of a ‘Flying machine’, which inspired the invention of the Aeroplane later.

Nicholas Copernicus (Poland) made progress in the study of Astronomy. He propounded the ‘Helio-Centric Theory’ as opposed r to the Ptolemaic ‘Geo-Centric theory’. He affirmed the principle that “The earth is round and it moves round the Sun, which is the centre of our planetary system”.

John Kepler (Germany) improved upon the theory of Copernicus. He proved that “The planets including the Earth revolve around the Sun in Elliptical orbits and not in Circles as indicated by Copernicus”. Hans Lipperhey (Germany) invented the ‘Telescope’ in 1608. Galileo (Italy) r explained the Copernicus theory. He improved the Telescope. He observed mountains on the Moon surface and rings around the Saturn through the Telescope.

He declared that the world is controlled by natural laws. He discovered ‘Thermometer’, ‘Barometer’ and ‘Pendulum’. Sir Isaac Newton (England) proposed the ‘Laws of Gravitation’ govern ing the motions of the Planets around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth. William Harvey (England) elucidated the ‘Blood circulation’.

He explained how blood circulates from the heart through arteries to the various parts of the body and comes back to the heart through veins. John Gutenberg (Germany) set up the first Printing press on a large scale in Germany in 1440.

Question 9.
Describe the results of the Renaissance.
Answer:
Results of Renaissance:

1. Renaissance brought about a transition from blind faith to reason and science.
2. Renaissance created a new outlook on life. It stimulated the spirit of enquiry, criticism, and experimentation.
3. Renaissance Scholars and Writers boldly and openly expressed their new ideas, which went against the teachings of the Church. The secular outlook and individualism began to spread.
4. By the Renaissance influence, medieval superstitions were shattered and men became bold and adventurous, thus becoming interested in geographical explorations.
5. The ideas of individualism gained due importance during Renaissance. New learning emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual, allowing him to develop his talents and faculties.
6. Renaissance gave a marked stimulus to the growth of vernacular literature.
7. One other important feature of Renaissance was the growth of Humanism.
8. The new spirit of Renaissance was responsible for the remarkable scientific progress.
9. Renaissance brought about great changes in life of the people in different fields like political, intellectual, economic and religious fields.
10. People also started questioning some of the doctrines of Christianity and the corrupt practices. This new outlook resulted in a religious revolution in the Catholic Church that is known as the Reformation.
11. Monarchy was strengthened due to the dawn of Renaissance. It led to the rise of the Spirit of National Consciousness in several countries.

Question 10.
What were the causes for Reformation?
Answer:
The main causes for the Reformation are as follows:

1. Religious causes or existence of abuses:
Reformation began with the rebellion against the abuses of the Church. The Popes, who claimed to be the representatives of God, neglected their religious duties. The Church was ready to sacrifice moral and spiritual values for the sake of money. The Clergy became corrupt and idle and naturally, the Church lost its early purity. The principles like simplicity and forgiveness preached by Jesus were completely forgotten. The anger against such evils was one of the chief causes for the Reformation.

2. Intellectual causes:
The spirit of enquiry and criticism generated by the Renaissance intellectuals like John Wycliffe and others resulted in protests against the abuses by the Church and the corrupt practices of the Clergy. They demanded the purification of the Church organization. They challenged the supremacy of the Pope and declared that the Pope was not the representative of God and every Christian’ should be guided only by the Bible.

3. Political causes:
The Roman Catholic Church claimed the spiritual and temporal power over the States of Europe. Kings and people opposed the political power enjoyed by the Church. The growth of nationalism led to the establishment of National Churches with Kings as their heads. They felt that the Church should take interest only in the religious, spiritual and moral domains. They wanted to restrict the power of the Church and these political circumstances prompted reformation.

4. Economic causes:
The Roman Church-owned vast lands, money and property. Church property was exempted from all taxes, but the common people were burdened with various taxes, fees, and fines. The Church claimed that the wealth of the Church was the wealth of God and Kings had no rights to tax on Church property.

5. Sale of indulgences:
The immediate cause of the Reformation was the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo-X, who was badly in need of money for the rebuilding of the St. Peter’s Church at Rome. Church regardless of all the criticism levelled against it continued to collect money in various ways. Pope Leo-X sent his agent, John Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences.

Indulgences were certificates issued by the Pope for money, exempting the people from receiving punishment for their sins. Brokers and Bankers were appointed to sell them and were paid commissions. Martin Luther opposed this sale in his famous 95 points and nailed them to the Church door at Wittenberg. He began to question the Pope and the doctrines.

Question 11.
Write about Counter-Reformation.
Answer:
The religious upheaval in the 16th century gave rise to Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism and the radical sects. The rapid spread of Protestantism alarmed the Catholics and they felt the urgency to check further damage to the Catholic Church. They demanded Reformation from within and the movement came to be known as Counter-Reformation.

The attitude of the Popes changed. They took firm steps to check the spread of Protestantism. The Roman Catholic Church made efforts to win back the Protestant-dominated countries, to the Roman obedience. A concerted Counter-Reformation Movement was launched with the four-fold purpose of punishing, reforming, converting and rendering social service. The inquisition was to punish, the Council of Trent was to introduce reforms and the Society of Jesus was to render service to God and Society.

1. The inquisition:
was a Roman Catholic Court formed for conducting inquiry into cases of heresy and meting out punishments to those who were found guilty? The guilty were excommunicated and given over to the civil arm for punishment, which included torturing and execution by burning. They issued a strict code of conduct to be followed by the Church officials. The inquisition was first established in Spain and they were set up to deal with the non-Catholics and to put down heresy.

2. The Council of Trent:(1545 – 1563 A.D).
The Catholic Church held a General Council at Trent in north Italy, convened by Charles V in 1545 A.D. Its main purpose as clearly defined by the doctrines of the Church, was to remove some of the abuses and to restore unity in the Catholic Church. The Council condemned the sale of Church offices and bade the clergy to strictly adhere to clerical duties. It also banned the sale of indulgences.

3. Society of Jesus in 1540:
The Counter-Reformation Movement was bolstered by the formation of several new religious orders. The most popular of these was the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish knight of Noble descent. He inspired a large team of selfless, educated and disciplined priests to serve God and Christianity. They were known as Jesuits. They took the vows of simplicity, chastity, obedience, service and spreading Catholicism.

Question 12.
Describe the results of Reformation.
Answer:
The results of the Reformation are as follows:

1. Reformation destroyed the unity of the Christian Church by the establishment of the Protestant Church.

2. The medieval religious tradition and superstitious beliefs were rejected. The leaders of this Movement also rejected the supreme authority of the Church and accepted the authorities of the true Bible.

3. Reformation freed the Kings of Europe from the control of the Pope. It gave birth to secular states.

4. Reformation led to reforms within the Catholic Church and also a much clearer statement of Christian doctrines.

5. It had a great economic effect. The properties of the Church were confiscated by the Protestant Nobles and Princes, which made them powerful. This wealth was utilised for the economic development and as a result, money lenders, bankers, and financiers secured a high status.

6. It had a great effect on the development of national literature. The translation of the Bible into the vernacular languages spread the knowledge of scriptures among the common people.

7. The religious clashes between the Catholics and the Protestants caused much bloodshed, death, and destruction. It finally gave birth to secular States as the only way for national integration. European Kings adopted religious tolerance.

8. It gave further stimulus to the growth of the spirit of nationalism.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the causes and results of Geographical explorations.
Answer:
The causes of geographical exploration are as follows:

1. Fall of Constantinople:
The trade route between the East and the West was through Constantinople and when in 1453 A.D. the Ottoman Turks captured it, they closed the land route to the East and also indulged in looting the merchants. As the Europeans depended entirely upon the East for the supply of spices and other luxury goods, it necessitated them to discover a new trade route, possibly through the Sea.

2. The travellers’ accounts or romantic writings:
The accounts of travellers, who ventured into the East, aroused the curiosity of the Europeans. Italian travellers like Nicola Polo and Marco Polo (1254-1324A.D) were successful in reaching China. Marco Polo wrote a vivid account of his travels to Mongolia, India, and China. Friar John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscan Monk reached Mongolia and had written about the Mongols in the thirteenth century. William Bubruquis and others in their accounts have narrated their thrilling experiences. Since then, the curiosity and spirit of adventure enabled the Europeans to reach far off lands not only by land but also by sea.

