Category: 2nd PUC

You can Download Chapter 20 Halliya Chaha Hotelugalu Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 20 Halliya Chaha Hotelugalu

Halliya Chaha Hotelugalu Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

You can Download Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Questions and Answers, 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank with Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you think is significance of reproductive health in a society?
Answer:
Reproductive health means total well being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural, social.

• Awareness is provided to both males and females to lead healthy and satisfying reproductive life.
• To make individuals aware of fertility regulating methods.
• Protect against STD’s.
• Planning children and family planning.
• Proper hygiene of genitalia and treat for reproductive diseases.

Question 2.
Suggest aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in present scenario.
Answer:

• Sex education
• Family welfare information
• Reproductive health clinics.
• Prompting elders to give support and suggestions to children.

Question 3.
Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is necessary in schools because:

• It will provide correct information about sex and reproductive organs.
• Changes during adolescence are fully explained.
• Changes in behaviour are predicted.
• Horns of early life and marriage are explained.
• Cleanliness of genitalia are explained and misconception and myths are removed if any.
• Information is provided about STD’s
• Family planning and hygienic sexual practices are explained.

Question 4.
Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in past 50 years? If yes, mention such areas of improvement.
Answer:
Yes, our country has improved in past 50 years. The areas of such improvement are:

• Reduced MMR and IMR (Maternal Mortality Rate and Infant Mortality Rate)
• Reduced birth rate.
• Decline in STD’s in India.
• Couple protection by family planning has increased.

Question 5.
What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
Answer:

• Improved medical facilities
• Decline in death rate, IMR, MMR
• Slower decline in birth rate.
• Longer life span.
• Lack of 100% family planning and education among village.

Question 6.
Is the use of contraceptives justified ? Give reasons.
Answer:

• It slows down growth of population
• Helps for proper spacing of children.
• Helps to prevent STDs and prevent its spreading.
• Helps couples to lead a healthy reproductive life.

Question 7.
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as contraceptive options ? Why ?
Answer:
Contraception is meant for preventing conceptions. But removal of gonads can lead to non-secretion of sex hormones. Virilism can appear in ladies and gents may have soft contour.

Question 8.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary ? Comment.
Answer:
Amniocentesis is a method for sex determination of the foetus. Due to ethical and spiritual reasons, in India female foetus is not accepted and foetus is destroyed by some families. So, sex – ratio has declined in India. In order to maintain sex – ratio and to prevent social problems in future generation, this test has been banned in India.

Question 9.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples.
Answer:
They are some Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) to assist infertile couples.
Some ARTs are:

• Test tube baby / IVF-ET (Invitro fertilization and Embryo transfer) : Ova and sperms are collected and fused (induced) to form zygote in laboratory conditions and transferred into fallopian tube (ZIFT – Zygote intra fallopian transfer) or Uterus (IUT – Intra uterine transfer). Here male / female / both may be donor.
• GIFT – (Gamete intra fallopian transfer). Gamete is from donor.
• ICSI – (Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection). Sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
• AI (Artificial Insemination). Semen from husband ( AIH) or donor (AID) is injected directly into vagina or uterus (IUI – Intra uterine insemination)

Question 10.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent from STD’s ?
Answer:

• Avoid sex with unknown / multiple partners.
• Always use condoms.
• Avoid early or late marriages.
• Early detection and complete cure in case of doubt.

Question 11.
State True / False with explanation.
(a) Abortion could happen spontaneously too.
Answer:
True

• Due to lack of hormonal support.
• Due to congenital malformation of uterus.

(b) Infertility is defined as inability to produce viable offsprings and is always due to abnormality / defect in female partners.
Answer:
False. Infertility may be due to male or female partners.

c) Complete location could help as a natural method of contraception.
Answer:
True. Effective for a period of 6 months due to absence of menstruation.

(d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people.
Answer:
True. It can reduce STD’s and help practice hygienic sexual practices.

Question 12.
Correct the following statements:
(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
(b) All STD’s are completely curable.
(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptive among rural women.
(d) In E.T techniques, embryos are always transferred into uterus.
Answer:
(a) Gamete formation → Gamete fusion.
(b) Completely curable → not curable
(c) Rural women → the woman (urban women piostly)
(d) Embryos → more than eight celled (zygote or early embryos).

2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Additional Questions and Answers

2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health One Mark Questions 

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term “Reproductive health”?
Answer:
The term reproductive health refers to healthy reproductive organs and then normal functioning.

Question 2.
What is reproductive health according to the World Health Organisation ?
Answer:
According to the World Health Organisation reproductive health means a total well being in physical, emotional, behavioural and social aspects of reproduction.

Question 3.
Expand MMR and IMR.
Answer:

• MMR – Maternal Mortality Rate.
• IMR – Infant Mortality Rate.

Question 4.
Write one reason for the ban on amniocentesis.
Answer:
Amniocentesis is used to find out the sex of the foetus and it leads to female foeticide
i. e., killing of female foetus.

