2nd PUC – KSEEB Solutions

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

February 27, 2024

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

You can Download Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the term Demography derived?
Answer:
The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people.

Question 2.
What is Demography?
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population.

Question 3.
Name any one type of Demography.
Answer:
Formal Demography.

Question 4.
Give one major characteristic of Demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Size and Growth of India’s Population.

Question 5.
Mention sex ratio of India according to 2011 census.
Answer:
940.

Question 6.
Which district in Karnataka is Selected to Implement Beti Padavo and Beti Bachavo Programme?
Answer:
Vijyaypura District.

Question 7.
Name one racial group of India.
Answer:
Negritos.

Question 8.
Give one sub division of Mongoloid race in India;
Answer:
Paleo Mangoloid.

Question 9.
Who introduced Christianity to India?
Answer:
St Thomas and St Bharathaomew.

Question 10.
What is unity?
Answer:
Unity implies oneness, or a sense of we-ness.

Question 11.
Name one basis of diversity in India.
Answer:
Linguistic Diversity.

Question 12.
Name one basis of unity of India.
Answer: Religious unity.

Question 13.
What is National Integration?
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Question 14.
Name anyone challenge to National Integration.
Answer:
Communalism.

Question 15.
Name any one religious community of India.
Answer: Hindus.

Question 16.
Name any one ancient name of India.
Answer:
Bharathakanda.

Question 17.
What does DEMARU stands for?
Answer:
Data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

Question 18.
Which European colonial group first entered India?
Answer:
Portuguese.

Question 19.
Expand the UNPF
Answer:
United Nations Population Fund.

Question 20.
Expand the Abrivation BIMARU
Answer:
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 21.
Define formal Demography.
Answer:
Formal demography is primarily concerned with the measurement and analysis of the components of population change. Its focus is on quantitative analysis for which it has a highly developed mathematical methodology suitable for forecasting population growth and changes in the composition of population.

Question 22.
Define social Demography.
Answer:
Social demography, on the other hand, enquires into the wider causes and consequences of population structures and change. Social demographers believe that social processes and structures regulate demographic processes; like sociologists, they seek to trace the social reasons that account for population trends.

Question 23.
In which year first census was conducted.
Answer:
1867-72.

Question 24.
Which is the oldest civilization of India.
Answer:
Indus valley civilization.

Question 25.
In which was year Kannada language has declared as one of the classical languages.
Answer:
2008.

Question 26.
What is the total population of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
6,10,95,297.

Question 27.
What is the sex ratio of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
973.

Question 28.
Which is the most populated district in Karnataka.
Answer:
Bangalore District.

Question 29.
Which district has Highest Sex Ratio in Karnataka? ‘
Answer:
Udupi District (1094).

Question 30.
Which district has Lowest Sex Ratio in Karnataka?
Answer:
Bangalore District (916).

Question 31.
What is the density of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
319.

Question 32.
Which district in Karnataka registers Highest density?
Answer:
Bangalore District (2985).

Question 33.
Which district in Karnataka registers Lowest density?
Answer:
Kodagu District (134).

Question 34.
Which district has recorded highest SC population in Karnataka?
Answer:
Kolar District.

Question 35.
Which district has recorded highest ST population in Karnataka?
Answer:
Raichur District.

Question 36.
Which district in Karnataka has retained highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Dhakshina Kannada (88.57).

Question 37.
Which district in Karnataka has retained lowest literacy rate?
Answer:
Yadagiri(51.83).

Question 38.
What is the total literacy rate of Karnataka in 2011?
Answer:
75.39%.

Question 39.
What is Sex Ratio?
Answer:
Number of females for 100 male population.

Question 40.
State a Reason for Imbalance in Sex Ratio.
Answer:
Sex selective abortion.

Question 41.
Which year is considered as demographic divide?
Answer:
1921.

Question 42.
How many languages were recognized by Indian constitution as official languages?
Answer:
22.

Question 43.
Mention any one Indo-Aryan language
Answer:
Hindu.

Question 44.
Mention any one Dravidian Language.
Answer:
Kannada

Question 45.
Mention any one Austric Language
Answer:
Mundari.

Question 46.
In which year Government of India declared Kannada as one of the classical language?
Answer:
2008.

Question 47.
Which is the oldest water dispute in the world?
Answer:
Cauvery water dispute.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Demography.
Answer:
Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

Question 2.
Give two major characteristics of Indian Demographic profile.
Answer:

Size and Growth of Population.
The declining sex ratio.

Question 3.
Mention any two factors responsible for decline of child sex ratio.
Answer:
Sex selective Abortions, Neglect of Girls in an Infancy.

Question 4.
Mention any two racial groups of India.
Answer:
Negritos and Mongoloids

Question 5.
Name two difficulties to the process of Aryanzation.
Answer:

Tribal groups refused to be absorbed.
Special problem posed by strong ethnic groups.

Question 6.
What does DEMARU stands for?
Answer:
Data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

Question 7.
Define national Integration.
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Question 8.
What is Regionalism?
Answer: Regionalism refers to an extreme loyalty or love to a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation.

Question 9.
What is communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion.

Question 10.
What is Iinguism?
Answer:
Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards others’ languages.

Question 11.
Give two measures to strengthen national integration.
Answer:

Reorganization of syllabus
conductiong community programmes.

Question 12.
State any two dravidian language.
Answer:
Tamil and Kannada.

Question 13.
State any two Indo – Aryan languages.
Answer:
Sanskrit and Hindu.

Question 14.
State any two Austric languages.
Answer:
Mundari and Santhali.

Question 15.
State any two Tibeto – Burman languages.
Answer:
Bodo and Ladaki.

Question 16.
Mention any two classical languages of India.
Answer:
Sanskrit and Tamil.

Question 17.
Mention any two threats to national Integration.
Answer:
Communalism and Regionalism.

Question 18.
State any two forms of regionalism.
Answer:

Demond for a separate Nation from India.
Demond for a separate State within India

Question 19.
Why India is regarded as museum of languages?
Answer:
India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘museum of languages’.

Question 20.
What is demographic Dividend?
Answer:
Demographic dividend refers to demographic or population advantage which is obtained due to numerical domination of the young people in the population. It is an advantage due to less dependency ratio.

Question 21.
What is dependency ratio?
Answer:
Dependency ratio means children less than 14 years and people above 65 years are considered as to be dependent on the rest of the population. In simple terms the ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years & above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the racial groups classified by B.S. Guha.
Answer:
B.S. Guha who identified six major racial elements in the population of India:

Negrito
Proto-Australoid
Mongoloid
Mediterranean
Western Brachycephals .
Nordic

In the south, the Kadar, the Irula, and the Paniyan, and in the Andaman Islands, the Onge and Jarwas of the Andamanese have definite Negrito characteristics. Some traits of this group are found among the Angami Naga and the Bagadi of the Rajmahal hills. On the western coast there are some groups with pronounced Negrito traits, but they perhaps represent later arrivals, who came to India with the Arab traders.

The Proto-Australoid group is numerically more significant; most of the tribes of middle India belong to it. These were the people described by the Indo-Aryans as Anas, Dasa, Dasyu, and Nishad – all derogatory terms. The Mongoloid group is sub-divided into two branches – Paleo- Mongoloid and Tibeto-Mongoloid. Tribal groups in the Himalayan region and those in the north-east are of Mongoloid stock. Some Mongoloid features are seen in the non-tribal population of the eastern States – Assam, West Bengal, Manipur, and Tripura.

The Western Brachycephals (sub-divided into the Alpinoid, Dinaric, and Armenoid groups), Alpinoid and Dinaric characteristics are seen in some groups of northern and western India; the Parsis belong to the Armenoid section. The Mediterraneans are associated with the Dravidian languages and cultures. The Nordics were the last major ethnic element to arrive in India and make a profound impact on its culture and society. But before they came a unique civilization had slowly developed in India. It is known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Question 2.
Write note on the processes of Aryanization.
Answer:
They were essentially a pastoral people with a flair for poetry, philosophical speculation, and elaborate rituals. They regarded themselves as superior and tended to look down upon the earlier inhabitants of the land, for whom they coined several derogatory terms. They were required to marry within their own group, i.e., practise endogamy, and had some elementary notions of ritual purity and pollution which governed their physical contacts and commensal – inter-dining – relations with others. This led to the origin of the Vamas and also of Jati (caste). Commensality and sexual relations within different tribal groups and earlier ethnic groups were governed by customary norms and taboos, and the advent of the Indo-Aryans brought in refinements and complexities in them.

The Indo-Aryans were divided into three groups – the Rajanya (warriors and the aristocracy), the Brahmana (priests), and the Vaishya (cultivators). These were Dvija (twice-born) groups

born first at physical birth and a second time when initiated into Varna status. The Shudras were the fourth Vama; they were from outside the Indo-Aryan group and were perhaps the progeny of unions between the Indo-Aryan and the Dasa (the pre-Aryan .inhabitants of the land). They emerged as cultivators, but were denied twice – bom status. Outside the four-fold vertical Vama structure, there was a fifth group – Avarna or the Pancham – whose ethnic status was so low and their occupations so degraded and polluting that any physical contact with them was prohibited for the twice-born and the Shudra.

The process of Aryanization of the sub-continental traditions was neither smooth nor complete. Its earlier phase was characterized by considerable cultural conflict and warfare. Much Accommodation and Compromise were also taking place.

This necessitated greater harmony with the older inhabitants; in any case, some kind of synthesis between them was already taking place. As a result the non-Aryans adopted some elements of Indo-Aryan ritual and their philosophy of social organization, while retaining their own ethnic and regional identities. Pluralism was being stabilized and a cultural mosaic being formed.

Question 3.
Explain the nature of diversities in India.
Answer:
The term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.
The Nature of Diversities in India
Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities

(1) Regional Diversities: It is evident that there are extreme regional diversities in its geographic features. Indian territory contains huge mountains, thick forests, numerous rivers and etc. It is only in India that there are different regions, different types of climates and the temperatures. India is a vast country. From the Himalayas in the North to Indian Ocean in the south. There are difference in altitude, temperature, Flora and Fauna. India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature and physical configuration. There is the scorching heat of Rajastan and the biting cold of the Himalayas, Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 cms per year. The result is that India has some of the wettest and driest areas in the world. India also possesses arid desserts and fertile riverine lands, bare and hilly tracts and luxuriant open plain.

spoken in the country. According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto – Burman languages and European languages.

The Indo-Aryan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3/4th of Indian population.
The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.
Tibeto – Burman languages: Tribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khaki, etc.
The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.

This makes language planning and promotion difficult. But the mother tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. As a consequence of this multiplicity, there is considerable bilingualism and administration has to use more than one language. Linguistic diversity has posed administrative and political challenges.

(3) Religious Diversities: There are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%, Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0. 4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1 %. Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults. The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations. Even among them there are sub – divisions based on doctrinal and ritual differences.

Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too, once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber-unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly into the Sunni and Shia communities.

Indian Christians are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants and into many denominational churches. Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India’s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium. They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.

(4) Cultural and Ethnic Diversities: Another important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture, and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc. causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems”. Another important source of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.

Question 4.
Explain the unity in India.
Answer:
In India aspects of Diversity is as follows as :

(1) Regional Unity: The Natural boundaries provide India a. geographical unity. In ancient times India was known as Bharatavarsha, Bharathakanda, Jambudweepa. This symbolizes the significance of historical unity. The very name “Bharatavarsha” has occupied an important place in the minds of poets, political philosophers, and religious thinkers. Each of them has conceived of the country as a single expanse from the Himalayas to Kanyakumari, a country ruled by one king Bharatha. The concept of Mother India also indicates the realization of geographical unity.

(2) Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect. People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of Engl ish and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

In 2004 the govt, of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a classical language in India. Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014) are declared as classical languages of India. Thus it is an effort to restore linguistic heritage of India.

(3) Religious Unity: In spite of the religious diversities, it possesses religious unity. The feelings of each religious groups are the same, each accepts the truth of immortality of > soul, temporary nature of world, belief in rebirth, the doctrine of karma, Salvation, Contemplation etc., There may be differences in the way these elements are treated but each religion preaches a fundamentally single religious faith and shares a belief in purity ; and values of life in respect of belief in unseen power, benevolence, piety, honesty and liberality, with every religious faith. The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of “Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place”. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. The Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

(4) Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there was a fusion of style and the emergence

of new forms which were the result of their combined efforts. Thus it became apparently clear from the above account that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas. To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation.
Modem education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization provided new bases for unity.

Question 5.
Discuss briefly the challenges to National Integration.
Answer:
There are many challenges to national integration. They are as follows:

Regionalism
Communalism
Linguism
Extremism and Terrorism

(1) Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. It has also gained tremendous momentum during the recent years because it is exploited by the selfish politicians Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity. Regionalism assumed mainly four forms.

(2) Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion. Bipin Chandra holds that communalism is the product of a particular society-, economy and polity, which creates problems. Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed try to explain communalism as an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. According to them, it is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

(3) Linguism: Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards others’ languages. India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to linguism. It has often been manifested into violent movements posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions are prevailing in the border areas which are bilingual.

(4) Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfill one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Terrorism in India is essentially the creation of politics. According to According to Prof. Rama Ahuja there are four types of terrorism India, (1) Khalistan oriented terrorism in Puniab (2) Militants terrorism in Kashmir. (3) Naxalite terrorism in west Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Maharastra, Uttarapradesh Jharkhand, chattisghad out of 318 district 77 districts are highly Naxal poore districts causing lot of bloodshed in these areas. (4) ULFA terrorism in Assam.

The Khalistan oriented Sikh terrorism was based on a dream of theocratic state, Kashmir militants are based on their separate identity. The Naxalite terrorism is based on class enmity. Terrorism in North Eastern India is based on the identity crisis and the grievance situation. In addition to these factors, corruption, poverty, unemployment/youth unrest, widening gap between rich and poor, which are also the major challenges for national integration.

Question 6.
Briefly explain the Dr. Sampurnananda committee recommendations to strengthen National Integration.
Answer:
The Central Education Ministry organized a ‘Committee for National Integration’ in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sampurnanand. The Integration Committee gave some recommendations to promote and strengthen national integration. Some of them are stated below:

Re-organization of the syllabi at various levels – primary, secondary, college and university level- to promote national integration.
Giving due encouragement to extra-curricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.
Improvement of textbooks helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich cultural heritage and feel proud of their nation.
Conducting community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders, etc., to help to bring the people together.

Apart from the governmental efforts to achieve the goal of national unity various stakeholders such as educational institutions, religious/cultural associations and mass media should involve in chalking out action-based programmes to enhance awareness/dissemination of traditional values among the masses and increase cultural exchange banking on the richness of our cultural heritage and diversity. Special steps should be taken by various interest groups to speed up development of economically and socially backward groups who are the easy victims of violent activities.

Question 7.
Write a note on BIMARU v/s DEMARU.
Answer:
The results of the 2001 census fully validate the diagnosis of India’s population problem in terms of the dominance of BIMARU States (Bihar, MP, Rajastan, UP) accounted for 39% of India’s population, 42% of growth and 48% of the total Illiterate population and the adverse role of these BIMARU states. To take note of the alarming data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

These states are in the perverse practice of Foeticide. The unholy alliance between Tradition (Son complex) and Technology (Ultra sound etc.) is playing havoc with Indian society pre-birth sex determination tests & sex selective abortion are rampant in these states. During the last decade in Punjab, the sex ratio (0-6 age group) declined from 875 to 793. In Hariyana the sex ratio (0-6 age group) decreased from 879 to 820.

In Maharashtra every single district showed a decline in the Juvenile sex ratio between 1991-2001. In Himachal pradesh from 951 to 845. In Gujarath from 928 to 878. In Chandigarh from 899 to 845 and in Delhi from 915 to 865. Even though an increase in the sex ratio for the total population was 927 in 1991 to 933 to 2001. In contrast the sex ratio of child population (0-6 age group) which was 945 in 1991 decreased to 927 in 2001. In short the girl child (below 6 years) has lost out badly.

The state-level child sex ratios offer even greater cause for worry. As many as six states and union territories have a child sex ratio of under 900 females per 1000 males. Punjab is the worst off with an incredibly low child sex ratio of 793 (the only state below 800), followed by Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are all under 925, while Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa are above the national average of 927 but below the 950 mark. Even Kerala, the state with the best overall sex ratio does not do too well at 963, while the highest child sex ratio of986 is found in Sikkim.

Question 8.
What is Demographic Dividend? How it can be utilized?
Answer:
Demographic dividend refers to demographic or population advantage which is obtained due to numerical domination of the young people in the population. It is an advantage due to less dependency ratio. Dependency ratio means children less than 14 years and people above 65 years are considered as to be dependent on the rest of the population. In simple terms the ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years & above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.

The younger age groups in the age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Like the East Asian economies in the past decade and countries like Ireland today, India is supposed to be benefitting from a ‘demographic dividend’. This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is a relatively large one, and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support. But there is nothing automatic about this advantage – it needs to be consciously utilised in the following ways.

a. The demographic advantage or ‘dividend’ to be derived from the age structure of the population is due to the fact that India is one of the youngest countries in the world. In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with an average age of 37 in China and the United States, 45 in Western Europe, and 48 in Japan. This implies a large and growing labour force, which can deliver unexpected benefits in terms of growth and prosperity.

b. But this potential can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group is accompanied by increasing levels of education and employment.

c. India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by the demographic dividend. The effect of demographic trends on the dependency ratio defined in terms of age groups is quite visible. The total dependency ratio fell from 79 in 1970 to 64 in 2005. But the process is likely to extend well into this century with the age-based dependency ratio projected to fall to 48 in 2025 because of continued fall in the proportion of children and then rise to 50 by 2050 because of an increase in the proportion of the aged.

d. This suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers.
Discuss the Manifestation of Regionalism.

Regionalism assumed mainly four forms:

(i) The Demand for Separate Nation from the Indian Union: The first and most challenging form of Regionalism took was the demand of the people of certain state to succeed from the Indian union and became an independent sovereign states. The first such example was the Tamil community of the state of Madras. The campaign throughout Madras state for the separation of Madras from India and for making it an independent sovereign state of dravidastan. In a similar way Sikhs of Punjab demanded for a separate nation called Khalistan and liberation of Jammu and Kashmir form the Indian union, Insurgency and Secessionist movement in North-Eastern States (Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram) etc. demand for separate nation.

(ii) Demand for a Separate Statehood: A new form of regionalism has manifested in recent years was the demand for separate statehood in several states of Indian Union, like; Vidarbha states (Maharastra), Telangana, (Andhra Pradesh), Bundelkhand (M.P. and U.P.), Vindhya, Bhojpur and etc. In early 1980s the Jharkhand movement grow much more miltant and the various groups demanding the formation of separate state of Jharkhand, as well in Darjaling, district of West Bengal for Gorkha Land.

(iii) Demand for Full Fledged Statehood: Yet another manifestation of regionalism in India is demand of union territories for full fledged statehood, e.g. Delhi.

(iv) Inter – State Disputes: The first such dispute took place between Karnataka and Maharashtra, Punjab and Haryana. In addition to the above the main disputes are over the sharing of river waters. Over the water of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri, Bheema and etc. Kaveri water dispute is the oldest water dispute in the world, causing animosity between Karnataka and Tamilnadu frequently.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Demography and Explain the major characteristics of Demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people. The term Demography was coined by Achille Guillard in 1855. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

There are different varieties of demography, including Formal demography which is a largely quantitative field, and Social demography which focuses on the social, economic or political aspects of population. All demographic studies are based on processes of counting or enumeration – such as the census or the survey – which involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing within a specified territory.

The American census of 1790 was probably the first modern census, and the practice was soon taken up in Europe as well in the early 1800s. In India, census was conducted by the British Indian government between 1867-72, and regular ten yearly (decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881. Independent India continued the practice, and seven decennial censuses have been conducted since 1951, the most recent being in 2011. Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare.

The Major Characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India:

Size and Growth of India’s Population
Age Structure of the Indian Population
Sex-Ratio in India
Birth Rate and Death Rate
Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population
Increasing Rural-Urban Differences

(1) Size and Growth of India’s Population: India is the second most populous country in the world after China. According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%, a modest rate of growth. In fact between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of-0.03%. This was because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19 : 5%of the total population of the country. The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

(2) Age Structure of the Indian Population: India has a very young population – that is, the majority of Indians tend to be young, compare to most other countries, the share of the less than 15 age group in the total population has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 29% in 2011. The share of the 15-60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 63%, while the share of the 60+ age group is very small but it has begun to increase (from 5% to 8%) over the same period. But the age composition of the Indian population is expected to change significantly in the next two decades. 0-14 age group will reduce its share by about 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while the 60 plus age group will increase its share by about 5% (from 8% in 2001 to about 12% in 2026).

(3) The Declining Sex-Ratio in India: The sex ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The trends of the last four decades have been particularly worrying – from 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to an all time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001.

According to the Census of India 2011 sex ratio has been increased and now it is 940 females per 1000 males. But what has really alarmed demographers, policy makers, social activists and concerned citizens is the drastic fall in the child sex ratio. The sex ratio for the 0 – 6 years age group (known as the juvenile or child sex ratio) has generally been substantially higher than the overall sex ratio for all age groups, but it has been falling very sharply. In fact the decade 1991-2001 represents an anomaly in that the overall sex ratio has posted its highest ever increase of 6 points from the all time low of 927 to 933, but the child sex ratio in 2011 census has dropped from 927 to 914, a plunge of 13 points taking it below the overall sex ratio for the first time.

(4) Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population:. Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions, and social groups. As can be seen from Table No. 4, the literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men. However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels. Female literacy rose by about 11.2 percent between 2001 and 2011 compared to the rise in male literacy of 6.2 percent in the same period.

Female literacy was 8.9% in 1951 has increased to 65.4 in 2011 male literacy in the same period wan 27.2% has increased to 82.17. In 1951 total literacy rates 18.3% has increased . to 74.04 in 2011.

Question 2.
Explain the development of Christianity and Islam in India.
Answer:
To understand the texture of Indian society we have also to take note of the long presence of Christianity and Islam in the country. Both were influenced by the prevailing ethos and both made some impact on society. Christianity and Islam acquired some special characteristics in the Indian setting. St. Thomas and St. Bartholomew (A.D. 50) are believed to have brought Christianity to India in A.D. 50. When the Portuguese arrived in India, Christianity was found to have spread over seventeen kingdoms of Kerala. It is believed that Kalyan, near Bombay, emerged as a major centre of Christianity. Apart from St. Bartholomew, a specially invited Stoic philosopher – Pantaenus – was preaching at Kalyan.

The early Christians, however, were held in high esteem by the Hindus. Things began to change with the arrival and establishment of the Portuguese in India. When St. Francis Xavier landed in Goa in 1542, it had become a Christian settlement with fourteen churches and over a hundred clergymen. The Italian Jesuit, Roberto de Nobili, who landed in Goa in 1605 and died in Mylapore (Madras) in 1656, communicated with the people in Tamil and other regional dialects. His discussions with the Brahmans were in Sanskrit. De Nobili was keen to get convinced converts from the top of Hindu society to facilitate the rapid spread of Christianity. He avoided contact with Christians of lower caste origins, including their priests. By the end of the seventeenth century De Nobili and his associates had made many converts.

The later development of Christianity in India is better known because of the association of the Church with foreign powers – The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French. Considerable evangelical and humanitarian work was done by Christian missionaries of diverse nationalities and denominations. Besides Kerala and Tamil Nadu, there are pockets of Christianity in most States of the Indian Union. At least three of the tribal north-eastern States have substantial Christian majorities. Christians have a sizeable presence among the tribals of Chotanagpur too.

Islam first came to India by peaceful methods, often with the encouragement of Hindu rulers. On the western coast, the Balhara dynasty in the north and the Zamorin of the Malabar coast welcomed Muslim traders and encouraged them to settle in places like Anhilwara, Calicut, and Quilon. They could freely build mosques and practice their religion. Arab and Persian immigrants settled down along the coast and married non – Muslim women. This is how the Nawait (Natia) community of Konkan and the Mappilla (Moplah) community of the Malabar coast emerged. The Labbais, on the east coast of Tamil Nadu, are said to have originated from the union of Tamil women with Arabs who were either shipwrecked or exiled from Iraq.

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries several missionaries were active in the Punjab, Kashmir, the Deccan, and eastern and western India. What needs to be emphasized is that these missionaries transmitted the message of Islam through love and without the support of the armed might of the State. The sword doubtless won converts but it also evoked hostility; the saints used persuasion and they still have a grateful and devoted following even among non-Muslims.

The socio-political conditions in India had changed by the time Ghazni invaded the country. Infighting between rival kingdoms had weakened Indian resistance. The Muslim rulers were in India not only for the spread of Islam, but had other interests also. Some of them took upon themselves the mission of Islamizing society more seriously than others; discriminatory practices such as the imposition of jizyah (poll tax), in addition to kharaj (tax on land and property), were pursued more vigorously by some rulers, while others were relaxed about them.

Despite long years of Muslim rule the overwhelming majority of the people remained Hindu. The army, state administration, and trade and commerce all depended on the direct and indirect support of the Hindus. Thus, in respect of the hated jizyah we find that it was levied sometimes and then abolished, only to be re-levied by another zealot. In fact, Islam was being Indianized; in the process, it acquired some distinctive characteristics in India. In the realms of art and architecture, philosophy and religion, medicine and other secular knowledge, there was considerable interchange. A composite culture was gradually evolving.

It may be added that Hindu rule was never completely wiped out from India. During the Delhi Sultanate, the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar was an impressive power in south. During Mughal times warriors like Rana Pratap refused to surrender; others worked out adjustments which left them considerable internal autonomy.

In Muslim society itself there was internal differentiation. For example, the difference between the Ashraf (those claiming descent from groups of foreign extraction) and Ajlaf (Converts from the lower Hindu castes) had a lower social position, many of the lower groups converted to Islam continued to occupy more or less their old position in society. Some Hindus occupied higher position in the royal courts and were even Generals in the army. The Hindu and Muslim aristocracy was closer. The poorer Muslims could only have the psychological satisfaction of belonging to the religion of the ruling class. But economically and socially they remained backward and exploited. The Muslim rulers of India understood the value of communal amity and realized the importance of inter community tolerance and understanding.

Question 3.
Define diversity and explain types of diversity in India.
Answer:
The term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.
The Nature of Diversities in India
Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities

(2) Linguistic Diversities: Language is another source of diversity. It contributes to collective identities and even to conflicts. The Indian Constitution has recognized 22 languages in the 8th schedule for its official purposes but as many as 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in the country. According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto – Burman languages and European languages.

