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1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 9 Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism

November 21, 2019

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Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 9 Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was the First Consul of France?
Answer:
Napoleon was the First Consul of France.

Question 2.
Who was Admiral Nelson?
Answer:
Vice-Admiral Nelson was the Commander of the Royal British Navy, who defeated the French navy of Napoleon in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, even though he lost his life in the battle.

Question 3.
In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as the Emperor of France?
Answer:
In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor of France.

Question 4.
Who established the Bank of France?
Answer:
Napoleon established the Bank of France.

Question 5.
Which University was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
The University of France was founded by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 6.
Who imposed the Continental System?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte imposed the Continental System, to weaken England’s trade and
commerce.

Question 7.
Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte died on the Island of St. Helena.

Question 8.
Which was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Answer:
Waterloo Was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 9.
Who is called as the second Justinian?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was called as the second Justinian.

Question 10.
In which year was the Battle of Waterloo fought?
Answer:
Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815.

Question 11.
Who was called the ‘Child of the French Revolution’?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was called the ‘Child of the French Revolution’.

Question 12.
Who destroyed the French Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar?
Answer:
Vice-Admiral Nelson destroyed the French Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Question 13.
“I am the child of the Revolution” and “I destroyed the Revolution”. Whose statements ‘ were these?
Answer:
These were Napoleon Bonaparte’s statements.

Question 14.
Who said that “I was born, when my country was dying”?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 15.
What was Napoleon’s Religious Treaty with the Church known as?
Answer:
The Religious Treaty with the Church was known as Concordat.

Question 16.
Who is called the Father of Italian Unification?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini is called as the Father of Italian Unification.

Question 17.
What is Carbonari?
Answer:
Carbonari was one of the Secret Societies of Italy in the early nineteenth century, who were active in creating opposition to foreign rule.

Question 18.
Who founded Young Italy?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini founded Young Italy.

Question 19.
Who said, “Pen is mightier than Sword”?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini said that “Pen is mightier than Sword”.

Question 20.
Who published the paper ‘Risorgimento’?
Answer:
Count de Cavour published the paper ‘Risorgimento’ (Rebirth).

Question 21.
Who helped Sardinia and Piedmont in their war against Austria?
Answer:
Count de Cavour helped Sardinia and Piedmont in their war against Austria.

Question 22.
Which treaty was concluded after the war between Austria and Sardinia?
Answer:
Treaty of Villa Franca in 1859 was concluded after the war between Austria and Sardinia.

Question 23.
Who established the Red Shirt Army?
Answer:
Garibaldi established the Red Shirt Army.

Question 24.
Who was the first King of United Italy?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II was the first King of United Italy.

Question 25.
Name the capital of United Italy.
Answer:
Rome was the first Capital of United Italy.

Question 26.
When was Italy unified?
Answer:
1870 A.D.

Question 27.
What was the Italian movement for unification known as?
Answer:
Risorgimento (Rebirth).

Question 28.
Which secret organization was associated with the early stage of Italian unification?
Answer:
Carbonari.

Question 29.
Which society was founded by Mazzini?
Answer:
Young Italy.

Question 30.
Who was the King of Piedmont during the Italian unification?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel-II was the King of Piedmont and Sardinia.

Question 31.
Which organization was founded by Garibaldi?
Answer:
Red Shirts organization was founded by Garibaldi.

Question 32.
What was the great belief of Garibaldi?
Answer:
The unification of Italy is only possible by the sword.

Question 33.
Who liberated Naples and Sicily from the rule of Bourbons?
Answer:
Garibaldi liberated Naples and Sicily from the rule of Bourbons.

Question 34.
What was the famous policy of Bismarck?
Answer:
Bismarck said that ‘The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions but by ‘iron and blood’. This became popular as the ‘Blood and Iron’ policy of Bismarck.

Question 35.
In which year did Prussia attack Denmark?
Answer:
The combined armies of Prussia and Austria attacked Denmark in 1864.

Question 36.
Which King of Denmark declared the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein?
Answer:
King Christian IX of Denmark declared the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.

Question 37.
Which treaty ended the Austro-Prussian war?
Answer:
The Treaty of Prague ended the Austro-Prussian war.

Question 38.
Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian war?
Answer:
The Treaty of Frankfurt ended the Franco-Prussian war.

Question 39.
When was Germany unified?
Answer:
In 1871 A.D.

Question 40.
Who was the architect of the unification of Germany?
Answer:
Otto von Bismarck.

Question 41.
Who was the King of Prussia during the Germany unification?
Answer:
‘Kaiser’ William.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte’s parents were Count Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina.

Question 2.
Where and in which year was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on August 15^th,1769.

Question 3.
Between whom and when was the ‘Titlist Treaty’ concluded?
Answer:
The Titlist Treaty was concluded between Napoleon and the Tsar of Russia in 1807.

Question 4.
What is Concordat?
Answer:
It was the aim of Napoleon to heal up the wounds caused by the French Revolution by its breach with the papacy. He felt that a State without religion was like an empty vessel so he decided to regain the sympathy of the Catholics by improving his relations with the Pope. After negotiations with Pope Pius VII, he reached a religious understanding with the Pope in 1802, which came to be known as the ‘Concordat’. With this treaty, Catholicism became the state religion of France.

Question 5.
What is the Continental System?
Answer:
England’s strength was in its Trade and Commerce. Napoleon decided to curb it. He issued two, decrees from Berlin and Milan. British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe. This economic warfare on England was called the Continental System. As Europe depended on imports from England, this system harmed France more than England.