Question 5.
Mention any 2 probable reasons for rapid rise of population in our country from about 350 millions at the time of independence to about 1 billion by the year 2000.
Answer:
The reasons are

• Decline in death rate
• Decline in maternal mortality rate
• Decline in IMR.

Question 6.
Which of the following represents an increase or decrease in population
Answer:

• Decrease in population : Mortality and emigration.
• Increase hi population: Immigration and Natality.

Question 7.
Give 2 important measures taken by the government to tackle the problem of population explosion.
Answer:

• Statutory rising of marriageable age of the female to 18 years and that of the male 21 years.
• Incentives given to the couples with micro family.

Question 8.
Expand MTP and STD.
Answer:

• MTP – Medical termination of pregnancy.
• STD – Sexually transmitted disease.

Question 9.
Name 2 viral STDs that are incurable.
Answer:
Genital herpes, AIDS.

Question 10.
What are Assisted reproduction technologies. [ART]? [Delhi 2008]
Answer:
ART are the special techniques to help the infertile couples to produce children.

Question 11.
What are the different ways in which progesterone or progesterone – estrogen combination can be taken for contraception?
Answer:

• Oral pills
• Injections
• Implants.

Question 12.
Write the other 2 names given for STDs.
Answer:
Venereal diseases (VDs) and Reproductive tract infections (RTI).

Question 13.
Name 2 STDs that can be transmitted by sharing injection needles or surgical instruments.
Answer:
Hepatitis – B, AIDS.

Question 14.
What is In vitro fertilization ?
Answer:
It involves fertilization of ovum outside the body followed by the transfer of embryo inside the uterus.

Question 15.
Expand

• IVF
• ZIFT
• IUT
• GIFT
• ICSI
• AI
• IUI
• ART

Answer:

• IVF – In Vitro Fertilization
• ZIFT – Zygote intra fallopian transfer
• IUT – Intra Uterine Transfer
• GIFT – Gamete intra fallopian transfer.
• ICSI – Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
• AI – Artificial insemination.
• IUI – Intra uterine Insemination
• ART – Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

Question 16.
After a successful invitro fertilization, the fertile egg begins to divide. Where is this egg transferred before it reaches the 8 cells stage and What is this technique named ?
Answer:
It will be (egg) transferred into the fallopian tube; the technique is called zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT).

2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Two Marks Questions

Question 1.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary ? Comment. [CBSE – 2006]
Answer:
Since the amniocentesis is misused for female foeticide, the ban is necessary. But by banning this, its advantage of finding out any chromosomal disorders and / or metabolic disorders of the foetus is lost. So, it should be legalized with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse.

Question 2.
Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive to space children ? [CBSE – 2008]
Answer:
Hormone releasing IUDs

• Make the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
• Make the cervix hostile to sperms.
• Increase the phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.

Question 3.
How does Cu T act as an effective contraceptive for human females.
Answer:
Cu T is an intra – uterine device (IUD) and functions as follows:
The Cu ions released suppressed sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.
IUDs increase phago cytosis of sperms with in the uterus.

Question 4.
How do pills act as contraceptives in human females ?
OR
Name the hormonal composition of the oral contraceptive used by human females. Explain how does it act as a contraceptive.
Answer:

• Pills contain progesterone or
• progesterone-estrogen combination.
• They inhibit ovulation
• They alter the quality of cervical mucus and retard the entry of sperms into cervix.

Question 5.
Explain any 2 methods of Assisted reproductive Technology (ART) that has helped couples to bear children.
[CBSE – 2008]
Answer:

• GIFT is method of transferring the ovum, collected from a donor, into the uterus of a female who cannot produce ova.
• ICSI is the process in which sperms are directly injected into the ovum under laboratory condition is and the embryo is transferred into the uterus / fallopian tube.
• In the so called test tube baby programme, the ova of the female and sperms of the male are made to fuse under laboratory conditions and the embryo is transferred into the uterus / fallopian tube of the female

Question 6.
Family planning techniques are not adopted by all in our country. Why?
Answer:
Because

• Religious belief
• People are not fully aware of the method.
• Emotional and social factors
• Fear of some of the ill effects.

Question 7.
How.do surgical procedures prevent conception in humans ? Mention the way it is achieved in human females.
Answer:
Surgical procedures block the transport of gametes and achieve contraception.
The sterilization procedure in human males is called vasectomy. In this method a small part of vas deferens is removed and then tied up through a small incision on the scrotum. Hence the continuity of the path of sperm is lost.

2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Three/Five Marks Questions

Question 1.
Give any six reproduction related issues.
Answer:

• Pregnancy
• Child birth / Parturition
• STDs
• Abortions
• Menstrual problem
• Infertility
• conceptive methods.

Question 2.
How lUDs prevent pregnancy?
Answer:

• IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
• The Cu ions released by IUDs suppress the term motility and their fertilizing capacity.
• The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to the sperms.