The Indo-Aiyan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3/4th of Indian population.
The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.
Tibeto – Burman languages: Tribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khuki, etc.
The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.

(3) Religious Diversities: There are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%,-Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0. 4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1%. Each major religion is sub – divided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults. The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations. Even among them there are sub – divisions based on doctrinal and ritual differences.

Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too, once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber- unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly n o the Sunni and Shia communities.
Indian Christians are divided into Roman a’.holics and Protestants and into many denominational churches.

Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India’s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium. They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.

(4) Cultural and Ethnic Diversities: Another important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc. causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems”. Another important source of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.

Question 4.
Define Unity and explain the factors of unity in India.
Answer:
Unity implies one-ness ora sense ofwe-ness. Meaning of integration wherein hitherto divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole, along with higher levels of co operation, mutual understanding, shared values, common identity and national consciousness. It lightly holds together the various relationships of ethnic groups or institutions in a neatly combined through the bonds of planned structure, norms and values.

In India aspects of Diversity & Unity co-exist, which follows as :

(2) Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect. People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of English and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of “Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place”. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. The Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

(4) Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there was a fusion of style and the emergence of new forms which were the result of their combined efforts. Thus it became apparently clear from the above account that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas. To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation.

Modern education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization provided new bases for unity.

Question 5.
Define National Integration and explain challenges to National Integration.
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation. It is an essential aspect in the making of a nation. Promotion of national integration is regarded as a part and parcel of the policy of any country. Many scholars have defined national integration in different ways. Among these Benjamin’s definition on national integration is quoted here According to Benjamin “National integration refers to the assimilation of the entire people of a country to a common identity”.

In simple words, National Integration refers to the process wherein a feeling of togetherness, a sense of national unity and above all, a sense of national belongingness is developed among people. It is in this context, the concept of ‘national integration’ has assumed importance. There are many challenges to national integration.

They are as follows:

Regionalism
Communalism
Linguism
Extremism and Terrorism

(1) Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. It has also gained tremendous momentum during the recent years because it is exploited by the selfish politiciAnswer: Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity. Regionalism assumed mainly four forms.

(2) Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion. Bipin Chandra holds that communalism is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems. Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed try to explain communalism as an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. According to them, it is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

(4) Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfil one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Question 6.
Explain national population policy
Answer:
In 1977, ‘family planning’ was renamed as “family welfare”. The Government of India adopted the UNPF (United Nations Population Fund) guideline of delaying the -first child and spacing the subsequent birth(s);

The Primary health Centres are engaged in family planning programmes, perform two specific functions: providing services to the people and disseminating information about these services in an effective manner in order to motivate the people to accept family planning. The major objective of family planning is “To increase individual happiness and to enhance health of the society”.

National Population Policy 2000 [NPP-2000]: is the latest in the series. It reaffirms the commitment of the government towards administering family planning services. The object of NPP-2000 is to bring the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement levels by 2010. It contains the goals and the target to be achieved by 2010.

They can be briefed here.

Reduce infant mortality rate.
Reduce maternal mortality ratio.
Achieve universal immunisation of chilcjren against all preventable diseases.
Achieve institutional deliveries by trained persons.
Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriage and pregnancy.
Prevent and control communicable diseases.
Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve TFR.
Contain the spread of AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure.
Make school education up to age 14 free and compulsory and reduce drop-outs at primary and secondary school levels.
Achieve universal access to information/counselling and services for fertility regulation and contraception. .
To take appropriate steps to make family welfare programme a people-centred programme.

Question 7.
Define Demography. Explain the characteristics of demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people. The term Demography was coined by Achille Guillard in 1855. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

The American census of 1790 was probably the first modem census, and the practice was soon taken up in Europe as well in the early 1800s. In India, census was conducted by the British Indian government between 1867-72, and regular ten yearly (decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881. Independent India continued the practice, and seven decennial censuses have been conducted since 1951, the most recent being in 201L Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare.

The Major Characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India:

Size and Growth of India’s Population
Age Structure of the Indian Population
Sex-Ratio in India
Birth Rate and Death Rate
Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population
Increasing Rural-Urban Differences

(1) Size and Growth of India’s Population: India is the second most populous country in the world after China. According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%, a modest rate of growth. In fact between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of-0.03%. This was because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19 : 5% of the total population of the country. The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

(4) Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population: Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions, and social groups. As can be seen from Table No. 4, the literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men. However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels. Female literacy rose by about 11.2 percent between 2001 and 2011 compared to the rise in male literacy of 6.2 percent in the same period.

Female literacy was 8.9% in 1951 has increased to 65.4 in 2011 male literacy in the same period wan 27.2% has increased to 82.17. In 1951 total literacy rates 18.3% has increased to 74.04 in 2011.

(5) Increasing Rural-Urban Differences: According to 2011 Census, 68.8% population lives in rural areas while 31.2% people live in urban areas. The urban population has been increasing its share steadily, from about 17.3% in 1951 to 31.2 in 2011, an increase of about two-and-a-half times. The results of the 2001 census fully validate the diagnosis of India’s population problem in terms of the dominance of BIMARU States (Bihar, MP, Rajastan, UP) accounted for 39% of India’s population, 42% of growth and 48% of the total Illiterate population and the adverse role of these BIMARU states.

To take note of the alarming data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio. These states are in the perverse practice of Foeticide. The unholy alliance between Tradition (Son complex) and Technology (Ultra sound etc.) is playing havoc with Indian society pre-birth sex determination tests & sex selective abortion are rampant in these states. During the last decade in Punjab, the sex ratio (0-6 age group) declined from 875 to 793.

In Hariyana the sex ratio (0-6 age group) decreased from 879 to 820. In Maharashtra every single district showed a decline in the Juvenile sex ratio between 1991-2001. In Himachal pradesh from 951 to 845. In Gujarath from 928 to 878. In Chandigarh from 899 to 845 and in Delhi from 915 to 865. Even though an increase in the sex ratio for the total population was 927 in 1991 to 933 to 2001. In contrast the sex ratio of child population (0¬6 age group) which was 945 in 1991 decreased to 927 in 2001. In short the girl child (below 6 years) has lost out badly.

Question 8.
Explain the Demographic profile of Karnataka.
Answer:
According to 2001 census, Karnataka with an area of 1,91,791 sq. km. has a population of 52,850,562 with 26,898,918 males and 25,951,644 females. According to 2011 Census, the Population of Karnataka has increased to 6,10,95,297 (Males – 3,09,66,657; Females – 3,01,28,640)withasexratioof973 females for every 1000 males. Karnataka with a population of 6,10,95,297, retains the ninth rank as in 2001, in pupulation among all the 28 States, and seven Union Territories (including the National Capital Territory of Delhi) and accounts for 5.05 per cent of Country’s pupulation of 1,21,05,69,573 in 2011.

1. Rural – Urban population in Karnataka: Among the districts within the State, Bengaluru District is the most pupulated District with 96,21,551 persons and accounts for 15.75 percent of the State’s total pupulation while Kodagu District with a pupulation share of 0.91 per cent is the least pupulated District.

In terms of percentage, 61.33 per cent are Rural residents and 38.67 per cent are Urban residents. In terms of urbanization, the State has witnessed an increase of 4.68 per cent in the proportion of Urban pupulation in the last decade. Among the districts, Bengaluru is the most urbanized District with 90.94 per cent of its pupulation residing in Urban areas followed by Dharwad District (56.82 per cent), Dakshina Kannada District (47.67 per cent), Mysuru District (41.50 per cent) and Ballari District (37.52 per cent). The least urbanized District in the State is Kodagu with 14.61 per cent, preceded by Koppal District (16.81 per cent), Mandya District (17.08 per cent), Chamarajanagar District (17.14 per cent) and Yadgiri District (18.79 per cent).

During the decade 2001-11, the State population witnessed a net addition of 82,44,735 persons to its 2001 population of 5,28,50,562. Among the districts, Bengaluru District, has witnessed the highest decennial growth rate of 47.18 per cent followed by Yadgir, the newly created District, with 22.81 per cent.

Chikkamagaluru District, a predominantly plantation area in the Malnad region, is the only District in the State which has registered a negative growth rate of -0.26 per cent. Kodagu District another plantation area in the Malnad region with a growth rate of 1.09 per cent ranks 29, just above Chikkamagaluru District.

2. Sex Rartio in Karnataka: The Sex Ratio in Karnataka has increased from 965 in 2001 to 973 in 2011. The Sex Ratio for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population is identical at 990 and is significantly higher than that of the State. Among the districts, the highest overall Sex Ratio of 1094 is recorded in Udupi District and the lowest of 916 is recorded in Bangalore District. Female population is higher than male population in Chikmagalur, Kodagu (1019), Hassan, (1012) Dakshina Kannada (1020) and Udupi (1094).

Inspite of favourable Sex Ratio, it has declined in Udupi (-36) and Dakshina Kannada (2).

3. Density in Karnataka: Density of Population: The number of persons’for every square Km.area is called the density of population. According to 2001 census Bengaluru Urban District has registered the highest density of 2,985 persons per sq. km and the lowest density per sq.km, was recorded in Kodagu (134) and Uttara Kannada (132) districts. The density of population of the state was 319 in 2011 as against 276 in 2001. The density of population of Bengaluru metropolitan city was 4,378 in 2011 as against to 2985 in 2001. Uttar Kannada (140) and Kodagu (135) have the lowest density of population in the State.

4. Seheduled caste population in Karnataka: The Scheduled Caste population in the State has increased from 85,63,930 in 2001 to 1,04,74,992, in 2011, registering a decennial growth rate of 22.32 per cent. The Scheduled Caste population constitutes 17.15 per cent of the total population of the State. The highest proportion of Scheduled Caste population is returned from Kolar District with 30.32 percent, followed by Chamarajanagar District with 25.42 per cent. The least proportion of Scheduled Caste population is recorded in the coastal district of Udupi (6.41 per cent) District.

5. Seheduled Tribe population in Karnataka: The Scheduled Tribe population in the state has increased from 34,63,986 in 2001 Census to 42,48,987 in 2011, registering a decennial growth rate of22.66 per cent. The proportion of the Scheduled Tribe population to total population of the State is 6.95 per cent. The highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population is in Raichur District (19.03 per cent) and the least proportion is returned from Mandya District (1.24 per cent).

6. Literacy Rate in Karnataka: Literacy Rate of the State has increased from 66.64 per cent in 2001 to 75.36 per cent 2011. While the Male Literacy has increased from 76.10 per cent to 82.47 per cent, the Female Literacy rate has increased from 56.87 per cent to 68.08 per cent.

Among the districts, Dakshina Kannada District with overall Literacy rate of 88.57 per cent retains its top position, closely followed by Bengaluru District (87.67 per cent) and Udupi District (86.24 per cent). The lowest overall Literacy rate of 51.83 per cent is recorded in the newly created Yadgir District, preceded by Raichur District which has recorded 59.56 per cent.

2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण वाक्य शुद्धि

November 2, 2023

You can Download 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण वाक्य शुद्धि, 2nd PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण वाक्य शुद्धि

अ) निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को शुद्ध कीजिए :

1) तुम तुम्हारे घर जाओ।
उत्तरः
तुम अपने घर जाओ।

2) वह धीमी स्वर में बोली।
उत्तरः
वह धीमे स्वर में बोली।

3) मेरे को अपना काम बहुत पसंद है।
उत्तरः
मुझे अपना काम बहुत पसंद है।

4) श्याम ने संतोष का साँस ली।
उत्तरः
श्याम ने संतोष की साँस ली।

5) बालक ने रोटी खाया।
उत्तरः
बालक ने रोटी खायी।

6) यह एक इतिहासिक घटना है।
उत्तरः
यह एक ऐतिहासिक घटना है।

7) भैंस का ताकतवर दूध होता है।
उत्तरः
भैंस का दूध ताकतवर होता है।

8) अध्यापक जी पढ़ा रहा है।
उत्तरः
अध्यापक जी पढ़ा रहे हैं।

9) श्यामा ने कहानी सुनाया।
उत्तरः
श्यामा ने कहानी सुनायी।

10) मैं विश्वविद्यालय को जा रहा हूँ।
उत्तरः
मैं विश्वविद्यालय जा रहा हूँ।

11) सुनिए, अंदर चले जाओ।
उत्तरः
सुनिए, अंदर चले जाइए।

12) यह किताब किसका है?
उत्तरः
यह किताब किसकी है?

13) यहाँ ताजा भैंस का दूध मिलता है।
उत्तरः
यहाँ भैंस का ताजा दूध मिलता है।

14) रोगी को काटकर सेब खिलाओ।
उत्तरः
रोगी को सेब काटकर खिलाओ।
(अथवा)
सेब काटकर रोगी को खिलाओ।

15) आप खाना खाओगे।
उत्तरः
आप खाना खाएँगे।

16) मेरा प्राण बेचैन है।
उत्तरः
मेरे प्राण बेचैन हैं।

17) लाल बहादुर शास्त्री का देश सदा आभारी रहेगा।
उत्तरः
देश सदा लाल बहादुर शास्त्री का आभारी रहेगा।

18) लता ने आम को खाती थी।
उत्तरः
लता ने आम खाया। (अथवा)
लता आम खाती थी।

19) मेरा काली घोड़ा खो गया।
उत्तरः
मेरा काला घोड़ा खो गया।

20) मैं आप पर इज्जत करता हूँ।
उत्तरः
मैं आपकी इज्जत करता हूँ।

21) रमा ने पढ़ती है।
उत्तरः
रमा पढ़ती है।

22) मेरा तो प्राण निकल गया।
उत्तरः
मेरे तो प्राण निकल गये।

23) कोई ने मेरी पुस्तक देखी?
उत्तरः
किसी ने मेरी पुस्तक देखी?

24) यहाँ लोग ईमानदार और उदार रहते हैं।
उत्तरः
यहाँ के लोग ईमानदार और उदार रहते हैं।

25) वह गाने की कसरत कर रहा है।
उत्तरः
वह गाने का अभ्यास कर रहा है।

26) तुम जा सकता है।
उत्तरः तुम जा सकते हो।

27) लड़की ने पत्र लिखी।
उत्तरः
लड़की ने पत्र लिखा।

28) रोहन को पूछो।
उत्तरः
रोहन से पूछो।

29) वह पैदल से गया है।
उत्तरः
वह पैदल गया है।

30) कोयल डाली में बैठी है।
उत्तरः
कोयल डाली पर बैठी है।

31) मेरे पास केवल मात्र पचास रुपए हैं।
उत्तरः
मेरे पास केवल पचास रुपये हैं।

32) महेश और संगीता हमारे यहाँ आएगा।
उत्तरः
महेश और संगीता हमारे यहाँ आएँगे।

33) सुमन माधव का पुत्री है।
उत्तरः
सुमन माधव की पुत्री है।

34) कृपया से मेरा नाम भी लिख लीजिए।
उत्तरः
कृपया मेरा नाम भी लिख लीजिए।

35) इसके बाद वे वापस लौट गए।
उत्तरः इसके बाद वे लौट गए।

36) शत्रु मैदान से दौड़ खड़ा हुआ।
उत्तरः
शत्रु मैदान से भाग खड़ा हुआ।

37) मैं आपका दर्शन करने आया हूँ।
उत्तरः
मैं आपके दर्शन करने आया हूँ।

38) मैंने मकान बनवाने के लिए मैसूर जाना है।
उत्तरः
मुझे मकान बनवाने के लिए मैसूर जाना है।

39) सुरेश के चाची जी बीमार पड़े हैं।
उत्तरः
सुरेश की चाची जी बीमार हैं।

40) मैं नया पोशाक पहनूंगा।
उत्तरः
मैं नई पोशाक पहनूँगा।

41) बच्चों से गुस्सा न करो।
उत्तरः
बच्चों पर गुस्सा न करो।

42) मेले में अनेकों दुकानें थीं।
उत्तरः
मेले में अनेक दुकानें थीं।

43) तुलसीदास ने रामचरितमानस का रचना की।
उत्तरः
तुलसीदास ने रामचरितमानस की रचना की।

44) मेरा नाम श्री महेन्द्रकुमारजी है।
उत्तरः
मेरा नाम महेन्द्रकुमार है।

45) सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल ‘लोह पुरुष’ कहा जाता है।
उत्तरः
सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल को ‘लोह पुरुष’ कहा जाता है।
अथवा
सरदार वल्लभ भाई पटेल ‘लोह पुरुष’ कहे जाते हैं।

46) एक दूध का गिलास दो।
उत्तरः
एक गिलास दूध दो।

47) किसी भी आदमी को भेज दो।
उत्तरः
किसी आदमी को भेज दो।

48) कॉफी में कौन पड़ गया है?
उत्तरः
कॉफी में क्या पड़ गया है?

49) उसे बहुत गुस्सा आती है।
उत्तरः
उसे बहुत गुस्सा आता है।

50) मैंने मेरी कलम अपने मित्र को दे दी।
उत्तरः
मैंने अपनी कलम मित्र को दे दी।

51) जंगल में बड़ा अंधकार है।
उत्तरः
जंगल में घना अंधकार है।

52) बाजार गए हैं पिताजी।
उत्तरः
पिताजी बाजार गए हैं।

53) चरखा कातना चाहिए।
उत्तरः चरखा चलाना चाहिए।
(अथवा)
सूत कातना चाहिए।

54) वह बिलकुल भी बात करना पसंद नहीं करती।
उत्तरः
वह बात करना पसंद नहीं करती।

55) मुझको घबराना पड़ा।
उत्तरः
मुझे घबराना पड़ा।

56) वह कमर कसा बैठा है।
उत्तरः
वह कमर कसे बैठा है।

57) पंद्रह अगस्त का भारत के इतिहास में बहुत महत्व है।
उत्तरः
भारत के इतिहास में पंद्रह अगस्त का बहुत महत्व है।

58) अध्यापक बच्चों को बुलाए।
उत्तरः
अध्यापक ने बच्चों को बुलाया।

59) हम तीन भाई हूँ।
उत्तरः
हम तीन भाई हैं।

60) अपनी काम स्वयं करो।
उत्तरः
अपना काम स्वयं करो।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :

61) मुझे बहुत गुस्सा आती है।
मुझे बहुत गुस्सा आता है।

62) राजू ने मुझे मथुरा दिखाई।
राजू ने मुझे मथुरा दिखाया।

63) उसने अपने बटुआ उठाई।
उसने अपना बटुआ उठाया।

64) वसंत ऋतु अच्छा लगती है।
वसंत ऋतु अच्छी लगती है।

65) उसका संतान मेहनती है।
उसकी संतान मेहनती है।

66) कल माताजी आ रहे हैं।
कल माताजी आ रही हैं।

67) अनेकों स्त्री पुरुष वहाँ आए थे।
अनेक स्त्री-पुरुष वहाँ आए थे।

68) उसके पास बहुत सोने हैं।
उसके पास बहुत सोना है।

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 5 Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 5 Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India

You can Download Chapter 5 Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State any one characteristic of village community.
Answer:
Agriculture as a way of life.

Question 2.
Mention any one sociologists who have conducted village studies.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas.

Question 3.
Who edited the book called “Rural Sociology in India”.
Answer:
A.R. Desai.

Question 4.
Mention the two ancient cities of India.
Answer:
Varanasi, Indraprasta.

Question 5.
Mention any one problem of village community.
Answer:
Increase in Drought prone.

Question 6.
Who considered Indian Villages as Little Republics?
Answer:
Chaurl, Metcalf.

Question 7.
Write one change taken place in Indian villages during British rule.
Answer:
The Britishers discontinued the grant to the village fund from village revenue. This affected the developmental activities which were carried out by the village councils panchayats.

Question 8.
State any one Importance of village studies.
Answer:
Field work antidote to Book view.

Question 9.
Who undertook a study on Rampura village?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas. .

Question 10.
Who authored Remembered village?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas.

Question 11.
Who Conducted study on Kisan garhi village.
Answer:
Mcim Marriot.

Question 12.
Mention any one social problem of Indian villages.
Answer:
illiteracy.

Question 13.
Mention any one Health problem of Indian villages.
Answer:
Infant mortality

Question 14.
Mention any one economic problem of Indian villages.
Answer:
Discriminatory policies.

Question 15.
Who edited the book “Agrarian crisis and formers suicide?
Answer:
R.S Deshapande and Saroja Arora.

Question 16.
According to R.S. Deshapande and saroja Arora which are the-events responsible for farmers suicide.
Answer:
Crop failure.

Question 17.
Mention any one committee Appointed by Govt of Karnataka to study Agrarian crisis.
Answer:
G.K. Veeresh Committee.

Question 18.
Which committee recommended Health Insurance schemes (Yeshaswini) to the farmers?
Answer:
G.K. Veeresh Committee.

Question 19.
Which amendment in constitution has given more power to Panchayath Raj.?
Answer:
73rd Amendment.

Question 20.
Expand IRDP.
Answer:
Integrated Rural Development Programme.

Question 21.
Expand MGNREGA
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.

Question 22.
Expand SEZ
Answer:
Special Economic Zone.

Question 23.
Mention any one changes Indian villages according to AR. Desai.
Answer:
Transformation of Agriculture from subsistence to commercial Agriculture.

Question 24.
State any one problem of Indian cities.
Answer:
Urban poverty.

Question 25.
Which company is Responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy?
Answer:
Union Carbide Company.

Question 26.
Which toxic gas killed people of Bhopal in Gas Tragedy?
Answer:
Methyl Isocynate.

Question 27.
Who is father of green revolution in India?
Answer:
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. .

Question 28.
Under whose instances Agricultural census is conducted?
Answer:
Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture and cooperation.

Question 29.
Once in how many years agricultural census is conducted?
Answer:
Once in Five years.

Question 30.
Expand CDP
Answer:
Community Development Programme.

Question 31.
State one characteristics of slums.
Answer:
Dilapidated and Poor Houses.

Question 32.
State one problems of slums.
Answer:
Lack of public utility service.

Question 33.
State one reason for emergence of slums.
Answer:
Migration of people from village to cities.

Question 34.
What is the slogan of land reforms?
Answer:
Land to the tiller or land to the landless.

2nd PUC Sociology Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Urbanization.
Answer:
Urbanization has been often used to denote the process of population concentration in an urban area. It is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of a population that resides in urban rather than rural places.

Question 2.
What is McKinnsey model of development?
Answer:
WorldTrade organization model of Agricultural is Industry driven Agriculture result in Agriculture business development including Information Technology is called MC Kinsey model of Development.

Question 3.
Define slums.
Answer:
“A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.”

Question 4.
Write any two characteristics of Indian villages.
Answer:
Small in Size Importance to Primary Relation.

Question 5.
Write any two major problems of Indian cities.
Answer:
Urban Poverty and Slums.

Question 6.
Mention any two rural development programmes.
Answer:
IRDP and MGNREGA.

Question 7.
What is a slum?
Answer:
“A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.”

Question 8.
State any two characteristics of slum.
Answer:
Dilapidated and Poor Houses High Density of Population and Housing,

Question 9.
Define SEZs.
Answer:
SEZ is defined as an earmarked geographical area meant for production of goods and services basically meant for the purpose of export where economic laws are different from the prevailing ones in other parts of the country. Special facilities are provided to the firms operating in SEZs in terms of tax concessions and infrastructural setups as well as regulatory incentives.

Question 10.
Mention any two changes taken place in Indian villages during British rule.
Answer:

The Britishers discontinued the grant to the village fund from village revenue. This affected the developmental activities which were carried out by the village councils panchayats.
The establishment of regular law courts-civil as well as criminal-deprived the village elders of their power and prestige. The village dispute that could have been solved easily was taken to the courts in the town.

Question 11.
Mention any two importance of village studies.
Answer:

Field work is an Antidote to Book View
Calculated Opposition to Change

Question 12.
State the cause for farmer’s suicide According to Deshapande and S. Arora.
Answer:

Actors (moneylenders)
Triggers (Increasing cost of outputs).

Question 13.
Which stressors are responsible for farmers suicide?
Answer:
Heary borrowings, and Illness.

Question 14.
Which Triggers are responsible for farmers suicide?
Answer:
Increase in cost of outputs Absence of Risk mitigating.

Question 15.
Define rural development.
Answer:
Rural Development is designed to improve the economic and social well being of rural poor. The concept of Rural Development connotes overall development of rural areas. It is an improvement of the quality of life of rural people.

Question 16.
Mention any two objectives of land reforms.
Answer:

Abolition Intermediaries
Tenancy reforms.

Question 17.
What is Decentralization of Democracy?
Answer:
Panchayath Raj as a real Democratic Political Appartus which bring masses into political participation to establish a genuine political of rural India called Decentralization of Power.

Question 18.
Mention any two functions of village Panchayath.
Answer:
Provision of water supplay and maintenance of minor Irrigation.

Question 19.
Mention the agricultural and its allied activities.
Answer:
Animal Husbandry and Apiculture.

Question 20.
Write any two reasons for the emergence of slums.
Answer:
(a) City life style attracting more people from the rural areas offering greater potential for employment.
(b) Its incapacity to meet the rising demand for housing.

Question 21.
Write the problems of Industrial Accidents and sickness.
Answer:
Industrial accidents in recent years show the latent facts of industrialization, for example Bhopal Gas disaster is a catastrophe which has no parallel in industrial history. The tragedy claimed between 16,000 – 30,000 lives. On December 2nd 1984 the most tragic industrial disaster occurred in the city of Bhopal by Union Carbide Company (UCC). Methyl isocynate (MIC) a highly toxic gas accidently released from the factory, which affected the millions of people.

2nd PUC Sociology Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of Village.
Answer:

Small in Size: Indian villages are small in size. Due to that the density of population is less in Indian villages.
Importance to Primary Relations: Small number of people share a common and Face to face relationships are common in village.
Social Homogeneity: Village is more homogeneous in language, belief, mores and pattern of behavior. In their occupation villagers participate together and share common interests.
Informal Social Control: Individual behavior is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.
Agriculture and Its Allied Occupations: Agriculture is the main source pf livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture and cottage industries are the other occupations.
Role of Neighborhood and Simplicity of Life: Neighborhood relation plays important role in social life of village people and simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.
Village Autonomy: Each village is relatively self-sufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called “Indian villages as Little Republics”. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of village studies.
Answer:
Importances of village studies are summarized in the following ways:

M.N.Srinivas undertakes a study on Rampura village near Mysore, with a view to highlight the agricultural practices of the Indian peasant can only be understood in the context of his Technology, level of knowledge, legal and social institutions, religion and way of life. M.N. Srinivas recorded his experience in Rampura village in his work Remembered Village.