3. Demand for commodities:
There was a great demand in Europe for Asian commodities like spices – pepper, ginger, clove, cardamom, etc. Muslin, Silk,.Pearls, Ivory and Precious stones were also in demand. It was a lucrative trade. Europeans were eager to improve their standard of living by earning more. This was possible by enlarging commercial contacts with the Eastern countries. The discovery of new lands and sea routes opened them avenues for earning huge profits. Many adventurous sailors and traders too risked their lives to fulfill their ambitions.

4. Geographical knowledge:
This also led to the discovery of new sea routes and lands. In the 14^th century, travellers and sailors had the advantage of access to several books on travel, like ‘A Merchant’s Handbook’ by Francesco Balducci, and ‘Secrets of the Faithful Crusader by Marino Sanudo. Myths like the earth being flat, seas filled with terrible monsters, the tropical portion of Africa being blazing hot and surrounded by boiling water, etc. were proved false with the new knowledge on Geography. This made people less wary of travelling to these new places.

5. Spread of Christianity:
Kings, Nobles, and Missionaries were very enthusiastic to spread Christianity in the new lands. Hence the Kings of Spain and Portugal encouraged explorations and the Missionaries took up the cause to spread Christianity.

6. Efforts of Prince Henry:
The training school of Navigation started by Prince Henry of Portugal gave the necessary training to sailors, geographers, map makers, and shipbuilders.

7. Other causes:
The invention of the printing press, mariner’s compass, new maps, and Establishment of Banks and Joint Stock Companies also encouraged the navigators. Patronage by Kings also went far in the field of geographical discoveries.

Results of the Geographical discoveries:

The geographical discoveries had a great impact on the political, economic, social, religious f and cultural history of the world. The circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan proved that the earth is round.

Venice, Genoa, Florence, etc were important trading centres of Europe. But now, they lost their importance because of the emergence of new cities like London, Lisbon, Amsterdam, etc. This was mainly due to the discovery of new trade routes.

The Kings sent missionaries into the explored territories to spread Christianity. Hence newly Christianity entered into Asia, Africa, and America and became a world religion. The Geographical discoveries gave a large scope for the spread of the Christian religion by converting the natives.

The explorations brought the support of the rich merchants and the middle classes to monarchy. This support enabled stable monarchies at England, Spain, France, etc.

The Geographical discoveries ensured competition among the European nations. The competition was mainly to have trade contacts with the newly discovered lands and subsequently have trade Monopoly. They became aggressive and ruthless to realize these goals. Commercial revolution took place by promoting trade and industry. Commerce underwent a remarkable change as regards to quality, quantity, and kind of goods carried, routes, newer markets, and methods. Joint Stock Companies and Banks were established and insurance of ships and goods was introduced, to safeguard against losses.

Discovery of new lands encouraged Slave trading, Shipbuilding, Banking, and Commerce. It also helped Renaissance and Reformation. The discoveries increased men’s knowledge about the world and this, in turn, led to the expansion of their mind. Exposure to the new worlds, interaction with new people and new modes of life, dispelled the funny and blind notions of medieval ignorance. This gave a tremendous impact to the intellectual revolution introduced by Renaissance.

As a result of these discoveries, Europe came in touch with the rest of the world and European culture spread to those lands. This contact helped them to enrich their knowledge. The discovery of new worlds offered a good opportunity for the freedom-loving people of different countries to migrate and improve their social, economic and political status. It encouraged scientific exploration and research and overall the living standards of people rose.

One of the ugliest effects of geographical discoveries was the birth of imperialism by the European powers. Europeans reached the coasts of the countries of Asia, Africa, America and Australia for establishing trade links. Eventually, they stayed there as masters and these countries were turned into colonies.

Question 2.
Explain the causes and results of Renaissance.
Answer:
Causes of the Renaissance:

1. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not ‘progressive as the Church controlled all activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. There were all round discontentments and the time was ripe for a major upheaval and people started questioning the authority of the Church.

2. The capture of Constantinople in 1453:
In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and forced the Greek and Latin Scholars to flee to Italy. The encouraging and peaceful conditions in Italy helped the study of classical literature and the birth of Renaissance.

3. Geographical exploration:
Medieval age Europeans came out off religious restrictions ” and superstitious ideas were shattered. People became bold and adventurous. The geographical discoveries not only brought great wealth but also expanded their knowledge. Coming in contact with other cultures brought them new ideas, thoughts, and knowledge. Thinkers began to give importance to Reason, Observation and Experimentation. This prepared the ground for a great cultural revolution.

4. Patronage of Kings, Popes, and Nobles:
When the Greek and Latin scholars fled to Italy and other European countries along with their books and manuscripts, King, Popes, Nobles and the rich Merchants patronised these scholars. European people got exposed to Classical Art, Architecture and Learning and interest in these grew all over.

5. Nation-state idea:
In the age of new learning, emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual. With the dawn of the new spirit, City-States lost their significance and the idea of Nation States took shape. As feudalism collapsed, the Monarchs were interested in the welfare of their subjects and gave importance to Classical literature and Education in general.

6. The invention of Printing Press:
This was the chief factor in spreading new ideas and thoughts across the multitude. Printing helped the tremendous development of European civilization and culture. Production of books on varied subjects stimulated a general desire for literacy.

Results of Renaissance:

1. Renaissance brought about a transition from blind faith to reason and science.
2. Renaissance created a new outlook on life. It stimulated the spirit of enquiry, criticism, and experimentation.
3. Renaissance Scholars and Writers boldly and openly expressed their new ideas, which went against the teachings of the Church. The secular outlook and individualism began to spread.
4. By the Renaissance influence, medieval superstitions were shattered and men became bold and adventurous, thus becoming interested in geographical explorations,
5. The ideas of individualism gained due importance during Renaissance. New learning emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual, allowing him to develop his talents and faculties.
6. Renaissance gave a marked stimulus to the growth of vernacular literature.
7. One other important feature Of Renaissance was the growth of Humanism.
8. The new spirit of Renaissance was responsible for the remarkable scientific progress.
9. Renaissance brought about great changes in the life of the people in different fields like political, intellectual, economic and religious fields.
10. People also started questioning some of the doctrines of Christianity and the corrupt practices. This new outlook resulted in a religious revolution in the Catholic Church that ’ is known as the Reformation.
11. Monarchy was strengthened due to the dawn of Renaissance. It led to the rise of the Spirit of National Consciousness in several countries.

Question 3.
Describe the Cultural contributions of Renaissance.
Answer:
The Renaissance Architecture was humanistic and realistic. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations. During the medieval ages, art was dominated by the Christian Church. The Renaissance spirit affected all forms of art. Artists of that age displayed more courage and what distinguished their creations was more freedom of expression; simplicity, realism, and love Of nature. Renaissance spread the spirit of enquiry, investigation, and criticism.

The discovery of new lands, new routes and new knowledge about the shape of earth and investigation of astronomers, etc. disproved certain long-held erroneous beliefs. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Astronomer of Poland proposed the Heliocentric theory. John Kepler (1570-1630) a German Scientist supported the hypothesis of Copernicus and laid the foundation of mathematical astronomy. He stated that “The Planets revolved round the Sun not in circles, but in elliptical orbits”.

1. Humanism :
The Renaissance Scholars began to take deep interest in the study of humans and their achievements. The humanists promoted rational and humanistic approach. They tried to bring learning into close relation with life. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Martin Luther, and Nicholas-II were noted, humanists.

2. Renaissance Art and Architecture:
The Renaissance Architecture was humanistic and realistic. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations.

3. New approach:
In the medieval age, religious belief, political principles and social standards were all stagnant. Enlightened thinkers like Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, John Wycliffe, and others challenged those views, and boldly and openly expressed their new ideas.

4. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive. The Church controlled all the activities of the people. Religious beliefs, ‘ political principles and social standards were all stagnant in this period. The Renaissance scholars came up with rational thinking and revolutionary ideas which completely changed the way of people’s approach to situations and expanded their narrow vision.

Question 4.
Explain the causes and results of Reformation.
Answer:
Causes for the reformation are as follows:

1. Religious causes or existence or abuses:
Reformation began with the rebellion against the abuses of the church. The Popes, who claimed to be representatives of God, neglected their religious duties. The Church was ready to sacrifice moral and spiritual values for the sake of money. The clergy became corrupt and idle and naturally, the Church lost its early purity. The principles like simplicity and forgiveness preached by Jesus were completely forgotten. The anger against such evils was one of the chief causes for the Reformation.