Question 3.
Represent diagrammatically the sterilization method, vasectomy in male reproductive system and tubectomy in female reproductive system.
Answer:

Question 4.
(a) What does gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) represent ?
(b) How do Cu-T and Cu 7 acts as contraceptive devices ?
Answer:
(a) GIFT – It is the introduction of 2 unfertilized oocytes and 2-5 lac motile sperm into fallopian tube of a woman desires to have a child through laparoscope. The egg may be of her’s or of a donor. The sperm may be her husband’s or of a donor. Fertilization occurs inside the fallopian tube and the development of foetus takes place through natural process.

(b) Cu-T, Cu 7 are intra uterine, contraceptive devices having ionized copper. The copper defuses into uterus. It brings about the release of toxic cytokinins. They inhibit the sperm motility and therefore  fertilization of ovum. Another categories of IUDs are hormonal in nature. (Eg: LNG – 20).

You can Download Chapter 3 Human Reproduction Questions and Answers, 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank with Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

2nd PUC Biology Human Reproduction NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Humans reproduce ………
Answer:
sexually

(b) Humans are ……………..
Answer:
viviparous

(c) Fertilization is …………….. in humans.
Answer:
internal

(d) Male and female gametes are ……….
Answer:
haploid

(e) Zygote is ………..
Answer:
diploid

(f) The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called ………
Answer:
ovulation.

(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called ………
Answer:
Luteinizing hormone

(h) The fusion of male and female gamete is called ……….
Answer:
fertilization

(i) Fertilization takes place in …………
Answer:
ampullary isthmus in fallopian tube.

(j) Zygote divides to form which is implanted in uterus.
Answer:
Blastocyst

(k) The structure which provides vascular connection between foetus and uterus is
Answer:
umbilical cord.

Question 2.
Draw a labelled diagram of male reproductive system.
Answer:

Question 3.
Draw a labelled diagram of female reproductive system.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write two major functions each of testis and ovary.
Answer:
Testis :

• Formation of sperms
• Secretion of hormone testosterone.

Ovary :

• Formation of ova
• Secretion of hormone oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 5.
Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule.
Answer:
Testis has about 250 compartments (Testicular lobules) which contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules. Each tubule is lined by 2 types of cells. Male germ cells (immature) (spermatogonic) and Sertoli cells.

Male germ cells form sperms by meiosis and Sertoli cells provide nutrition to these germ cells. Male germ cells and Sertoli cells together form germinal epithelium. Seminiferous tubule is covered outside by basement membrane.

Question 6.
What is spermatogenesis ? Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
Answer:
Spermatogenesis is the production of sperms (n) by immature male germ cells (2n) at puberty inside the testis.

Hormonal role in spermatogenesis:
Spermatogenesis starts due to increase in secretion of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) by hypothalamus. GnRH acts on Anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of 2 gonadotropins – LH (Luteinizing Hormone) or ICSH (Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone).

LH acts on Leydig cells for secreting testosterone and other androgens inturn stimulates process of spermatogenesis. FSH acts on sertoli cells which secretes some factors useful in spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells secrete inhebin that suppresses FSH synthesis.

 

It is production of haploid spermatozoa from diploid spermatogonia inside testis at puberty. At puberty, Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis forms 2 spermatogonia A and B. Both A and B are diploid with 46 chromosomes each.
A: Function as mother spermatogonia.
B : Grow in size to function as primary spermatocytes.
They then undergo meiosis to form 2 haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes). They then undergo 2nd meiotic division forming 4 haploid spermatids. These spermatids are transferred into spermatozoa (sperms) by spermiogenesis. After spermiogeneses, sperm heads become embedded into Sertoli cells and are released from seminiferous tubules by process called spermiation.

Question 7.
Name hormones involved in regulation of spermatogenesis.
Answer:
[Explained in Answer to Question Number 67-Hormones are: GnRH, FSH, LH / ICSH, testosterone, Inhibin

Question 8.
Define spermiogenesis and spermiation.
Answer:

• Spermiogenesis: Development and differentiation of a spermatozoa (n) from a spermatid (n).
• Spermiation: The detachment of fully mature spermatozoa from Sertoli cells is called spermiation.

Question 9.
Draw a labelled diagram of sperm.
Answer:

Question 10.
What are the major components of seminal plasma?
Answer:
Fructose, fibrinogen, profibrinolysin, Calcium bicarbonate, prostaglandins, mucus, (seminal plasma + sperms = semen)

Question 11.
What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands?
Answer:
Male accessory ducts :
(i) Intra testicular Genital Duct system (till vasa efferentia) – Cilia lining them fails in passage of sperms.
(ii) Extra testicular / Excretory Genital Duct system:

• Epididymis – Store sperms, ejects sperms during ejaculation, destroys older sperms.
• Vasa deferentia – conduction of sperms
• Ejaculatory ducts – conduct sperms and secretion of seminal vesicles are also conducted
• Urinogenital duct – conduct sperms.

Male accessory glands:

• Seminal resides – produce seminal plasma (60 – 70 %)
• Prostate Gland – seminal plasma (20 – 30%)
• Bulbourethral gland – 5% seminal plasma

Question 12.
What is oogenesis ? Give a brief action of oogenesis.
Answer:
Process of formation, development and maturation of haploid ovum or female gamete from diploid germinal cell of the ovary.