(2) Calculated Opposition to Change: Over the last hundred years or more, the peasant has been represented as extremely conservative, pigheaded, ignorant and superstitious. But the Sociological studies do not subscribe to this view. McKim Marriot’s study of Kishan Garhi village in Uttar Pradesh reveals that the peasants had accepted new crops, techniques of cultivation, etc., and had opposed only few changes.

Thus, the headman of Rampura village wanted bull-dozers and electricity, but not a school. Electricity and bull-dozer would get him name and fame, his authority over others becomes stronger, etc. But, a school would make labour scarcer, educated poor people may lose respect they have for the rich and so on.There are key persons in each village thus, who exploit every change to their benefit. If he then opposes the tool or process, it is not because of stupidity but because of his intelligence. Only a field-study of the village community could shed light on aspects which otherwise go unnoticed.

(3) Literary Bias: Literature on caste states that caste is immobile. This is not a fact, through Sanskritization, castes have tried to move up on the local hierarchy. This is also true of the conditions of women. Condition of women prevalent among the upper castes were generalized to include all Hindus. But, the truth is that the women of lower castes are better placed in comparison to women of upper castes.

Observation of Hindu social life has been vitiated by book view and the upper-caste view. Thus, the only solution for this literary bias lies in doing field research. Field-studies suggest something different, from what is found in religious texts. It is clear that the book-view and upper-caste view may be biased and need not be a fact always. Only field research can help us to overcome literary bias and accept facts about village communities.

(4) Recording for Later Evaluation: Prof. Yogesh Atal states that “Roots of the present are always to be found in the past and an analysis of the present would guide the future. Hence, a comparison and evaluation of the impact of planned change at a later date necessarily demands that the present be recorded”.

(5) Development of Analytical Categories: The study of Indian village community has helped in developing certain analytical categories. Field studies conducted in different parts of the country point to the existence of certain processes of change which have been labelled either locally or on an all India basis.

For instance, analytical models like Sariskritization and Westernisation (M.N. Srinivas), Kulinisation (N. Prasad), De- Sanskritization (Majumdar), Universalisation and Parochialisation (McKim Marriot), Great tradition and little tradition (Robert Redfield), etc., have helped in the analysis of transformation that the village communities are undergoing. A. R. Desai’s Rural Sociology in India is an important work in this regard.

(6) Village Studies are Important for Social Reformation: Prof. Ramakrishna Mukherjee’s analysis makes it clear that the village has become the centre of all discussions and debates. Plan, Budget, Administrative strategy, etc., all have become rural area oriented. Thus, planners, economists, administrators, sociologists, reformers and others concentrate on village and are busy collecting data on them. Under the impact of planned and non-directed changes, villages are undergoing transformation. Thus, there is the need for the study of village communities in India.

Question 3.
Describe the social problems of India villages.
Answer:
(a) Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institution and poor quality education coupled with high rate of dropout rate has aggravated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc.

There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of Indian society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communications facilities are not up to the mark.

(b) Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank has identified the following causes of poverty in rural areas:

Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall.
Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate modem skills.
Non-availability of electricity for agriculture.
Poor quality of livestock.
Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets.
Low level of education.
Absence of dynamic community leadership.
Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes.
Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries.
Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people being unwilling to discard expensive customs.

(c) Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas. When it is remembered that 70% people are living in villages the extent to which provision of skilled medical is lacking in the. Fertility and Birth rate as well as death rates are very high.

Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also highest. The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common. The housing are very much unsanitary while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse. Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazardous in rural areas.

There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the sametime soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and fertilisers and it affect the not only yield but also health of the agriculturists.

Question 4.
List out the agricultural and Economic problems of Indian villages.
Answer:

Economic and Agricultural Problems
Disparities
Discriminatory Policies
Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector
Increase in cost of cultivation & environmental degradation
The deliberate withdrawal of welfare programmes from state
Globalization Resultant Competition and Exploitation by Big Capitalists
Peculiar Banking Practices and Non-Availability of Loans from Institutional Sources
Failure of co-operative sector
Problems of marginal farmers
Dependency on ground water for irrigation
Increase in drought prone areas

Question 5.
Explain the Community Development Programme.
Answer:
The planning commission described the community development programme as the method through which five year plan seeks to initiate a process of transformation of the social and economic life of the villages. The community development programme was inaugurated on October 2, 1952. It is a programme of aided self help to be planned and implemented by the villagers themselves, the government offering only technical guidance and financial assistance. Obj ectives of Community Development Programme The aims of community development programme are as follow;

To solve the problem of unemployment in the villages.
To provide safe drinking water facilities.
To develop the mass communication in the villages.
To improve the centres of primary education, public health and recreation in the villages.
To improve the conditions of Houses.
To encourage cottage industries and indigenous handicrafts.

The maximum possible increase in Agricultural production. The Long Term Objectives of community development programme is to complete planned development of all physical and human resources to provide all villagers with full employment. The goal of community development projects is the development of villages in such a way that the citizens of the country may not lack any thing – get adequate food and that everyone should progress socially, morally and financially.

Question 6.
Write the impact of British rule on Indian village communities.
Answer:
Indian villages in British rule lost much of its internal cohesion, many of the administrative duties were taken up into the hands of the government and its subordinate agencies”. Administration was carried out through bureaucratized officers. There were a number of factors responsible for The important ones are:

1. The Britishers discontinued the grant to the village fund from village revenue. This affected the developmental activities which were carried out by the village councils panchayats.

2. The establishment of regular law courts-civil as well as criminal-deprived the village elders of their power and prestige. The village dispute that could have been solved easily was taken to the courts in the town.

3. Rural-urban migration also contributed in some measure for the decay of village -councils. Absence of sufficient avenues for utilizing best elements in the village itself at the one
end and availability of better opportunity, in the city on the other hand forced many to move toward; cities. .

4. The Britishers introduced new system of revenue collection and land settlement. Zamindari system created gross inequality and also affected the relationship between classes ruining the village community.

5. In spite of this, it must be recognized that, by bringing the village agricultural production within the sphere of Indian and world markets, by making agriculture an organic part of Indian economy, the British rule over India elevated Indian agriculture to the status of a national agriculture. This was a progressive aspect of the British conquest.

Since Indian agriculture became national in character, its problems also assumed national significance. Thus the problems of agriculture and the conditions of the agriculturists all became national problems.

Question 7.
Explain the causes of rural poverty According to world Bank.
Answer:
On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank has identified the following causes of poverty in rural areas:

Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall.
Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate modem skills.
Non-availability of electricity for agriculture.
Poor quality of livestock.
Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets.
Low level of education.
Absence of dynamic community leadership.
Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes.
Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries.
Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people being unwilling to discard expensive customs.

Question 8.
Discuss the Health problem of Indian villages.
Answer:
About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas. When it is remembered that 70% people are living in villages the extent to which provision of skilled medical is lacking in the. Fertility and Birth rate as well as death rates are very high. Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also highest. The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common.

The housing are very much unsanitary while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse. Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazardous in rural areas. There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the sametime soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and fertilisers and it affect the not only yield but also health of the agriculturists.

Question 9.
Briefly discuss Deshpande and Arora’s Methodological analysis of farmer’s suicide in India.
Answer:
R.S. Deshpande and saroj Arora’s methodically analysed the causes of Farmers suicides are as (1) Events, (2) Stressors, (3) Actors, (4) Triggers

(1) Events: Among the ‘events’, crop loss, failure of a bore well, price crash, daughter’s marriage, family problems and property disputes are included.

(2) Stressors: These become ‘stressors’ (stress creators) when two or more such ‘events’ cluster together: Specifically, illness of the individual or any of the family members, heavy borrowings, continued disputes in the family or land-related problems usually act as ‘stressors’. These become lethal in combination with the ‘events’ but further ignition comes through the ‘actors/catalysts’ and ‘trigger’ incidence.

(3) Actors: Actors/catalysts create a sense of insecurity’ or ‘insult’ to the potential victim. These include the moneylender, banker, spouse, relatives and close friends.

(4) Triggers: On the background of the ‘events’ and ‘stressors’, the ‘actors/catalysts’ fire the final act by forcing an occasion to be the ‘Trigger’ for the unfortunate incident. Given this complex nature of the phenomena it certainly becomes difficult to pinpoint one particular reason for the suicide. Emile Durkheim’s monograph on Suicide indicates growing alienation of individual from the family, society and religion as a factor responsible for suicide. According to Durkheim suicides indicate social disintegration.

Among the reasons cited in various studies associated with suicides, indebtedness is one of the reasons but it is not the only risk factor. Multiple risk factors feed into each other and reinforce each other. In addition to the -weather related uncertainties, the farmer is also faced with market (increasing costs and output price shocks), technology, spurious inputs and credit- related vulnerabilities. In the absence of risk mitigation strategies the farmer is at the receiving end. Under stress some farmers end up committing suicide.

Studies indicate that suicides are occurring in the high and medium growth states and are conspicuously absent in the backward states like BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh). Scholars have articulated ‘High Aspirations’ or the thrust for upward mobility in the absence of public policy support, as a major, causation for suicides in the backward areas of medium growth states.

Question 10.
Explain the two committees appointed by the Govt of Karnataka to study the Agrarian crisis.
Answer:
(1) Dwarakanatha Committee: The state government appointed a couple of commissions or committees to study the agrarian issues. One commission was popularly known as the Dwarakanath Committee (2000) under the chairmanship of Dwarkanath (Agricultural Scientist), which had studies like ‘Testing Bt. Cotton in Karnataka’, ‘Agricultural Bio -Technology’ and ‘Role of Hybrid Rice’. Interestingly, this commission supported field trials of Bt. Cotton and thereby supported Bio-Technology in Karnataka.

(2) G.K. Veeresh Committee: G. K. Veeresh Committee in 2002. This committee tried to link suicides to psychological and personal reasons. These include

Alcohol, gambling, spend thriftiness (20.35 percent),
Failure of crop (16.81 percent).
Chit funds (15.04 percent).
Family problems (13.27 percent).
Chronic illness (9.73 percent).
Marriage of daughters (5.31 percent).
Political affiliations (4.42 percent).
Property disputes (2.65 percent).
Debt burden (2.65 percent).
Price crash (2.65 percent).
Borrowing beyond paying capacity and House construction and so on (2.65 percent),
Loss in non-agricultural activities (1.77 percent) and finally
Failure of bore wells (0.88 percent).

Question 11.
Briefly discuss the land reform measures.
Answer:
Land to the tiller or land to the landless were the main slogans of land reforms. The productivity in agriculture is mainly dependent on technological and institutional factors. Technological factors are the use of agricultural inputs and methods such as improved seeds, fertilizers, improved plough tractors, harvesters, irrigation etc., which help to increase the productivity.

The institutional reform include the redistribution of land ownership in favour of the cultivating classes so as to provide them a sense of participation in rural life, improving the size of forms, providing security of tenure and regulation of rents etc., Land reforms aim at redistributing ownership holding from the view point of social justice and reorganizing operational holdings from the point of optimum utilization of land i.e. land to the tiller or land to the landless were the main slogans of land reform measures.

Major objectives land reform measures are as follows:

Abolition of Intermediaries
Tenancy reforms and conferment of ownership on them
Ceilings on land holdings
Consolidation of land holdings
Organization of cooperative forms

Land reform had been conceived as the most important instrument of revolutioning agriculture and improving rural areas. Large numbers of tenants or farmers have become the owners. Absentee landlordism is almost eradicated and yet due to lack of implementation the actual results are far from satisfactory.

Question 12.
Define Panchayath Raj and Explain the functions of village Panchayath.
Answer:
Panchayat Raj is as a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political of rural India. Generally, it is also called as “Decentralization of Democracy”. Since 1959 “Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India. After the implementation of the constitution 73rd amendment act 1992. Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta committee recommended three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely, In brief, we can understand the general functions of panchayat raj.

Village Panchayat – at the village level.
Panchayat Samithi – at Block level and
Zilla Panchayat – at the District level

Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of Village Panchayat are (a) Provision of water supply (b) Maintenance of minor irrigation (c) School buildings, (d) Family Planning (e) Construction of wells and tanks (f) Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, promotion of village and cottage industries providing electric facility. Construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary Education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation and Welfare of weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

Question 13.
Explain briefly the IRDP.
Answer:
The Integrated Rural Development Programme is a programme for improving the living standards of the poorest of the poor living in rural areas and making the process of rural development self-sustaining. A large number of rural development programmes had been introduced in different states often creating confusion, problems of administration and effective implementation. Hence, the Government of India decided to replace all these programmes by a single Integrated Programme for the entire country.

It is in this background the Integrated Rural Development Programme [IRDP] was launched in 1978-79. IRDP was a major attempt to attack poverty. The program is based on “the local needs, resources, endowments and potentialities.” Its major objective is to enable selected families to cross the “poverty line” through “a strategy of productive assets and endowment”.

Now a days IRDP, TRYSEM, millions well scheme, etc are relaunched in the Name of Swama Jayanthi Grama Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) on April 1999 to provide sustainable Income to poor people in Rural Area. This programme aims at providing self – Employment to villagers through the establishment of self Help Groups.

Question 14.
Explain the major Trends of changes in Indian villages.
Answer:
A.R. Desai has identified four major trends of social changes. In Indian villages as follows:
(1) Form to Non-form:

(A) Transformation from Subsistence to Market Economy: The rapid transformation of the agrarian society from the subsistence to a market based, profit oriented and commercialized agriculture. The rise of markets, assisted by the extension of Railways and Roads and the expansion in foreign trade of agricultural commodities transformed the old self-sufficient economy of the village based on barter into a market economy, based on cash.

(B) Transformation Followed by the Introduction of Modern Technology: Introduction of the new technology in the agriculture helped the peasants to attain greater level of self-sufficiency. Improved ploughing materials, hybrid seeds, chemicals and fertilizers, tractors, tillers, trucks, threshers, spraying machines and other modem equipments were introduced to the agrarian society as a result of technology. The green revolution and white revolution have added to the radical increase in the output. India has attained self-sufficiency in food production and dairy products.

(C) Transformation by Abolition of Intermediaries: The advent of Independence with a new promise and hope, the acceleration of economic and social reform measures, resulting in the abolition of the intermediaries consisting of the Zamindars brought about a structural change in the agricultural economy. The protection of the tenants and labourers, the political enfranchisement of the vast population under adult suffrage, have all widened the horizon of economic standards in the village.

(D) Emergence of Various Associations and Institutions: Emergence of a complex network of various associations and institutions within the agrarian society having close links with urban and wide network influences, for example, Co-operative Societies, political parties, peasant associations, youth organizations and educational institutions and panchayt raj institutions etc., Induce social changes.

Governmental agencies have attempted to encourage the growth of a new social organization in the village. The democratic measures, legislations, rural development programs have impact on social, economic, and political life of villagers. Apartment of the above changes we can also see following changes.

(2) Migration from villages to Cities: One consequence of these disparities is the growing migration from core areas to richer ones. For example Labourers from Orissa come to work on coffee plantations in the Coorg, district of Karnataka.

(3) Special Economic Zone (SEZ): SEZ is defined as an earmarked geographical area meant for production of goods and services basically meant for the purpose of export where economic laws are different from the prevailing ones in other parts of the country. Special facilities are provided to the firms operating in SEZs in terms of tax concessions and infrastructural setups as well as regulatory incentives.

Question 15.
Mention the reason for emergence of slums.
Answer:
It is in slums that poor people like industrial workers, casual labourers, hawkers, petty shopkeepers, vegetable-sellers and several others offering useful services to the city find a place to stay. The National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, has recorded that the emergence of slums is essentially the product of three forces:

City lifestyle attracting more people from the rural areas offering greater potential for employment.
Its incapacity to meet the rising demand for housing,
The existing urban land policies, which prohibit the access of the poor to the urban land market.

Question 16.
Suggest measures to solve urban problems.
Answer: Solutions to Urban Problems

Systematic development of cities and creation of job opportunities, which can permit multifunctional activities to sustain people in cities.
To check migration, regional planning to provide employment at their native places is essential.
Encouraging industries to move to backward areas. This will take care of linear development of metropolitan and big cities and also there will not be regional imbalance.
Municipalities should find their own financial resources. A city must bear the cost of its own development.
Encouraging private transportation facilities in view of the better services.
Adopting pragmatic housing policies and encouragement to private investment, use of new and advanced technologies. Building of low cost houses, promotion of cooperative housing societies etc., it has to develop special schemes for the poor and low income people. Structural decentralization of municipal activities and community participation in the city activities. Modified and controlled liberalization, accountable bureaucrats and responsible elected body must work for the sake of area in the honest manner.

Question 17.
Explain the Agricultural panchasutras.
Answer:
The philosophy of the present Agricultural Policy lies in the concept of ‘Pancha Sutra’ that was announced by the State in its budget 2006 – 07 for accelerated growth in agriculture. The five components of Sutra are:

To protect and improve soil health.
Conservation of natural resources, with special emphasis on water and micro irrigation.
Timely availability of credit and other inputs to the farmers.
Integrate post harvest processing with the production process, and
Reducing the distance between ‘Lab to Land’ in transfer of technology.

Agricultural census is conducted in all the States and Union Territories in the Country, at the instance of Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India. It is a quinquennial census conducted once in five years since its inception in 1970-71. So far, Nine Agricultural Censuses have been conducted, the latest being the 2010-11 census.

Question 18.
Explain the importance of MGNAREGA.
Answer:
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guarantee of 100 days of wage employment. The work should be provided within 5 kms. of the village at minimum wage rate. It is the obligation of the government to provide work as stipulated days failing which government has to pay unemployment allowance within 15 days. Along with community participation, the MGNREA is to be implemented mainly by the Gram Panchayaths (GPs).

It guarantees generating productive assets, protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity among others. Under this programme, all permissible works like water conservation, water harvesting, drought proofing, afforestation, irrigation works, restoration of traditional water bodies, land development, flood control, rural connectivity and works notified by the government included.

2nd PUC Sociology Change and Development of Villages and Urbanisation in India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain Agrarian Crisis and Formers’ Suicide in Karnataka.
Answer:
R. S. Deshpande and Saroja Arora’s work “Agrarian Crisis and Farmer Suicides” is a field work based study. It was conducted by Center for Rural Studies, Lai Bahadur Shastri National Academy and Administration Mussoori in 2007. This volume deals with the problems of farmer’s suicide across the state. Agrarian crisis in Karnataka can be understood in the following way.

The Indian acknowledges the fact that between 1993 and 2003, 100,248 farmers committed suicide in India. Suicide is not confined to Karnataka alone. It has been reported among the sugarcane growers of UP, cotton growers of Andhra Pradesh and spice/coffee growers of Kerala. It has been reported from Orissa and West Bengal as well.

Karnataka has no history of farmers committing suicide even during the situation of acute agrarian crisis. Even the unorganised farmers would resort to other tactics such as throwing agricultural commodities on the roads, burning their crops and so on. However, suicide was an attempt to retain the identity as a distinct social category within the larger economy.

In this context, the report of the Agricultural Department, Government of Karnataka is important,, between 2003 and 2012 a total of2909 farmers committed suicide. On the contrary, the Central Government claimed that from 2000-01 to 2005-06, around 8600 farmers committed suicide which is the highest figure when compared to any other state in fact Maharashtra is relegated to third position in the suicide rate. However if we calculate the statistics provided by the Veeresh Committee report, including Other .press reports one can estimate the number of suicides is more than 5000.

Region-wise the highest suicide rate was reported from the Old Mysore areas, followed by the Old Bombay Presidency areas and the Old Hyderabad region. The Old Madras Presidency area, as well as Coorg also reported suicides, however their number is less. In fact, Old Mysore and Old Bombay Presidency areas are better known for irrigation. Most of those who committed suicide lived near the tail end of the canal.

The beginning of the suicides can be traced back to the year 1998, when farmers in Bidar, who were involved in cultivating toordal, a market oriented agricultural crop committed suicide. In the two years, farmer suicides were largely concentrated in the drought-prone districts of north Karnataka, or confined to economically backward, drought-prone regions such as Gulbarga and Bidar. However, after 2000, the phenomenon shifted to relatively advanced agricultural regions, particularly Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Davanagere, Koppal and even Chikamagalur and Kodagu.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Village Studies.
Answer:
Importances of village studies are summarized in the following ways:

(1) Field Work is an Antidote to Book View: According to M.N. Srinivas, studies of Indian village communities would be of great significance for planners and administrators. Information provided by a Sociologist, is based on his intensive fieldwork experience and no account of book knowledge can ever be a substitute for this M.N.Srinivas undertakes a study on Rampura village near Mysore, with a view to highlight the agricultural practices of the Indian peasant can only be understood in the context of his Technology, level of knowledge, legal and social institutions, religion and way of life. M.N. Srinivas recorded his experience in Rampura village in his work Remembered Village.

There are key persons in each village thus, who exploit every change to their benefit. If he then opposes’the tool or process, it is not because of stupidity but because of his intelligence. Only a field-study of the village community could shed light on aspects which otherwise go unnoticed.

Question 3.
Explain the Agricultural and Economic problems of Indian villages.
Answer:
Following are the important economic and agricultural problems.

(i) Desparities: Economic growth in contemporary India is marked by considerable disparities of region and class. The Nobel-prize-winning economist Amartya Sen worries that, “as these inequalities intensify, one half of India will come to look and live like California, the other half like sub-Saharan Africa.” Already, prosperity co-exists with misery, technological sophistication with human degradation.

(ii) Discriminatory Policies: Farmers as a group today feel let down by the policies of the State that puts them relatively in a disadvantageous position. This is made abundantly clear by many analysts in the recent past. In other words, it is not that the state is discriminatory against the farmers as a group, but the policies are sufficiently provocative in widening the gap between the net incomes of farmers and agricultural labourers on the one hand and the remaining professions on the other.

During the decade of the 1990s the situation became aggravated, both due to policy failure and the successive droughts at the end the prices did not pick up even in the event of low production. This was compounded by the economic reforms which took the agricultural sector for granted.

(iii) Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector: The agricultural sector operates under a large number of constraints. State policies dictate prices of most of the factors of production required for agriculture: electricity, water, fertilisers, pesticides and minimum wages. The credit market operations are largely dictated by the credit policy of the reserve bank, as well as the difficulties in access to credit. Difficulties in accessing institutional credit compel the farmers to approach moneylenders and a new emerging institution; namely the input dealer.

Weather uncertainties, availability of irrigation water and inputs like fertilisers and pesticides are a cause of concern. These are compounded by product market imperfections and the price fluctuations that the farmer faces. The process of globalisation intensified some of these concerns, both because of the prominence of trade and the resulting commercialisation process in the agricultural sector.

(iv) Increase in Cost of Cultivation and Environmental Degradation: Increasing cost of cultivation and environmental degradation on one side due to significant increase in the input prices, technology and un-protected farming based on the monsoon on the other makes the farmers hopelessly vulnerable. Farmers also face high transaction costs and low bargaining power, which leave them with poor returns. The ecological crisis in the rural regions where declining water tables, loss of agricultural bio-diversity and the onset of a range of plant diseases and pests have become a challenge to the conduct of agriculture.

(v) The Deliberate Withdrawal of Welfare Programmes from State: The deliberate withdrawal of the state from its welfare role for the farmers and agriculture labourers contributed to the accentuation of the agrarian crisis. The capitalist agriculture in India could thrive because of the proactive role of the state in providing infrastructure, irrigation and credit through institutional agencies.

The gradual reduction in the state investment in agriculture was also instrumental in the decline in agricultural productivity and production. The partial withdrawal of subsidy given to the farmers or to agriculture. The power given free to agriculture was withdrawn and also the fact that it increased the power tariff drastically.

(vi) Globalization Resultant Competition and Exploitation by Big Corporates: The agrarian crisis is due to adoption of World Trade Organization model of agriculture or what is called McKinsey Model of development that created spaces for industry-driven agriculture which ultimately resulted in agri-business development including Information Technology. This model of development has not only exacerbated the crisis leading to an environmental catastrophe but also destroyed millions of rural livelihoods.

(vii) Peculiar Banking Practices and Non-Availability of Loans from Institutional Sources: NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) refinances the cooperative banking institutions and therefore imposes certain conditions for delivery and recovery of the credit. ‘Eligibility’ is probably the most important concept in dictating the performance of the sector.

A branch of a cooperative bank is categorized as eligible/ non-eligible based on the repayment performance and naturally the Primary Credit Cooperative Societies in the underdeveloped regions have lower repayment performance. As a consequence over the years, these societies, do not get adequate supply of credit and therefore, farmers from these regions have to depend upon the other informal sources of credit.

(viii) The Failure of the Co-operative Sector: The Cooperative sector could have helped the farmers in overcoming their debts. The Karnataka government failed to make the cooperative movement a success. For instance, in Karnataka, there are 32,382 cooperative societies at the village level, almost 40 percent of them are running heavy losses while nearly 20 percent of them are either defunct or at the verge of Bankrupt.

(ix) Dependence on Ground Water for Irrigation: Irrigation is another major source for agricultural growth. The actual area under canal and tank irrigation has been declining since the 1990’s. On the other hand, there is a phenomenal increase in the dependencey on the ground water resources through the wells and bore wells. Its aptly noted that the unstable growth of borewells combined with mansoon failure and decline in surface irrigated area that led to drying up of borewells due to inadequate recharge.

(x) Rise in Drought prove Areas: Drought prone Areas in India is rising. Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharastra are condisered as the major drought prone states. Karnataka ranked second in the drought prone areas. It has increased from 63% to 72 percent owing to erratic monsoon and lack of drought proofing methods.

12, 123 taluk in 23 districts were declared as drought hit. A total of 157 taluks and 64 taluks were declared dorught hit in 2012-13 and 2013-14 respectively according to NABARD.

Question 4.
Discuss the methodological analysis of farmer’s suicide in India.
Answer:
R.S. Deshpande and saroj Arora’s methodically analysed the causes of Farmers suicides are as (1) Events, (2) Stressors, (3) Actors, (4) Triggers.

(1) Events: Among the ‘events’, crop loss, failure of a bore well, price crash, daughter’s marriage, family problems and property disputes are included.

(3) Actors: Actors/catalysts create a sense of‘insecurity’ or ‘insult’ to the potential victim. These include the moneylender, banker, spouse, relatives and close friends.