Question 6.
What is Legion of Honour?
Answer:
It was an award constituted by Napoleon to honour those who had rendered distinguished and meritorious service to France in Military and Civil services. It was based on principles of equality without distinction of class and religion. This is called Legion of Honour.

Question 7.
Which and when was the last battle of Napoleon?
Answer:
Battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D.

Question 8.
To which place and when was Napoleon exiled?
Answer:
After his defeat in the Waterloo battle, Napoleon was exiled, to St. Helena, an island in the Atlantic Ocean on May 5^th 1821.

Question 9.
What is meant by ‘The Hundred days’?
Answer:
Napoleon after escaping from the Island of Elba occupied the throne of France and ruled from March to June in 1815 for a period of about a hundred days. This episode is called ‘The Hundred Days’.

Question 10.
Name the architects of Italian Unification.
Answer:
Count De Cavour, Garibaldi, Joseph Mazzini.

Question 11.
What were the aims of young Italy?
Answer:
The aim of young Italy was to train the Italians and make them aware of their great past. It stood for unity and independence and wanted liberty, equality, and humanity.

Question 12.
Who was called the Sword of Italian Unification? Name the army he established.
Answer:
Garibaldi was called the Sword of Italian Unification. He established the Red Shirt Army.

Question 13.
Name any four states of Italy.
Answer:
Lombardy, Tuscany, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Piedmont.

Question 14.
Who was the Chancellor of Victor Emmanuel II? What was his policy?
Answer:
Count de Cavour was the Chancellor of Victor Emmanuel II and he believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy.

Question 15.
Who was the founder of Young Italy? When?
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini founded the Young Italy in 1831 A.D.

Question 16.
Who organized the ‘Red Shirts Movement’? When?
Answer:
Garibaldi organized the army of thousand Redshirts in 1860 A.D.

Question 17.
Which were the two states captured by Garibaldi?
Answer:
Sicily and Naples (Italian) were captured by Garibaldi.

Question 18.
Who was the Ruler of Sardinia at the time of the unification of Italy? Who was his Prime Minister?
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel II was the Ruler and Count de Cavour was his Prime Minister or Chancellor.

Question 19.
What was Zollverein?
Answer:
In 1834, Prussia worked for an economic union of the German States, namely the Customs Union called ‘Zollverein’ which allowed free trade amongst the States. The member states agreed to abolish the customs duties in their borders for each other for easy movement of goods. This was the first step towards political unity.

Question 20.
Why did Fredrick William IV reject the offer of the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer:
He did not want to accept the crown offered by the elected representatives instead of their Kings. He was also afraid of the military intervention of Austria and Russia and hence rejected the offer.

Question 21.
Who assisted Bismarck in the re-organization of the Prussian military?
Answer:
General Roon and General Moltke assisted Bismarck in the re-organization of the Prussian military.

Question 22.
Who was the architect of German unification? What was his policy?
Answer:
Otto von Bismark- ‘Blood and Iron’ policy.

Question 23.
Name the wars fought by Bismark for the unification of Germany?
Answer:
War with Denmark – 1864, war with Austria – 1868 and war with France – 1870-71.

Question 24.
When did the Austro-Prussian war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The war with Austria took place in 1866. It ended with the treaty of Prague.

Question 25.
When did the Danish war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The war with Denmark took place in 1864 and it ended with the treaty of Vienna.

Question 26.
When did the Franco -Prussian war take place? Which treaty ended it?
Answer:
The Franco-Prussian war took place in 1870 – 71 and ended with the treaty of Frankfurt.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the life and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio in the Island of Corsica on August 15^th,1769. His parents were Count’Charles Bonaparte and Countess Leticia Romalina. During his childhood, he cultivated self-confidence, an ability to work hard and immense ambition. After his education, he joined the Military Academy in Paris and graduated. Because of his keen interest in Military Science and ability, he rose up in the ranks fast and proved his talent by suppressing two rebellions against the French Government.

In 1796, the Directory Government appointed Napoleon as the commander of the French Army in Italy. His Italian campaign was a great success. He defeated the Sardinians and then the Austrians. By the Treaty of ‘Campo-Formio’ in 1797, he gained immense success for France.

Napoleon started re-drawing the map of Europe though his conquests. Arbitrary Governments were imposed on Italy and Belgium. His Egyptian campaign was aimed at striking the British “. Imperialism. In the ‘Battle of the Pyramids’ Napoleon could score a victory over England. But in the Naval Battle of the Nile or ‘Aboukir Bay’, he was defeated by Admiral Nelson. Napoleon overthrew the Directory Government and became the First Consul of the three-member Consulate government and later took over absolute control and declared himself as the Emperor.

Question 2.
Write about the military expeditions of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
1. Napoleon as Emperor of France(1804-1814):
By 1802 Napoleon’s control over France was total. He aspired to become Consul for life. On December 2, 1804, he was coronated as the Emperor of France. Napoleon had invited the Pope to give his blessings and also to crown him. But at the last moment, he himself placed the crown on his head and later remarked “I found the Crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword”.

2. Wars of Napoleon:
The Napoleonic Empire lasted for ten years from 1804 to 1814. It was a period of uninterrupted warfare. He had become all-powerful in France. Now he desired to become all-powerful in Europe. He had overthrown the three great military states of Europe: Austria, Russia and Prussia. Only Great Britain and Sweden remained to be defeated.