2. Intellectual causes:
The spirit of enquiry and criticism generated by the Renaissance intellectuals like John Wycliffe and others resulted in protests against the abuses by the Church and corrupt practices of the Clergy. They demanded the purification of the Church organization. They challenged the supremacy of the Pope and declared that the Pope was not the representative of God and every Christian should be guided by the Bible.

3. Political causes:
The Roman Catholic Church claimed the spiritual and temporal power over the States of Europe. Kings and people opposed the political power enjoyed by the Church. The growth of nationalism led to the establishment of National Churches with Kings as their heads. They felt that the Church should take interest only in the religious, spiritual and moral domains. They wanted to restrict the power of the Church and these political circumstances prompted reformation.

4. Economic causes:
The Roman Church-owned vast lands, money and property. Church property was exempted from all taxes, but the common people were burdened with various taxes, fees, and fines. The Church claimed that the wealth of the Church was the wealth of God and Kings had no rights to tax on church property.

5. Sale of indulgences:
The immediate cause of the Reformation was the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo-X, who was badly in need of money for the rebuilding of the St. Peters Church at Rome. Church regardless of all the criticism levelled against it continued to collect money in various ways. Pope Leo-X sent his agent, John Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences. Indulgences were certificates issued by the Pope for money, exempting the people from receiving punishment for their sins. Brokers and Bankers were appointed to sell them and were paid commissions. Martin Luther opposed this sale in his famous 95 points and nailed them to the Church door at Wittenberg. He began to question the Pope and the doctrines.

Reformation produced far-reaching results. The following ones are noteworthy.

1. Reformation destroyed the unity of the Christian Church by the establishment of the Protestant Church.
2. The medieval religious tradition and superstitious beliefs were rejected. The leaders of this movement also rejected the supreme authority of the church accepted the authorities of the true Bible.
3. Reformation freed the Kings of Europe from the control of pope. It gave birth to secular states.
4. Reformation led to reforms in the Catholic Church and also a much clearer statement of Christian doctrines.
5. It had a great economic effect. The properties of the Church were confiscated by the Protestant Nobles and Princes, making them powerful. This wealth was utilised for the economic development and as a result, money lenders, bankers, and financiers earned a high status.
6. It had a great effect on the development of national literature. The translation of the Bible into the vernacular languages spread the knowledge of scriptures among the common people.
7. The religious clashes between the Catholics and the Protestants caused much bloodshed, death, and destruction. It finally gave birth to secular States as the only way for national integration. European Kings adopted religious tolerance.
8. It had further stimulus to the growth of the spirit of nationalism.

Question 5.
Describe the role of Martin Luther in the Reformation movement.
Answer:
Reformation began in Germany and its leader Martin Luther was born atEiselben in 1483A.D in a poor German peasant family. Luther studied theology, law, and humanism at the University of Erfurt in 1508 A.D. He was always haunted with the question, “how to please God?” He seriously studied the Bible and the works of St. Paul and St. Augustine. He became a Professor of Theology in the University of Wittenberg. Luther strongly believed that man could get salvation only through God’s mercy but the Church preached that it possessed the means of salvation. He rejected the doctrine of good work.

He visited Rome in 1511 A.D and was shocked at the worldliness of the Pope and the corrupt and immoral life led by the clergy. He did not to tolerate the corrupt practices of the Church. In 1517, Pope Leo-X sent out several agents to dispense indulgences in order to collect funds to complete St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. They spread the belief that indulgences were passports to heaven. One of these agents, John Tetzel was selling indulgences as passports to Heaven.

1. Luther’s opposition:
Luther wrote his objection against the Church practices and Pope’s authority in Latin. He prepared his objections in the form of ‘95 Theses’ and posted them on the door of the Church in Wittenberg. Thereupon Luther started a rebellious Movement against the abuses of the Church. This popular revolt came to be known as the Protestant Movement. Luther questioned the authority of Pope and challenged the concept of infallibility. As a result of these activities, the Pope ordered Emperor Charles-V to take action against Luther. In 1521 Charles-V summoned the Diet of Worms and ordered Luther to appear before the Diet to justify the charges made against the Pope. In the Diet of Worms, Luther was excommunicated by the Pope.

He was expelled from the Church and was branded a heretic. Martin Luther established the ‘Lutheran National Church’ which rejected indulgences and worship of Saints. Bible was regarded as the sole source of religion. The struggle between Catholics and Protestants ended with the ‘Peace of Augsburg’ treaty in 1555. Lutheranism spread to many countries of Europe and Calvinism and Anglicanism also rose against the Roman Catholic Church.

Spread of Protestant (Lutheranism) faith.

1. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531):
He was an eminent Protestant Reformer and leader of the movement in Switzerland. He was called as the Swiss Luther. He also denied Papal authority and insisted that the Bible was the only guide to faith and morals, he popularized Protestantism in Switzerland.

2. John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism:
John Calvin was a French reformer. His teachings are to be found in his book ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’. He popularized the ideas of Luther. In Geneva, he set up the Calvinist Church and insisted on the strict enforcement of moral discipline. He advocated that the Church and the State must be separated. His followers in France came to be called Huguenots.

3. King Henry-Vin (1509-1547) and Anglicanism:
He established an independent Church in England. He became the head of both the Church and the State. He proclaimed himself as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

You can Download Chapter 10 World Wars and International Organizations Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 10 World Wars and International Organizations

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When did the First World War break out?
Answer:
The First World War broke out on 28th July 1914.

Question 2.
Who was the Emperor of Germany during the First World War?
Answer:
Kaiser William-II was the Emperor of Germany during the First World War.

Question 3.
Mention the immediate cause for the First World War.
Answer:
The murder of the Crown Prince of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, was the immediate cause for the First World War.

Question 4.
Why did U.S.A join the First World War?
Answer:
In 1917, U.S.A also joined the side of Allies, because Germany destroyed S.S. Lusitania a British ship, in which many American civilians were travelling.

Question 5.
Which conference officially ended the First World War?
Answer:
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 officially ended the First World War.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of Fascism?
Answer:
Mussolini was the founder of Fascism.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Fascism’?
Answer:
Fascism is derived from the word ‘fasces’ which means a ‘bundle of rods’ with an axe symbol of power in the ancient Roman period.

Question 8.
Name the paper edited by Mussolini?
Answer:
The Socialist paper ‘Avanti’ was edited by Mussolini.

Question 9.
Who declared ‘Italy must expand or perish’?
Answer:
Mussolini declared ‘Italy must expand or perish’.

Question 10.
Where was Adolf Hitler born?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.

Question 11.
Who was the founder of Nazism?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler was the founder of Nazism.

Question 12.
Mention the book written by Hitler.
Answer:
The book written by Hitler was Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

Question 13.
Name the German Parliament.
Answer:
‘Reichstag’ is the German Parliament.

Question 14.
What is Gestapo?
Answer:
‘Gestapo’ was the secret police organized by Hitler, to suppress all the opposition to his regime.

Question 15.
Why did the U.S.A join the Second World War?
Answer:
In December 1941, Japan attacked the naval base of the USA at Pearl Harbour in the Pacific Ocean. Several American ships were sunk and there was a huge loss of property and lives. This forced America to join the war on the side of the Allies.

Question 16.
Who ordered the American Air Force to drop Atom bombs on Japan?
Answer:
Harry S. Truman, the American President ordered the American Air Force to drop Atom bombs f on Japan.

Question 17.
When was Israel created for the Jews?
Answer:
Israel was created in 1948 for the Jews.

Question 18.
When was the U.N.O. established?
Answer:
The U.N.O was established on 24^th October 1945.

Question 19.
Which day is celebrated as U.N Day?
Answer:
24^th October is celebrated as the U.N. Day.

Question 20.
Where is the Headquarters of U.N.O?
Answer:
The Headquarters of U.N.O is located in New York (U.S. A)

Question 21.
How many member nations are there in the U.N.O at present?
Answer:
As of 2012, there are 193 member nations in U.N.O.

Question 22.
Where is the International Court of Justice located?
Answer:
The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

Question 23.
Who is the present Secretary-General of the U.N.O?
Answer:
Ban Ki-Moon of South Korea. (From 2012).