Cells of the germinal epithelium of ovary undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to form diploid Oogonia or gamete mother cells. They are formed in the fetal ovary in large number by mitotic division form primary oocyte.

The primary oocyte enlarges and matures by taking food from the surrounding follicle cells. The mature primary oocyte undergoes its first meiotic division. It is an unequal division resulting in the formation of a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body or polocyte. The secondary oocyte remains bulk of the nutrient ride cytoplasm of the primary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes second meiotic division which doesn’t proceed beyond metaphase until a sperm enters it. Ovulation occurs at this stage and the secondary oocyte is transferred to the fallopian tube.

Question 13.
Draw a labelled diagram of section through ovary
Answer:

Question 14.
Draw a labelled diagram of Graafian follicle.
Answer:

Question 15.
Draw diagramatic representation of various events during menstrual cycle.
Answer:

Question 16.
Name the functions of the following.
(a) Corpus luteum
(b) Endometrium
(c) Acrosome
(d) Sperm tail
(e) Fimbriae
Answer:
(a) Corpus luteum : Secretion of mainly progesterone and small quantity of estrogen. Some androgens are also formed by theca cells.

(b) Endometrium : Nourishment and implantation of blastoeyst and later foetus if fertilization has occurred. Otherwise cyclic changes of growth and degeneration.

(c) Acrosome : Contains sperm lysin for separating cells of corona radiata and piercing through zona pellucida.

(d) Sperm Tail: Vibratile part that helps in swimming of sperm in the genital tract of female for reaching the ovum.

(e) Fimbriae : The finger like projection occurs at the edges of infundibulum which helps in the collection of ovum after ovulation.

Question 17.
Identify True / False statements. Correct each false statement to make it true,
(a) Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells.
(b) Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells.
(c) Leydig cells are found in ovary
(d) Leydig cells synthesize androgens
(e) Oogenesis occurs in corpus luteum.
(f) Menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy.
(g) Presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience.
Answer:
(a) False: Spermatogenesis substances androgen binding protein and intubin are produced by Sertoli cells.
(b) False: Spermatozoa differentiate from spermatids with the help of spermatogenic factors produced by Sertoli cells.
(c) False: Leydig cells are found in testis.
(d) True.
(e) False: Oogenesis occurs inside the ovary.
(f) True.
(g) True.

Question 18.
What is menstrual cycle? Which hormone regulates menstrual cycle?
Answer:
A series of cyclic changes found in the reproductive tract of human female during her reproductive life that recur at intervals of about 28 days and is characterised by menstruation in the first 3-4 days.
Hormone :

• GnRH (Gonado tropin Releasing Hormone)
• FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
• LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
• Estrogen
• Progesterone

Question 19.
What is parturition ? Which hormones are involved in the induction of parturition ?
Answer:

• The process of delivering of full developed foetus or baby at the end of pregnancy period through vigorous contraction of uterus is called parturition.
• Estrogen (amount of estrogen is more than progesterone) and oxytocin are the hormones involved in the induction of parturition.

Question 20.
In our society women are blame for giving birth to daughters. Can you explain why this is not correct ?
Answer:
Sex chromosome pattern in female is xx, i.e., both the gametes are with ‘X’ chromosome. In males, sex chromosome is X Y i.e., one gamete with ‘X’ chromosome and other gamete with ‘Y’. So 50% sperms carry ‘X’ and 50% carry ‘Y’. Female child is produce when the sperm with ‘X’ chromosome fertilizes egg with ‘X’ chromosome. A male child is produce when sperm with ‘Y’ chromosome fertilizes egg with ‘X’ chromosome. Therefore sex of a baby depends on father not on mother.

Question 21.
(a) How many egg are released by a human ovary in a month ?
(b) How many eggs do you think would have been released if the mother gave birth to identical twins ?
(c) Would your answer change if the twins born were fraternal ?
Answer:
(a) One
(b) One
(c) Yes, fraternal twins are born due to the fertilization of 2 or more eggs.

Question 22.
How many eggs do you think were released by the ovary of a female dog, which gave birth to 6 puppies?
Answer:
Six eggs were released by the ovary of a female dog.

2nd PUC Biology Human Reproduction Additional Questions and Answers

2nd PUC Biology Human Reproduction One Mark Questions

Question 1.
Where are sperm produced in the testis?
Answer:
In the seminiferous tubules of testis.

Question 2.
What is the role of placenta?
Answer:
Provide nutrition to the developing embryo.

Question 3.
What is the function of amniotic fluid?
Answer:
Protects foetus from shock.

Question 4.
Name the germ layer from which gonad develops.
Answer:
Mesoderm

Question 5.
Name the sperm lysin ? Which organelle secretes it ?
Answer:
Hyaluronidase; Acrosome.

Question 6.
Define gametogenesis.
Answer:
The process of formation of male and female gamete in the gonads is called gametogenesis.