3. Continental system:
Britain was the chief commercial and industrial nation of the world. But invading Britain was impossible as it was the strongest naval power. So its Commerce and industry must be attacked by preventing the import of British goods into the continent, which was its chief market. Such a move would ruin the British commerce and industry and compel Britain to sue for peace. Toward this end, Napoleon fought an economic war with Great Britain from 1806 to 1814, this economic warfare is known as the ‘Continental System’.

In 1806, Napoleon proclaimed a decree which provided for closure of all ports on the continent to the British manufactured goods. In retaliation the British Government issued ‘Orders in Council ’ (1807). The result of this confrontation was that Napoleon would not allow import of British goods into the continent and Britain, in turn, would prevent the sea trade of France and its allies.

For Napoleon it proved physically impossible to enforce the “Continental system” thoroughly. It was difficult to prevent the bribery of customs officials and smuggling. In the course of enforcing the ‘Continental System’, Napoleon was involved in the series of disastrous wars in Europe.

Tsar Alexander violated the Continental System and Napoleon organised a huge army for the invasion of Moscow. It was a disaster and the French army suffered from the biting cold, hunger and thirst and lost more than 3,00,000 soldiers. Napoleon’s enemies increased and the combined armies of Austria and Prussia with the help of England defeated him in the Battle of Leipzig. He was deported to the island of Elba. He escaped from there and ruled France for 100 days but was completely routed in the battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena where he died.

Question 3.
Discuss the Continental system of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
England’s strength was in its trade and commerce. Hence Napoleon decided to attack England by destroying its trade. He issued two decrees from Berlin in 1806 and Milan in 1807 as per which, British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe. This was called the Continental System. Since Europe was dependent on England and its imports, the application of this system harmed France more than England. The European nations which depended on imports from England suffered a lot.

As a result, Spain and Portugal were attacked for not observing the Continental System. When there was a civil war in Spain, Napoleon installed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne against the wishes of its people. There was a national revolution in Spain and England sent its Army which defeated the French Army.

Question 4.
Explain the causes of the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Causes for the downfall of Napoleon are manifold. Mainly they were as given below.

1. Though he was a genius, his inordinate ambition, pride and self-centred nature ruined him in the end.

2. Napoleonic Empire depended only on his military strength. His army consisted of soldiers belonging to different nationalities who did not have any attachment to the Empire.

3. The rise of nationalism against the Napoleonic Empire was another factor that led to his fall. This spirit of nationalism which initially worked well in Spain, later on, spread to other countries like Austria, Prussia, and Russia, leading to the War of Liberation.

4. The Continental System was one of the great blunders committed by Napoleon. Due to the heavy losses, the European countries came out of the system.

5. The Russian expedition was ill-fated and the grand army of Napoleon was reduced to pieces due to the bad weather. The opportunity was immediately seized by his enemies who formed the fourth coalition to bring about his downfall.

6. The ill-treatment of the Pope by Napoleon antagonized the. Roman Catholics throughout Europe. In 1809, he had seized the Papal territories and transferred the seat of Papacy to Paris as the Pope had refused to observe the continental system.

7. The continued opposition of England, its undisputed supremacy on the sea and the ability of its commanders like Vice-Admiral Nelson and General Wellesley also contributed much towards the destruction of Napoleonic Empire. The fact was that his navy was very weak.

Question 5.
Napoleon Bonaparte was ‘The Child of Revolution’ and also ‘The Destroyer of Revolution’. Justify this statement.
Answer:
After the Revolution, France became a Republic in 1792. The National convention gave all executive authorities to the ‘Committee of Public Safety’, which let loose a reign of terror internally. It came to an end with the guillotining of Robespierre, the head of the Committee. The Directory government was formed in 1795, which was overthrown by Napoleon in 1799. The revolution had resulted in a series of only temporary solutions in the Governance of France and had paved the way for Napoleon to take over control. The principles of the revolution were given life with his reforms. So, Napoleon was in a way the offshoot or ‘The Child of Revolution’.

The underlying principles of the French Revolution as per J.J. Rousseau were ‘Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’. Montesquieu advocated the ‘Theory of Separation of Powers’ as per which, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary should function independently to safeguard the liberty, of the people. Napoleon being overambitious wanted to rule over the World. His military campaigns, the continuous war with England, the disastrous invasion of Moscow, his absolute control of power over legislative, executive and Judiciary systems were all against the principles on which the French Revolution was set up. He undermined them and so rightfully called the ‘Destroyer’.

Question 6.
Trace the role of Joseph Mazzini in the Unification of Italy.
Answer:
Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872): Mazzini was one of the architects of Italian unification. He was the prophet of the unification movement. He was born in Genoa in 1805. He was the son of a Professor of Anatomy. He was influenced by nationalist ideas from his boyhood days. The misery of his country had left a deep impression on his mind and as a symbol of mourning he used to dress himself in black. He joined the Carbonari. He had studied law and was greatly influenced by the writings of Dante, Milton, Scott and others. Count Cavour’s Risorgimento was a source of great inspiration to him. His ambition was to drive out the Austrians from the Italian soil.

He founded the organization called ‘Young Italy’ in 1813. The main intention of his organization was to train the Italians and make them aware of their great past. It stood for unity and independence and wanted liberty, equality and humanity. He was basically a democrat and he spread the ideas of unity and independence through his personal, abilities without any external help. He was a staunch believer in “Pen is mightier than sword”. He laid a strong foundation for Italian unification. His efforts created a new spark of nationalism throughout the country.