Question 24.
Expand ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, UNESCO, IBRD, IMF, WHO and WTO.
Answer:

ECOSOC	Economic and Social Council
ILO	International Labour Organization
FAO	Food and Agricultural Organization
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
IBRD	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IMF	International Monetary Fund
WHO	World Health Organization.
WTO	World Trade Organization.

Question 25.
Which ship was sunk by a German submarine during the First World war?
Answer:
S.S. Lusitania the British ship.

Question 26.
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
Answer:
On 28^th June 1919.

Question 27.
Name the Treaty that ended the First World War.
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles.

Question 28.
When was the triple Entente formed?
Answer:
The triple Entente was formed in 1907.

Question 29.
Which organization was formed after the First World War?
Answer:
League of Nations.

Question 30.
Which provinces did Germany hand over to France after the First World War?
Answer:
Alsace and Loraine Provinces were handed over to France.

Question 31.
Who drafted the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:
President Woodrow Wilson of U S A.

Question 32.
When did the First World War end?
Answer:
World War I ended on 11th November 1918.

Question 33.
When did the Second World War begin?
Answer:
World War II began on 1st September 1939.

Question 34.
Name the Allied nations in the Second World War.
Answer:
England, France, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.

Question 35.
What was the immediate cause for the World War-II?
Answer:
On 1^st September 1939, Germany under. Hitler invaded Poland, which was an ally of England and France, and they declared war on Germany.

Question 36.
Name the Axis powers in the Second World War?
Answer:
Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan and others.

Question 37.
Who was the Prime Minister of England during the Second World War?
Answer:
Winston Churchill was the P.M. of England.

Question 38.
What was Winston Churchill’s call to his countrymen in the Second World War?
Answer:
“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat”.

Question 39.
Who was Adolf Hitler?
Answer:
Hitler was the Dictator of Germany and founder of the Nazi party.

Question 40.
What was the symbol of the Nazis?
Answer:
Swastik.

Question 41.
Which book became Gospel (Bible) for the Nazis?
Answer:
Mein Kampf.

Question 42.
Who organized the Brown Shirts Army?
Answer:
Hitler.

Question 43.
Who was Mussolini?
Answer:
Mussolini was the dictator of Italy and founder of the Fascist party.

Question 44.
Who organized the Black Shirts army?
Answer:
Mussolini.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the two rival alliances formed during the First World War.
Answer:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were the two rival alliances formed during the First World War.

Question 2.
Name the Treaty signed by the Allied countries with Germany. When was it signed?
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied countries and Germany. It was signed on 28^th June 1919.

Question 3.
Mention the four Empires which were overthrown after the First World War.
Answer:
Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate (Ottoman Empire) were the Empires which were overthrown after the First World War.

Question 4.
When was the League of Nations established? Where was its Headquarters?
Answer:
The League of Nations was established on 1st June 1920. Its headquarters was in Geneva.

Question 5.
Write any two Principles of Fascism.
Answer:
The Principles of Fascism were:

• Glorification of war
• Importance to the state
• Belief in Single party .
• Opposition to democracy and socialism.
• Unquestioning supremacy of the regime.

Question 6.
Write any two Principles of Nazism.
Answer:
The main Principles ofNazism were:

• One party rule
• Nazification
• Racial Supremacy
• Anti-Jewish and anti- religious sentiments
• Importance to State.

Question 7.
Name the two rival Powers of the II World War.
Answer:
Axis Powers and Allied Powers.

Question 8.
Name the Axis Powers.
Answer:
Germany, Italy, and Japan were the Axis Powers.

Question 9.
Name the Allied Powers.
Answer:
England, France, U.S.S.R and U.S.A.

Question 10.
Name the cities of Japan where Atom bombs were dropped during the Second World War.
Answer:
Nagasaki and Hiroshima are the cities of Japan where Atom bombs were dropped during the Second World War.

Question 11.
Write any two aims of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The aims of U.N.O are

• To maintain International peace and security.
• To develop friendly relations among the nations.

Question 12.
Name any two official languages of the U.N.O.
Answer:
English and French are two of the official languages of U.N.O.

Question 13.
Mention the five permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
U.S.A, England, France, Russia, China are the five permanent members of the Security Council.

Question 14.
What is ‘Veto’ power?
Answer:
Any permanent member can ‘Veto’ any decision of the Security Council. ‘Veto’ is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any resolution of the United Nations.

Question 15.
When did the First World War begin? When did it end?
Answer:
First World War began on 28^th July 1914 and ended on 11^th November 1918.

Question 16.
Who won the First World War?
Answer:
Triple Entente also known as the Allies, comprising of England, France, U.S.A, Russia, Japan, and others won the First World War.

Question 17.
Which treaty ended the First World War? When?
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles-28^th June 1919 A.D.

Question 18.
When was the League of Nations established? Where?
Answer:
In 1^st Jan 1920 A.D at Geneva.

Question 19.
Name any two dictators who were responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War.
Answer:
Nazi party leader Hitler in Germany, Fascist party leader Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in U.S.S.R, General Franco in Spain and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo of Japan were the major dictators clamouring for war.

Question 20.
Which party was founded by Hitler? When?
Answer:
Nazi party-1919 A.D.

Question 21.
Who was the founder of Fascist party? When?
Answer:
Mussolini-in 1919 A.D.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the various results of the First World War.
Answer:
The results of the First World War are as follows:

1. The horrors and miseries in the aftermath of the war were plenty. The lasting result of the war was the loss of millions of fittest men and permanent disabling of many more. It has been estimated that about 60 million soldiers took part in the war. Out of them, about 10 million were killed and about 20 million were wounded.

2. Most of them were men below the age of 40. Besides, millions of civilians died of starvation, diseases and mindless violence. As a result, women were forced to work in the factories, shops, hospitals, offices, schools, etc. they worked in place of men and thus ended the traditional barrier between men and women.

3. As a result of the war, four old Empires were overthrown. They were the Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate. Many new States were setup on the ruins of the old Empires like Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

4. The Treaty of Versailles was an important outcome of the war. By this Treaty, Germany had to give up large number of its territories and colonies. It was imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.

5. It became common after the war to look to the Government for guidance to solve economic, social and other problems of the people. Government control over many aspects of life increased. Acute shortage of goods led to inflation. Each warring nation imposed heavy, taxes to meet the war expenses. World’s production decreased and the cost of living shot
up everywhere. The largest creditor-nations of Europe became debtor-nations.

6. The most important constructive result of the First World War as the establishment of an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve the World peace by avoiding future wars. The Paris Peace Conference accepted the proposal of Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations came into existence in 1920 with its headquarters at Geneva in Switzerland.

7. Countries like Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia became independent after the war.

8. The Paris Peace Conference, in 1919 officially ended the First World War.

Question 2.
Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer:
After the First World War the Allied Powers met at Paris for the first time to arrange the terms of Peace. In the Paris Peace Conference the victorious Allies dictated the peace treaties. The main participants in the conference were Woodrow Wilson, the President of America, Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France and Orlando, the Prime Minister of Italy. Five separate treaties were signed by the Allied countries with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria of them, the most important was the Treaty of Versailles signed between the Allies and Germany on 28^th June, 1919.

The date was the fifth anniversary of the murder of Archduke, Francis Ferdinand of Austria. The Allied Powers strongly held Germany responsible for the destruction and suffering caused by the war. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty. It was humiliated and hurt by this Treaty.

Provisions of the Treaty:

1. Alsace and Loraine provinces of Germany were given back to France. France also acquired the Saar coal basin of Germany for a period of 15 years as compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in the north of France.

2. Schleswig and Holstein were given to Denmark by Germany. Danzig was snatched away from Germany and declared a free port.

3. Rhineland area was completely demilitarized. All existing forts in the area were demolished and instructions were given not to build any more forts.

4. The independence of Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia were recognized by Germany.

5. Germany gave up all its colonies to the Allies. These were divided between England, France, Japan, and others.

6. Germany was made responsible for the losses of the First World War. So, Germany was made to pay a huge war indemnity of 6,600 million Pounds.

7. Germany was disarmed. The sizes of its army and navy were reduced. The German army was cut down to 1,00,000 soldiers. The import and export of weapons were prohibited. It also imposed a restriction on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles. German warships were converted into commercial ships. Germany was not allowed to maintain Tanks, Submarines and Military aircraft.