(4) Triggers: On the background of the ‘events’ and ‘stressors’, the ‘actors/catalysts’ fire the final act by forcing an occasion to be the ‘Trigger’ for the un-fortunate incident. Given this complex nature of the phenomena it certainly becomes difficult to pinpoint one particular reason for the suicide. Emile Durkheim’s monograph on Suicide indicates growing alienation of individual from the family, society and religion as a factor responsible for suicide. According to Durkheim suicides indicate social disintegration.

Question 5.
Write the recent policy initiatives in mitigate farmer’s Suicide.
Answer:
(1) Loan Waivers and Relief: In 2008 Government of Karnataka 2007-08, the government waived the principal amount of outstanding loan to all farmers up to Rs 25,000 and waived the interest to those who have borrowed above Rs 25,000, if they pay the principal amount before 31 March 2008.

(2) Exorbitant Interest Rate Act-2004: The Government of Karnataka has enacted the Karnataka Prohibition of Levying of Exorbitant Rates of Interest Act, 2004, to check levying exorbitant rates of interest by private money lenders. It has provisions for taking stringent action against those money lenders who violate the Money Lenders Act and . levy exorbitant interest. Any such violation would attract imprisonment up to three years and a fine of Rs 30,000 or both.

G.K. Veeresh Committee came out with a series of recommendations such as i) the creation of farmer’s welfare fund, ii) establishment of nodal department for the welfare of farmers, iii) social security measures and so on.Following this, the Government of Karnataka had taken a series of steps in order to meet the distress, in consultation with the members of the Committee. These are listed below:

(A) Health Insurance Scheme for the farmers, namely Yeshaswini was put in place and the farmers had direct access to the best medical facilities available in the State-run hospitals. This has significantly reduced the expenditure of farmers on health. This has been introduced throughout the rural region of Karnataka in 2000 for a premium payment of Rs 120 per year per family. Participants are covered for all surgical interventions and for outpatient services at any of the designated network hospitals.

(B) The interest rates on loans from Cooperative banks were reduced to six percent per annum Reduction of the Intrest rate reduced to four percent per annum in the 2007¬08. This longs significantly helped the farmers.

(C) Review of compensation policy to the family of the victims (who have committed suicide) was thoroughly reviewed and compensation was allowed only in the case where suicide was directly related to the farming activities.

(D) Information Facility to Rayat Samparka Kendras were provided internet access and telephone facilities so that the initial signals of distress were transmitted directly to the state headquarters. Similarly, in the extension wing of the Department of Agriculture Telephone links were established to reach the concerned official with ease.

(E) Crop Insurance crop Insurance was taken up to Hobli level and compensation provided to the farmers based on the Hobli level data.

(F) Scheme on Seed Subsidy was announced and farmers were provided seeds with a subsidy up to 50 percent.

(G) Waters led development programme The Investment on Watershed Development Programmes was increased tenfold and that created increased employment opportunities in the rain-fed areas.

(H) The Market Intervention Scheme This Scheme was reviewed and the corpus fund for the scheme was increased to Rs Three Billion. Similarly, the market intervention scheme was made operational at the regulated market yard.

(I) Priority to agricultural Research. Agricultural Universities were directed to focus on research and development responding to the demand, rather than providing the ‘supply driven’ research priorities.

Question 6.
Define urbanization and explain the Historical Background of urbanization in India.
Answer:
Generally a city is a Human settlement of Non-Agricultural Hetrogenous and based on secondary relations.

1. According Louis Worth has said “a city may be defined as a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous population”.

2. George – A Theodorson has defined urban community as a community with a high population density, a predominance of non-agricultural occupation, a high degree of specialization resulting in a complex division of labour and a formalized system of local government. It is also characterized by the prevalence of impersonal secondary relations and dependence on formal social controls.

Indian people had built up a city civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) nearly 5000 years back. Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the then famous cities. The layout of the cities, the regular planning of the streets, the uniformity in weights and measures, all indicate that there must have been a strong centralized state.

At the time of Maghadas and Vedic period Ayodhya, kashi, Pataliputra and Indraprastha were famous educational and religious cities. During the Buddist time famous cities like Nalanda, Takshashila, Kashi, Kausambi, Mithila and other were flourished. The great temple cities of Ayodhya, Mathura, Hardwar, Dwaraka, Kashi, Prayag, Puri, Kanchi and Madurai were very ancient.

In Medieval India cities of Agra, Delhi, Fatherfursikri, Luknow, Hyderabad, Bijapur, Srirangapatna, Mysore, Bangalore, Ahamadabad etc. were built. In British rule, metropolitan port cities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. In post independence post period new cities like Chandigarh, Bhuvaneswar, Gandhinagar, Durgapur, Nyiveli etc., have been built. Some industrial cities like Rurekela, Bhilai, Durgapur, Chitaranjan, Roopanarayanapura, Bhadravathi, Vishakapatana, Sindi etc., have been evolved. Increasing economic, social, political and educational advancement have changed towns into cities and metropolitan cities have growing as cosmopolitan cities.

In India, places with less than 1,00,000 population are referred to as “Towns”, while places with 1,00,000 or more population are referred as “Cities”. Urban centres with more than one million population are categorized as Metropolitan cities. In India, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahamabad, Lucknow, are some of the Metropolitan Cities. According to 2011 census 31.8 percent of Indian population lives in urban areas.

Question 7.
Explain in brief the problems of Indian cities.
Answer:
Problems of Indian cities can be classified into following ways:

1. Urban Poverty: Urban poverty is the by product of industrialization and urbanization. Poverty and overcrowding are the two most visible features of Indian cities. About half of the urbanites are poor and lives in substandard of life, because of cost of living, lack of regular income, low wages, pro-rich economic policies and inflation, etc.

India has issued its first-ever report on the nature and dynamics of urban poverty in the country undertaken with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India: Urban Poverty Report 2009 which identifies the problems faced by the . poor and focuses on the systematic changes that are needed to address them.

The report examines various issues related to urban poverty, such as migration, labour, the role of gender, access to basic services and the appalling condition of India’s slums. It also looks at the dynamics of urban land and capital market, urban governance, and the marginalisation of the poor to the urban periphery.

2. Slums: The magnitude of the problem of slums is alarming. The Government of India, Inorder to implementation of various schemes to urban development, has defined a slum area as follows: “A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.” These slum areas are also referred to as the ‘Blighted area’; ‘Renewal area’; ‘deteriorated area’, ‘Gray area’; ‘Lower class neighbourhood’; ‘Lower income area’, etc.

3. Problem of Urban Housing: The bulk of the people in the Indian cities live in one-room or in thatched huts in the sprawling slums or on the pavements. Another sad feature is total lack of essential municipal services like water supply, drainage, sewage, lighting, roads, etc. Further, large proportion of the rural migrants have been bringing with them unskilled persons who take up unskilled jobs in the services, trade, industries, etc.

Further the room has generally to meet all the requirements of the family including cooking, living, sleeping, confinement, it is difficult to keep it reasonably clean and sanitary washing and bathing facilities. The inconvenience they have to undergo is aggravated during the rainy days.

Almost all the above mentioned conditions are found in chawals of Bombay, ahatas of Kanpur, Bastis of Calcutta, Cheris of Madras as well as in Dhowrahas of the mining centres and barracks of the plantations in India. These are made of brick walls and iron roof or the huts consisting of bamboo walls and thatched roofs. The lanes are too narrow and the huts re built back to back. These lack the facilities like bathing, washing and toilets, etc.

4. Sanitation and Pollution: It is accompanied with corrupt municipal administration and inefficiency. According to UNICEF, lakhs of urban children in India die or suffer from diarrhea, diphtheria, tetanus and measles etc.,

5. Transportation and Traffic: Transportation and traffic picture in Indian cities is troublesome. Majority of people use buses and other vehicles, while a few use rails as transport system. The increasing number of two wheelers and other types of vehicles make the traffic problem worse.

Question 8.
Define slums, explain the characteristics of slums.
Answer:
Slums: The magnitude of the problem of slums is alarming. The Government of India, Inorder to implementation of various schemes to urban development, has defined a slum area as follows: “A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.” These slum areas are also referred to as the ‘Blighted area’; ‘Renewal area’; ‘deteriorated area’, ‘Gray area’; ‘Lower class neighbourhood’; ‘Lower income area’, etc.

It is in slums that poor people like industrial workers, casual labourers, hawkers, petty shopkeepers, vegetable-sellers and several others offering useful services to the city find a place to stay. The National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi, has recorded that the emergence of slums is essentially the product of three forces:

City lifestyle attracting more people from the rural areas offering greater potential for employment;
Its incapacity to meet the rising demand for housing,
The existing urban land policies, which prohibit the access of the poor to the urban land market.

It is further observed that the urban poor are left with no choice but to make or take shelter illegally on any available piece of land. Sometimes a slum is the consequence of blight in the old parts of the city. At times, a slum is inherited in the form of an old village or a haphazardly growing locality within the extended territorial limits of a town. Characteristics of Slums: The physical aspects and general conditions of the slums are by and large the same everywhere. The foremost characteristics of slums can be briefly enumerated in the following manner.

1. Dilapidated and Poor Houses: Slums are made of poor design and scrap materials. These are often raised on unauthorized land.

2. High Density of Population and Housing: It leads to over-crowding and congestion; one room is often used for all practical purposes of domesting living. In Bombay and in many other big cities, it can be seen that in the slum areas one room tenement with 100 sq.f. to 150 sq.f. of space is occupied by more than 10 persons.

3. Lack of Public Utilities and Facilities: Lack of drainage, sanitation, water, electricity, health centers, sanitation and public parks, etc., are widely observable characteristic of slums.

4. Apathy and Social Isolation: Though the slum-dwellers are functionally integrated to the city life, apathy and social isolation characterize a slum. Under these circumstances, the slum-dwellers find it almost impossible to improve these conditions through their own efforts.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 4 Family in India

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 4 Family in India

You can Download Chapter 4 Family in India Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who called the Indian joint family as a “Greater Home”?
Answer:
Henry Maine.

Question 2.
Mention one advantage of joint family.
Answer:
Protection to Members.

Question 3.
Mention one disadvantage of joint family.
Answer:
Promotes Idleness.

Question 4.
What is IUam?
Answer:
Patriarchical Joint Family ofNambudris Brahmina.

Question 5.
What is Tarawad?
Answer:
Matriarchal Joint Family of Nairs of Kerala.

Question 6.
Who is Karnavan?
Answer:
Senior male member of Tarawad.

Question 7.
State one chang of joint family.
Answer:
Changes in the size of the joint family.

Question 8.
Who is the author of the book ‘Kinship Organization in India?
Answer:
Iravathi Karve.

Question 9.
Who is the author of the book ‘Marriage and Family in India?
Answer:
K.M. Kapadia.

Question 10.
Who wrote some Aspects of family in Mahuva?
Answer:
I.P Desai.

Question 11.
Which is the main occupation of Narasinganarar family?
Answer:
Agriculture.

Question 12.
Who called Indian Joint family as a co-operative Institution and Joint stock company?
Answer:
‘O’malley.

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define joint family.
Answer:
Joint family: Iravati Karve (Kinship Organization in India) “A joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred”.

Question 2.
Mention any two characteristics of joint family.
Answer:
Depth of Generations and Common Roof.

Question 3.
Mention any two advantages of joint family.
Answer:
Protection to members and Provides Recreation.

Question 4.
Mention any two disadvantages of joint family.
Answer:
Promotes Idleness and Encourages litigation.

Question 5.
Mention two types of joint family.
Answer:
Matriarchical and Patriarchical Joint Family.

Question 6.
Mention any two causes for changes in joint family.
Answer:
Education and Industrialization.

Question 7.
State the Iravathi Kervey’s definition of Joint family?
Answer:
Joint family: Iravati Karve (Kinship Organization in India) “A joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred”.

Question 8.
Write any two legislations which affect the Indian family?
Answer:
Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 Domestic Violence Act of 2005

Question 9.
On what basis IP. Desai classified families in India.
Answer:
Joistness interim of religion occupational relation degree, Intensity and orientation regarding functions and obligation. ,

Question 10.
What is joint family?
Answer:
Joint family: Iravati Karve (Kinship Organization in India) “A joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred”.

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain any five characteristics of joint family.
Answer:
(1) Depth of Generations: Joint family consists of people of three or more generations including grandparents, parents and children. Sometimes, other kins such as uncles, aunts, cousins and great grandsons also live in a joint family.

(2) Common Roof: Henry Maine called the joint family a ‘Greater Home’. Members of the joint family normally reside together under the same roof. It is a place to uphold the family Heritage. It is a place for Socio, Economic, Religious, Entertainment etc. Due to the scarcity of accommodation members of the joint family may reside separately. Still, they try to retain regular contacts and the feeling of belonging to the same family. They have emotional and economic links with the original family.

(3) Common Kitchen: Members eat the food prepared jointly at the common kitchen. Normally, the eldest female member of the family (the wife of the Karta) supervises the work at the kitchen. Rest of the female members engaged in different kitchen work. A single kitchen under a common roof is a unique element of joint family.

(4) Common Worship: Joint family derives its strength from religion. Hence, it is associated with various religious rituals and practices. Every family may have its own deity of ‘Kula devata’ and its own religious tradition. Members of the family take part in common worship, rites and ceremonies. At least once a year they join other members to take part in the festivals, feasting, marriage ceremonies and so on.

(5) Common Property: The members hold a common property. As O’ Malley writes: “The joint family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint stock company in which there is a joint property”. The total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met with out of that.

(6) Exercise of Authority: In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member known as ‘Karta’ exerscises authority. The super-ordination of the eldest member and the subordination of all the other members to him is a keynote of the joint family. His commands are normally obeyed by others. Karta ruled his family by love and affection. Similarly, in the matriarchal joint family the eldest female (matriarch) member exercises the su-preme authority.

(7) Arranged Marriages: In the joint family, the elders consider it as their privilege to arrange the marriages of the members. The individual’s right to select his/her life-partner is undermined. The younger members rarely challenge their decisions and arrangements. But now-a-days selecting a life partner to a family member is more of democratic in nature.

(8) Identification with Mutual Rights and Obligations towards the Family: Every member has his own duties and obligations towards the family. The family in turn, protects the interests and promotes the welfare of all. The senior members of the family act as the guide for junior members.

(9) Self-Sufficiency: Joint family is relatively self-sufficient. It used to meet the economic, recreational, medical, educational and other needs of the members. No type of family is self-reliant that way today.

Question 2.
Describe the advantages of joint family.
Answer:

Economic Advantage: Joint family prevents property being divided, subdivision and fragmentation. Cooperation of all the members supports the economic activities. It is the best pattern of living that is most conducive to the growth.
Protection of Members: Joint family protects their members during childhood, adult and old age. It is capable of providing assistance at the time of pregnancy, sickness, death and other situations.
Provides Recreation: Joint family provides recreation to its members. Similarly in a joint family the children play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.
Development of Personality: Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. They learn the lessons of generosity, patience, service, cooperation and obedience. Here a sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in a joint family are self- imposed on its members.
Socialism in Nature: Joint family is like a Cooperative Trust and in joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally those who are benefitted by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

Question 3.
Explain any five disadvantages of joint family.
Answer:

Promotes Idleness: Joint family is the home for idlers and drovers as the non-earning members do not want to earn their livelihood. In the joint family it happens that some people have to exhaust themselves while the others lead a life of utter lethargy.
Hindrance to the Development of Personality: In joint family there is a very little opportunity for the fostering of individual autonomy or self dependence.
Encourages Litigation and Nepotism: The joint family may encourage litigation at the time of partition of common property; generally disputed crop up peaceful life is disturbed by such litigation, quarrels and conflicts. It is that joint family .systems are the root cause of Nepotism and discrimination of The Head of the family (Karta).
Unfavourable for Savings and Investments: It is not favourable to accumulation of capital. When one has to share one’s income with large family,, it is not possible to save much. Joint family has to spend large amount of money on marriage and other uneconomic activities leads to unfavorable for Investment.
Hinders Social Mobility and Low Status of Women: Joint family damages individual initiative and enterprise and it does not provide proper opportunity for the members to develop their talents. Any new enterprise or adventure on the part of the young people is discouraged by the head of the family.

Question 4.
Write a note on Tarwad.
Answer:
Tarawads were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children. The Tarawad institutions included family, household, and lands maintained a status and a life beyond any individual. Material support for the household was drawn from the inseparable lands of the Tarawad.

Properties of Tarawad were managed by a senior male called a ‘Karanavan’. The karanavan as the head of a large extended family. The internal management of the affairs of the tarawad were in fact directed by a senior female – a mother, aunt, or grandmother of all sharing the wealth and status of the Tarawad. Both males and females had a whole-life security within their mother’s tarawads; fathers visited only on occasion.

The kamavan is an absolute ruler of the family. On his death the next senior male member becomes kamavan. He can invest money in his own name, can mortgage property, can give money on loan, can give land as gift and is not accountable to any member in respect of income and expenditure. When Tarwad becomes too large, it is divided into Tavashis. ATavashis in relation to a woman is “a group of persons consisting of a female, her children and all descendents in the matrilineal.

Question 5.
Explain the causes for changes in joint family.
Answer:
1. Industrialization: With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons of different families out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families.. This struck at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization: The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture comes down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually they lost control over Joint family remained an independent in cities in the nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population: Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increased of the pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth-faced the problem of unemployment. People began to move into cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education: Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into jobs or profession. Modem education leads to occupational mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people, but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment and led to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women: Social reform movements, awareness among the women for their own position, all affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system. The spread of modem education enlightened the women. Education made them conscious of their rights and status in the society. It brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family.

They were no more prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position. Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothi Rao Phule, Maharshi Karve, Pandit Ramabai and many others worked and achieved considerable success for the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that the process of disintegration started in the joint family.

6. Social Legislations: Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations.

After independence the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension etc.

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define joint family and explain its characteristics.
Answer:
“Joint family is a group of kins of several generations, ruled by a head, in which there is a joint residence, common kitchen and property, where members are bound with each other by natural obligation.”

Iravati Karve (Kinship Organization in India) “A joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred”.
K.M. Kapadia (Marriage and Family in India) “Joint Family is a group formed not only of a couple and their children, but also other relations either from father’s side of from mother’s side depending on whether the joint family is patrilineal or matrilineal.”

(1) Depth of Generations: Joint family consists of people of three or more generations including grandparents, parents and children. Sometimes, other kins such as uncles, aunts, cousins and great grandsons also live in a joint family.

(6) Exercise of Authority: In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member. known as ‘Karta’ exercise authority. The super-ordination of the eldest member and the subordination of all the other members to him is a keynote of the joint family. His commands are normally obeyed by others. Karta ruled his family by love and affection. Similarly, in the matriarchal joint family the eldest female (matriarch) member exercises the supreme authority.

(7) Arranged Marriages: In the joint family, the elders consider it as their privilege to arrange the marriages of the members. The individual’s right to select his/her life-partner is undermined. The younger members rarely challenge their decisions and arrangements. But nowadays selecting a life partner to a family member is more of democratic in nature.

Question 2.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of joint family.
Answer:

Economic Advantage: Joint family prevents property being divided, subdivision and. fragmentation. Cooperation of all the members supports the economic activities. It is the best pattern of living that is most conducive to the growth.
Protection of Members: Joint family protects their members during childhood, adult and old age. It is capable of providing assistance at the time of pregnancy, sickness, death and other situations.
Provides Recreation: Joint family provides recreation to its members. Similarly in a joint family the children play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.
Development of Personality: Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. They learn the lessons of generosity, patience, service, cooperation and obedience. Here a sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in a joint family are self- imposed on its members.
Socialism in Nature: Joint family is like a Cooperative Trust and in joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally those who are benefitted by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

Disadvantages of Joint Family: The Joint family also suffers from a few disadvantages. Namely:

1. Promotes Idleness: Joint family is the home for idlers and drovers as the non-earning members do not want to earn their livelihood. In the joint family it happens that some people have to exhaust themselves while the others lead a life of utter lethargy.

2. Hindrance to the Development of Personality: In joint family there is a very little opportunity for the fostering of individual autonomy or self dependence.

3. Encourages Litigation and Nepotism: The joint family may encourage litigation at the time of partition of common property; generally disputed crop up peaceful life is disturbed by such litigation, quarrels and conflicts. It is that joint family systems are the root cause of Nepotism and discrimination of The Head of the family (Karta).

4. Unfavorable for Savings and Investments: It is not favourable to accumulation of capital. When one has to share one’s income with large family, it is not possible to save much. Joint family has to spend large amount of money on marriage and other uneconomic activities leads to unfavorable for Investment.

5. Hinders Social Mobility and Low Status of Women: Joint family damages individual initiative and enterprise and it does not provide proper opportunity for the members to develop their talents. Any new enterprise or adventure on the part of the young people is discouraged by the head of the family.

Question 3.
Write a note on Illum and Tarwad.
Answer:
Nambudri Brahmins lived in patrilineage families which were called Illum. The Nambudris were landowners. Land was considered indivisible, and indivisibility was ensured by the rule of primogeniture. The Nambudri Illom consisted of a man, his wife or wives, his children and his younger brothers. The continuation follow property among the Nambudris are facilitated by the custom of the eldest son marrying girl from his caste, while other sons, although not theoretically debarred from marrying women from their caste, generally do not marry Nambudri women.

It is only when the eldest son fails to have children that the next senior member marries and continues the family. The right of partition being restricted, junior members of the family have only the right to maintenance. The eldest son of the Illum though has absolute control over the family

property: he has no power to alienate it by sale or gift without the consent of the other members. Even the female members have to give their consent in order to alienate it. Nair’s Matriarchal Joint Family – Tarwad Tarawads were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children. The Tarawad institutions included family, household, and lands maintained a status and a life beyond any individual. Material support for the household was drawn from the inseparable lands of the Tarawad.

Both males and females had a whole-life security within their mother’s tarawads; fathers visited only on occasion. The kamavan is an absolute ruler of the family. On his death the next senior male member becomes kamavan. He can invest money in his own name, can mortgage property, can give money on loan, can give land as gift and is not accountable to any member in respect of income and expenditure. When Tarwad becomes too large, it is divided into Tavashis. ATavashis in relation to a woman is “a group of persons consisting of a female, her children and all descendents in the matrilineal.

Question 4.
Write a note on Narasinganavar patriarchal joint family.
Answer:
The Narasinganavar family is a patriarchal Joint family of about 206 individuals who are residing together in the village of Lokur in the Dharwad district of Karnataka. All the individuals in the family share a common ancestry and this family is recognized as one of the largest undivided families in the world. The family spans across five generations. Bhimanna Jinapa Narasinganavar is the patriarch of the family.

For India’s largest joint family, balancing the family is a forbidding task. The Narsingnavar family finds that expenditure on its 206 members always seems to be more than its income. Patriarch Narsingnavar (72), who has been handling money matters of this jumbo family for the past 30 years, says “We believe family finances could be the biggest source of discontent. In their wisdom and sincerity, the elders gave me this job. Whatever I do well be in the interest of the family”.

Agriculture is the main occupation for this family. It owns 270 acres of cultivable land, the annual income is Rs 8 lakh to Rs 12 lakh depending on the monsoon and market. Its annual expenditure of around Rs 10 lakh is largely on farm labour and agriculture machinery. While the family’s requirement of food grains, vegetables and milk are met by its own efforts, it spends a substantial amount on provisions, clothes, medicines, soap and tea.

If there’s resource crunch, the earning members contribute to the common kitty and Bheemanna keeps a meticulous record of the transactions. Weddings are performed every eight or ten years with several marriages being solemnised at the same time. The family’s only source of entertainment is TV.

Question 5.
Describe the views of I.P. Desai on joint family.
Answer:
I.P. Desai studied a small port town in Gujarat called ‘Mahuva’ in early sixties. Based on the data collected by I.P. Desai, examined the question of jointness in terms of religion, occupational relations, property, education, urbanisation, kinship obligations and household composition.

Besides the structural aspect of family, I.P. Desai examined carefully the types of jointness based on degree, intensity and orientation regard to functions and obligations which people perform for each other, though living separately and at different far off places. Desai finds the following five types of degrees of jointness:

Households with zero degree of jointness.
Households of low degree of jointness (joint by way of the fulfillment of mutual obligations)
Households with high degree of jointness (jointness by way of common ownership of property)
Households with higher degree of jointness (marginally joint families)
Households of highest degree of jointness (traditional joint families)

Thus according to I.P. Desai the structural breakdown is only apparent but not real. Today’s joint family may give rise to several nuclear families and each nuclear family may become a small joint family and after two decades when grandchildren are born, the depth of generations becomes three. Indian family is altering between nucleamess and jointness in a cyclical fashion.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies

You can Download Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 2.
In which year the untouchability (Offences) Act was enacted?
Answer:
1955.

Question 3.
In which year the Programe Stree Shakhti was launched?
Answer:
2000-2001.

Question 4.
Who introduced the concept of Micro Finance in Bangladesh?
Answer:
Muhammad Yunus.

Question 5.
Where is the Headquarters of Lijjat located?
Answer:
Mumbai.

Question 6.
Which non-governmental organization is working for Soligas?
Answer:
Vivekananda, Girijana Kendra.

Question 7.
Who started Harijana and young India Newspapers?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 8.
Who started Mookanayak News Papers?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 9.
Who founded Sulabh International?
Answer:
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak.

Question 10.
What is gender discrimination?
Answer:
Discrimination against people based on their Gender.

Question 11.
In which year towards equality report was Submitted?
Answer:
1974.

Question 12.
Which year Government of India declared as year of women empowerment?
Answer:
2001.

Question 13.
Who coined affirmative Action?
Answer:
John. F. Kennedy.

Question 14.
Who started Harijana Sevaka Sangha?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 15.
Who started Bahishkritha Hitha Karinisabha?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 16.
Expand LAMPS.
Answer:
Large Area Multi Purpose Societies.

Question 17.
Expand TRIFED.
Answer:
Tribal Co-Operative Market Development Federation of India.

Question 18.
In which year protection of civil Rights Act was passed?
Answer:
1976. .

Question 19.
Expand NCW.
Answer:
National Commission for Women.

Question 20.
Expand SGH.
Answer:
Self – Help Groups.

Question 21.
Expand SEWA.
Answer:
SelfEmployed Women Association.

Question 22.
Expand SKDRDP.
Answer:
Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project.

Question 23.
Expand SCP.
Answer:
Special Component Plan.

Question 24.
Expand SCA.
Answer:
Special Central Assistance.

Question 25.
Expand SCDC.
Answer:
Scheduled Caste Development Corporation.