Question 7.
Describe the role of Count de Cavour in the Unification of Italy.
Answer:
Count de Cavour was born in 1810 at Piedmont, and received military education. He served in military for some time. He had studied history and culture of Italy and had developed a patriotic spirit. He advocated the English Constitutional System. In 1847, he started a newspaper called ‘Risorgimento’ (Rebirth). As the editor of the paper, he mobilized public opinion to unite Italy.

His political career began when he was elected to the Parliament of Piedmont in 1850. He was appointed as the Prime Minister in 1852 by Victor Emmanuel II. He served as Prime Minister from 1852 to 1861. He had the dream of uniting Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. But before taking up that task, he undertook many reforms to make Sardinia strong. Economy was reformed. Commercial taxes were reduced. He encouraged education and industries. He thus developed the State and it became a ‘Model State’.

He relieved in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy. Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war, fought between England and France 1854-1856, on the side of Turkey against Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with a foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked. ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’. After the war, in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders.

Napoleon III, the ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for Which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm. When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859. This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria.

According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in. Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour. He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused, he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister.

In 1860 Modena, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna, Umbria and Marches voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ he died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the Unification of Italy. His last words were “Italy is made, all is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

Question 8.
Write about the part played by Garibaldi in the Italian Unification.
Answer:
he third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot, Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities. He was the most romantic figure of the Italian unification movement. He was a great disciple of Mazzini. His parents wanted him to join the Church, but he joined seafarers and spent many years at sea. He believed in “The Unification of Italy is possible only by the Sword”. He was a revolutionary and was exiled to South America for taking part in plots and insurrections. While in exile, Garibaldi learned the art of guerrilla warfare.

He participated in the revolt organized by Mazzini at Savoy in 1834. But the revolt failed. Because of his nationalistic activities he was given death sentence. He managed to escape to South America and lived in exile for 14 years. He had a large number of followers who were ready for any sacrifice for the sake of their country.

They were transformed into an army called the ‘Red Shirts’. During the 1848 revolution, he returned to Italy and took part in the Italian Nationalist Movement. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, he commanded the Sardinian forces.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months, Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so.

So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome and Garibaldi, whose main aim was the Unification of Italy, handed over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi is called the ‘Sword of Italian Unification’. A true patriot, he refused to accept titles and honours which were offered to him, went back to his village and lived the life of a peasant.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany?
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about the European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William I.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So-he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

German provinces of Scheleswig and Holstein were declared to be part of Denmark by Christian IX of Denmark. In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, attacked and defeated Denmark and captured these provinces back. Prussia and Austria split the administration of these two. Later, Prussia proposed a National Constitution and a National Diet for the German states for which some of the States were reluctant to be part of.

The Prussian troop movements near the Austrian borders arranged by Bismarck, made Austria declare war on Prussia and, appear as the aggressor. The hitherto reluctant States joined Prussia and the well prepared Prussian army with the support of Italy and the States won over Austria and in 1866 annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The formation of the North German Confederation resulted in a partial Unification of Germany.

Bismarck wanted a war with France, the remaining big power in Europe to complete the German Unification. He diplomatically managed the situation in such a way that Napoleon III of France declared war on Prussia. France was alone and the South German States also joined hands with Prussia and the French forces were defeated at different fronts and even Paris was captured. The Prussian King William was crowned as the Emperor of United Germany with the title ‘Kaiser’. The unification of Germany was complete and Bismarck rightfully was hailed as the ‘Architect of German Unification’.

Question 10.
Write a note on Frankfurt Parliament (1848).
Answer:
Many European nations including the German States witnessed revolutions in 1848. The revolutions in German States aimed at unification and a single German constitution. The revolutionaries hoped that such a constitution would provide a universal male suffrage, a permanent national Parliament and a united Germany under the leadership of the Prussian King. The Frankfurt Parliament consisting of the representatives of all the German states met on 27^th March 1849.

It held discussions, passed the resolution and offered the title “Kaiser” to the Prussian King, Fredrick William IV. He refused the offer to become the Emperor of United Germany stating that he could not accept the crown offered by the elected representatives of the states, instead of their Kings. Moreover, he was afraid of the military intervention of Austria and Russia. Thus the attempt at unification failed.

Question 11.
How did the Zollverain system help unify Germany?
Answer:
1. Introduction:
Germany was divided into a number of principalities. The spirit of provincialism was strong which prevented political unity. The French Revolution and Napoleon’s Uniform System of Administration led to a rapid .growth of nationalism and democracy which became a determining factor in the political division of Europe in the 19^th century. People sought political unity and a Government which would be the expression of the will of the people. Bismarck led the unification movement in Germany. Vienna Congress was held in 1815, the Congress strengthening Monarchy everywhere by suppressing national revolts.

The hopes of the Germans were thus shattered by the Congress. The diplomats divided Germany and put it under the control of different powers. The German confederation was very weak. It could not achieve any kind of unity. But Unification was achieved in Germany at the initiative taken by the State of Prussia, its King William-I and Chancellor Bismarck.

2. Zollverein system:
Prussia was the largest and the strongest among the 39 States of the confederation of Rhine. As a first step towards unification, Prussia launched an economic movement. Till the beginning of the 19^th century, there was no uniformity in custom duties between the German states as each state had its own laws, weights, and measurements system and custom duties with other States. On Prussia’s initiative, an economic union of the German States called the Customs Union – ‘Zollverein’ was formed in 1834. It allowed free trade, reduced the protectionist barriers and eased the transportation of raw materials and finished goods among the German States.