Question 7.
The spermatogonia of an animal contains 32 chromosomes. What will be the number of chromosomes in its
(a) secondary spermatocyte
(b) spermatids respectively
Answer:
(a) Secondary spermatocyte – 16 chromosome
(b) spermatids -16 chromosome

Question 8.
Name the structure formed from Graafian follicle after ovule?
Answer:
Corpus luteum

Question 9.
Name the hormone secreted by corpusluteum.
Answer:
Progesterone.

Question 10.
Define spermiogenesis ? Where does it occur ?
Answer:
The process of the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis. It occurs in the seminiferous tubules of testis.

Question 11.
Why middle piece of the sperm called power house of the sperm ?
Answer:
Middle piece contains numerous mitochondria which produce energy for sperm movement.

Question 12.
Define Oogenesis.
Answer:
The process of formation of mature female gametes.

Question 13.
Name the fluid filled space in the tertiary follicle.
Answer:
Antrum

Question 14.
What is the significance of secondary oocyte retaining the bulk of nutrient rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte ?
Answer:
These reserve food materials nourish the embryo till implantation.

Question 15.
When do the levels of FSH and LH reach the maximum in the menstrual cycle ?
Answer:
The peak level of FSH and LH is reached in the middle of (14th day) menstrual cycle.

Question 16.
Define implantation?
Answer:
Implantation is the process in which the mammalian embryo (blastocyst) becomes attached to the endometriosis of the uterus.

Question 17.
What are the stem cells in human embryo?
Answer:
Stem cells are those cells in the inner mass of the blastocyst, which have the potency to give rise to all tissues and organs.

Question 18.
What is colostrum ? How does it provide initial protection against diseases to new born infants. Give reason.
Answer:
The milk produced during initial few days of lactation is called colostrum. It consists of several antibodies like IgA etc. which are essential for the development of resistance in new born babies.

2nd PUC Biology Human Reproduction Two Marks Questions

Question 1.
Name 2 types of cells present in the inner lining of seminiferous tubules. What are their functions?
Answer:
Two types of cells in the inner lining of seminiferous tubule are

• Spermatogonia : Spermatogonia produces male gamete called spermatozoa.
• Sertoli cells : Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the developing spermatozoans.

Question 2.
Where are Leydig cells present? What is their role in reproduction?
Answer:

• Ley dig cells are located in the interstitial space (space between the seminiferous tubule) in the testis.
• They secrete testicular hormones called androgens, mainly testosterone, this hormone regulates spermatogenesis.

Question 3.
Differentiate between vasa efferentia and vas deferens.
Answer:

• Vasa efferentia are the ducts that leave the testis to open into epididymis. These are located inside the testis and are extra abdominal and do not receive the ducts of any glands.
• Vas deferens is the duct continues from epididymis. This ascends into the abdominal cavity. It receives the ducts of seminal vesicle.

Question 4.
Where are fimbriae present in a human female reproductive system ? Give their function.
Answer:
Fimbriae are present in the free edges of the infundibulum of the fallopian tube. Then help in the easy capture of ova during ovulation.

Question 5.
Differentiate between endometrium and myometrium.
Answer:

• Endometrium is the innermost glandular layer that lines the uterine cavity. It undergoes cylindrical changes during menstrual cycle. Implantation occurs in this layer.
• Myometrium is the middle thick layer of smooth muscles of the uterine wall. It doesn’t undergo any changes during menstrual cycle. It is responsible for the uterine movement.

Question 6.
Give the differences between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
Answer:
Spermatogenesis:
It is the process of the formation of mature spermatozoa in the testis. It involves meiotic and mitotic division. It is controlled by hormones like leutenising hormone (LH) and androgen (testesterone).

Spermiogenesis:
It is the process of the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa. It doesn’t involve any cell division. It is controlled by LH which stimulates the Sertoli cells to secrete the factors needed for spermiogenesis.

Question 7.
Mention the sites of action of the hormones – GnRH and FSH, during spermatogenesis in human males. Give one function of each of the hormones.
Answer:
GnRH acts on anterior pituitary and FSH acts on Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules.
GnRH stimulates the release of two gonadotropin – Follicle stimulating hormone and leutenising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells to secrete some factors necessary for spermiogenesis.

Question 8.
Why does the coitus not leads to pregnancy all the time?
Answer:
Pregnancy occurs when the sperm and ovum reaches the ampullary isthmus junction of the fallopian tube at the same time. During every coitus both are not reaching at this position together.

Question 9.
Given below is the diagram of the sectional view of human ovum just after ovulation.

Mention the site of fertilization in the fallopian tube of human female where the ovum and sperm meet.
Answer:
Ampullary – Isthmus Junction.

Question 10.
How it blastula / blastocyte differ from Morula ?

Blastocyte	Morula
(a) It is a hollow sphere of 32 or more cells formed by the rearrangement of blastomeres. (b) Zona pellucida disintegrates with the enlargement of blastocoel	(a) It is a solid sphere of 8-16 cells blastomeres by cleavage of zygote. (b)  Zona pellucida is intact.

Question 11.
What are chroionic villi ? What is their fate?
Answer:
The finger like projections of the trophoblast produced after implantation are called chronic villi. Chroionic villi and uterine tissue become interdigitated with each other and jointly form the placenta.