Question 26.
Expand CIIL.
Answer:
Central Institute of Indian languages.

Question 27.
What is the provision of Article 335 of the constitution?
Answer:
Reservations to SCs and STs.

Question 28.
In which year national commission for women was established.
Answer:
1992.

Question 29.
Expand NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of Affirmative action.
Answer:
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including “caste, creed, religion, or sex, into consideration, in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business”.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The dictionary meaning of the terms “empowerment” is to give power or authority. Hence empowerment is the act of giving power. Thus women’s empowerment is the act of empowering women i .e. to give them the power or authority. The term Empowerment has different meanings to women of different classes.

Question 3.
What is a self help group?
Answer:
“A Self-Help Group comprises a group of micro enterpreneurs having homogenous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help”.

Question 4.
What is micro finance?
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Saving A/c, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of I living.

Question 5.
What is Stree Shakthi?
Answer:
The programme was launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented throughout the state to empower rural women and make them self reliant is called as Stree Shakthi.

Question 6.
Mention any two objectives of stree shakhti.
Answer:

To strengthen the process of economic development of rural women and create a conducive environment for social change.
To form self help group based on thrift and credit principles which builds self reliance and enable women to have greater access and control over resources.

Question 7.
Mention the advantages of Internal lending in self help groups.
Answer:
Managing their own common fund, financing needs of each other develops their skills of financial management.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the provisions of the Untouchability Act 1955?
Answer:
The Untouchability (Offences) Act -1955. It provides penalties for the following offences.

Preventing a person on grounds of untouchability, from entering a place of public worship, offering prayer therein or taking water from a tank, well or spring.
Enforcing all kinds of social disabilities such as denying access to any shop, public
restaurant, public hospital or educational institutions, hotel or any other place of public entertainment, the use of any road, river, well, tank, water tap, cremation ground, sanitary convenience and Dharmashalas.’
Enforcing occupational, professional or trade disabilities in the matter or enjoyment of any benefit under the charitable trust in the construction or occupation of any residential premises in any locality or the observance of any social or religious usages or ceremony.
Refusing to sell goods or render services to an untouchable.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the role of NGOs for upliftment of SCs/STs.
Answer:
Non-Governmental. Organizations have played a vital role in welfare of Scheduled Castes. The important ones are (1) Harijan Sevak Sangh, (2) Indian Depressed Classes League, (3) Hindi Sweepers Sevak Sangh, (4) Servants India Society, (5) Ishwar Saran Ashram, (6) All India Backward Classes Federation, (7) Bharatiya Adimajati Sevak Sangh, Vanarasikalayana Sabha, Sri Ramakrishna Mission etc., have also made efforts to eradicate untouchability.

Question 3.
List out the strategies for women empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
Legal literacy of women through mass media.
Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow;

Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
Credit facilities to start small-scale industr.evself-employment.
Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

Question 4.
Explain the main features of micro finance.
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Savings Accounts, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of living. Microfinance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services.
Major Features of Microfinance:

Loan without security
Loans to people who live BPL (Below Poverty Line)
Even members of SHG may get benefit from Micro Finance
Maximum limit of loan under microfinance is relatively small amount.
The terms and conditions given to poor people are decided by SHG.

For some, microfinance is a movement whose object is a world in which as many poor to have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers. Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses.

Question 5.
Explain the objectives of towards equality report.
Answer:
A National Commission was formed to examine the status and problems of Indian women. Report of this Commission is called as “Towards Equality Report 1974”.
Objectives of the Towards Equality Report

To examine the Constitutional, legal, and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment.
To assess the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest more effective programmes.
To consider the development of educations among women and determine the factors responsible for the slow progress in some areas and suggest remedial measures.
To survey the problems of the working women including discrimination in employment and remuneration.
To examine the status of women as housewives and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment.
To undertake survey of case studies on the implications of the population policies and family planning programmes on the status of women.
To suggest any other measures which would enable women to play their roles to the fullest in building up the nation.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of towards equality report 1974.
Answer:
The study collected extensive data related to the various aspects of women. Trends observed by the study were surprising. Excepting the fields of education and employment where women belonging to the middle class achieved moderate success, almost all fields showed a very low percentage of participation by women. Many worked longer hours for meagre wages. Almost all women actively participated in economic activities without any financial benefit. In addition, they were also responsible for taking care of their family members especially children and the elderly.

It was believed that, due to the equality principle adopted by the constitution acted in favour of women who were denied equal rights earlier. It was felt that, Indian women enjoy equal status on par with men and also enjoy the support of men in their endeavours. In reality, only the middle class women were able to achieve some amount of progress in the fields of education and employment. But, a majority of Indian women still were victims of violence, dowry, gender discrimination etc., thus, the report of the Commission exposed hard realities.

The Commission expressed concerns about issues related to women like, lower rates of life expectancy, declining sex ratio, high death rates, low participation in economic activities etc. Such trends were against the accepted goals of our Constitution. Another point to be noted here is that, during the 19th century, women were seen as the victims of certain social evils and in the post-independence period they were seen as beneficiaries of development projects but not as active participants of development projects. Their role in the national movement, labour movements and peasant movement is ignored.

As observed by the scholars political parties accepted the role of women in building a new society in a rather reluctant way. Report of the Commission influenced the policies of the government while formulating developmental projects. It identified certain wrong notions about the role and status of women. It was a starting point for many future studies of women with a fresh perspective.

Question 2.
Mention any ten Constitutional provisions relating to upliftment of SCs and STs.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions relating to the above said groups are as follow:

Article 15: The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of Religion, Race, caste sex, place of birth or any of them. The removal of any disability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment or the use of wells, tanks, roads, and place of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general public.
Article 16: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matter relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
Article 17: Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
Article 23: Illegalizes traffic in human beings and forced labour.
Article 25 B: Hindu religious institution of public characters is open to all classes and sections of Hindu.
Article 29: Cultural and linguistic minority has right to conserve its language or culture. The article provides protection to scheduled tribe communities to preserve their languages, dialects and cultures. The state would not by law enforce upon it any other culture or language.
Article 46: The state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
Article 164: provides for a separate ministry in charge of welfare of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and backward classes.
Article 325 of part XV: It guarantees to all citizens of India the right to vote.
Article 330, 332 and 334: Provides seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the house of people and state legislature.
Article 335: It mentions the claim of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
Article 338: Empowers the central government to appoint a commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Article 339: Empowers the president to appoint a commission to report on the administration of the scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes in the states.
Article 341: Empowers the president to specify the castes, races or tribes deemed as Scheduled Castes in a particular state or union territory.
Article 342: Empowers the president to specify the tribes deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in a particular state or union territory.

Question 3.
Explain the developmental programs for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: A National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.

2. Educational Opportunities: Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government aided institutions, etc.

3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities: Government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been undertaken to bring benefits of land ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning and weaving.

4 Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation: In order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.

5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans: The welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6th Five Year Plan [1980-85]. This consisted of three schemes:

Special Component Plan [SCPs]
Special Central Assistance [SCA]
Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).

1. Special Component Plan [SCP]: The main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.

2. Special Central Assistance [SCA]: The main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.

3. Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC): These SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.

Question 4.
Explain the Tribal welfare programs in India.
Answer:
The following welfare programmes are implemented for the upliftment of tribals.

I. Economic Programmes: The amount allocated for the tribal welfare schemes in different plans go to prove, that tribal development is one of the priorities. The amount allocated in fifth plan was Rs. 1100 crore and it was Rs. 5535 crore and Rs. 10.500 crore in the sixth plan (1980-85) and seventh plan (1985-90) respectively.

(a) The 20-point Programme: The 20-Point Programme too focused attention on the development of Scheduled Tribes. Economic assistance was lent to tribal families to move above the poverty line.

(b) Establishment of LAMPS and TRIFED: To relieve the tribals of the bonded labour system. The bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. 1976 was passed. That apart, to loosen the grip of the moneylenders and the middlemen on the tribals, the government organized “Large Area Multi-Purpose Societies” (Lamps). These were intended to provide adequate credit facilities for- productive purposes.

These were the Co-operative societies helping tribals in selling their agricultural and minor forest produce and providing them with improved varieties of seeds, manure, -insecticides, agricultural implements, etc. For marketing the tribal produce, the “Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India” (TRIFED) has been set up. It works to eliminate exploitation of tribals and realization of better prices.

(c) Assistance to Agriculture: Tribals cultivation is uneconomic and also unscientific. They are being persuaded to take up scientific agriculture. Agricultural implements, manure, seeds and loan facilities are being provided and tribals are also given land rights.

II. Educational Programmes: They are also provided with free hostels, faculties such as free tuition, stipends, scholarships, mid-day meals, text-books, etc. “Ashrama Schools” with lands attached to them and “Technical Schools” have come up in tribal areas. They are also given training free of cost in poultry, forestry, animal husbandry, Apiculture, etc. Tribal-students taking competitive examinations are given pre-examination training free of cost.

There are pre-examination training centers and coaching- cum-guidance centers exclusively meant for students of Scheduled Tribes. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and Central Institue of Indian languages Mysore have already prepared teaching module for more than 60 tribal dialects to popularize education among the tribals.

III. Research Programmes: For the study of tribal in scientific way Tribal Research centres have been set up. There are at present 11 such centres in India. To co-ordinate their activates, a 30 member “Central Research Advisory Council” has also been set up. The council provides guidance on policy formulation.

IV. Health, Housing and Other Schemes: Under various schemes, houses and sites have been given to the tribals. There are a number of voluntary organizations working for the welfare of tribals. For instance, Dr. H. Sudarshan’s Vivekananda Girijana Kendra and Karuna Trust has done a commendable work in the upliftment of Soliga, a tribal community inhabiting Biligiri Ranga Hills in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka. They are helping in Education, Health and Empowerment of Soligas.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat and SEWA.
Answer:
Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, popularly known as Lijjat, is an Indian women’s cooperative involved in manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods. The organisation’s main objective is empowerment of women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in the year 1959 with a seed capital of Rs. 80, Lijjat has an annual turnover of around Rs. 6.50 billion in 2010, with Rs. 290 million in exports. It provides employment to around 42,000 women. Lijjat is headquartered in Mumbai and has 67 branches all over India.

Lijjat is primarily a cottage industry, urban by its origin, that has spread to the rural areas. It is considered as one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that are identified with female empowerment in India. Self-Employed Women Association – SEWA: Self-Employed Women Association has made significant contribution to the empowerment of women. It has strived to integrate self-employed poor women with the mainstream economy through the twin strategies of struggle and development.

Women are the worst victims of poverty. Poor women generally experience a The self-employed women of Ahmadabad organized and formed the Self-Employed Women Association – (SEWA) in 1972. The motivation and guidance was furnished by the leadership Ela Bhatt. SEWA has strived to create conditions of full employment and self-reliance for all its members.

The central concern of SEWA has been to secure the existence of its members by furnishing financial support in the form of micro-credit to self-employed women. In order to provide finance facility at the earliest The Shri Mahila SEWA Sahakari Bank Ltd. Was registered in 1974. In the beginning SEWA Bank started functioning in urban areas; later on it extended its operations to rural areas. SEWA began its activities in rural areas in 1975.

Question 6.
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability?
Answer:
Freedom struggle and eradication of untouchability were both very important for Gandhij i. He preached against untouchability and has set a model by his deeds and words. He himself lived with the Harijans and shared their sorrows and sufferings. He made them participate in worships, prayers, keerthanas. He wrote extensively in ‘Harijan’ and ‘Young India’ about the condition of Harijans and propagated in favour of various legal provisions against several kinds of injustice meted out to the untouchables.

He cleaned the streets and toilets of Scheduled Castes. By his selfless, sincere self effort he created awareness among the Harijans regarding cleanliness, sanitation and health. After 1931, Indian National Congress set up a council to consider the problem of untouchability.

It was due to ceaseless effort of this council that ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ came into existence. The sangh also provides the Harijan students with financial assistance and scholarships. Kasturaba Balika Ashram in Delhi, Harijan Balika Vidyalaya at Sabarmati are just two examples . of schools started by the Sangh for the cause of female education. The Sangh has branches all over the country and it is maintaining 120 boarding houses. Gandhiji called untouchables as UED Harijana and popularised the word Harijana.

The word Harijana was first coined by Gujarathi saint Narasimha Mehatha. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, popularly known as Baba Saheb stood for the emancipation of untouchables. Being the chief architect of the constitution, he has legalised the upliftment of the untouchables through the inclusion of many articles. The constitution of India guarantees, protects, and safeguards the rights and interests of all in general and of untouchables in particular.

Ambedkar wanted to instil in the hearts of untouchables, the ideas of self-dignity, self-confidence and self-respect. For the very same purpose he had started the ‘Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’. The movement he had started was known as ‘self-respect movement’. In order to attain a respectable position in society, he asked untouchables to follow five principles, i.e., Pancha Sutras’. They are; Self Improvement, Self-Dependence Self-Respect Self-Confidence Self Progress.

In order to create awareness among the untouchables Ambedkar started a paper called Mooka Nayaka. He brought them under one banner; organized ‘All-India Depressed Classed Conference’ in 1942 at Nagpur. In his Dalit movement, Ambedkar suggested three principles: Education, Agitation and Organization.

Question 7.
Explain the role of sulabha souchalaya in Empowering scavengers?
Answer:
Sulabh International is an Indian based social service organization which works to promote Rehabilitation of manual Scavengers human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education. Sulabh was founded by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.

Innovations include a scavenging- free two-pit flush toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya); safe and hygienic on-site human waste disposal technology; a new concept of maintenance and construction of pay-&-use public toilets, popularly known as Sulabh Complexes with bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people every day and generates bio-gas and bio-fertilizer produced from excreta-based plants, low maintenance wastewater treatment plants of medium capacity for institutions and industries.

Other work includes setting up public school in New Delhi and also a network of centres all over the country to train boys and girls from poor families, specially scavengers, so that they can compete in open job market. The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements has praised Sulabh’s sanitation system as a “Global Urban Best Practice” at the Habitat-II conference held at Istanbul (Turkey), in June, 1996.

The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations granted Special Consultative Status to Sulabh in recognition of its work. Sulabh claims their plan on human waste disposal and social reforms has provided jobs directly to 35,000 people, and made 240 towns scavenging free.

Question 8.
Explain the strategies of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
Legal literacy of women through mass media.
Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow:

Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
Credit facilities to start small-scale industries/self-employment.
Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion

You can Download Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who Popularized the term Harijan?
Answer:
MahathamaGandhiji.

Question 2.
Who Advocated the policy of Isolation?
Answer:
Verrier Elwing.

Question 3.
Who Advocated the Policy of Tribal Panchasheela?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 4.
Name anyone Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
Answer:
Mandal Commission.

Question 5.
Who Introduced the concept of Dominant Caste?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 6.
Mention any one category of backward classes in India.
Answer:
Scheduled castes.

Question 7.
Who wrote “Caste and race in India”?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 8.
Who wrote “People of India”?
Answer:
Herbert Risley.

Question 9.
Who wrote caste in India?
Answer:
J.H. Hutton.

Question 10.
Who wrote “History of caste in India”?
Answer:
S.V. Kethkar.

Question 11.
Who called tribals as Backward Hindus?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 12.
Who was the chairman of First Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
Kalalker.

Question 13.
Who was the chairman of Second Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
B.P. Mandal.

Question 14.
In Karnataka which was the First Backward class commission?
Answer:
Naganna Gowda Commission.

Question 15.
Who is the present chairman of permanent Backward class commission of Karnataka?
Answer:
H. Kantharaj.

Question 16.
Which state has large number of scheduled Tribes? ‘
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh (23.27).

Question 17.
Which state has highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes?
Answer:
Mizoram (94.75).

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is social capital?
Answer:
Social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations. Someone with influential relatives and friends (social capital) may – through access to good advice, recommendations or information – manage to get a well-paid job.

Question 2.
Name any two tribes of the southern zone.
Answer:
Kadu kuruba, Hakki-Pikki.

Question 3.
Define Tribe.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group Usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 4.
How is the word caste derived?
Answer:
The word caste is derived from the Spanish/Portuguese word “CASTA”, which means breed, Race, strain or a complex of hereditary qualities. The Portuguese applied the term to the classes of people in India known by name of Jati. The English word caste is a modification of the original term system CASTA.

Question 5.
Who coined the term Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
The term scheduled caste was coined by the Simon commission in 1928 which came to be used for the people described as untouchables and was used by the then Government of Indian Act 1935. According to Ambedkar, in early India, they were known as Broken men or outcastes. The British described them as “depressed classes”.

Question 6.
Define Prejudices.
Answer:
Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.

Question 7.
Give the meaning of social inequality.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality.

Question 8.
Mention one definition of caste.
Answer:
M.N. SRINIVAS defines caste as a “Hereditary, endogamous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relation between castes is governed, by the concept of pollution and purity, and generally maximum commensality occurs within the caste.

Question 9.
Mention two dominant castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Vokkaligas and Lingayath.

Question 10.
Name any two Tribals mentioned in Vedic literature.
Answer:
Bharathas and Kinnaras.

Question 11.
Mention any two changes in Caste system.
Answer:
Occupational and food restriction are relaxed

Question 12.
Mention any two social reform movements.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja.

Question 13.
What is social exclusion?
Answer:
Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

Question 14.
Mention any two causes for changes in the caste system.
Answer:
Education and Industrialization.

Question 15.
Mention any two determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
Preponderates Numerically over other castes and high

Ritual status in local.
hierarchy

Question 16.
Write any two problems of Scheduled Caste.
Answer:
Restriction to access public facilities and Restriction to Read Holy Scriptures.

Question 17.
Mention the three zones of tribals.
Answer:
The North and the Northeastern Tribal zone.

The Central Tribal Zone
The Southern Tribal Zone

Question 18.
Mention any two problems of Scheduled tribes.
Answer:
Geographical Isolation and Exploitation ofTribalbyNon-Tribal.

Question 19.
Mention the three views on the tribal welfare.
Answer:
The policy of Isolation, The policy of Assimilation and policy of Integration.

Question 20.
Give any two criteria of backwardness.
Answer:
Educational Criteria

Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.

Question 21.
State any two reform movements affects the caste system.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Sathya Shodaka Samaja.

Question 22.
Define the concept of dominant caste.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”.

Question 23.
Define the Backward class or caste.
Answer:
The term backward class refers to those social groups or classes or castes, which are characterized by low literacy or lack of education, poverty, exploitation, non representation in services and untouchability. It may be also called as a social category which consists of all the socially, educationally, economically and politically backward groups, castes and tribes.

Question 24.
State any two scheduled castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Holayas and Bhories.

Question 25.
State any two scheduled Tribes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Kadu Kuruba and Siddis.

Question 26.
Write any two definition of tribes.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 27.
State the two Backward class commissions of India.
Answer:
Kalalker commission and Mandal Commission.

Question 28.
Mention any two Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
L.G. Havannor Commission, Venkataswamy Commission.

Question 29.
Define other Backward classes or castes?
Answer:
Other Backward Classes (Castes) comprise the non-untouchables, lower and intermediary castes, who were traditionally engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicrafts, services, and other castes. The OBCs do not constitute a homogeneous category. There are many divisions within the overall category. The other backward classes are not classes at all, but group of communities. The OBCs constitute 51% of the total population of the country.

Question 30.
What do you mean by creamy layer?
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

Question 31.
How many caster and Tribes are enlisted in Karnataka as SCS & STS?
Answer:
101 SCs and 50 STs.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain social inequality and social exclusion.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. Social inequality is not the outcome of innate or ‘natural’ differences between people, but is produced by the society in which they live. People often face discrimination and exclusion because of their gender, religion, ethnicity, language, caste and disability. People often harbour prejudices about other social groups.

Often these ideas reflect prejudices. Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence. Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

It focuses attention on a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population. Social exclusion can be defined as a situation in which multiple deprivations prevent individuals from participating in important activities. Thus socially excluded might be unable to find work, or actively participate in a society. Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic – it is the result of evolved structural features of society.

Question 2.
Briefly explain changes in caste system during British rule.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
Impact of English Education
Impact of Social Reform Movement
Influence of New Social Formation
Impact of Freedom Struggle
Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. They introduced a new principle of justice, according to which all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayat in proportion lost their former importance. Some of the legislation which brought changes in the caste system can be made as the, following.

The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
Other Legislative and Administrative Measures. In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes.

In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reforms movements brought changes in ‘the caste system in British period. They were set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. They were against the fictitious difference between caste. They attacked the tendencies of separatism and Inequality in the caste system. Some important social reform movements are:

The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Thus there came into existence such organization as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabha and etc., these groups struggled for their own interests. In the process of this struggle they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.”

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down in the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowed trains and buses, which threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity.

Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities.

Question 3.
Explain the determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas introduces the concept of “Dominant Castes” which is of great help in understanding inter-caste relations and conflicts in Indian society. According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”. Nature of Dominant Castes

(a) Determinants of Dominance: A dominant caste should own a sizeable amount of the land and it should enjoy greater economic and political power. In addition to this, a number of educated persons found in the caste and the nature of high occupation people pursue in the caste add to the dominant caste. When a caste enjoys all the elements of dominance, i.e. numerical strength, economic and political power, high ritual status, it is said to be dominant in a decisive way.

(b) Distribution of Dominance: Different elements of dominance are distributed differently among different castes in a village. For example, a caste, which is numerically high, maybe poor and lacking in political power, while a ritually high status caste may be rich economically and lacking strength in numbers. It can also be said that when a caste enjoys one form of dominance, it is frequently able to acquire other form of dominance.

(c) Dominance is Not Purely a Local Phenomenon: As M.N. Srinivas says in Rural India dominance is purely a local matter. A caste group, which has only a family or two in a particular village but enjoys decisive dominance in the wider region. Because the caste members of these families maintain a network of ties with the dominant relatives found in the wider region.

(d) New Factors Affecting Dominance of Caste: According to M.N. Srinivas, western education, jobs in the administration and urban sources of income are also significant in contributing to the prestige and power of particular caste groups in the village.

(e) Dominant Caste at the State Levels: Dominant castes, such as Lingayats and Vokkaligas in Karnataka, Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, Nairs and Ezhavas in Kerala, Gounder, Padayachi and Mudaliars in Tamil Nadu, Marathas, Brahmins and Mahars in Maharashtra, Rajputs, Jats, Takurs, Gujars, Baniyas, Bhoomihars etc., in the North Indian states.

Question 4.
Discuss the changing concept of tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

Each Tribe was organized under a chief. Most capable was elected as the chief and his continuation as military leader depended much upon his skill in war and defence. This process heralded the emergence of little republics and monarchies. Each Tribe had its own system of administration. Tribal chief exercised considerable influence over social, economic and religious affairs of the Tribe. Tribal councils were vested with legislative, judicial and executive powers.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of class It was a territorial organization exercising control over its people. The territory under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it.

Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe. Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

(c) Tribe as a Race: Race is used to designate a category of persons whose similar characteristics could be attributed to common descent. The Tribes in India broadly belong to three stocks namely, the Negritos, the Mongoloids and the MediterraneAnswer: The negritos are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian Peninsula. The traces of this race are found among the onges, Andamanese, jarwas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also among Kadars, Irulas and Paniyans of South-India.

They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’, Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

(d) Tribe and Scheduled Tribe: With a view to have classified information about the Tribals, the Britishers conducted census operations in the tribal areas. A sub-heading called ‘Forest Tribes’ was formed under the category of ‘Agricultural and Pastoral Castes’ in the census report of 1891 by the Commissioner of Census J. A. Bains. Since then, in the subsequent census reports of 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931 and 1941 Tribals have been classified as ‘Animists’, ‘Tribal Animists’, ‘Hill and Forest Tribes’, ‘Primitive Tribes’ and ‘Tribes’ respectively.

As per Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India, Scheduled Tribes means such Tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such Tribes. Article 342 empowers the President of India to specify the Scheduled Tribes by a public notification. The Parliament may, by law, include or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes any tribal community or part thereof in any state or union territory.

The foregone analysis makes it clear that the concept of Tribe has undergone a change from that of a political unit of older days to a group of people identified with poverty and backwardness. Though grouping together of tribal communities under the constitution has helped them in consolidating their position as a distinct ethnic, linguistic and cultural unity.

Question 5.
Explain the Geographical distribution of Indian tribes.
Answer:
(i) The North and the North-Eastern Tribal Zone This zone comprises the Sub-Himalayan Region and the Mountain Ranges of the North-Eastern Frontier of India, the Tista valley and the Jamuna-padma, portion of the Brahmaputra. It includes Himachal Pradesh, Northern UP, Sikkim and the seven states of the Northeast consisting of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. They belong to the Mongoloid race and their language resembles the languages of Austric family.

This zone is inhabited by the Tribes such as Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Aka, Mishmi, Mikir, Rabha, Kachari, Garo, Khasi, Chakmas, Naga, Angami, Serna, Pham, Chang and so on. Spinning, weaving and agriculture are the predominant occupations of this zone. Nagas are having patriarchal family: Khasi and Gharos are having matriarchal family. Some tribes of this zone practice polyandry. However, monogamy is the usual practice in this zone. Nagas are the occasional head-hunters.

(2) The Central Tribal Zone: The central zone comprises plateau and mountains belt between the Indo-Gangetic plains to the North and the Krishna River in the South. It includes West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Southern UP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The important Tribes among these are the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh, Bhils of Rajasthan, Santhalas of Chotanagpur, Ho of Singhbhumi, Manbhumi, Khond and Kharia of Orissa, Sawara of Ganjam and the Mundas. Madhya Pradesh has the largest concentration of tribal population (23.27%). Santhalas of this zone are more advanced Tribe. Some of the Tribes are engaged in small-scale cottage industries and settled form of cultivation. Some of them live in very dense forests and difficult terrains.

(3) The Southern Tribal Zone These are the Tribes of South India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and two Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep). The Tribes of this zone are the original inhabitants of India and these people speak Dravidian languages. This zone consists of the Tribes like Chenchu, Kota, Kurumba, Badaga, Toda, Kadar, Malaya, Muthuran, Koya, Soliga, Kannikar, Paniya, Yeravas, Irula, Kadu Kuruba, Jenu Kuruba, Akki Pikki, etc.

Todas of Nilagiri practice fraternal polyandry and in some Tribes there is matriarchal type – of social organization. In the Andaman and Nicobar islands, there are six Tribes namely the great Andamanees, the Onges, the Sentinelese, the Jarwas represent the Negritos race and the Nicobaresand Shompens belong to the Mongoloids race. The Nicobares numbering about 22000 are comparatively an advanced Tribe and are settled in the Nicobar Islands. The remaining five Tribes are numerically very small and have been declared as the primitive Tribes.