As the custom duties were removed, the products were less costly to buy or sell. Austria did not like to see a unified Germany in any manner. Zollverein subdued the narrow local feeling and replaced it with the wider and stronger feelings of German nationality and unity. This economic unity was the first step towards the political unification of Germany. Thus ‘Zollverein’ was the catalyst for the German Unification.

1st PUC History Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the Administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
Administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte:
Napoleon centralised the entire system of local government in France. The entire country was divided into Provinces, Arrondissements, and Communes. The powers were vested in Prefects and Sub-Prefects who were responsible to only Napoleon. It assured that the decrees of the
Central Government should promptly and uniformly be carried out. He developed and empowered the office of the ‘Secretariat of the State’. His major reforms were as follows.

1. Code Napoleon:
The most durable of Napoleon’s work was the introduction of the legal code which is the base for the French Law. This was known as ‘Code Napoleon’ and came into effect in 1804 A.D. He appointed two committees to draft the legal codes and the committees was presided over by Napoleon. He had a good commonsense and a legislative vision. The 5 codes were

French Civil Code,
Code of Civil Procedure,
Code of Criminal Procedure,
Penal Code and,
Commercial Code.

The basic demands of the Revolution like Civil equality, religious toleration, the emancipation of land, etc., were taken care of with these codes. He was hailed as the second Justinian.

2. Education:
He introduced a national scheme of education managed by the State which
was organized into four types- Elementary, Secondary, Higher and Special Schools. This was to maintain uniformity of standard in Schools and Colleges. He also established the University of France.

3. Religious reforms or the Concordat:
He made a code of laws for the Clergy also and to heal up the mistrust with the Papacy, entered into a religious understanding with Pope Pius-VII in 1802 known as the Concordat. He regained the sympathy of the Catholics by improving his relations with the Pope and with this treaty, Catholicism became the State religion.

4. Public works:
He built new highways connecting Paris with the other major cities and improved the means of communication. Bridges and Canals were constructed. These helped in solving the unemployment problem also to a great extent. He encouraged trade and commerce and Paris and other cities were beautified and transformed into modem cities.

5. Economy:
Bank of France was established. It supervised the entire financial setup and stimulated trade and industry. Careful collection of taxes and rigid economic measures were carried out. Revenue boards were set up. The national loan was reduced and the Stock Exchanges were regulated. He took stern measures to root out corruption and gambling.

6. Legion of honour:
To honour those who had rendered meritorious Military and Civil services to the State, Napoleon started an award called ‘Legion of Honour’. It was based on principles of equality, without distinction of class and religion.

Question 2.
Write about life and conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte ended the rule of the Directory in France and assumed supreme military command. He provided-a stable political system based on personal dictatorship. Her reign lasted for fifteen years, from 1799 to 1814.

1. Early life of Napoleon:
Napoleon was born at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica on 15th August 1769. At sixteen, he joined the French army as an Artillery Officer. He was unquestionably a man of extraordinary force of mind and character. He believed that he was a man of destiny. The outbreak of the French Revolution gave him an opportunity to fulfill his ambitions and also channelize his energy. The Italian campaigns which he led in 1796 made him the most brilliant General of the French Republic. In 1799, he overthrew the corrupt and inefficient Directory Government and established a three-member Consulate Government and became the First Consul. He was the man who presided over the destiny of France for the next 15 years. He was virtually a Sovereign.

2. Napoleon as Emperor of France (1804-1814):
In 1802, Napoleon’s control over France was total. He aspired to become Consul for life. On December 2^nd 1804, Napoleon was coronated as the Emperor of France. He had invited the Pope to give his blessings and also to crown him. But at the last moment he himself placed the crown on his head and later remarked “I found the crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword”.

3. Wars of Napoleon:
The Napoleonic Empire lasted for ten years from 1804 to 1814. It was a period of uninterrupted warfare. He had become all-powerful in France. Now he desired to become all-powerful in Europe. He had overthrown the three great military states of Europe: Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Only Great Britain and Sweden remained to be defeated.

4. Continental system:
Britain was the chief commercial and industrial nation of the world. But invading Britain was impossible as it was the strongest naval power. So Napoleon planned that its commerce and industry must be attacked, by preventing the import of British goods into the continent, which was its chief market. Such a move would ruin British commerce and industry and compel Britain to sue for peace. Towards this end, Napoleon fought an economic war with Great Britain from 1806 to 1814, this.economic warfare was known as the “Continental System”.

In 1806, Napoleon proclaimed a decree which provided for closure of all ports on the continent to the British manufactured goods. In retaliation, the British Government issued ‘Orders in Council’. The result of this confrontation was that Napoleon would not allow the import of British goods into the continent and Britain, in turn, would prevent the sea trade of France and its allies. For Napoleon, it proved physically impossible to enforce the “Continental System” thoroughly. It was difficult to prevent the bribery of customs officials and smuggling. In the course of enforcing the ‘Continental System’, Napoleon was involved in a series of disastrous wars in Europe.

5. Abdication of Napoleon:
In March 1814, Napoleon’s chief enemies – Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia concluded a treaty with -the sole aim of overthrowing their arch enemy and they declared war against France. The French resistance was broken within a month and Paris was surrounded on March 31, 1814. Napoleon, at last, abdicated his throne. In return, the allies offered him Elba, an island in the Mediterranean. Amid the tears of his soldiers, Napoleon left for Elba. The allies decided to restore the Bourbon dynasty on the throne of France, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, was offered the crown.