Question 12.
Name the hormones secreted by human placenta.
Answer:
The hormones secreted by human placenta are;

• Human chorionic gonadotropin
• Progesterone
• Human placental lactogen
• Estrogen

Question 13.
Write the functions of placenta in humans.
Answer:
(a) It helps to supply oxygen and nutrients to the foetus.
(b) It helps in the removal of CO₂ and other waste product formed by the foetus.
(c) Acts as endocrine gland by secreting hormone like human placental lactogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen and progesteron which are necessary to maintain pregnancy.

2nd PUC Biology Human Reproduction Three/Five Marks Questions

Question 1.
Describe the accessary ducts of human male reproductive system.
Answer:
The accessory ducts include rete testis, vasaefferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.
The seminiferous tubules end as short, straight tubules into rete testis. From the rete testis, 10-20 fine tubules called vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis. Epididymis is a single convoluted tubule that is located along the posterior surface of the testis.

The epididymis leads into vas deferens that ascends into the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder. It receives the ducts of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct, that runs through the prostrate and opens into the urethra, just after its origin from the urinary bladder. The urethra receives the ducts of prostrate and bulbo urethral glands and runs through the penis to its external opening called urethral meatus.

Question 2.
Name the cells found
(a) inside the seminiferous tubules
(b) outside the seminiferous tubules in a human testis. Mention the function of each of them.
Answer:
(a) Inside the seminiferous tubules are

• Spermatogonial cells
• Sertoli cells

(b) Outside the seminiferous tubules are Ley dig cells.
Functions:

• Spermatogonial cells form spermatozoa.
• Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells and help in spermiogenesis.
• Ley dig, cells secrete the male sex hormone, testesterone.

Question 3.
Name the accessory glands of human male reproductive system and mention their functions.
Answer:
The male accessory glands include

1. a pair of seminal vesicle
2. a prostrate gland
3. a pair of bulbo urethral gland.

(1) a pair of seminal vesicle:
The secretion from these glands constitute the seminal plasma, which is rich in calcium fructose and certain enzymes.

(2) a prostrate gland:
Seminal plasma provides the fluid medium for the-sperm to swim in the female reproduction tract, towards the ovum.

(3) a pair of bulbo urethral gland:
It provides nourishment to the sperm. The secretions from bulbourethral glands help in the lubrication of the penis.

Question 4.
Describe the structure of mammary glands of a human female with labelled diagram.
Answer:
A mammary gland consists of glandular tissue and variable quantity of fat. The glandular tissue is divided into 15 – 20 mammary lobes and each lobe contains clusters of cells called alveoli, which opens into mammary tubules. The mammary tubules of each be join to form a mammary duct. Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla, which is connected to lactiferous duct through which milk comes out.

Question 5.
(a) Explain the role of ovarian hormones in inducing changes in the uterus during menstrual cycle.
(b) What triggers release of oxytocin at the time of parturition ?
Answer:
(a) Estrogen influences the uterus in the follicular phase. The endometrin is regenerated through protection. Progesterone influences the uterus in the luteal phase, the endometrin becomes further thickened and vascular for implantation
(b) Foetal ejection triggers the release of oxytocin.

Question 6.
Describe the events that take place during in fertilization in human being.
Answer:
Fertilization refers to the fusion of a sperm and ovum in humans occurs in the ampullary isthmic junction of the fallopian tube.When a sperm comes in contact with the zona pellucida of the ovum, it induces changes in the membrane that. blocks the entry of other sperms. The secretions of acrosome help the sperm to digest the zona pellucida and plasma membrane of the ovum and enter into its cytoplasm.

The entry of sperm induces the completion of secondary meiotic division of the secondary oocyte resulting in the formation of a second polar body and a large ootid. The haploid nucleus of the ootid and that of the sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote.

Question 7.
Describe the major steps in the development of a fertilized egg upto complete differentiation into blastocyst ready for implantation.
Answer:

• The mitotic division called cleavage divisions start in the zygote as it moves through the isthmus of fallopian tube towards the uterus.
• The divisions result is 2,4,8,16 daughter cells, called blastomeres; the embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is a solid spherical structure and is called as morula.
• The morula continues to divide and the blastomeres rearrange themselves as it moves further into the uterus.
• As a result a hollow spherical structure, called blatocyst is formed.
• The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, called trophoblast and an inner group of cells, called inner cell mass attached at one end of the trophoblast.
• The trophoblast layer becomes attached to the endometrium and the inner cell mass gets ready to form the embryo proper.

Question 8.
Draw a labelled diagram showing a human foetus developing within the uterus.
Answer:

Question 9.
What is Oogenesis ? Give a brief account of Oogenesis.
Answer:
Oogenesis is the process of formation of mature female gametes or ova. These cells start division and enter prophase I of meiosis and remain suspended at that stage; these are called primary oocyte.

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells and become the primary follicle. When the primary follicle becomes surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells, it is called secondary follicle.
The secondary follicle transforms into tertiary follicle. With the development of a fluid filled cavity (antrum) around the primary oocyte.