Question 6.
Discuss three views, on tribal welfare.
Answer:
The Tribal problems have been approached from three points. They are as follows:

The Policy of Isolation
The Policy of Assimilation
The Policy of Integration.

(1) The Policy of Isolation: This policy favoured Isolation of Tribals from the mainstream society. J.H. Hutton, who was a commissioner for census of 1931, gave, a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination. Verrier Elwin suggested the creation of “National Parks” where the tribal people could safely live without being victims of Over-Hasty and Unregulated Process of Belief, and Civilization.

Both Hutton and Elwin were severely criticized for recommending this policy of Isolation, which was looked upon as proposal to create a museum or a zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilize the resources of knowledge and improve the conditions of their life.

(2) The Policy of Assimilation: The social reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S. Ghurye some voluntary organizations and Christian missionaries advocated this policy. They have recommended for the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or into Hinduism. According to Takkar Bapa tribal problem could be solved only through contact with more advanced people. Separatism and Isolation seem to be dangerous theories and they strike at the root of National Solidarity.

(3) The Policy of Integration: The only approach that would make available to the Tribes the benefit of modem advanced society and yet retain their separate identity is Integration. This policy aims at developing a creative adjustment between Tribes and non-Tribes of India leading to responsible partnership. Pandit Nehru, M.N. Srinivas, D.N. Mujumdhar and others here had supported this view.

Question 7.
Explain tribal Panchasheela.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier Elwin’s book, called “The Philosophy of NEFA” (NEFA- North East Frontier of Assam). The tribal panchasheela as enunciated by him as follows:

People should ‘develop along the lines of their own genius ‘ and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional – arts and culture.
Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work, administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.
We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

Question 8.
Explain the criteria of Backwardness according to Mandal Commission.
Answer:
The Second Backward Classes Commission came into existence in 1979, under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal. The Mandal Commission in its report has listed 3743 castes and communities in the central list. The commission has recommended 27% reservation for other backward castes. One of the primary objectives of the Mandal Commission was to find out the criteria to be used to determine the socially, economically and educationally backward people. The commission found out 11 criteria for determining the social, economic and educational backwardness of the communities. These criteria fall into three categories as mentioned below.

A. Social Criteria:

Social backwardness as considered by others.
Dependence mainly on manual labor for livelihood.
Marriage of 25% girls and 10% boys in rural areas, and of 10% girls and 5% boys in urban area below 17 years.
Female work participation 25% above the state average.

B. Educational Criteria:

Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.
Matriculation rate 25% below the state average.

C. Economic Criteria:

Average value of family assets 25% below the state average.
Families living in kachcha houses 25% above the state average.
Sources of drinking water beyond500 meters for more than 50% of the families.
Consumption of loan by households25% above the state average.

These criteria were differently weighted; three points each for social indicators, two points each for educational indicators, and one point each for economic indicators, adding up to 22 points. Any caste getting more than 11 points was counted as backward. The criteria of backwardness recommended by the Mandal Commission are widely applied today to determine the relative backwardness of a community.

Question 9.
Explain the problem of other Backward classes or castes.
Answer:
Other Backward castes/classes have been suffering from number of problem since a long time. The problems, which are common to all OBC’s are as follows :

(1) Other Backward Castes (Classes) constitute an Indefinite, Abstract and Unorganized Category: First Backward class commission known as Kalalker Commission was appointed to prepare a list of communities. Kalalker’s report had listed 2399 castes as backward castes and then Government had rejected this list. The mandal commission (Second Backward Class Commission) listed 3743 castes and communities as Backward classes.

Most of the OBC communities are strangers to one another. They do not have common awareness regarding their own problems. Conflicts do arises among themselves regarding the issue of “Backwardness”. No single All-India level organization has been established. These groups are scattered all over India and exhibit lot of diversities and difficult to unite them.

(2) Economic Backwardness: Most of OBCs are economically backward like SC and ST. A large number of poor, unemployed, Under-employed are found in this category. Only a few people are self employed, but majority of them are working for poor wages. Sizable numbers are economically exploited.

(3) Educational and Social Backwardness: Illiterates are found in a large number in this category. Higher education among OBCs at low level. Even though OBCs are not directly the victims of untouchability, but lot of social distance prevails between these and so called forward castes.

(4) Politically Unorganized: OBCs are comparatively unorganized because OBCs do not comprise a single caste. Most of these castes spreaded across the nation. No single backward caste numerically dominant in any one province. Hence they are not able to work as powerful “Pressure Groups” at the all India level.

Question 10.
Write a note on creamy layer.
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

The Government’s decision to implement the mandal commission report on reservation for the backward castes/class was referred to the Supreme Court, which gave its judgement on November 15, 1992. The Court accepted the policy of 27 percent reservation for the backward castes/ classes, though it gave certain direction for change in this policy.

(IThe creamy layer of backward castes/ classes should be excluded, (2) Armed forces and sensitive higher civilian posts (like Scientists, University Professors, Pilots., etc) should be kept outside the purview of caste reservation, (3) The Supreme Court recognised only 1238 castes/classes as OBC and reservation only in first appointments, (4) The court directed that the reservation quota should not go beyond 50% (SC + ST + OBC: 15.50% + 7.50% + 27% = 50).

Creamy layer was kept out of the quota as directed by the Supreme Court and high posts in the creamy layer (like President, Vice President, Supreme Court, High Court Judges, Class I Officers, Members of PSUs, CEC, CAG and wards of officers working in the World Bank or International organisation etc) were also identified.

The officers working in public sector undertakings professionals, like doctors, lawyers, chartered accountants, income tax consultants, architects and computer specialists, whose annual income was more than Rs one lakh were also included in the creamy laver. However, political posts (like PM, Union Ministers, CMs, Ministers, Governors and MPs, MLAs and MLCs were not included in the creamy layer category.

Backward class movement in Karnataka – The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. Government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.’

(D) Chinnappa Reddy Commission: The government instituted the Chinnappa Reddy commission in 1990, which has been comparatively more widely welcomed. The commission seems to have tried its best to uphold social justice. In Karnataka, the SCs and STs together enjoyed 18% while the OBCs quota is 32%.’ Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories.

Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju(2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih(2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N. Shankarappa (2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 11.
Define caste system and Explain the characteristics of caste system.
Answer:
Life of every member of the Indian society is to a large extent influenced by three systems viz., joint family, caste system and village community. They influence one’s occupation, food dress, habits, philosophy and marriage etc. The study of caste system is important because caste in India is an all pervasive and deep rooted social institution. Definitions of Caste

1. Herbert Risley has defined caste as “A collection of families of or a group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling and regarding by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community”.

2. S. V. Kethkar in his work “History of Caste in India”, “A caste is a group having two characteristics 1) Membership is confined to those who are born of members. 2) The members are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group (Endogamy)”. G. S. Ghurye explains the features of caste system in his book “Caste and Race in India”, which are as follow;

1. Caste as a Segmental Division of Society: The society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. The membership in caste is determined by birth. Caste has hereditary status, which is determined by birth. Each caste has a council of its own known as caste panchayat. Caste panchayts imposed certain restriction on social intercourse marriage commensal, occupational. These restrictions each caste had its own way of life. Violation of caste norms attached punishment from the caste panchayath depending on violation of caste norms.

2. Hierarchy: The whole society is divided into distinct castes with a concept of high and low, or superior and inferior is associated with this gradation or ranking. The Brahmins were placed at the top of the hierarchy and regarded as pure. The degraded castes or untouchables have occupied the other end of the hierarchy. They were subjected to manifold disabilities.

3. Restrictions on Feeding and Social Intercourse: There are minute rules as to what sort of food or drink can be accepted by a person and from what castes, who should accept food or drink at the hands of whom is defined by caste.

4. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privileges of the Different Sections: Segregation of individual castes or groups of castes in a village is the most obvious mark of civil privileges and disabilities and it has prevailed in a more or less definite form all over India. Generally, untouchables were made to live on the outskirts. Certain parts of the town or village are inaccessible to certain castes. Restriction on using of public, roads, water facilities and Hotels etc.

5. Restrictions on Occupations: According to G.S. Ghurye every caste was associated with a traditional occupation. The technical skill of the occupation was made hereditary. Since a distinction was made between occupation being clean and unclean. The hereditary occupations reflected a caste status.

6. Restrictions on Marriage (Endogamy): Finally every caste also maintained its rank and status upon marriage relation. Inter caste marriages were prohibited. Hence they practiced endogamy. Caste is an endogamous group. “Endogamy is the essence of the caste system. Every caste was segmented into sub-castes, and these sub castes were the units of endogamy.

Question 12.
Explain the problems of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
I. Social Disabilities:

Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables were not allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities:

Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or
menial occupations. –
Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities:

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could hot worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D. N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Where the higher castes are not numerous and the depressed castes form the bulk of Population, the degree of ceremonial pollution observed is very small and often we find few disabilities attached to the inferior castes. A caste may be depressed but individual, members of the caste who have succeeded in life and who are wealthy and own property have been admitted to a higher social status.

Question 13.
Explain the problems of scheduled tribes in detail.
Answer:
The problems of Tribals are as follows:

1. Geographical Isolation: Tribals are the people who have been living in remote areas . and hill tracks, without any access to socio-economic inputs. For centuries Tribals were isolated from the rest of the community, which has also given them wide cultural variations. Their geographical isolation from the mainstream deprived them the chances of progress.

2. Cultural Problems: Contact with outsider, the tribal culture is undergoing a change. It has led to the degeneration of Tribal life and Tribal arts such as dance, music and different types of crafts. In several tribal areas, influence of other religions have affected their culture. This also responsible for alienating the Tribals from their culture.Then tribal groups have been divided into several sects on the basis of religion. This has shattered their collective life.

3. Social Problems: Due to the influence of outsiders the Tribals are facing the problem of dowry, child marriage, infanticide and untouchability. The contact with outsiders created several social and health related problems.

4. Economic Problems: Tribal people are economically backward. The major economic problems of tribals are as follows:

Alienation of Tribal Land to the Non-Tribals
Problem of Indebtedness
Exploitation in Forestry Operations
Primitive Methods of Cultivation

5. Educational Problems: According to 2011 census, the literacy among the scheduled Tribes was 29.6 percent. Main causes of slow progress in literacy among the scheduled. Tribes are poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instruction and educational policy, etc.

6. Exploitation of Tribal by the Moneylenders: The Tribals continue to be the victims of exploitation by the moneylenders. Indebtedness among the Tribals may be attributed to the following reasons: Poverty Loopholes in the existing money lending laws, lack of awareness about sources of institutional finances and existing legal protection, Inability to follow complicated procedure to obtain loan and consumer credit from institutional sources. Indifferent attitude of government and bank officials, Private money lenders willingness to advance money to the Tribals without any security.

Absence of alternative credit facility has compelled the Tribals to compromise their fate with moneylenders Accept indebtedness as almost an inescapable aspect of their existence Lack of employment opportunities.
6. Health Problems: The main cause of their sickness is the lack of clean drinking water, nutritive food and prevalence of communicable diseases are major health problems.

Question 14.
Explain the major reasons for the changes in caste system.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
Impact of English Education
Impact of Social Reform Movement
Influence of New Social Formation
Impact of Freedom Struggle
Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
Other Legislative and Administrative Measures.

In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes. In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It made an accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community, who could pay for it. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity. As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and techniciAnswer: Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Question 15.
Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.
Answer:
Changes in caste system in post independent period can be discussed under two headings, viz., Functional Changes in Caste System and Changes in the Role of Caste System.

(A) Functional Changes in the Caste System: The caste system has neither disintegrated of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity. Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities. 66. Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.

nor did it disappear in present India despite many modifications. During the last six decades caste structures has considerably changed. Though, these two important features of hereditary membership and hierarchy have not changed at all. But we do find some changes in the following:

Occupational choice is relaxed
Decline and Disappearance of the caste panchayaths
Commensall restrictions are relaxed
The religious basis of caste has ramped. Caste is no more believed to be divinely
Caste is no longer restricts newly valued individual freedom and the occupational career of an individual, though his social status continue to be dependent on his caste membership.

(B) The Changes in the Role of Caste System: The major changes in the role of Caste system are following:

(1) Elections Based On Caste System Caste in modem India is very important, and every political party is aware of its vote catching power though the political leaders condemn caste verbally. But in practice caste consideration are potent.

(2) Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations: Caste consciousness and organization have increased in modem India. Caste based Educational Institutions, Banks, Hostels, Cooperative Societies, Charities, Marriage halls and journals, which are the indicators of caste consciousness. The journals, published by the caste organization, are the units of the media of communicative integration. The community aspect of caste has been made more comprehensive and permanent. According to G. S. Ghurye “Thus a vicious circle has been created. The feeling of caste solidarity is now so strong that it is truly described as caste patriotism”.

(3) Impact of Modern Means of Transport and Communication: According to M.N Srinivas “The building of Roads all over India, and the introduction ofRailway, Postal service, cheap paper and printing especially in regional languages enabled castes to organize as they had never done before. A post card carried news of a caste meeting and the railways enabled members sheltered in far-flung villages to come together when necessary, with the availability of cheap news print facilitated, the founding of caste journals, whose aim was to promote the interests of their respective castes.

(4) Impact of Modern Education: Education has been liberalized in post independence era. No doubt, modem educated youths being inspired by the ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity, scientific outlook, secularism, etc. have changed their attitudes towards caste system. It did not necessarily mean that caste has disappeared. The educated leaders started caste journals and held conferences. Funds were collected to organize the caste meetings and to help the poorer members. In general, it may be said that the last hundred years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence between different castes.

Question 16.
Define scheduled castes and explain the problem of scheduled castes.
Answer:
The description of scheduled castes as a marginalized group with a series of disabilities that are imposed on them. It is instead a catalogue typically associated with untouchability. These are as follows:

I. Social Disabilities.

Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables might not be allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities.

Exclusion from any honourable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or menial occupations.
Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities.

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could not worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D.N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Question 17.
Define Tribe and explain the changing concept of Tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of clAnswer: It was a territorial organization exercising, control over its people. The territoiy under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it. Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe.

Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

Tribal people of the Sub-Himalayan region belong to the Mongoloid race. They are sub-divided into Palaeo-Mongoloid represented by Tribes living in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur and the Tibeto-Mangoloid represented by the Tribals living the Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Ladak (Jammu & Kashmir). A major portion of the Tribal population in India belongs to the Mediterranean stock. They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’. Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

Mahatma Gandhiji called Tribals as Girijana and G.S. Ghurye consider tribals as Backward Hindus. The concept of a Tribe has undergone further changes particularly after India’s independence. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar preferred the concept “Scheduled Tribe” to ‘Adivasis’. Under the Constitution of India certain Tribes have been specified as Scheduled Tribes. The constitution neither defined nor lays down any criteria for specifying the scheduled Tribes. Here Scheduled simply means ‘grouped together’. Tribes so grouped are given special treatment of facilities envisaged under the Constitution.

Question 18.
Give a Brief overview of – Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

Anew awareness arose among the non-Brahmins in the princely state of Mysore. Vokkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore had realized their position of relative deprivation as against the Brahmins. By 1917, these groups form an alliance called Prajamitra Mandali in 1918, this mandali pleaded Maharaja of Mysore for the representation in legislature, reservation in posts of public services and educational institutions. In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However, in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. The government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy Commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.

Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories. Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju (2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih (2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N.

Shankarappa(2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति

November 2, 2023

You can Download 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति, 2nd PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति

अ) कोष्ठक में दिए गए कारक चिन्हों से रिक्त स्थान भरिए :
(ने, को, से, के द्वारा, के लिए, का, की, के, में, पर)

1) पेड़ ……………. फल गिरता है। [से]
2) रमेश ………….. तीन बहनें हैं। [की]
3) घर ……….. सामने बगीचा है। [के]
4) मेज ………….. पुस्तक रख दो। [पर]
5) राम कैंची ……….. कागज काटता है। [से]
6) थैली …………. पुस्तक है। [में]
7) बिल्ली ………… सारा दूध पी लिया। [ने]
8) हम लोग बाग ………. घूमेंगे। [में]
9) वे घर-घर घूमकर पीड़ितों ……… सहायता करते हैं। [की]
10) मैंने ब्राह्मण ………….. धन दिया। [को]
11) हाथ …………… गिलास छूट गया। [से]
12) वे साहित्य और दर्शन …………. विद्वान थे। [के]
13) स्त्री ………….. सम्मान देना चाहिए। [को]
14) माँ ………… बेटे को समझाया। [ने]
15) रश्मि ने रमा ……….. पुस्तक दी। [को]

16) देश ……………. प्यार करना हमारा कर्तव्य है। [से]
17) यह संकोच ……………. युग नहीं है। [का]
18) सड़क ………… लोग जमा हैं। [पर]
19) आप अपने कमरे ……….. जाइए। [में]
20) वह गाड़ी ……………. उतरा। [से]
21) पुस्तकालय ………….. बहुत सी किताबें हैं। [में]
22) वीरों ने देश ……….. प्राणों की आहुति दी। [के लिए]
23) पीड़ितों …………. दान दो। [को]
24) नाव नदी ………….. डूब गई। [में]
25) कुत्ते ………… पिल्ला बड़ा प्यारा है। [का]
26) अहमद …………. पत्र लिखा गया। [से]
27) पंछी ……….. पिंजरा खाली किया। [ने]
28) वह अपने गुरु …………. इज्जत करता है। [की]
29) यह काम मेरे मित्र …………… हो जाएगा। [के द्वारा]
30) कलावती बच्चों ……….. पढ़ा रही है। [को]

आ) कोष्ठक में दिए गए उचित शब्दों से रिक्त स्थान भरिए :

(पावन, भला, किताब, समाज, विज्ञान, स्वभाव, समय, ज्ञान)
1) आप ……….. तो जग भला। [भला]
2) साहित्य ………….. का दर्पण है। [समाज]
3) वह सरस्वती देवी का ………….. मंदिर है। [पावन]
4) आज का युग ……….. का युग है। [विज्ञान]
5) ………….. परिवर्तनशील है। [समय]
6) उस ………. का क्या मूल्य है? [किताब]
7) मानस में भक्ति, ……. और कर्म का समन्वय है। [ज्ञान]
8) उसके ……….. में मधुरता है।[स्वभाव]

अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :

इ) कोष्ठक में दिए गए कारक चिन्हों/शब्दों से रिक्त स्थान भरिए :
1. (का, पर, को, से)
1) कुत्सित लोगों …………… सभी घृणा करते हैं। [से]
2) जो खर्च करता है, उसी ………….. देता है। [को]
3) उसके चेहरे …………… रंग लाल हो गया। [का]
4) इस पद …………. उन्होंने तीन वर्षों तक काम किया। [पर]

2. (ईश्वर, पुस्तक, बालक, खाना)
1) मेरे लिए ……….. लाओ। [खाना]
2) ……………. तुम्हे सुख व समृद्धि दे। [ईश्वर]
3) …………. ने रोटी खाई। [बालक]
4) वह ………… पढ़ रहा है। [पुस्तक]

3. (पास, दर्द, कई, निकल)
1) उसके …………… बहुत सोना है। [पास]
2) उसके प्राण ………. रहे हैं। [निकल]
3) मैंने तुम्हें ………….. बार कहा। [कई]
4) उसके पेट में ………….. हो रहा है। [दर्द]

4. (फल, कैंची, सामने, पुस्तक)

1) पेड़ से …………. गिरता है। [फल]
2) घर के …………… बगीचा है। [सामने]
3) मेज पर ………. रख दो। [पुस्तक]
4) राम …………. से कागज काटता है। [कैंची]

5. (बहनें, धन, नई, निर्णय)
1) मैं …………… पोशाक पहनूँगा। [नई]
2) पंचों का …………… सभी को मान्य है। [निर्णय]
3) रमेश की तीन …………. हैं। [बहनें]
4) मैंने ब्राह्मण को ……….. दिया। [धन]

6. (ने, की, के, में)
1) थैली ………….. पुस्तक है।। [में]
2) बिल्ली …………. सारा दूध पी लिया। [ने]
3) वे घर-घर घूमकर पीड़ितों …….. सहायता करते हैं। [की]
4) वे साहित्य और दर्शन …………. विद्वान थे। [के]

7. (बेटे, लोग, सम्मान, गिलास)
1) सड़क पर …………… जमा हैं। [लोग]
2) हाथ से …………. छूट गया। [गिलास]
3) स्त्री को …………. देना चाहिए। [सम्मान]
4) माँ ने ………….. को समझाया। [बेटे]

8. (से, में, ने, को)

1) वीरों …………… देश के लिए प्राणों की आहुति दी। [ने]
2) रश्मि ने रमा ………… पुस्तक दी। [को]
3) आप अपने कमरे ……………. जाइए। [में]
4) वह गाड़ी …………. उतरा। [से]

9. (पत्र, नदी, पिल्ला, बहुत-सी)
1) पुस्तकालय में ………. किताबें हैं। [बहुत-सी]
2) नाव …………… में डूब गई। [नदी]
3) कुत्ते का …………… बड़ा प्यारा है। [पिल्ला]
4) अहमद से ……………. लिखा गया। [पत्र]

10. (की, से, ने, में)
1) मानस ……………. भक्ति, ज्ञान और कर्म का समन्वय है। [में]
2) पंछी ………….. पिंजरा खाली किया। [ने]
3) वह अपने गुरु …………… इज्जत करता है। [की]
4) यह काम मेरे मित्र ………….. हो जाएगा। [से]

11. (युग, दर्पण, दान, बाग)
1) हम लोग …………. में घूमेंगे। [बाग]
2) यह संकोच का ………….. नहीं है। [युग]
3) पीड़ितों को ……………. दो। [दान]
4) साहित्य समाज का …………. है। [दर्पण]

12. (पावन, विज्ञान, समय, भला)

1) आप ……………. तो जग भला। [भला]
2) वह सरस्वती देवी का ……………. मंदिर है। [पावन]
3) आज का युग ………….. का युग है। [विज्ञान]
4) …………. परिवर्तनशील है। [समय]

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 6 Market and Communication Systems

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 6 Market and Communication Systems

You can Download Chapter 6 Market and Communication Systems Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Market and Communication Systems One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is the author of the book “Wealth of Nations”.
Answer:
Adam Smith.

Question 2.
What is the other name for Laissez Fair Policy?
Answer:
Free Market.

Question 3.
What does WWW Stand for?
Answer:
World Wide Web.

Question 4.
Who created World Wide Web?
Answer:
Tim Berners – Lee in 1990.

Question 5.
Expand T R P?
Answer:
Television Rating Point.

Question 6.
Name anyone Traditional Business Communities in India.
Answer:
Marwaris.

Question 7.
Who wrote Asian Drama?
Answer:
GunnarMyrdal.

Question 8.
Who conducted a study on Dhorai Tribal Market?
Answer:
Alfred Gell.

Question 9.
Which day Dhorai weekly market Takes Place?
Answer:
Friday.

Question 10.
Who are the Business class according to Varanshram.system?
Answer:
Vaishyar.

Question 11.
Which marginal Tribal Group was in Salt Trade?
Answer:
Banjaras.

Question 12.
In which month pushkar Annual fair held?
Answer:
Karthika Ekadashi to Karthika Poomime.

Question 13.
Who invented Printing Technology?
Answer:
John Guttenberg.

Question 14.
Who Introduced prototype New service in Paris?
Answer:
Paul Julius Reuter.

Question 15.
Who started Sambad kaumudi?
Answer:
Raja Ram MahanRoy.

Question 16.
Who started Shome Prakashana?
Answer:
Ishwara Chandra Vidya Sagar.

Question 17.
Which year Times of India started in Bombay?
Answer:
1861.

Question 18.
Who founded Mangalooru Samachara?
Answer:
Herman Magling.

Question 19.
Expand LAN.
Answer:
Local Area Network.

Question 20.
In which year Ham Broadcasting club in Kolkolta and Chennai Started.
Answer:
1920.

Question 21.
Where is the Headquarter of Aakashavani?
Answer:
Bangalore. (Kannada Version of AIR)

Question 22.
Mention any one film in which Radio is used on an medium of commination?
Answer:
Loge Raho Munnai Bhai.

Question 23.
Which Rural Development programs was Experimentally introduced in Television in 1959?
Answer:
Krishi Darshan.

Question 24.
Expand the SITE
Answer:
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment.

Question 25.
Mention anyone leading Kannada News Channel.
Answer:
TV. 9.

Question 26.
Who is considered as father of Kannada Journalism?
Answer:
M. Venkatakrishnya.

Question 27.
Who started weekly Magazine Vrittanta Chintamani.
Answer:
M. Venkatakrishnya.

Question 28.
Mention any one English News Channel.
Answer:
NDTV 24×7.

Question 29.
Expand DARPA.
Answer:
Defense Advanced Research Agency.

Question 30.
Mention any one social networking site.
Answer:
Twitter.

Question 31.
Who is the owner of “News Corporation”
Answer:
Report Murdoch.

Question 32.
Mention anyone leading English News Paper.
Answer:
The Hindu.

Question 33.
Mention anyone leading Kannada News Paper.
Answer:
Vijaya Karnataka.

Question 34.
Who said that electronic media are creating a global village?
Answer:
Marshal Mucllhan.

Question 35.
Who referred to media as a social capital?
Answer:
Robert Putnam.

Question 36.
Who analysed media as a decay of public sphere?
Answer:
Hebarmas.

Question 37.
Who regards mass media as Hyper Reality?
Answer:
Jean Budrillard.

Question 38.
Is market a social Institution?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 39.
Who. Introduced Invisible hand in the market?
Answer:
Adamsmith.

Question 40.
Give an example to a weekly market.
Answer:
Dorai weekly market.

Question 41.
Give an example to a caste based business community.
Answer:
Nagarthakars.

Question 42.
In which state pushkar annual fair Take place.
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 43.
Which is an another name for virtual market.
Answer:
Online Market.

Question 44.
Who introduced teleshopping?
Answer:
Micheal Aldrich.

Question 45.
Name any two print media.
Answer:
News Papers and Magazines.

Question 46.
Name any two electronic media.
Answer:
Radio and Television.

Question 47.
Which is the first news paper of India.
Answer:
SambadKavmvdi.

Question 48.
What is sensational Journalism?
Answer:
Importance given to crime, Sports and sex is called sensational journalism.

Question 49.
Who regards television presents serious issue into an entertainment?
Answer:
Horkheimer and Adorno.