6. The Hundred Days:
For ten months Napoleon was in Elba. On March 1, 1815, he escaped from Elba and landed with 1,100 men on the South Coast of France. Then he advanced towards Paris. Hearing this news, Louis XVIII fled to Belgium. Napoleon occupied the throne of France and ruled as Emperor from March to June 1815. This episode is known as “The Hundred Days”.

The allies once again pledged to fight against Napoleon to the finish. They declared war on France and finally defeated Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo (1815) in Belgium. This was Napoleon’s sixteenth and final battle. The battle destroyed once for all the last army of the French Emperor. Napoleon abdicated for the second time and was exiled to St. Helena.

Question 3.
Describe the stages of Italian Unification.
Answer:
1. Introduction to Italian Unification:
Before the 19^th century, Italy was only a ‘geographical expression’. There was no unity among the different States. Hence they became victims of foreign domination. The northern states of Lombardy and Venetia were directly under the Austrians, other small states were under the Hapsburgs, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany were under the Austrian Royal family, Central Italian Duchies were ruled by the Pope and Naples and Sicily in the South were under the Bourbons of France.

By 1820, insurrections began. These insurrections were the work of secret societies. The largest of these was the Carbonari or ‘Charcoal burners’. They were active in creating opposition to foreign rule. There were many revolts during 1820-1831. But the revolts were put down by Austria. Joseph Mazzini called the ‘Soul of Italian unification’ was born at Genoa in 1805. He was a lawyer by Profession. He believed that ‘Pen is mightier than Sword’ and decided to infuse patriotism among the people through his articles. He was a member of the Carbonari. He founded a society called ‘Young Italy’ in 1831.

2. First Stage of Unification:
Young Italy was an organization of the Youth and a secret and underground organization. Mazzini felt that unification has to be achieved only by ItaliAnswer: Men below 40 years of age were given membership to this society. They were able-bodied youth of Italy. The unity of – Italy was preached as a new religion and a holy mission. ‘God, the people and Italy’ were the watchwords of this organization. Because of his activities, Mazzini was banished and lived in exile in France, Switzerland, and England and guided the movement from outside.

Mazzini’s influence was such that in 1848, well organized revolts were seen in Italy. People of Lombardy, Parma, Modena arid Tuscany rose in revolt against their rulers. Since there was no unity among them, they were easily put down by Austria and France. Charles Albert, the King of Italy led the national movement and drove out Austria from Lombardy. But this success was short-lived. The Austrians defeated the Sardinian army. Disappointed with this, Charles Albert abdicated his throne in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.

Count de Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war fought during 1854-1856 with England and France on the side of Turkey against Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked. ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’. After the war in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders.

This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria. According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in.

3. Second Stage of Unification:
Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour. He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister. In 1860, Modena, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ Count de Cavour. died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the total Unification of Italy, His last words were “Italy is made, all is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

4. Third Stage of Unification:
The third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot, Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities.

He participated in a revolt organized by Mazzini at Savoy in 1834. But the revolt failed. Because of his nationalistic activities, he was given a death sentence. He managed to escape to South America and lived in exile for 14 years. He had a large number of loyal followers prepared for any sacrifice for the sake of their country. They were transformed into an army called ‘Red Shirts’. During the 1848 revolution, he returned to Italy and took part in the Italian Nationalist Movement. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, he commanded the Sardinian forces.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome, but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so. So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome.

Garibaldi, whose main aim was the Unification of Italy, handed over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi is called the ‘Sword of Italian Unification’. A true patriot, he refused to accept titles and honours which were offered to him, went back to his village and lived the life of a peasant.

Victor Emmanuel II, the King of Sardinia was a patriot himself and an honest King of Italy. He achieved the unification through peaceful negotiations. He appointed Count Cavour as his prime minister. By 1861, Cavour had united-most of Italy. On 18^th February 1861, a new Parliament was convened at Turin and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of Italy. But Venetia and Rome were yet to be added. Venetia was under Austria and Rome was under the Pope. In 1866, a war broke out between Austria and Prussia, in which Victor Emmanuel II sided with Prussia. The victory of Prussia over Austria compelled Austria to give Venetia to Italy.

In 1870, when there was a war between Prussia and France. Napoleon III withdraw his forces from Rome which had been kept for the protection of the Pope. Immediately, Victor Emmanuel’s troops occupied Rome. The unification of Italy was completed in 1870. Rome became the capital of United Italy. Thus, the Patriotism of Mazzini, the Wars of Garibaldi, the Diplomacy of Cavour and the Statesmanship of Victor Emmanuel helped the Unification of Italy.

Question 4.
Describe the part played by Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi in the Italian Unification.
Answer:
1. Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872):
Joseph Mazzini called the ‘Soul of Italian unification’ was born at Genoa in 1805. He was a lawyer by Profession. He believed that ‘Pen is mightier than Sword’ and decided to infuse patriotism among the people through his articles. He was a member of the Carbonari. He founded a society called ‘Young Italy’ in 1831. It was an organization of the Youth and a secret and underground organization. He felt that unification has to be achieved only by Italians.

Men below 40 years of age were given membership to this society. They were able bodied youth of Italy. The unity of Italy was preached as a new religion and a holy mission. ‘God, the people and Italy’ were the watchwords of this organization. Because of his activities, Mazzini was banished and lived in exile in France, Switzerland, and England and guided the movement from outside.