The granulosa cell become organised into an outer layer, called theca external and an internal interna. At this stage, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I and form a larger haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny polar body.

A tertiary follicle grow further and changes into mature follicle or agrarian follicle. The secondary oocyte secretes a new membrane called zona pellucida around it. At this stage the follicle ruptures to release the secondary oocyte, which moves into the fallopian tube. The secondary oocyte completes meiosis II only when a sperm enters its cytoplasm, it form a larger cell and Ootid and a smaller cell, the second polar body.

You can Download Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Questions and Answers, 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank with Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction in Organisms NCERT Text Book Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is reproduction essential for organisms ?
Answer:
Reproduction enables the continuity of the species, generation after generation.

Question 2.
Which is better mode of reproduction: sexual or asexual? Why ?
Answer:
Sexual. It brings genetic variation and inherited during reproduction. It helps to create new species.

Question 3.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone ?
Answer:

• The term clone is used to describe morphologically and genetically similar individuals. It doesn’t need the production of sex organs.
• In asexual reproduction also only one parent is involved for the production of individual. Newly formed individuals are genetically identical to the parent plant.

Question 4.
Off springs formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why ? is this statement always true ?
Answer:
Yes. Because sexual reproduction brings changes in the genetic structure which leads to variation. This helps the organism to adjust or adapt according to the changes in the environment.

Question 5.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by asexual reproduction?
Answer:
The progeny formed from asexual reproduction remain identical to their parents but the offsprings produced by sexual reproduction shows variation due to genetic recombination.

Question 6.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:

Asexual Reproduction	Sexual Reproduction
1.  Only single parent is involved for the production of new individuals. 2. All divisions are mitotic. 3. It doesn’t need production of sex organs. 4. Newly formed individuals are identical to the parent. 5.   It doesn’t produce variability. 6.   It is rapid method of multiplication.	1. It involves two parents and offsprings arises from fusion of two gameteseach contributed by one parent. 2.  It undergoes meioses at one or other stage. 3. It requires the production of sex organs. 4.  Newly formed individ­uals show variations to their parents by new combination of characters. 5. It produce variability. 6.  It is a slower method of multiplication.

Vegetative reproduction is also considered as a type of asexual reproduction because

• The plants are the exact genetic copies of the parent.
• It is also a rapid method of multiplication.
• It does not produce plants of new varieties
  i.e., no variability is produced.

Question 7.
What is vegetative propagation ? Give 2 suitable examples.
Answer:
It is the process of multiplication where new plants develop from any portion of vegetative organs of plants without involving the seeds. It occurs in lower as well as higher plants. Example: In sweet potato, roots modified into tubes. In ginger and turmeric stem into rhizome.

Question 8.
Define
(a) Juvenile phase
(b) Reproductive phase
(c) Senescent phase
Answer:
(a) Juvenile phase: The period of growth is called the juvenile phase. It is known as vegetative phase in plants.
(b) Reproductive phase: The phase during which the organisms are able to produce their offsprings.
(c) Senescent phase: The period during which the organisms loss their ability to produce their offspring.

Question 9.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:
The mode of reproduction helps to introduce now variation in progenies through the combination of the DNA from 2 different individuals. These variations allow the individual to cope up with various environmental conditions and thus make the organisms better suited for the environment.

Question 10.
Explain why meioses and gametogenesis are always interlinked ?
Answer:
Gametogenesis is the process of the production of gametes. Gamates are haploid in nature produced from diploid gametic cells. Diploid cell undergoes meiotic division followed by mitotic division produces gametes.

Question 11.
Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n)
Answer:

• Ovary – 2n
• Anther – 2n
• Egg – n
• Pollen – n
• Male gamete – n
• Zygote – 2n

Question 12.
Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantage ?
Answer:
The fertilization which involves the union of an egg with the sperm outside the body of the female is called external fertilization. It generally takes place in the medium of water. There is a chance of loss of male gamete during transport in water which leads to failure of external fertilization. Therefore the number of male gametes produced is several thousand times the number of female gametes produced.

Question 13.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:

Zoospore	Zygote
Zoospores are the asexual reproductive structures produced by fungi and simple plants like algae. They are motile. They are haploid in nature.	Zygote is non motile produced by the fusion of male and female gamates. Zygote is deploid in nature.

Question 14.
Differentiate between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Answer:

Gametogenesis	Embryogenesis
The process of formation of two types of gamates i.e., male and female gamates.	The process of development of embryo from the zygote.

Question 15.
Describe the post fertilisation changes in a flower.
Answer:
After fertilization the ovule converts into the seed and the whole ovary develops into a complete fruit. The petals and sepals dried and fall off. The fate of other parts is

• The ovary wall forms the pericarp of the fruit. It may become fleshy, juicy or dry.
• The integument of the ovule is converted into .seed coat. The outer integument forms the tesla and the inner into tegmen.
• Egg of the ovule divides meiotically and forms multicellular diploid embryo.
• Polar nuclei as a result of triple fusion from endosperm. It accumulates food and functions as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo.