Question 50.
Mention the caste based business community of Tamilnadu.
Answer:
Nagarthakas

2nd PUC Sociology Market and Communication Systems Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by Market?
Answer:
A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services.

Question 2.
Mention any two features of Market.
Answer:

Market is a place where things are bought and sold
Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people – buyers and sellers.

Question 3.
What is Virtual Market?
Answer:
The new form of marketing and transactions are of taking place through online with the help of Information and Communication Technology. E-commerce, online purchase, online trading of stocks and shares are the latest in the market activities. Such transactions and activities are called as virtual activity of market.

Question 4.
Name any two online shopping sites.
Answer:
Fliplcart. com e Bay. In

Question 5.
What is Social Networking Site?
Answer:
Social Network Sites are defined as online platforms that focus on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people who share interests and activities.

Question 6.
What is Mcdonaldization?
Answer:
McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.

Question 7.
Mention guiding principles used by George Ritzer for Mcdonaldization.
Answer:
Guiding principles for McDonald’s restaurants

Efficiency
Calculatebility
Predictability
Control through automation
Standardized and uniform services.

Question 8.
What is internet?
Answer:
Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks consisting of millions of private, public, academic, business networks, which are linked with the networking technology. In simple words Internet is a network of networks.

Question 9.
What is Mass Media?
Answer:
Mass Media is a means of communication that reach large number of people in a short time. The mass media include a wide variety of forms, including Newspapers, Magazines, Radio, Television and Social Networking Sites.

Question 10.
Mention any two Traditional Business community in India.
Answer:
Vaisyas and Marwaris.

Question 11.
Mention the leading Marwari Business and Industrial families or Groups.
Answer:
Ambanis and Lakshmimittals.

Question 12.
Mention any two functions of mass media.
Answer:
Information and Entertainment.

Question 13.
State the type of mass media.
Answer:
Print media and electronic media.

Question 14.
Mention the epics which popularizes the Dooradarshan.
Answer:
Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Question 15.
State any two Kannada News Channels.
Answer:
TV.9 and Suvarana News 24 x 7.

Question 16.
Define TRP.
Answer:
Television Rating Point (TRP) is a tool provided to judge which programmes are viewed the most. This gives us an index of the choice of the people and also the popularity of a particular channel. For this purpose, a device is attached to the TV set of thousand viewers’ houses for judging purpose. The device is called as People’s Meter. It records the time and the programme that a viewer watches on a particular day.

Question 17.
Mention any two social networking sites.
Answer:
Twitter and Face book.

Question 18.
On which Theme Murdoch developed journalism.
Answer:
Sex, Crime and Sports.

Question 19.
Mention any two leading Kannada Newspapers.
Answer:
Vijayakarnataka and KannadaPraba.

Question 20.
Mention any two leading English Newspapers.
Answer:
The Hindu, The Times of India.

Question 21.
Mention any two leading English News Channels.
Answer:
CNNIBN, NDTV 24 x 7.

Question 22.
What do you mean by weekly market?
Answer:
In most agrarian societies, periodic markets are a central feature of social and economic organisation. Weekly markets bring together people from surrounding villages, who come to sell their agricultural or other produce and to buy manufactured goods and other items that are not available in their villages.

Weekly market is a common sight in rural and even urban India. In hilly and forested areas (especially those inhabited by Tribals, where settlements are far-flung, roads and communications are poor, and the economy relatively undeveloped, the weekly market is the major institution for the exchange of goods as well as for social intercourse.

Question 23.
Write any two uses of Technology in Newspaper production.
Answer:

Newspaper production has become automatic, from reporters dess to final page proof.
the use of paper has been completely eliminated with this automated chain.

2nd PUC Sociology Market and Communication Systems Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name any five Kannada News Channels and briefly explain.
Answer:
The Karnataka state is one of the fore-front of mass media. Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Chandana is dedicated for Kannada language which also provides news. Udaya news was the first private channel to broadcast news in Kannada language’.

At present there are 8 Kannada news channels viz., Tv-9, Suvarna News, Kasturi 24×7, Samaya News, Udaya News, Janashree News and Raj News, ETV News and few news channels will also come up shortly. There are more than hundred news channels in India different languages catering all types of services.

They are cost effective and most accessible of electronic media. These channels play active roles in socializing everyday life by stimulating interests in their characters, life styles, relationship, wealth, clothing and personal likes and dislikes.

Question 2.
Describe weekly market as a social institution.
Answer:
In most agrarian societies , periodic markets are a central feature of social and economic organisation. Weekly markets bring together people from surrounding villages, who come to sell their agricultural or other produce and to buy manufactured goods and other items that are not available in their villages. They attract traders, as well as moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers, and a host of other specialists offering their services.

Local people come to the market to sell their agricultural or forest produce to traders, who carry it to the towns for resale, and they buy essentials such as salt and agricultural implements, bangles and jewellery etc. But for many visitors, the primary reason to come to the market is social – to meet kin, to arrange marriages, exchange gossip, and so on.

Question 3.
Write a note on Bastar Tribal Market.
Answer:
The weekly market as a social institution, the links between the local Tribal economy and the outside, and the exploitative economic relationships between adivasis and others, are illustrated by a study of a weekly market in Bastar district. This district is populated by Gonds, an adivasi group. At the weekly market, you find local people, including tribals and non-tribals, as well as outsiders – mainly traders of various castes. Forest officials also come to the market to conduct business with adivasis who work for the Forest Department, and the market attracts a Variety of specialists selling their goods and services. The major goods that are exchanged in the market are

Manufactured goods (such as jewellery and trinkets, pots and knives)
Non-local foods (such as salt and Haldi (turmeric))
Local food and agricultural produce and manufactured items (such as Bamboo baskets)
Forest produce such as tamarind, oil-seeds and etc. The forest produce that is brought by the adivasis is purchased by traders who carry it to towns. 79. Describe the emergence of new market during the colonial period.

Question 4.
Describe the emergence of new market during the colonial period.
Answer:
The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. A well-known example is the demise of the handloom industry due to the flooding of the market with cheap manufactured textiles from England. In the colonial era India began to be more fully linked to the world capitalist economy. Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market. After colonisation, India became a source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods, both largely for the benefit of industrialising England.

At the same time, new groups (especially the Europeans) entered into trade and business, sometimes in alliance with existing merchant communities and in some cases by forcing them out. But rather than completely overturning existing economic institutions, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism and continued to hold economic power even after Independence.

A good example of this process is provided by the Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best-known business community in India. Represented by leading industrial families such as the Birlas, Ambanis, Lakshmimittal and etc. The Marwaris became a successful business community only during the colonial period, when they took advantage of new opportunities in colonial cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and settled throughout the country to carry out trade and money lending.

Like the Nakarattars, the success of the Marwaris rested on their extensive social networks, which created the relations of trust necessary to operate their banking system. Many Marwari families accumulated enough wealth to become moneylenders, and by acting as bankers also helped the commercial expansion of the British in India.

Question 5.
Write a note on Pushkar annual fair.
Answer:
The Pushkar Fair is the annual camel and livestock fair, held in the town of Pushkar in the state of Rajasthan. It is one of the world’s largest camel fairs, and apart from buying and selling of livestock it has become an important tourist attraction. Thousands of people go to the banks of the Pushkar Lake where the fair takes place. Men buy and sell their livestock, which includes camels, cows, sheep and goats. The women go to the stalls, full of bracelets, clothes, textiles and fabrics.

A camel race starts off the festival, with music, songs and exhibitions to follow. It is celebrated for five days from the Kartik ekadashi to Kartik Poomima, the full moon day of Kartik in Hindu calendar. The full moon day is the main day and the day, according to legend, when the Hindu god Brahma sprung up the Pushkar Lake, thus numerous people swim in its sacred waters.

There are many such fairs having socio, economic and Religions importance taken place in Karnataka also. For example fair at Yamanur in Dharwad Dt, Bavashankari in Bagalkote and Tippe Swamy fair in Dhavapagere (dt), Ground Nut fair in Bangalore, Cauvery Theerthodbhava at Bhagamandala, Antaragange fair in Kolar etc.

Question 6.
Write a note on Social Networking Sites?
Answer:
Social Network Sites are defined as online platforms that focus on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people who share interests and activities. Further, Social Networking Sites are a type of virtual community that has grown tremendously in popularity. Through social networking people can use network of online friends and group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real- life friendships through similar interest or groups.

Besides, establishing social relationships, social networking members can share interest and their ideas with other like-minded members by joining groups or forums. They can also participate in discussions. Members will be updated instantly about their friends and groups. In short, a SNS is a hub for communication, entertainment and information. The Social Networking Sites include; Facebook, Orkut, Google plus, Myspace, Twitter, Friendster, Bharathstudent and etc.

Question 7.
Explain in brief any five contemporary Indian news papers in English.
Answer:
While English newspapers, often called ‘National Dailies’ i.e. The Times of India, The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Economic Times, Hindustan Times, Deccan Herald and etc, circulate across nation, vernacular newspapers have vastly increased their circulation in the states and the rural hinterland. In order to compete with the electronic media, newspapers on the one hand reduced prices and on the other hand brought out editions from multiple centres. Increasing dependence on the sponsors of advertisements and many feared that the rise in electronic media would lead to a decline in the circulation of print media. This has not happened. Indeed it has expanded.

Question 8.
Write a note on Radio.
Answer:
Radio broadcasting which commenced in India through amateur ‘HAM’ Broadcasting Clubs in Kolkata and Chennai in the 1920s, matured into a public broadcasting system in the 1940s during the World War II when it became a major instrument of propaganda for Allied forces in South-east Asia. At the time of independence there were only 6 radio stations located in the major cities catering primarily to an urban audience. Since the media was seen as an active partner in the development of the newly free nation the AIR’s programmes consisted mainly of news, current affairs, and discussions on development.

Apart from All India Radio (AIR) there is Vividh Bharati, a channel for entertainment that was primarily broadcasting film songs on listeners’ request. Vividh Bharati, which soon began to carry sponsored programmes and advertisements and grew to become a money-spinning channel for AIR. Aakashavani (Kannada version of AIR) headquarter at Bangalore and there are regional centers at Mysore, Bhadravathi, Dharwad, Mangalore and Gulbarga, broadcasting news, entertainment, sponsored programmes and commercial programmes etc.

After independence the government gave priority to the expansion of the radio broadcasting infrastructure, especially in state capitals and in border areas. Over the years, AIR has developed a formidable infrastructure for radio broadcasting in India. It operates a three-tiered – national, regional, and local – service to cater to India’s geographic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Nowadays radio broadcasts in 24 languages and 146 dialects.

Question 9.
Explain any five leading Kannada newspapers.
Answer:
The era of Kannada newspapers in Karnataka started in 1843 when Hermann Mogling, a missionary from German Basel Mission published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara from Mangalore. Later it was renamed as Kannada Samachar. M. Venkatakrishnaiah (1844 – 1933) considered as the father of Kannada Journalism brought out his weekly “Vrittanta chintamani” in 1885 in Mysore.

He laid this foundation for modern Kannada Journalism. Afterwards in different parts of the state few newspapers cum magazines used to publish viz., Sabuddhi Prakasha Vara Patrike (1849), Arunodaya (1862), Mysore Herald (1886), Wealth of Mysore (1912), Bharathi (1907, D V Gund appa), Chitra gupta(1928, KN Veerannagowda, Mandya, Prajamatha (1931, B N Gupta).

There are many Kannada language newspapers that have served the media industry significantly and also have earned significant recognition. Some of the leading Kannada language newpapers include; Prajavani, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Vijaya Karnataka, Hosa Digantha, Sanjevani, Udayavani, Andolana, ESange, etc. The Kannada language newspapers are playing important role in disseminating valuable information about the latest happenings in and around the world.

Question 10.
Define market. Explain the characteristics of market.
Answer:
A market is one of the social institutions, whereby parties’engage in exchange of goods and services. Markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.
In the field of Sociology the concept of a market is a structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a Transaction.

The features of Market are as follow;

(1) Market is a place where things are bought and sold: In common usage, the word ‘market’ may refer to particular markets that we may know of, such as the market next to the railway station, the fruit market, or the wholesale market.

(2) Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people – buyers and sellers: Thus, for example, a weekly market may be found in different places on different days of the week in neighbouring villages or urban neighbourhoods.

(3) Market is a type of trade or business: Market refers to an area or category of trade or business, such as the market for cars or the market for readymade clothes.

(4) Market includes the entire spectrum of economic activities and institutions: In this very broad sense, then, ‘the market’ is almost equivalent to ‘the economy’. We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution, but this chapter will show you that the market is also a social institution. In its own way, the market is comparable to more obviously social institutions like caste, religion or family.

Question 11.
Explain the sociological perspectives on market and economy.
Answer:
The discipline of economics is aimed at understanding and explaining how markets work in modem capitalist economies – for instance, how prices are determined, the probable impact of specific kinds of investment, or the factors that influence people to save or spend. Adam Smith argued that the capitalist economy is driven by individual self-interest, and works best when individual buyers and sellers make rational decisions that serve their own interests.

Smith used the idea of the ‘invisible hand’ to argue that society overall benefits when individuals pursue their own self-interest in the market, because it stimulates the economy and creates more Gunnar Myrdal, a Sweedish Nobel Laureate, Economist and Sociologist in his work Asian Drama is pertaining to the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. Gunnar Myrdal analysed economic issues from social perspective and he says social issues determine economic development.

In contrast to this approach, sociologists have attempted to develop an alternative way of studying economic institutions and processes within the larger social framework. Sociologists view markets as social institutions that are constructed in culturally specific ways. For example, markets are often controlled or organised by particular social groups or classes, and have specific connections to other institutions, social processes and structures. Sociologists often express this idea by saying that economies are socially ‘embedded’. This is illustrated by two examples, one of a weekly markets and the other of a ‘Traditional business community’ and its trading networks in India.

Question 12.
Explain the structure of Dhorai Tribal Market.
Answer:
According to Alfred Gell (1982), the anthropologist who studied Dhorai, the market has significance much beyond its economic functions. For example, the layout of the market symbolises the hierarchical inter-group social relations in this region. Different social groups are located according to their position in the caste and social hierarchy as well as in the market system.

(i) The wealthy and high-ranking Rajput jeweller and the middle-ranking local traders sit in the central ‘zones’.

(ii) The tribal sellers of vegetables and local wares in the outer circles.

(iii) The quality of social relations is expressed in the kinds of goods that are bought and sold, and the way in which transactions are carried out. For instance, interactions between tribals and non-tribal traders are very different than those between Hindus of the same community: they express hierarchy and social distance rather than social equality.

An Adivasi Village Market in Dhorai is the name of a market village located deep in the hinterland of North Bastar district, Chattisgarh. On non-market days Dhorai is a sleepy, Dhorai on non-market days – every day except Friday, that is hardly exists but Dhorai on a market day might be a totally different place. The Forest officials disburse payments to the Tribal labourers. They are joined by vegetable sellers, and by specialised craftsmen, potters, weavers and blacksmiths.

Question 13.
Analyse the caste based Trade among the Nakarattars of Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Caste-based trade among the Nakarattars of Tamil Nadu banking system resembled an Economist’s model of Western-style banking systems. the Nakarattars loaned and deposited money with one another in caste-defined social relationships based on business, residential location, descent, marriage, and common cult membership. The Nakarattar banking system was a caste-based banking system. Individual Nakarattars organised their lives around participation in and management of various communal institutions adapted to the task of accumulating and distributing reserves of capital.

The Nattukottai Chettiars (Nakarattars) of Tamil Nadu, provide an interesting illustration of how these indigenous trading networks were organised and worked. A study of this community during the colonial period shows how its banking and trade activities were deeply embedded in the social organisation of the community. The structures of caste, kinship, and family were oriented towards commercial activity, and business activity was carried out within these social structures.

As in most ‘traditional’ merchant communities, Nakarattar banks were basically joint family firms, so that the structure of the business firm was the same as that of the family. Similarly, trading and banking activities were organised through caste and kinship relationships. For instance, their extensive caste-based social networks allowed Chettiar merchants to expand their activities into Southeast Asia and Ceylon.

Question 14.
Analyse the emergence of Marwari’s Business committee.
Answer:
A good example of this process is provided by the Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best-known business community in India. Represented by leading industrial families such as the Birlas, Ambanis, Lakshmimittal and etc. The Marwaris became a successful business community only during the colonial period, when they took advantage of new opportunities in colonial cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and settled throughout the country to carry out trade and money lending.

Post Independence period some Marwari families transformed themselves into modern industrialists, and even today Marwaris control more of India’s Economy than any other community. This story of the emergence of a new business community under colonialism, and its transformation from small migrant traders to merchant bankers to industrialists, illustrates the importance of the social context to economic processes.

Question 15.
List out the early Newspapers in India.
Answer:
The first modem mass media began with the development of the printing press. Although the history of print in certain societies dates back to many centuries, the first-attempts at printing books using modem technologies began in Europe. This technique was first developed by Johann Gutenberg in 1440. Initial attempts at printing were restricted to religious books. With the Industrial Revolution, the print industry also grew.

The first products of the press were restricted to an audience of literate elites. Paul Julius Reuter initiated a prototype news service in Paris in 1849, using carrier pigeons as well as the electric telegraph in his network. By 1923, the company he founded, Reuters, was transmitting news by Radio Early Newspapers in India.

Raja Rammohun Roy, his Sambad-Kaumudi in Bengali published in 1821, and Mirat-Ul- Akbar in Persian published in 1822, were the first publications in India with a distinct nationalist and democratic approach.
Fardoonji Murzban was the pioneer of the Gujarati Press in Bombay. It was as early as 1822 that he started the Bombay Samachar as a daily.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started the Shome Prakash in Bengali in 1858.
The Times of India was founded in Bombay in 1861.
The Pioneer in Allahabad in 1865.
The Madras Mail in 1868.
The Statesman in Calcutta in 1875.
The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore in 1876.
The Hindu in 1878.
The Indian Express
The Hindustan Times
Deccan Herald, etc.

Kannada Newspapers: The era of Kannada newspapers in Karnataka started in 1843 when Hermann Mogling, a missionary from German Basel Mission published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara from Mangalore. Later it was renamed as Kannada Samachar. M. Venkatakrishnaiah (1844 -1933) considered as the father of Kannada Journalism brought out his weekly “Vrittanta chintamani” in 1885 in Mysore.

He laid this foundation for modem Kannada Journalism. Afterwards in different parts of the state few newspapers cum magazines used to publish viz., Sabuddhi Prakasha Vara Patrike (1849), Arunodaya (1862), Mysore Herald (1886), Wealth of Mysore (1912), Bharathi (1907, D V Gund appa), Chitra gupta (1928, K N Veerannagowda, Mandya, Prajamatha (1931, B N Gupta).

Question 16.
Explain the Role of Technology in Newspaper productions.
Answer:
From the late 1980s and early 1990s, newspapers have become fully automatic-from reporter’s desk to final page proof. The use of paper has been completely eliminated with this automated chain. This has become possible because of two technological changes – networking of personal computers (PCs) through LANs (local area networks) and use of news making software like Newsmaker and other customised software. Changing technology has also changed the role and function of a reporter. The basic tools of a news reporter – a shorthand notebook, pen, typewriter, and telephone has been replaced by new tools – a mini tape recorder, a laptop or a personal computer (PC), mobile or satellite phone, and other accessories like modem.

All these technological changes in news gathering have increased the speed of news and helped newspaper managements to push their deadlines to dawn. They are also able to plan a greater number of editions and provide the latest news to the readers. A number of newspapers are using the new technologies to bring out separate editions for each of the districts. While print centres are limited, the number of editions has grown manifold.

Newspaper chains like Vijaya Kamatak are using new technology for news gathering as well as for improving pictorial coverage. The newspaper has a network of nearly a hundred reporters and staffers and an equal number of photographers, feeding news. All the hundred correspondents are equipped with PCs and modems for news transmission, and the photographers carry digital cameras with them. Digital images are sent to the central news desk via modems.

Question 17.
Write a note on report Murdoch.
Answer:
Rupert Murdoch is an Australian-born entrepreneur who is the head of one of the world’s largest media empires News Corporations. Murdoch established News Corporation in Australia before moving into the British and American markets in the 1960s. His initial purchases of the News of the World and the Sun in Britain in 1969 and the New York Post in the mid-1970s paved the way for a dramatic expansion in later acquisitions. In the USA alone, News Corporation’s holdings new include more than 130 newspapers.

Murdoch turned many of these newspapers towards sensationalistic journalism, building on the three themes of sex, crime and sport. The Sun, for example, became highly successful, with the highest circulation of any daily English-language newspaper in the world, standing at around 3.4 million copies daily in mid-2004.

Competition for broadcasting rights is intense between News Corporation and other media empires as the global demand for sports and other kinds of events. He is weighty enough to influence governments, but it is in the nature of the telecommunications business that it is everywhere and nowhere. Murdoch’s power base is very large, but also elusive.

To create sensation among the readers his company tapped the phone calls of the top Officials, Royal family members, Politicians and filmstars. He was accused of taping the British Royal family. British Parliament warned him for his illegal tapings.

Question 18.
Analyse the recent Trends in print media.
Answer:
As is evident, the reasons for this amazing growth in the circulation of Indian language newspapers are many.

1. There is a rise in the number of literate people who are migrating to cities. The Hindi daily Hindustan in 2003 printed 64,000 copies of their Delhi edition, which jumped to 425,000 by 2005. The reason was that, of Delhi’s population of one more and forty-seven lakhs, 52 percent had come from the Hindi belt. Out of this, 47 percent have come from a rural background and 60 percent of them are less than 40 years of age.

2. Dominant Indian language newspapers such as Malayalam Manorama and Eenadu Telugu Nam Paper launched the concept of local news in a significant manner by introducing district and block editions.

3. Dina Thanthi, another leading Tamil newspaper, has always used simplified and colloquial language. In Kannada Prajavani, Vijaya Karnataka, Kannada Prabha have adopted the same techniques.

4. The Indian language newspapers have adopted advanced printing technologies and also attempted supplements, pullouts, and literary and niche booklets.

5. Marketing strategies have also marked the Dainik Bhaskar group, Vijayakarnataka’s . growth as they carry out consumer contact programmes, door-to-door surveys, and research.

6. Cross media ownership trend becoming visible among the major players such as Eenadu group, Times group, Dainik Jagaran, and Sahara who plunged into TV news after their long innings in newspapers.

Question 19.
Explain the recent Trends in English Newspapers.
Answer:
While English newspapers, often called ‘National Dailies’ i.e. The Times of India, The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Economic Times, Hindustan Times, Deccan Herald and etc, circulate across nation, vernacular newspapers have vastly increased their circulation in the states and the rural hinterland. In order to compete with the electronic media, newspapers on the one hand reduced prices and on the other hand brought out editions from multiple centres. Increasing dependence on the sponsors of advertisements and many feared that the rise in electronic media would lead to a decline in the circulation of print media. This has not happened. Indeed it has expanded.

Question 20.
Discuss the trends of Television Channels.
Answer:
In 1991 there was one state controlled TV channel in India. “Doordarshan”. By 1998 there . were 70 channels. Privately run satellite channels have multiplied rapidly since the mid-1990s. The staggering growth of private satellite television has been one of the defining developments of contemporary India.

The Gulf War of 1991 (which popularised CNN), and the launching of Star-TV in the same year by the Whampoa Hutchinson Group of Hong Kong, signalled the arrival of private satellite Channels in India. In 1992, Zee TV, a Hindi-based satellite entertainment channel, also began beaming programs to cable television viewers in India.

By 2000, many private cable and satellite channels were available including several that focused exclusively on regional-language broadcasting like Sun-TV, Eenadu-TV, Udaya-TV, Raj-TV, and Asianet. Zee TV has also launched several regional networks, other languages. Indian based English news channels like NDTV 24X7, CNN IBN, Times Now, Headlines Today are also popular among English speaking people.

The coming in of transnational television companies like Star TV, MTV, Channel [V], Sony and others, worried some people on the likely impact on Indian youth and on the Indian cultural identity. But most of the transnational Television channels have through research realised that the use of the familiar is more effective in procuring the diverse groups that constitute Indian audience.

So these channels are also given importance to family oriented entertainment. Entertainment television has produced a new cadre of superstars who have become familiar household names. Reality shows like Kaun Banega Crorepati or Indian Idol or Big Boss have become increasingly popular. Most of these are modelled along the lines of western programmes.

Question 21.
Discuss the events which popularise dooradarshan in gaining highest TRP.
Answer:
The advent of colour broadcasting during the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi and the rapid expansion of the national network led to rapid commercialisation of Television broadcasting. During 1984-85 the number of television transmitters increased all over India covering a large proportion of the population. It was also the time when indigenous soap operas like Hum Log and Buniyaad were aired.

They were hugely popular acclaim and attracted substantial advertising revenue for Doordarshan as did the broadcasting of the epics Ramayana and Mahabharat, Vishnupurana, the sword of Tippusultan, the maratha, Jai Hanuman, Shaktiman, OmNamahshivay. These did help the Dooradarshan to gain Television Rating points (TRPs).

2nd PUC Sociology Market and Communication Systems Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the functions of Mass Media.
Answer:
(1) Information: The media provides a continuous flow of information about the world, from T.V., Newspapers and radio reports the political, sports, entertainment and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.

(2) Correlation: The media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.

(3) Continuity: The media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forging common values.

(4) Entertainment: The media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension.

(5) Mobilization: To encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.

(6) Social Reformation: The beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to the widest section of people.

The gravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.

(7) National Consciousness: It was only in the mid 19th century, with further development in technologies, transportation and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different comers of the country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or ‘we feeling’.

Question 2.
Describe virtual markets in detail.
Answer:
The new form of marketing transactions are of taking place through online with the help of Information and Communication Technology. Such transactions and activities are called as virtual market. E-commerce, online purchase, online trading of stocks and shares are the latest in the market activities. Virtual marketing is a form of electronic or e-commerce which allows consumers or buyers to directly purchase goods or services from a seller over the internet using a web browser. Virtual market can be called as e-shop, internet shop, online store and virtual store.

The 21st century in India has witnessed for enormous increase in the number of virtual or online markets. The trend is common in western countries. But, in India with the advancement of Information Technology (IT) the growth of virtual marketing has immensely raised. In the global level the emergence of online or virtual market is relatively a new phenomenon and it has only a few decades of history. It is quite interesting to examine the events took place before 1990’s for the development of virtual market.