Question 3.
Describe the achievements of Mussolini.
Answer:
Mussolini restored order in Italy and industrial strikes were totally banned. Communists were mercilessly massacred. Education was brought under State control to spread fascist ideas. Mussolini realized the importance of securing the support of Church for his regime. So, he made peace with Pope Pius XI by signing the ‘Lateran Treaty’ in 1929. The Pope recognized the Kingdom of Italy, and in return, Mussolini recognized the independence of the Vatican. Through Fascism, Mussolini enforced order and discipline. He encouraged the production of electricity and used natural resources for the increase in foreign trade.

He improved agriculture and developed the Italian industry. Trade and commerce were revived. Construction of railways and shipbuilding were given top priority. Militarism was the main feature of the Fascist Party and compulsory military training was introduced. The army, navy, and air force were strengthened. Further, in order to increase the population, Italian parents with large families were rewarded with incentives like tax exemption, employment, etc.

After consolidating the internal affairs of Italy, Mussolini embarked on his mission of expansion of Italy. He publicly declared, “Italy must expand or perish”. He followed a vigorous and aggressive foreign policy and started his invasions.

Question 4.
Explain the features of Nazism.
Answer:
The main features of Nazism were:

• One party rule.
• Nazification.
• Racial Supremacy.
• Anti-Jewish and anti-religious sentiments.
• Importance to state.
• Glorification of war.

The Nazi Party was made the only political party. Freedom of press and speech were abolished by Hitler. He also centralized all powers of central and local governments, coordinated all labour and youth organizations, and controlled every aspect of national life, including the press, all economic institutions, stage, and the cinema. Everybody and everything was Nazified within the country.

Question 5.
State the results of the Second World War.
Answer:
The main results of the Second World War were as follows:

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was large scale destruction of houses, industries and communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to a shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post-war reconstructions.

2. World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain, and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights to China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. ( U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two superpowers.

4. The distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’. The rivalry between these two superpowers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly threatened.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of European powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and other countries became independent after the war.

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new
homeland (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced disastrous effects of atomic weapons. The entire atmosphere became poisonous. Most of the newborn children suffered from serve deformities.

8. The most important result of World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in the future.

Question 6.
Write a note on the Organs of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The U.N.O. consists of six principal organs. They are General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat.

1. General Assembly:
It is a consultative body of U.N.O. It consists of representatives of all member nations. Each member nation has one vote but may send five representatives. It is empowered to discuss any matter relating to the maintenance of international peace and security. The Assembly meets once in a year in September. But special sessions can be held at the request of a majority of the members of the Security Council. Its resolutions require a 2/3 majority.

It elects the Secretary-General, nonpermanent members of the Security Council, members of Economic and Social Council and Judges of International Court of Justice, and also discusses budgetary questions. The entry of any new members requires 2/3 majority of the General Assembly.

2. Security Council:
The Security Council is the executive body. It consists of 15 members- 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent. The permanent members are the U.S.A., England, France, Russia, and China. The non-permanent members are elected for a term of two years. Any measure to be carried out in the Security Council has to be accepted by 9 members including all the 5 permanent members. Any permanent member can ‘Veto’ any decision of the Security Council.‘Veto’ is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any resolution of the United Nations. The Security Council is responsible for the prevention of aggression and the maintenance of international peace and security.

3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members, who are elected by the General Assembly for 3 years, 1/3 of them retire every year. The Council meets at least twice in a year. Its main function is to promote welfare around the world and to improve the economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other related matters.

4. Trusteeship Council:
The Trusteeship Council consists of 14 members. All permanent members of the Security Council are the members of Trusteeship Council. Its duty is to investigate the conditions of Trust Territories and to advice the General Assembly. In 1994 all the Trust territories were detached from Japan and Italy and became independent. Since then, its operations are formally suspended and will meet as and when required.

5. International Court of Justice:
The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in Netherlands. It consists of 15 Judges, who are elected by the General Assembly. Its main function is to settle the international disputes and to act as an advisory body. The tenure is 9 years and no country can have more than one representative at a time.

6. Secretariat:
It is headed by the Secretary-General. It carries on the day-to-day administration of the U.N.O. Its headquarters is in New York. The term of the Secretary-general is five years. It is the duty of the Secretary General to ensure that all the branches function properly, and to submit annual reports.

Question 7.
What were the causes of the First World War?
Answer:
Introduction:
World War I was one of the greatest, largest and most destructive events in the history of the modern world. It was the first time when such a large number of countries from Europe and other parts of the world were involved in conflict and affected either directly or indirectly. It destroyed more human lives and material than ever before. It broke out in 1914 and came to an end in 1918. Nearly 30 countries participated in this conflict between highly organised and well armed countries with modern weaponry.

Causes of world war:
1. Aggressive Nationalism:
Nationalistic aspirations have always led to political rivalries. The narrow nationalism which always meant love of their own people, their own nation and culture became a predominant feature. As a result, there began to develop among the Europeans a kind of negligence towards other countries e.g., William-II the King of Germany declared that “Germany should either rule the world or perish”. Even England was not free from this self- exaltation. This competitive patriotism forced them to jump into military and naval competition.

2. Economic and Military imperialism:
The European powers competed with each other for commercial and colonial expansion in the non-European world. The launching of industrial schemes on a large scale needed raw material and also a readus market for their finished goods. This led to colonial competition among the European countries, which was carried on to other fields as well. Commercial competition led to mutual jealousy and tension.

3. Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente:
Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany in 1871 A.D. He fought many wars with the neighbouring countries. He sought to give the Empire stability and security and to achieve that end, formed a Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. In 1907 A.D, alarmed by the formation of this Triple Alliance, Russia, France, and England came together and formed an alliance called the Triple Entente. Thus Europe came to be divided into two hostile blocks.

4. The Arms Race:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente led to a keen competition of manufacturing war materials. Germany had made tremendous progress in the manufacture of sophisticated weaponry to produce tanks, machine guns, and submarines, etc., the Greater number of soldiers were recruited and equipped with modern weapons. Kaiser William- II of Germany glorified war. He wished to make Germany a world power. His belief that “The German race alone should rule the world” greatly alarmed England.

England also began to invest more in the Navy and greater effort was undertaken to preserve – the title “Queen of Seas” and that “Sun never sets on British Empire”. The militaristic. the attitude of Germany roused the fear in France which began to strengthen her military. Many European nations introduced compulsory military training. Further, the arms race created fear, suspicion tension, and distrust between each other. All the nations of Europe were preparing for war.

5. Attitude of France:
France had never forgotten her defeat at the hands of Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian war. 1871. After the war, she had also ceded the Alsace and Lorraine provinces to Germany. France was eagerly waiting for an opportunity to take revenge against Germany besides getting back those provinces.

6. Immediate cause:
The Austrian Crown Prince, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on 28^th June 1914.
So Austria felt that the Serbian Government was responsible for that and sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding to hand over the perpetrators within 48 hours. Serbia rejected the ultimatum. Austria backed by Germany, declared war on Serbia on 28^th July 1914. Russia coming to the help of Serbia entered the fray and other countries followed suit.

Question 8.
Write the different stages of the First World War.
Answer:
This was the first global war in which most of the European nations took part and the entire world had to feel the impact and repercussions of the war. The murder of Archduke made Austria supported by Germany, to declare war on Serbia on 28<supth July 1914. Serbia appealed to Russia for help. Russia began to mobilize its army on behalf of Serbia. Germany demanded that Russia should stop mobilization of its army, which Russia refused. France decided to help Russia against Austria, and Germany declared war on both Russia and France. Germany had formed the Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. Later, Turkey and Bulgaria also sided with them. Alarmed by this, England, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente or the Allies.

Germany invaded Belgium by violating its neutral stand. England did not like Germany’s ascendency in the Balkans and declared war on Germany and Austria. Serbia, Belgium, and Portugal joined the Allies camp. The world came to be divided into two hostile blocks. In 1915, Italy deserted the Triple Alliance and declared her support to the Allies. England continued to dominate the war with its naval supremacy. Germany was equally powerful with its U-boats inflicting much damage to its enemies.

In 1917, in the course of the war, a German submarine sank S.S. Lusitania, a British ship carrying a lot of American civilians, which provoked the U.S.A. into joining the Allies. Soon this small war turned out to be a world (Global) war being fought at different fronts between different powers. An internal revolution broke out in Russia in 1917. The communist government under Lenin withdrew Russia from the war, unwilling to support the Allies further. This was a bit critical for the Allies.