Mazzini’s influence was such that in 1848, well organized revolts were seen in Italy. People of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany rose in revolt against their rulers. Since there was no unity among them, they were easily put down by Austria and France, Charles Albert, the King of Italy led the national movement and drove put Austria from Lombardy. But this success was short lived. The Austrians defeated the Sardinian army. Disappointed with this, Charles Albert abdicated his throne in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.

2. Count de Cavour (1810-1861):
He had the dream of uniting Italy under the leadership of Sardinia. But before taking up that task, he undertook many reforms to make Sardinia strong. Economy was reformed. Commercial taxes were reduced. He encouraged education and industries. He thus developed the state and it became a‘Model State’.

He believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy. Cavour believed that Italian Unification could be achieved only with the help of other European countries. Hence, he took part in the Crimean war. This war, fought during 1854-1856, with England and France on the side of Turkey against-Russia had no reason for Cavour to take part. But with a foresight to create an image about his State before England and France, he made this move. He remarked ‘Out of the mud of Crimea, Italy will be made’.

After the war in the Paris Peace Congress, he put forth the problems of Italy before the leaders-. Napoleon III, the Ruler of France was very sympathetic to the cause of Italian Unification. Cavour signed an agreement with Napoleon III at Plombieres in 1858. Napoleon promised to help Cavour against Austria in return for which Cavour had to give Savoy and Nice. Cavour built his army. Austria was suspicious of the meeting between Cavour and Napoleon and the militarization of Sardinia and ordered Sardinia to disarm.

When Sardinia refused, the war began in 1859. This war lasted for two months. The Austrians were defeated at Magenta and Salfereno. But Napoleon stopped the war without giving a clue to Sardinia, concluded the treaty of ‘Villa Franca’ with Austria. According to this treaty, Austrian troops were evacuated from Lombardy and it was ceded to Victor Emmanuel II. Thus, the first stage of unification was set in. Napoleon received Nice and Savoy. The abrupt end of the war disappointed Cavour.

He forced King Victor Emmanuel II not to accept the treaty of Villa Franca. But when Victor Emmanuel refused he resigned. But soon he was re-elected and took over as the Prime Minister. In 1860 Modern, Parma, Tuscany, Romagna voted to merge with Sardinia. This led to the second step in the unification. Considered ‘the Brain of Italian Unification’ he died in 1861. He died almost a decade before the Unification of Italy. His last words were “Italy is made, all .is safe’. It was indeed an optimistic quote.

3. Garibaldi (1807-1882):
The third stage of Italian Unification was achieved by the great patriot Garibaldi. He was born in 1807 at Nice. He became a member of ‘Young Italy’ at the age of 24 and took part in the revolutionary activities.

In 1860, the people of Sicily sought his help against the Bourbons. Immediately he went with his army of Red Shirts and within two months Francis II was defeated and Sicily was annexed. Then he went to Naples and defeated Francis II there also. He wanted to proceed to Rome but Cavour did not like his move and prevailed upon Victor Emmanuel II to prevent him from doing so. So an army of Victor Emmanuel II was sent to Rome.

Question 5.
Discuss in detail the different stages of the German Unification.
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

1. War with Denmark:
The King of Denmark was also the Duke of the German provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. They were declared to be part of Denmark by Christian IX of Denmark. The people of these provinces and other German states were unhappy at this move. In 1864, Bismarck made an alliance with Austria, attacked and defeated Denmark and captured these provinces back. The Peace Treaty of Vienna was signed in Oct 1864. Later on, Prussia and Austria agreed to administer Schleswig and Holstein respectively according to the Convention of Gastein.

2. Austro – Prussian war (1866):
Bismarck promised compensation to Napoleon III, the Emperor of France for the French neutrality, in case of a war with Austria. Prussia and Italy also came to a secret understanding to militarily help each other. Prussia proposed a National Constitution and a National Diet for the German States for which some of the States were reluctant to be part of. Prussia and Italy started troop movements near the Austrian borders. Austria responded by full-scale mobilization of troops. The troop movements of the Prussian army near the Austrian borders arranged by Bismarck, made Austria declare war on Prussia and appear as the aggressor.

The hitherto reluctant States joined Prussia and the well prepared Prussian army with the support of Italy and the States defeated Austria and in 1866 annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The decisive battle was fought at Koniggratz near Sadowa, in which Austria was completely routed. This war is also called as ‘Seven Weeks War’. The Austro Prussian war of 1866 ended with the Treaty of Prague. The formation of the North German Confederation resulted in a partial Unification of Germany.

3. Franco-Prussian war (1870-71):
Bismarck did not keep up the promise of compensation to France for its neutrality. He desired a war with France to complete his scheme of unification. He knew that a war with France would make the remaining German states join the North German confederation. The dispute for the Spanish throne offered a pretext for war. Bismarck supported the claims of Prince Leopold, a relative of the Prussian King. The French were alarmed at the growth of Prussian power.

The French opposed the claims and were successful in pressurizing Leopold to decline the offer. Bismarck diplomatically managed the situation in such a way that Napoleon III of France declared war on Prussia. France was alone and the South German States also joined hands with Prussia and the French forces were defeated at different fronts and even Paris was captured. The unification of Germany was complete. The Prussian King William was crowned as the Emperor of United Germany with the title ‘Kaiser’.

Question 6.
Discuss the statesmanship qualities of Bismarck in achieving the Unification of Germany.
Answer:
Edward Leopold Otto von Bismarck was born in 1815 in an aristocratic Prussian family. He was well educated and when he was appointed as the Prussian Ambassador to Russia and later to France, he gained first-hand knowledge and experience about European politics. He was appointed as Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 by King William.