Question 16.
What is a bisexual flower ? Collect 5 bisexual flowers from your neighbourhood . and write common and scientific names.
Answer:
The flower in which both reproductive organs i.e. stamen and pistil are present is called a bisexual flower.
Common name Scientific name

• Mango flower – Mangefera indica
• Coconut – Cocos nucifera
• Pea – Pisum salivum
• Hibiscus – Hibiscus Rosa – sinenses
• Rose – rosa mulliflora
• Mustard – Brassica nigra

Question 17.
Why are offsprings of oviparous animals at a great risk as compared to offspring of viviparous animals.
Answer:
In oviparous animals, the fertilized egg covered over by calcareous shell. After a period of enucleation the egg hatches out into young one i.e. out side the body of parent. But in viviparous animals, zygote develops into young one inside the body of female organism. After attaining the proper development young ones are delivered out of the body of the female organism. Because of getting proper embryonic care and protection, the chances of survival of young one is greater in viviparous animals.

Question 18.
Examine a few flower of any cucurbit plant and try to identity the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant bears unisexual flowers.
Ans:
Other unisexual plants are com, papaya, cucumber etc.

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction in Organisms Additional Questions and Answers

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction in Organisms One Mark Questions 

Question 1.
Define life span.
Answer:
The period from birth to the natural death of an organism is the life span of that organism.

Question 2.
Define the term reproduction.
Ans :
It is a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself.

Question 3.
Write the significance of reproduction.
Answer:
Reproduction enables the continuity of the race, generation after generation.

Question 4.
What is clone ?
Answer:
Morphologically and genetically similar individuals produced by a single parent. In this young ones are exact copy of their parent.

Question 5.
What is binary fission.
Answer:
The type of asexual reproduction occurs in single celled organisms. Where a cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into adult.

Question 6.
Name the type of reproduction occurs in yeast.
Answer:
Bud formation.

Question 7.
Name the asexual reproduction structures produced by fungi.
Answer:
Zoospore.

Question 8.
Name the asexual reproductive structure produced by penicillium and sponge.
Answer:

• Penicillium – conidia
• Sponge – Gemmules

Question 9.
Name the aquatic weed grow where there is standing water.
Answer:
Water hyacinth

Question 10.
Write the disadvantage of growing water hyacinth in water.
Answer:
It drains oxygen from water, which leads to the death of fishes.

Question 11.
What is oestrus cycle ?
Answer:
It is a heat period during which sexual desire of the female animal is at peak.

Question 12.
What is menstrual cycle ?
Answer:
Rhythmic series of changes in the sex organs that occur after 28 days.

Question 13.
Give the events occur in sexual reproduction.
Answer:
Pre-fertilization, fertilization and post fertilization events.

Question 14.
Which are the 2 main Pre-fertilization events ?
Answer:
Gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

Question 15.
What are isogametes ?
Answer:
The male and female gametes of similar size (morphologically similar).

Question 16.
What are heterogametes ?
Answer:
Morphologically dissimilar gametes is sperm and ovum.

Question 17.
What is homothallic or monoecious plant?
Answer:
The plant in which both the sex organs are in same flower.

Question 18.
What is heterothallic or dioecious plant?
Answer:
The plant in which sex organs are in different flowers.

Question 19.
Differentiate between staminate and pistillate flower.
Answer:
Unisexual male flower is staminate. Unisexual female flower is pistillate.

Question 20.
What are hermaphrodite ?
Answer:
The animals in which both the sex organs are there in the same body are called hermaphrodites.

Question 21.
Name the type of division occur in meioeytes (gamete mother cells).
Answer:
meiotic division

Question 22.
Define Parthenogenesis.
Answer:
Development of an egg without the participation of sperm.

Question 23.
Define syngamy?
Answer:
The fusion of gametes which results the formation of zygote.

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction in Organisms Two Marks Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between staminate and pistillate flower. Give the term for this condition of flower.
Answer:

• The unisexual male flower is called staminate, which bears only stamen.
• The unisexual female flower is called pistillate, which bears only pistil.
• Heterothallic or dioecious are the terms used to describe this condition.

Question 2.
Explain parthenogenesis with examples.
Answer:
The process of development of new organism from female gamete without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Example, Rotifers, honey bees, turkey (birds).

Question 3.
Meiosis doesn’t take place in haploid cells. Why?
Answer:
In haploid cells meiosis doesn’t takes place as there is no homologous chromosome. Therefore only mitotic division takes place.

Question 4.
In Ashes as well as amphibians where does syngamy occur. What type of fertilization occurs.
Answer:
In lower animals like fishes and amphibians syngamy occurs outside the body i.e., in water media. Therefore the type of fertilization is external fertilization.

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction in Organisms Three Marks Questions

Question 1.
Write the disadvantages of external fertilization over internal fertilization.
Answer:

• For external fertilization, the medium is required for the gamete transfer i.e. water.
• A large number of male gametes have to released in water medium to enhance the chances of syngamy.
• The offsprings are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening their survival up to adult hood.

 

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