War was waged on land, sea and for the first time in the air too. With the entry of the U.S.A., the Allies slowly started getting the upper hand and went on winning the battles on several fronts. Germany was being pushed back. The Austrian army was destroyed in Italy, and Turkey and Bulgaria were also defeated and they surrendered to the Allied powers. The final victory over Germany and its partners was achieved. The German Emperor Kaiser William abdicated his throne and fled to Holland. The First World War thus came to an end on 11^th November 1918.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the causes and results of the First World War.
Answer:
Introduction:
World War I was one of the greatest, largest and most destructive events in the history of the modern world. It was the first time when such a large number of countries from Europe and other parts of the world were involved in conflict and affected either directly or indirectly. It destroyed more human lives and material than ever before. It broke out in 1914 and came to an end in 1918. Nearly 30 countries participated in this conflict between highly organised and well-armed countries with modem weaponry.
Causes of world war:

1. Aggressive Nationalism:
Nationalistic aspirations have always led to political rivalries. The narrow nationalism which always meant love of their own people, their own nation and culture became a predominant feature. As a result, there began to develop among the Europeans a kind of negligence towards other countries e.g., William-Il the King of Germany declared that “Germany should either rule the world or perish”. Even England was not free from this self- exaltation. This competitive patriotism forced them to jump into military and naval competitions.

2. Economic and Military imperialism:
The European powers competed with each other for commercial and colonial expansion in the non-European world. The launching of industrial schemes on a large scale needed raw material and also a ready market for their finished goods. This led to colonial competition among the European countries, which was carried on to other fields as well. Commercial competition led to mutual jealousy and tension.

3. Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente:
Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany in 1871A.D. He fought many wars with neighbouring countries. He sought to give the Empire stability and security and to achieve that end, formed a Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. In 1907 A.D, alarmed by the formation of this Triple Alliance, Russia, France, and England came together and formed an alliance called the Triple Entente. Thus Europe came to be divided into two hostile blocks.

4. The Arms Race:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente led to a keen competition of manufacturing war materials. Germany had made tremendous progress in the military to produce tanks, machine guns, and submarines, etc., the Greater number of soldiers were recruited and equipped with modern weapons. Kaiser William-II of Germany glorified war. He wished to make Germany a world power. His belief that “The German race alone should rule the world” greatly alarmed England.

England also began to invest more on Navy and greater effort was undertaken to preserve the title “Queen of Seas” and that “Sun never sets on British Empire”. The militaristic attitude of Germany roused the fear in France which began to strengthen her military. Many European nations introduced compulsory military training. Further, the arms race created fear, suspicion tension, and distrust between each other. All the nations of Europe were preparing for war.

6. Attitude of France:
France had never forgotten her defeat at the hands of Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. After the war, she had also ceded the Alsace and Lorraine provinces to Germany. France was eagerly waiting for an opportunity to take revenge against Germany besides getting back those provinces.

7. Immediate cause:
The Austrian Crown Prince, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on 28^th June 1914. So Austria felt that the Serbian Government was responsible for that and sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding to handover the perpetrators within 48 hours. Serbia rejected the ultimatum. Austria backed by Germany, declared war on Serbia on 28^th July 1914. Russia coming to the help of Serbia, entered the fray and other countries followed suit.

Results of the First World War:

1. Loss of life:
The horrors and miseries of the war were plentiful. The total loss of life of all nations put together was some 10 million killed in action, more than 1 crore people wounded and millions permanently disabled. As they were incapable of self-support, they remained a burden on their family and their nations.

2. Economic dislocation:
A large number of people lost their property (186 billion dollars), millions of civilians died of diseases and starvation. The national loan of the participants in the war was enormous. This financial disorder and widespread suffering led to violent social and political changes.

3. The First World War ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The prominent delegates who represented the different nations in the Peace Conference were Woodrow Wilson, the President of the U.S.A., Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France and Orlando, the Prime Minister of Italy.

4. The victors sought to brand Germany as responsible for the war and all the consequences of the war. It had to give up a lot of its territories and colonies. It was imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.

5. The war created a demand for an international organization to protect world peace. As a result, the League of Nations came into existence on the 1^st of January 1929.

6. France reoccupied Alsace and Lorraine, the two provisions from Germany. Besides, France gained the Saar coal basin.

7. The great Empires of Austria, Hungary, Russia, Germany, and Ottoman Turkey came to an end. These were replaced by republics. Poland, Belgium, and Czechoslovakia became” independent.

8. The great depression of 1929 as a result of the First World War.

Question 2.
Explain the causes and results of the Second World war.
Answer:
The causes of the Second World War are:

1. Treaty of Versailles:
The Treaty of Versailles 1919 was too severe, and it humiliated the Germans The Allied Powers treated Germany as they liked and the Germans could not tolerate it any longer. The entire responsibility for the losses of the First World War was put on Germany. The Treaty itself was based on revenge. Germany was waiting for a chance to avenge its humiliation and the seeds for another war were sown by this treaty.

2. Expansionist Policy of Japan and Italy:
Japan and Italy were not satisfied with the ‘Peace Settlement’. They did not get a proper share of the war spoils. Later, these were the countries, hit hard, as they had limited sources. So, with a view to solve their economic problems, they turned to the policy of aggression and expansion. Japan separated from Allied powers and joined Germany. It wanted to liberate Asia from the western yoke.

3. Rise of Dictators:
The rise of dictatorships in Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolf Hitler and Japan under the Government of Tojo was another cause for the war. They glorified the war. Mussolini advocated the martial virtues of Italians and reviving the glories of the old Roman Empire. Hitler spoke of the Aryan supremacy and wanted rearmament, revenge and German domination. Japan wanted its own Empire and supremacy. In Russia, Stalin established a totalitarian dictatorship.

4. Colonial and Commercial Rivalry:
Another cause for the war was the colonial and commercial rivalry. It was a sort of Economic Nationalism. It was a struggle for raw materials, markets for their products and colonies for their excess population. After the First World War, Italy, Germany and Japan were not satisfied. All these countries were poor in natural resources.

5. Failure of the League of Nations:
The League of Nations became too weak and incompetent. The league did not have its own army. It was dominated by few countries like England and France. U.S.A remained out of the league. As a result, the League totally failed in preserving peace in Europe.

6. Immediate cause:
On 1^st September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland which became the immediate cause for the Second World War. Poland was an ally of England and France. Hence Britain and France declared war on Germany.

The results of the Second World War are:

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 Million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was large scale destruction of houses, industries and communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to a shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post-war reconstructions.

2. World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain, and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of the leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights to China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. (U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two superpowers. The mutual distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’.

4. The rivalry between these two superpowers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly under threat.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of the European powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and other countries became independent after the war.

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new homeland (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced the disastrous effects of atomic weapons. Its entire atmosphere became poisonous. Most of the newborn children suffered from serve deformities.

8. The most important result of the World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in future.

Question 3.
Describe the political and non-political achievements of the U.N.O.
Answer:
Achievements of U.N.O are manifold:
The U.N.O. has carried out several successful programs and operations. The achievements of the U.N. may be grouped under two headings, namely, political and non-political.

1. Political:
In the political field, the U.N.O has notable achievements. The foremost achievement of the U.N.O is that there has not been a global war and the use Of nuclear weapons since 1945. The first issue that was solved by the U.N.O was the case of Iran. Russian troops were stationed on the Northern borders of Iran during the Second World War. After the war, Iran complained to the U.N.O. So, U.N.O intervened and made the Russian Troops to withdraw from Iran in 1946.

In 1947, a quarrel started in Indonesia between Holland and Indonesia. It was settled by the U.N. in 1948.

1. In September.1948, France, England, and U.S.A. complained to the Security Council about the blockade of Berlin by the U.S.S.R. Later, an agreement was reached due to the efforts of U.N.O.

2. U.N.O. was able to stop the fighting between the Israeli Jews and Arabs in Palestine in 1948.

3. The U.N.O ordered a cease-fire in Kashmir in 1948.

4. In the Korean crisis when war broke out between North and South Korea, the U.N.O used armed forces to settle the dispute.

5. The Suez Canal and Vietnam problems were solved with the mediation of the U.N.O.

6. It also put an end to the fighting between Iraq and Iran in 1989.

7. Iraq occupied Kuwait in 1990. Immediately, Kuwait approached U.N.O for help. So, the U.N. made Iraq vacate Kuwait in 1991.

