Development 10th Notes KSEEB Social Science
→ The Process of enhancing society’s capacity to satisfy its needs on a larger scale is referred to as “Development’
→ Economic development refers to increase in a country’s capacity to serve the economic interests of its citizens and overcoming economic problems of the country.
→ “Economic development is a process whereby an economy’s real national income increases over a long period of time” – Pro. Meier and Baldwin.
→ Development is a process
→ Development is an increase in real National income
→ The process of development refers to the operation of the forces that bring about changes in supplying of factors of production and in the structure of demand for the products.
→ National Income is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year.
→ “Real” National Income is arrived at after removing the increased price effect, which reflects the true purchasing power of income.
→ Maintaining ‘Price Stability’ promotes development.
→ Economic development is an improvement in economic welfare. – Prof. Colin Clark
→ Economic development is a process that extends over a long period, that which helps in reducing poverty and there by helping a country to achieve self- sustained growth in income.
→ “Under development” denotes a backward and stagnant situation where levels of living of people are low due to lower level of “per capita income’ and lower produciviting and high population growth.
→ “Developing Countries” refers to the ‘under developed countries which are capable of development and are making serious efforts to overcome their problems of low income and poverty.
→ The “Per capita income” is being noted as an indicator of developments.
→ “Per Capita Income” is calculated as National Income divided by total population in a given year
→ “Per Capita Income” of India was Rs. 1,21,603 in 2016
→ India ranks 143rd in the world with reference its “Per Capita Income
→ “Human Development”: “The most important requirements to enjoy a decent standard living are ; ability to lead a healthy and long life; being literate; and having income to purchase minimum amenities” – (Amartya Sen – Indian Economist)
→ The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has constructed an “Human Development Index”.
→ The core capabilities of a country’s population are defined, measured and combined to derive the “Composite Human Developmet Index”
→ Life Expectency : The age till which the people of a Country can expect to survive
→ Availability of nutritions food, excellent health and hygiene facilities, clean environment etc., are factors represented in life expectency.
→ The standard of living is measured with the help of ‘per capita income’.
→ In 2014, HSI calculated at 0.586 and ranked at 135 out of 187 countries.
→ Sex ratio is the number of females for every 1000 Males.
→ The Sex ratio in India was 945 in 2011.
→ A “Self Help Group” are women who come together to share their meager resources; obtain external support, undertake business jointly and earn income.
→ “Empowerment” is a process that infuses people with power ie., access to resources; expands individual’s capacity and power of decision making ie., autonomy.
→ The UNDP calculates ‘Gender Inequality Index’
→ India’s GII was 0.563, and stood at 130th place in the list of 188
→ INFLATION: In Economics, Inflation is a sustained income in the general price levels of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
→ DEVELOPMENT : Progress in a particular field or a segment of people.
→ PROF. MEIER AND BALDWIN: Gerald M. Meier, was professor of International Economics and Policy Analysis at Konosuke Matsushita.
→ ROBERT F. BALDWIN: Professor of Economics at Hilldale.
→ PROF. COLIN CLARK : Prof. Colin Clark was Deputy Dean in the Faculty of Business and Law at Victoria University.
→ PER CAPITA INCOME : Per Capita Income or average income is the average income earned per person in a country in a specified year.
→ PARAMETER : Is a numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or tells the condition of its operation.
→ MAHABUB UL HAQ : (1934 – 1996) weas a Pakistani game theorist, Economist and an International Development Theorist and Finance Minister of Pakistan from 1985 – 86.
→ UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
→ HDI : Human Development Index
→ SEX RATIO: The number of females for every 1000 Males
→ SHG: Self Help Group
→ Gil: Gender Inequality Index