Even though the research for developing virtual market started early 1960, virtual market came to reality only after 1990’s. The concept of “Teleshopping” was first introduced by Michael Aldrich in 1979 and in the same year Videotex was being researched. In France, Mintel succeeded on the research of Videotex which allowed online purchases, check share market, etc in 1982. The actual growth of online or virtual market started in 1990, when the first World Wide Web (WWW) server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991.

Thereafter, with the advancement in I T, in 1994 an online pizza shop has been opened by Pizza Hut. Later, Intershop’s first online shopping system and Netscapes’ SSL systems have been developed with the advent of these above, in 1995 Amazon.com has launched its virtual marketing sites and later in the same year eBay also opened up its online shopping websites, which is the first online action website. With the emergence of big shopping companies like Futurebazaar, Shoppers stop, Reliance retail, Spencer Mart etc., the outlook of online shopping has completely changed for the best.

Question 3.
Explain the social organization of traditional business communities.
Answer:
As you have already learned, there is a close connection between the caste system and the economy, in terms of landholding, occupational differentiation, and so on. This is also true in the case of trade and markets.

(1) Varnashram System: In fact, ‘ Vaisyas’ constitute one of the four varnas – an indication of the importance of the merchant and of trade or business in Indian society since ancient times.

(2) Banias in North India: Although there are ‘Vaisya’ communities such as Banias in North India, whose traditional occupation has been trade or commerce for a long time, there are some caste groups that have entered into trade. Such groups tend to acquire or claim ‘Vaisya’ status in the process of upward mobility.

(3) Emergence of Traditional Business Communities: The ‘traditional business communities’ in India include not only ‘Vaisyas’, but also other groups with distinctive religious or other community identities, such as the Parsis, Sindhis, Bohras, or Jains. Marwaris during the colonial period. The long-distance trade in salt was controlled by a marginalised ‘tribal’ group, the Banjaras.

(4) Operations of Market: To understand the operation of markets in India, both in earlier periods and at present, we can examine how specific arenas of business are controlled by particular communities. One of the reasons for this caste-based specialisation is that trade and commerce often operate through caste and kinship networks, as we have seen in the case of the Nakarattars.

Because businessmen are more likely to trust others of their own community or kin group, they tend to do business within such networks rather than with outsiders – and this tends to create a caste monopoly within certain areas of business.

(5) Emergence of New Markets: Colonial Period: The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. A well-known example is the demise of the handloom industry due to the flooding of the market with cheap manufactured textiles from England. In the colonial era India began to be more fully linked to the world capitalist economy. Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market.

After colonisation, India became a source of raw materials and agricultural products and a consumer of manufactured goods, both largely for the benefit of industrialising England. At the same time, new groups (especially the Europeans) entered into trade and business, sometimes in alliance with existing merchant communities and in some cases by forcing them out.

But rather than completely overturning existing economic institutions, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic opportunities provided by colonialism and continued to hold economic power even after Independence.

(6) Emergence of Marwaris: A good example of this process is provided by the Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best-known business community in India. Represented by leading industrial families such as the Birlas, Ambanis, Lakshmimittal and etc. The Marwaris became a successful business community only during the colonial period, when they took advantage of new opportunities in colonial cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and settled throughout the country to carry out trade and money lending.

Post Independence period some Marwari families transformed themselves into modern industrialists, and even today Marwaris control more of India’s economy than any other community. This story of the emergence of a new business community under colonialism, and its transformation from small migrant traders to merchant bankers to industrialists, illustrates the importance of the social context to economic processes.

Question 4.
Analyze the role of media in the contemporary world.
Answer:
In the 21st century, communication technology is such that information can be shared instantaneously by millions of people simultaneously, almost anywhere around the world. Communication – the transfer of information from one individual or group to another, whether in speech or through the mass media of modem times – is crucial to any society. According to Marshall Mcluhan, society is influenced much more by the type of the media than by the content, or the messages, which the media convey.

The electronic media, according to Marshal McLuhan, are creating a Global village — people throughout the world see major events unfold and hence participate in them together. It is the Internet, at the heart of this communications revolution. With the expansion of technologies such as voice recognition, broadband transmission, web casting and cable links, the Internet became the conduit for the delivery of information, entertainment, advertising and commerce to media audiences.

Neil Postman in his book, Amusing Our-selves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, says television presents serious issues as entertainment because the form excludes the content. As Postman states, the medium of print creates a rational population, whereas the medium of television creates an entertained one.

Robert Putnam is referring Media as a social capital to useful social networks, a sense of mutual obligation and trust-worthiness, an understanding of the norms that govern effective behaviour and, in general, other social resources that enable people to act effectively. Putnam in his book Bowling Alone finds significant decline . in social capital over the last few decades. TV viewing is strongly and negatively related to social trust and group membership.

Horkheimer and Adorno made an extensive study of what they called the ‘culture industry’, meaning the entertainment industries of film, TV, popular music, radio, newspapers and magazines. They argued that the production of culture had become just as standardized and dominated by the desire for profit as other industries.

Art disappears, swamped by commercialization and culture is replaced by entertainment. Jurgen Habermas has analysed the media as decay – of the ‘public sphere’. The public sphere is an arena of public debate in which issues of general concern can be discussed and opinions

formed. According to Habermas, the -public sphere developed first in the salons and coffee houses of London, Paris and other European cities. Habermas argues that the salons were vital to the early development of democracy, for they introduced the idea of resolving political problems through public discussion. The public sphere – at least in principle – involves individuals coming together as equals in a forum for public debate.

The spread of mass media and mass entertainment causes the public sphere to become largely a sham. ‘Public opinion’ is not formed through open, rational discussion, but ‘through manipulation and control – as, for example, in advertising.

Jean Baudrillard regards impact of modern mass media as Hyper Reality The coming of the mass media, particularly electronic media such as Television, has transformed the very nature of our lives. TV does not just ‘represent’ the world to us; it increasingly defines, what the world in which we live actually is,; Consider as an example the trial of O. J. Simpson, a celebrated court case that unfolded in Los Angeles in 1994-5.

2nd PUC English Textbook Answers Springs Chapter 10 Heaven, If you are not here on Earth

October 21, 2023

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Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Comprehension I

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth KSEEB Solution Question 1.
According to the poet, ‘heaven’ is
(a) on earth
(b) within us
(c) elsewhere.
Answer:
(a) on earth.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth Summary KSEEB Solution Question 2.
The poet finds god in
(a) nature
(b) earth
(c) temple.
Answer:
(a) nature.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth Notes KSEEB Solution Question 3.
What does the line ‘Heaven lies all over’ suggest?
Answer:
Heaven is not elsewhere but within us and is all over the world. If we are good, then that is heaven and if we are bad that is hell. Nature is also a heaven as we can find heaven in objects like trees, moon, sands of grains etc.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth Summary 2nd Puc KSEEB Solution Question 4.
Who creates’heaven on earth’?
OR
Where does the poet create heaven?
Answer:
The poet creates heaven on earth.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Comprehension II

Heaven Is A Product Of Human Effort KSEEB Solution Question 1.
Describe the beauty in nature that makes the earth a heavenly place.
OR
How has the poet glorified heaven on earth?
Answer:
The poet Kuvempu argues that we do not need to seek heaven after death. We can enjoy the heavenly bliss in looking at Nature on this earth itself. The poet presents a beautiful description of nature’s beauty. The poet emphatically states that the bliss that one experiences while looking at the streams that are leaping down, roaring from the top of the hills, the waves that come rolling across the seas carrying surf at their edges, the tender rays of sunlight falling on the sprawling green forests and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this earth a heavenly place.

Heaven If You Are Not Here On Earth Summary KSEEB Solution Question 2.
Why does the poet feel that earth is more beautiful than heaven?
Answer:
According to Kuvempu, there is no heaven in reality. Entities like ‘God’, ‘Heaven’, and the nymphs are merely figments of man’s imagination. All the different forms of nature like the green forests, the streams that leap down the hills, the waves that roll across the seas, the moonlit night, and the splendour of harvest appear more beautiful than the imaginary descriptions of the man.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Comprehension III

Heaven If You Are Not Here On Earth KSEEB Solution Question 1.
How does the poet explain the illusion of heaven in the poem?
OR
How does the poem ‘Heaven, if you are not here on Earth’ visualise heaven?
Answer:
Kuvempu considers concepts like ‘God’, ‘nymphs’ and ‘heaven’ as myths created by man. He opines that if at all ‘heaven’ exists it exists only on this earth and nowhere else. In order to break the illusion of heaven in man’s mind, he presents before us charming sights of nature and argues that nothing can be more heavenly than these forms of nature.

He makes a direct address to nature and declares that if heaven does not exist on the earth where else can it be. He justifies his statement referring to the streams, the waves, and the sunlight. He says that the streams that leap down roaring from the top of the hills, the rolling surf at the edge of the waves, the tender rays of sunlight falling on the green forests, the gentle sun warming the earth all these make the earth heaven.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth Full Poem KSEEB Solution Question 2.
How does the poem celebrate the power of the poet?
Answer:
Having argued categorically that if at all there exists an entity called heaven, it exists only on this earth, the poet Kuvempu presents before the readers’ beautiful sights of nature. In the last stanza, the poet states that one sees chunks of heaven lying all over in the splendour of harvest and of moonlight. He concludes the poem celebrating poetic talent. He says that the poet enjoys looking at Nature, imbibes the beauty of nature and spills the nectar of heaven, on the earth, through his poetry.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase, or a sentence each:

Heaven, If You Are Not On Earth Full Poem KSEEB Solution Question 1.
Where can heaven be found, according to Kuvempu?
OR
Where, according to the poet, did he see heaven?
OR
Where does the poet create heaven in the poem ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
On this earth itself.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth Poem KSEEB Solution Question 2.
Where does the tender sunshine lean?
Answer:
The tender sunshine leans on gardens green with grass or other rich vegetation.

Heaven If You Are Not On Earth 2nd Puc Notes KSEEB Solution Question 3.
How does the poet create heaven on earth?
Answer:
The poet creates heaven on earth by imbibing the beauty of nature and spilling the nectar of heaven, on the earth, through his poetry.

Heaven, If You Are Not On Earth Summary In English KSEEB Solution Question 4.
What, according to Kuvempu, are only figments of man’s imagination?
Answer:
‘Heaven’, ‘God’, and ‘nymphs’ are not tangible entities but are only figments of man’s imagination.

Question 5.
When, according to the speaker, can there be no Gods?
Answer:
According to the speaker, if we ourselves cannot be gods, then there can be no gods.

Question 6.
According to the speaker, heaven is
(a) on earth
(b) not on earth
(c) beyond earth.
Answer:
(a) on earth.

Question 7.
Who creates heaven on earth?
Answer:
The poet.

Question 8.
How does the poet imbibe and spill the ‘song of nectar’?
OR
What does the poet imbibe and spill to create heaven on earth?
Answer:
The poet absorbs the beauty of nature through his eyes and spills the ‘song of nectar’ through his poetry.

Question 9.
According to the poet makes this Earth heaven.
(a) heavenly nymphs
(b) gods
(c) gentle sun.
Answer:
(c) gentle sun.

Question 10.
What could not be anywhere else but on earth, according to the speaker, in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
According to the speaker in the poem ‘Heaven, if You are not Here on Earth’ it is heaven. If heaven is not on the earth, it can be nowhere else.

Question 11.
According to the speaker in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’, if we ourselves cannot be gods, then there can be no
(a) gods
(b) nymphs
(c) humans.
Answer:
(a) gods.

Question 12.
When can there be no nymphs, according to the speaker, in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
According to the speaker in the poem, there can be no nymphs if we ourselves are not heavenly nymphs.

Question 13.
According to the speaker in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’ if we ourselves aren’t heavenly nymphs, the nymphs are not
(a) everywhere
(b) nowhere
(c) elsewhere.
Answer:
(c) elsewhere.

Question 14.
Who, according to the speaker, imbibes and spills the song of nectar in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
According to the speaker in the poem, it is the poet who imbibes and spills the song of nectar.

Question 15.
What does the poet create on earth, according to the speaker, in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
According to the speaker in the poem, the poet creates heaven on earth.

Question 16.
What quality of harvest causes heaven to lie all over in ’Heaven If you are not here on Earth’?
Answer:
In ‘Heaven, if you are not Here on Earth’, the splendour of harvest causes heaven to lie all over.

Question 17.
“In the splendour of harvest and of moonlight Heaven lies all over!” The phrase refers to
(a) harvest and moonlight are no match to heaven
(b) splendour is only in heaven
(c) heaven can be seen in the harvest and moonlight
Answer:
(c) heaven can be seen in the harvest and moonlight.

II. Answer the following questions in a paragraph of 80 – 100 words each:

Question 1.
Why does the speaker believe that heaven can be created only by human effort in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
The speaker convincingly argues that we do not need to seek heaven in the skies because this very earth is heaven-like in reality. He tries to prove this point by describing a roaring stream and the sunlit verdant garden. The poet emphatically states that the bliss that one experiences while looking at the streams that are leaping down, roaring from the top of the hills, the waves that come rolling across the seas carrying surf at their edges, the tender rays of sunlight falling on the sprawling green forests and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this earth a heavenly place.

The poet presents two more pictures of heaven on earth. They are the splendour of harvest and the beauty of the moonlit night. The poet wishes that the reader brings to mind the harvest season when in every bit of agricultural land do we see heaps of grains covering the land. Then he mentions the moonlit night on which the whole earth seems to be bathed in silvery light. Finally, the poet says that we (the poets) who enjoy such heavenly sights, imbibe the beauty of nature and spill the nectar of heaven through our poetry and thus create heaven on earth.

Question 2.
What image of heaven does the poem, ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’ create?
Answer:
According to the speaker, the poem creates a mesmerizing image of heaven which is reflected in the description of pristine nature created by the poet. There are roaring streams leaping down from the top of the hills. The waves come rolling across the seas carrying surf at their edges. The tender rays of sunlight falling on the vast expanse of green forests and the gentle sun warming up the earth enhance the beauty of the Earth, creating an image of Heaven on earth. The splendour of harvest and the pleasant moonlight that bathes the earth makes it all the more heavenly.

Question 3.
What are the requirements of heaven, according to ‘Heaven, If You Are NotHere On Earth’?
Answer:
As expressed in the poem, Heaven is imagined to be the abode of gods and heavenly nymphs. Besides, it must have roaring and leaping streams, waves rolling with surf at their edge, the vast expanse of green forests being clothed by the tender rays of the sunlight, warmed by the gentle sun during the day and cooled and covered by moonlight at night.

III. Answer the following questions in about 200 words each:

Question 1.
‘Heaven is a creation of one’s own mind’. Explain with reference to ‘Heaven, if you are not here on earth’.
OR
Why does the speaker in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here on Earth’ say that heaven is nowhere else but on earth?
Answer:
The very title of the poem suggests the intention of the poet. The poet wishes to argue that concepts like ‘heaven’, ‘god’, nymphs, etc., are not tangible entities but are only figments of man’s imagination. On the other hand, all the imaginary comforts, pleasures, and bliss one believes to enjoy in heaven, can be got in reality on this earth. The poet presents a beautiful picture of the different forms of nature which make this earth a heaven.

The poet claims that the roaring streams that tumble down fast from the top of the hills, the rolling surf at the edge of the waves that come rolling across oceans and seas, the tender rays of the sunbathing the vast green forests, and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this earth a heaven.

Question 2.
‘Heaven lies all over’. How is this brought out in ‘Heaven, if you are not here on earth’?
OR
How does Kuvempu show that heaven is here on earth?
OR
How does the poet recreate and capture the beauty and splendour of heaven on earth?
OR
Describe how the poem ‘Heaven, if you are not on earth’ visualizes heaven in nature.
OR
Why does the speaker heaven, if you are not on earth’ say that heaven is right here on earth?
OR
How, according to the speaker, does one find heaven on earth?
OR
“Heaven is not a separate entity but a part of the earth to be created by human endeavour”. How does the poem ‘Heaven, if you are not here on earth present this?
Answer:
Having convincingly argued that we do not need to seek heaven in the skies, and this very earth is heavenly in reality, the poet presents the splendour of harvest and the beauty of the moonlit night. The poet calls these chunks of heaven. The poet wishes the reader to bring to mind the harvest season when in every bit of agricultural land do we see heaps of grains, covering the land.

He then presents a beautiful picture of the different forms of nature which make this earth a heaven. The poet claims that the roaring streams that tumble down fast from the top of the hills, the rolling surf at the edge of the waves that come rolling across oceans and seas, the tender rays of the sunbathing the vast green forests, and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this earth a heaven.

Secondly, he mentions the moonlit night on which, the whole earth seems to be bathed in silvery light. Finally, the poet tells the reader that the poets who enjoy such heavenly sights imbibe the beauty of nature and spill the nectar of heaven through their poetry. This way the poet creates heaven on earth and celebrates the joys of heaven through his poetry.

Question 3.
How, according to the speaker, can we create heaven on earth?
OR
Human effort alone can create heaven on earth. How is this brought out in ‘Heaven, If you are not here on Earth’?
Answer:
The poet Kuvempu convincingly argues that we do not need to seek heaven in the skies because this very earth is heaven-like in reality. He tries to prove this point by describing a roaring stream and the sunlit verdant garden. The poet emphatically states that the bliss that one experiences while looking at the streams that are leaping down, roaring from the top of the hills, the waves that come rolling across the seas carrying surf at their edges, the tender rays of sunlight falling on the sprawling green forests and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this earth a heavenly place. The poet presents two more pictures of heaven on earth. They are the splendour of harvest and the beauty of the moonlit night.

The poet wishes that the reader brings to mind the harvest season when in every bit of agricultural land do we see heaps of grains covering the land. Then he mentions the moonlit night on which the whole earth seems to be bathed in silvery light. Finally, the poet says that we (the poets) who enjoy such heavenly sights, imbibe the beauty of nature and spill the nectar of heaven through our poetry and thus create heaven on earth.

Question 4.
Heaven is nothing but a replica of the best qualities of Earth. How does the poem ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’justify this statement?
Answer:
” The poem ‘Heaven, if You are not Here on Earth’, makes an attempt to argue that there is no ‘Heaven’ in reality. Entities like ‘God’, ‘Heaven’, and the ‘Nymphs’ are merely figments of man’s imagination. In response to the belief that ‘Heaven’ is mesmerizingly beautiful and is the abode of ‘Gods’ and the ‘Nymphs’, the poem asserts that ‘Heaven’ is only a replica of the resplendent and pristine Nature. When we are treated with kindness and compassion in times of distress and helplessness, we attribute it to the divinity of God. This is only a replica of ‘Man’ giving divine help to his fellow beings in times of distress and saving them.

We believe that nymphs are lesser goddesses of Nature represented as young girls living in trees, streams, mountains, etc. They are none other than a replica of the beautiful and charming girls living in the lap of nature of this earth.

Besides being the abode of the gods and nymphs, ‘Heaven’ is believed to be an incredibly beautiful place. The poem argues that the idea or concept of Heaven’s beauty is only an image of the beautiful earth which abounds in roaring streams leaping down the mountains and the rolling waves carrying surf at their edges. This enchanting beauty of the earth is enhanced by the tender sunshine clothing the vast expanse of green forests, and the warmth of the gentle sunbathing the greenery. To top all this is the moonlight, which makes our nights tranquil and pleasant.

On the whole, one can conclude that it is our human kindness and compassion that comes to be termed as ‘divinity’ and the pristine Nature that creates Heaven on earth.

Question 5.
‘It is not gods that make heaven but humans who attain divinity’. How is this brought out in ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’?
Answer:
The idea that ‘it is not gods that make heaven but humans who attain divinity’ is expressed in lines three and four:

“If we ourselves cannot be gods
Then there can be no gods!”

According to the poet, heaven is only a replica of the resplendent and pristine nature. There is no distinct or substantial entity called ‘God’ and it is the man who makes the earth ‘Heaven’. When ‘man’ treats his fellow beings with kindness and compassion in times of distress and helplessness, he attains divinity. He is as divine as God. This is only a replica of a man giving divine help to his fellow beings in times of distress and saving them. It is such human beings with divine kindness and compassion that make ‘Heaven’ on earth.

Question 6.
‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’ tries to remove the traditional picture of heaven. Discuss.
Answer:
” The poem ‘Heaven, if You are not Here on Earth’, makes an attempt to argue that there is no ‘Heaven’ in reality. Entities like ‘God’, ‘Heaven’, and the ‘Nymphs’ are merely figments of man’s imagination. In response to the belief that ‘Heaven’ is mesmerizingly beautiful and is the abode of ‘Gods’ and the ‘Nymphs’, the poem asserts that ‘Heaven’ is only a replica of the resplendent and pristine Nature. When we are treated with kindness and compassion in times of distress and helplessness, we attribute it to the divinity of God. This is only a replica of ‘Man’ giving divine help to his fellow beings in times of distress and saving them.

On the whole, one can conclude that it is our human kindness and compassion that comes to be termed as ‘divinity’ and the pristine Nature that creates Heaven on earth.

Question 7.
Both human nature and the natural world play a vital role in the creation of heaven. Explain with reference to ‘Heaven, If You Are Not Here On Earth’.
Answer:
” The poem ‘Heaven, if You are not Here on Earth’, makes an attempt to argue that there is no ‘Heaven’ in reality. Entities like ‘God’, ‘Heaven’, and the ‘Nymphs’ are merely figments of man’s imagination. In response to the belief that ‘Heaven’ is mesmerizingly beautiful and is the abode of ‘Gods’ and the ‘Nymphs’, the poem asserts that ‘Heaven’ is only a replica of the resplendent and pristine Nature. When we are treated with kindness and compassion in times of distress and helplessness, we attribute it to the divinity of God. This is only a replica of ‘Man’ giving divine help to his fellow beings in times of distress and saving them.

On the whole, one can conclude that it is our human kindness and compassion that comes to be termed as ‘divinity’ and the pristine Nature that creates Heaven on earth.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth by Kuvempu About the Poet:

K.V. Puttappa (1904-1994) is widely known by the pen name Kuvempu. He is acknowledged as the greatest poet of the 20th century Kannada literature. He is the first among eight recipients of the Jnanpith Award for Kannada.

He is the second – after M. Govinda Pai – among Kannada poets to be revered as Rashtrakavi, a national poet. His work ‘Sri Ramayana Darshanam’, the rewriting of the great ancient Indian epic ‘Ramayana’ in modern Kannada, is regarded as a revival of the era of Mahakavya (Epic poetry) in a contemporary form and charm. He is immortalized by some of his phrases, and in particular for his contribution to Universal Humanism or in his own words ‘Vishwa Manavatha Vaada’. He was conferred the Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India. He has penned the Karnataka State anthem ‘Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate’. The poem has been translated into English by Dr. C. Naganna, a well-known poet, critic, and translator.

In this poem, Kuvempu urges us to take note of nature as a dynamic entity. For him, heaven is not something beyond the boundaries of this world, since the earth itself possesses all that the so-called heaven promises. The poet’s decisive inference that heaven is here on earth and nowhere else is seen from the beginning to the end. According to him, the stream, the waves, the splendour of harvest, the sunshine, the celestial eye, the moonlight – are all nothing but the reflection of that unseen paradise called heaven.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Summary in English

This poem is the English version of’Swargave, Bhoomiyoliradire Neenu’, a poem in Kannada, written by Kuvempu, one of the most revered poets of Karnataka.

The poem makes an attempt to give the reader a glimpse into the rationalistic outlook of the poet. The poet has tried to argue that concepts like ‘Heaven’, ‘God’, ‘Nymphs’ etc., are man’s creations. Entities like ‘Heaven’ and ‘God’ exist only on the Earth and you cannot find them anywhere else. The poet suggests that one should perceive divinity and enjoy the heavenly bliss in the company of Nature itself. The poet strongly believes that ‘Heavenliness and worldliness’ are not distinct or two separate entities and argues that there is no difference between worshipping or adoring Nature and worshipping or adoring God.

In the first two lines the poet addresses ‘Heaven’ and declares emphatically that if Heaven does not exist on the Earth where else can it be. It only means that the reader needs not look for ‘Heaven’ in the skies; if at all there is an entity called ‘Heaven’ one must find it on the earth only and nowhere else.

2nd PUC English Textbook Answers Springs Chapter 10 Heaven, If you are not here on Earth image - 1

The poet refers to our beliefs about ‘Gods’ and ‘heavenly nymphs’. The poet expresses his conviction that there is no distinct or substantial entity called ‘God’ and it is Man himself who is God. Similarly, there exist no entities called ‘heavenly nymphs’. He firmly believes that we ourselves are the nymphs, and the nymphs are to be found nowhere else but on this earth only.

The poet wants to dispel the popular notion that gods and nymphs live in heaven. The poet, who wants to dismiss such beliefs, tells the reader that we ourselves should become gods and nymphs. The poet wants us to give up our belief that we go to heaven after death where we find gods and nymphs.

The poet tries to introduce us to the different forms or parts of heaven that exist on the earth. He presents a mesmerizing picture of ‘Nature’ in its pristine form. The poet states that the ‘bliss’ that we experience when we look at the streams that are leaping down, roaring, from the top of the hills, the waves that come rolling across the seas carrying surf at their edges, the tender rays of sunlight falling on the vast expanse of green forests and the gentle sun warming up the earth make this Earth, ‘Heaven’.

The poet refers to the beauty of the harvest season and the moonlit night. He declares that one enjoys heavenly bliss when one watches the splendour of harvest and the moonlit night. The poet ends the poem saying that the poet who imbibes this heavenly bliss, spreads the nectar of Heaven through his poetry on this earth.

A poet is endowed with a higher degree of imagination and sensibility. With these qualities, the poet appreciates nature’s beauty and in turn, the poet enables others to behold heaven on earth.

To sum up, the poet argues that we do not need to seek heaven after death, but can enjoy heavenly bliss even when we are alive, if only we have the ‘eyes’ to see ‘Heaven’ on this earth. ’Heaven’ exists only on the earth and nowhere else. One is sure to enjoy the pleasures of heaven when one looks at the splendour of Nature. The poet urges the reader to perceive the tremendous energy that lies underneath the physical beauty of Nature. This idea can be taken as the message of the poem.

Heaven, If you are not here on Earth Summary in Kannada

2nd PUC English Textbook Answers Springs Chapter 10 Heaven, If you are not here on Earth image - 2

Glossary:

nymph: damsel
Froth: foam
Verdant: green with grass or other rich vegetation
Nectar: the drink of the Gods

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Karnataka 2nd PUC English Textbook Answers Springs Chapter 10 Heaven, If you are not here on Earth

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