8. It has worked to maintain peace in several countries of the world. It has carried out peacekeeping missions in Greece, Lebanon, Cyprus, Congo, Cambodia, Korea, Kosovo, etc.,

9. South Africa was following the Apartheid policy. U.N.O. set up a special committee and imposed sanctions against South Africa in 1954. Ultimately the Apartheid regime came 4o an end in 1991.

2. Non-political:
A notable achievement of the U.N.O was the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. The Declaration included articles like the right to life, liberty and security of person, freedom from slavery, freedom of thought, the right to vote, to work, etc.

1. U.N.O has done excellent work through its specialized agencies. The ILO has made the member nations to improve the conditions of the labourers.

2. FAO has assisted the nations to increase the food production in farms, forests, fisheries and increase nutrition levels. It has also helped to feed millions of hungry children in the third world countries.

3. IMF and IBRD are giving funds for the economic development of different backward countries.

4. UNESCO has done much work in many backward countries in the social, educational, economic, technological and other fields. U.N.O. helped the refugees of war, earthquakes, tsunami, etc. It had arranged for food, shelter, and rehabilitation of war victims throughout the world. The U.N.O has helped preserve many cultural sites throughout the world as World Heritage Sites like Hampi, Pattadakal, Konark, etc.

You can Download Chapter 6 Medieval Period Towards Change Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Medieval Period Towards Change

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which was the ‘Divine language’ of Medieval Christianity?
Answer:
The‘Divine language’ of Medieval Christianity was Latin.

Question 2.
To which place was the Papal Court shifted from Rome?
Answer:
The Papa Court was shifted from Rome to Avignon.

Question 3.
Who wrote the book‘Divine Comedy’?
Answer:
Dante wrote the book‘Divine Comedy’.

Question 4.
What is fief?
Answer:
In the European Feudal system, Kings / Greater Lords granted lands to Vassals who had to swear fidelity and loyalty of service to the Lords. These lands were called as fiefs.

Question 5.
Who was the first Pope to make Avignon as his Centre?
Answer:
Clement V a Frenchman, when he became the Pope moved the Papal Court to Avignon.

Question 6.
Why Early Middle Ages is called ‘Dark Age’?
Answer:
Because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe during that period.

Question 7.
Which Pope deposed King Henry IV?
Answer:
Pope Gregory Vll deposed King Henry IV.

Question 8.
Who were Vassals?
Answer:
In the European feudal system, the King or the Greater Lord granted land to someone. It was known as fief, and the person who received it was called as ‘Vassal’ of that King / Lord.

Question 9.
When did the Papal Schism end?
Answer:
The Papal Schism ended in 1414.C.E.

Question 10.
Who wrote the book ‘Canterbury tales’?
Answer:
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote‘The Canterbury Tales’.

Question 11.
Who was the first Pope?
Answer:
St. Peter was the first Pope.

Question 12.
Who wanted to free the Church from the King’s influence?
Answer:
Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the church from the King’s influence.

Question 13.
What was Constantinople originally called as?
Answer:
Constantinople was originally called as Byzantium.

Question 14.
How many phases is the Middle age divided into?
Answer:

1. The Middle age is divided into three phases, namely.
2. Early Middle age; High Middle Age; Later Middle age.

Question 15.
Whom did King Henry IV appoint without the consent of the Pope?
Answer:
King Henry IV appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope.

Question 16.
Who continued to be the Pope at Rome during the Papal Schism?
Answer:
Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome.

Question 17.
Who shifted the Papal Court back to Rome from Avignon?
Answer:
Pope Gregory XI shifted the Papal Court back to Rome.

Question 18.
Which City-States became flourishing Trade Centres?
Answer:
City-States like Pisaj Venice and Genoa became flourishing Trade Centres.

Question 19.
What was the important characteristic of the medieval period?
Answer:
Sophisticated urban life was an important characteristic of this period.

Question 20.
What is the Early Middle Age also called as?
Answer:
It is also called as the ‘Dark Age’.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two causes for the decline of Pope’s authority in the 14^th century.
Answer:

1. The order and contradictions within the Papal order and ecclesiastical arrangements.
2. The immoral successors.
3. The rise of National Monarchies.

Question 2.
Name any two trade centres of Medieval Europe.
Answer:
City-States like Venice and Genoa were two Trade Centres of Medieval Europe.

Question 3.
Name any two Universities that came into existence in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
Oxford and Cambridge in England, Bologna, and Naples in Italy and Paris and Montpellier in France were some of the Universities that came into existence in Medieval Europe.

Question 4.
Name any two intellectuals of Medieval Europe?
Answer:
Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Peter Abelard, and St. Thomas Aquinas were some of the major intellectuals.

Question 5.
Name any two literary styles of Medieval Europe.
Answer:
Romances and Fabliaux a type of comic verse, were two important literary styles.

Question 6.
Which arc the styles of architecture found in Medieval Europe?
Answer:
The Medieval period had buildings and monuments in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Romanesque style had rounded arches, small windows, massive walls of stone and the predominance of horizontal lines. Main features of the Gothic style were pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and buttress.

Question 7.
From which word is ‘Feudalism’ derived? What is its meaning?
Answer:
The word Feudalism is derived from the German word ‘Feud’, which means a piece of land.

Question 8.
Mention the pyramidical structural hierarchy of Feudalism.
Answer:
Feudalism was based on the system of structural hierarchy linked to the ownership and cultivation of land. It was a pyramidical structure. On the peak was the King. Under him were the Nobles and Knights followed by Vassals all of whom owned the lands, and finally, Serfs and Peasants who were the actual cultivators without any ownership privileges.

Question 9.
Write two features of Romanesque style.
Answer:
The main features of the Romanesque style were the rounded arches, small windows, massive walls of stone and the predominance of horizontal lines.

Question 10.
Write any two features of the Gothic style.
Answer:
Gothic architecture was one of the most attractive building styles. The main features of this style were pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and buttress.

Question 11.
Name the two factors that speeded up the agricultural production in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
New techniques and tools like heavy ploughs, crop rotation, use of water and windmills, agricultural equipments made of iron and using horses to till the fields came into use and agricultural production increased enormously.

Question 12.
In which languages did the Literaturejn Vernacular became popular during middle age?
Answer:
Literature in vernacular languages like French, German, Spanish, and Italian became popular.

Question 13.
Which were the important literary works of Medieval Europe?
Answer:
‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante Alighieri and ‘The Canterbury Tales’ by Geoffrey Chaucer were the ones.

Question 14.
What is Early Middle Age?
Answer:
It began around 500 C.E. and ended around 1050 C.E. It is also called the ‘Dark age’ because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe.

Question 15.
Mention the important institutions of medieval ages.
Answer:
The important institutions of medieval ages were the Church, Society, and the state and feudalism.

Question 16.
What is Fabliaux?
Answer:
It is a medieval comic verse tale popular in the 12^th and 13^th century France. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ in Italian verse, is a monumental narrative in effective rhyming.

Question 17.
What is Manorial System?
Answer:
It was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates centred around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. They were not slaves and owned lands also, but were under the control and jurisdiction of the Lords.

Question 18.
What were the impacts on the development in medieval society?
Answer:
The developments in medieval society had their impact on the economy, education, literature, and intellectual revival.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the Manorial system.
Answer:
The manorial system was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates situated around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. The serfs were not slaves. They too owned a piece of land but were under the control and jurisdiction of a Lord. They worked in the Lord’s fields as well as their own and paid taxes to the Lord. They undertook activities like grazing, collection of firewood, fishing, and cultivation on a common basis. It was like a closed community living. During the later high middle ages, the condition of the serfs improved. They paid rent instead of giving duties or services to the Lord.

Question 2.
Mark the socio-economic changes in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
A class of nobility emerged in Medieval Europe during this period. They involved themselves in cultural and political activities. The Church controlled the local skirmishes and battles. So the Nobles became free to develop the ideals of knighthood. This led to the development of etiquette. The attitude towards women also changed.

In the Manorial system, the serfs started to pay rents. Coins or currency replaced barter trade. Currency helped the revival of trade and commerce. It led to the advancement of networks of roads and river transport systems. City-States like Pisa, Venice, and Genoa became flourishing trade centres. Cities like Paris, London and Cologne expanded and their population grew.

There was an increase in the demand for countryside goods, which strengthened the economic fife of the. people overall. Sophisticated urban life was an important characteristic of this period. There developed a business class. This class established trade guilds to protect its own interests and made many rules for business transactions.

There were two classes among the clergy-the higher class and the lower class. The higher clergy led a luxurious life, while the lower clergy lived with limited requirements and humility. So there developed great disregard for the higher clergy.

Question 3.
What were the causes for the decline of feudalism?
Answer:
There were several reasons for the decline of feudalism. The major ones are given hereunder.

1. Rise of strong Monarchies:
Europe saw the growth of many strong monarchies, where the Kings suppressed the feudal Lords which led to the decline of feudalism.

2. Shifting of loyalty:
Common people and serfs were unhappy as they were heavily taxed and felt neglected. They shifted their faith and loyalty to the Kings, which further weakened the hold of the feudal lords.

3. Growth of commerce and industry:
With the growth in commerce arid industry, people found new ways for livelihood and left their lands. The rise of the independent middle class took place, which was a lethal blow to the feudal lords.

4. Dominance of money economy:
Payment in the form of services was replaced by money. Commoners and serfs stopped giving military services to Lords, which further depleted their power and dominance.

5. Building of strong armies by the Kings:
The use of gun powder and well-organized armies resulted in the weakening of feudalism. Commoners and serfs under the protection of Kings felt more secure.

6. Scarcity of labourers:
The growth of industries and commerce provided alternate employment and depleted the labour strength. Spread of epidemics like plague reduced the number of workers. Demand for workers and their increased wages brought down the importance of the feudal lords.

7. Struggle between the feudal Lords:
The feudal Lords were troublesome to the serfs and commoners and fighting among themselves for control. These internal wars further decreased their number and the Church also put many restrictions on their functioning.

Question 4.
Describe the conflict between the Popes and the Kings in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
A conflict arose between Pope Gregory VIII and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. The King appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope. The Pope wanted to free the Church from King’s influence. He made alliances with many German Princes, who were against Henry IV. They together deposed the King who was forced to seek the Pope’s forgiveness.

For this, the King was made to wait for three days on barefoot and in plain clothes in front of the Citadel. The King obtained the Pardon and got back his powers. Later in a melodramatic episode. King Henry IV chased Pope Gregory VII out of Rome. In the 14^th century, the supremacy of the Popes declined because of the following reasons.

1. The contradictions within the Papal order and ecclesiastical arrangements.
2. The immoral successors.
3. The rise of National Monarchies.

During the 4^th Century, a conflict between Philip IV, the King of France and Boniface VIII, the Pope at Rome began. It was due to Philip IV imposing taxes on the Church. Boniface VIII opposed this and insisted that the King had to take Papal permission to tax the Church. The conflict went to such an extent that Boniface was beaten to death. After this, Clement V, a Frenchman became the Pope and he moved the. Papal Court to Avignon. It continued in Avignon for 67 years. 7 Popes of this period were all French and remained in Avignon. Gregory XI shifted the Court back to Rome.

During the Papacy of Urban VI, differences arose between him and the Cardinals, which gave rise to Papal Schism. The Cardinals elected Clement VII as Anti-Pope and he shifted the Papal Court back to Avignon. Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome. This resulted in the division of Papacy into two groups. To resolve this, the Cardinals elected another Anti-Pope, Alexander V and the other two Popes were asked to resign. They were excommunicated when they refused to do so. Thus the Papal Schism ended by 1414 CE. It led to the decline of power and prestige of the Popes.

Question 5.
Explain the different phases of Middle age.
Answer:
Medieval European history, also called as the Middle Ages is marked from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire and Constantinople in 1453 C.E. This period had a span of about 1000 years. During this period, the accomplishments of the Greeks and Romans were neglected. Various German tribes invaded Western and Central Europe. The Middle Ages witnessed the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Islamic and Western civilization.

The Eastern Roman Empire centred in Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire for nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome. Constantinople was earlier called as Byzantium, which was founded in the 7^th century BCE by a Greek King called Byzas. Due to the fall of the Roman Empire, there was political and social instability in Europe. The Church emerged as a powerful authority and brought the required stability and order.

The Middle age is divided into 3 phases as follows:

1. Early Middle Age:
It began around 500 C.E. and ended around 1050 C.E. It is also called the ‘Dark age’, because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe.

2. High Middle Age:
The period lasted from 1050 C.E to 1300 C.E. This period witnessed advancement in terms of agriculture, improvement in the standard of living and Education along with political stability. Towns and Universities emerged. The authority of the Popes increased.

3. Later Middle Age:
The period between 1300 C.E. to 1453 C.E. is called the later Middle Age. This period witnessed further development of towns and cities and a decline in the power of feudalism and Church. A new entrepreneurial and intellectual class emerged. They challenged the State and the Church.

Question 6.
What are the Merits of feudalism?
Answer:
Feudalism was time tested and need-based system. Its merits are as follows:

1. It helped the growth of decentralized political administration. The King was not only advised by vassals but at times he was forced to accept their terms and conditions. This checked the growth of absolute monarchy.
2. Feudalism helped to preserve monarchy and Monarchs sanctioned fiefs to the Vassals, who in turn took an oath of loyalty and co-operation to fight for him.
3. In due course of time, feudalism helped the growth of ‘strong Monarchy’ as the feudal Lords became the courtiers of the Monarchs.
4. No doubt the Kings and Vassals had personal interests, yet they were united against invasions. This led to national defense and the rise of Nationalism.
5. The constant conflict helped the growth of military techniques in terms of better arms, training, and organization. It encouraged the concept of chivalry. The Nobles and Knights became more mindful towards the poor and needy. Chivalry also developed respect towards women.
6. Feudalism brought stability and order in the society. The collective defense and maintenance of law and order within the feudal estates ensured protection and justice to the people.
7. Feudalism also developed a sense of duty and order. It was the King’s duty to protect the rights of the Vassals over their lands, and that of Vassals to protect their serfs. Likewise, the serfs had their duties towards Vassals and Vassals towards Kings.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the Merits and Demerits of feudalism.
Answer:
Feudalism developed in Western Europe. It was restricted to the periods between 5^thand 12^thcenturies C.E. The 5^th century marked the fall of the Roman Empire and the 12^thcentury marked the emergence of national Monarchies. Feudalism in general stands for the decentralized system of governance and economy based on land.

The merits of feudalism are:

1. Feudalism helped the growth of decentralized political administration. The King was not only advised by Vassals but at times he was forced to accept their terms and conditions. This checked the growth of absolute monarchy.
2. Feudalism helped to preserve monarchy and Monarchs sanctioned fiefs to Vassals, who in turn took an oath of loyalty and co-operation to fight for him.
3. In due course of time, feudalism helped the growth of ‘strong Monarchy’ as the feudal Lords became the courtiers of the Monarchs.
4. No doubt the King and Vassals had personal interests, yet they were united against invasions. This led to national defense and the rise of nationalism.
5. The constant conflict helped the growth of military techniques in terms of better arms, training, and organization. It encouraged the concept of chivalry. The Nobles and Knights – became more mindful towards the poor and needy. Chivalry also developed respect towards women.
6. Feudalism brought stability and order in the society. The collective defense and maintenance of law and order within the feudal estate ensured protection and justice to the people.
7. Feudalism also developed a sense of duty and order. It was the King’s duty to protect the rights of the Vassals over their lands, and that of Vassals to protect their serfs. Likewise, the serfs had their duties towards Vassals and Vassals towards Kings.

Demerits of feudalism:

1. There were often skirmishes and wars between Vassals or between Vassals and Kings. So there was no stability, peace, and order. It had its own impact on society and the economy.
2. The vassals always favoured nominal Monarchy and were against National Government and National interest.
3. The Nobles were self-interested. Their tyranny led to the sufferings of commoners and serfs. Serfs were the victims of violence. Often, war by nobles and war expenses led to the overtaxing of common people.
4. The loyalty of the people was restricted to the feudal Lords and not the Nation or King, which was a hindrance to the growth of Nationhood.
5. Feudalism increased the gap between the rich and the poor. The poor led a subsistent life whereas the nobles led a life of leisure and idleness.
6. The Church also participated in a feudal system. It had vast lands and worked like feudal Lords. There were also conflicts. between the Bishops and Kings and his Vassals.