He made up his mind to unify Germany under the monarchy of Prussia as he believed that Prussia alone had the ability to lead the German States. He also knew that Austria was to be defeated to achieve this goal. So he began to re-organize the Prussian military with the help of General Roon and General Moltke. Very soon, the Prussian army was among the best in Europe.

4. Conclusion:
Bismarck was a brilliant Statesman, Strategist, and Manipulator. His main aim was the unification of the German States. He realised that Prussia alone was capable of leading the States to Unification. To that end, he first reorganised the Prussian Military into a strong unit. He then made alliances with the different powers to achieve his goal and managed to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France one by one and made United Germany a reality and a powerful nation.

2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 5 Jaliya Maradante

November 21, 2019

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Jaliya Maradante Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

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1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 7 Beginning of Modern Age

November 21, 2019

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1st PUC History Beginning of Modern Age One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was called as the ‘Navigator’?
Answer:
Prince Henry of Portugal was called as ‘Navigator’.

Question 2.
Who explored the mainland of ‘South America’?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus discovered the landmass of South America.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Renaissance’?
Answer:
Renaissance means rebirth or revival or new learning.

Question 4.
From which word is the term ‘Renaissance’ derived?
Answer:
The word Renaissance is derived from the Latin word ‘Renasaree’, which means rebirth or revival or new learning.

Question 5.
Which country was called as the Motherland of Renaissance?
Answer:
Italy was called as the Motherland of Renaissance.

Question 6.
Who invented the printing press?
Answer:
John Guttenberg invented the printing press.

Question 7.
Who was known as the Father of Renaissance?
Answer:
Petrarch was known as the Father of renaissance.

Question 8.
Who was called the Father of Humanism?
Answer:
Petrarch the great humanist was called as the Father of Humanism.

Question 9.
Who is the author of ‘Divine comedy’?
Answer:
Dante is the author of ‘Divine comedy’.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Utopia’.
Answer:
Sir Thomas More wrote ‘Utopia’.

Question 11.
Who wrote ‘Paradise Lost’?
Answer:
John Milton wrote ‘Paradise Lost’.

Question 12.
Who painted the ‘Mona Lisa’?
Answer:
Leonardo da Vinci painted the ‘Mona Lisa’.

Question 13.
Who propounded the Laws of Gravitation?
Answer:
Sir Isaac Newton propounded the Laws of Gravitation.

Question 14.
Who was the leader of the Reformation?
Answer:
Martin Luther was the leader of the Reformation Movement.

Question 15.
Who published the 95 theses against the Catholic Church?
Answer:
Martin Luther published the 95 theses against the Catholic Church.

Question 16.
Who is called the Morning Star of Reformation?
Answer:
John Wycliffe is called the Morning Star of Reformation.

Question 17.
What is ‘Counter-Reformation’?
Answer:
The advent of the various radical sects within Christianity and the rapid spread of Protestantism prompted the Catholics to conduct reforms within their Church organization and its practices, in order to check further damage, which was called ‘Counter-Reformation’.

Question 18.
What is Inquisition?
Answer:
Inquisition (Church Court) was part of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, pertaining to conducting inquiry into cases of heresy and meting out severe punishments to the guilty. It was established in 1542 in Spain.

Question 19.
Who founded the Society of Jesus?
Answer:
Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, in 1534.

Question 20.
Who was the Pope during the Reformation Movement?
Answer:
Pope Leo X was the Pope at the time of the Reformation Movement.

Question 21.
What were Indulgences?
Answer:
Indulgences were certificates issued by Pope Leo X, for monetary consideration, exempting the people from receiving punishments, for the specific purpose of raising funds for rebuilding the great Basilica of St. Peters at Rome.

Question 22.
What were the followers of Ignatius Loyola called as?
Answer:
The followers of Ignatius Loyola were called as ‘Jesuits’.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who occupied the City of Constantinople and when?
Answer:
The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453.

Question 2.
Why was Prince Henry called as the ‘Navigator’?
Answer:
Prince Henry opened the School of Navigation to train sailors to venture out in search of new lands. He engaged the services of enterprising Italian sailors, geographers, map makers, and ship-builders. During his lifetime, Portuguese sailors explored the African coast. All such efforts made him to be called as the ‘Navigator’.

Question 3.
Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

Question 4.
Name any two ships of Magellan.
Answer:

Victoria
Santa Maria.

Question 5.
Which was the first ship to circumnavigate the world and who led this?
Answer:
The first ship to circumnavigate the world was the ‘Victoria’ and Ferdinand Magellan the Portuguese sailor, led this expedition.

Question 6.
Name any two Geographical Explorers?
Answer:
Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan.

Question 7.
Name any two Humanists of the Renaissance.
Answer:
Dante and Petrarch.

Question 8.
Mention any two works of William Shakespeare.
Answer:
Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet.

Question 9.
Name any two Painters of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo.

Question 10.
Name any two paintings of Leonardo da Vinci.
Answer:
The Last Supper, Mona Lisa, Virgin of the Rocks, Adoration of the Magi.

Question 11.
Name any two paintings of Michael Angelo.
Answer:
The Last Judgment, Day and Night, Birth of Adam.

Question 12.
Name any two Scientists of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Sir Isaac Newton and Galileo.

Question 13.
Where and in which year was Martin Luther born?
Answer:
Martin Luther was born in 1483, in Eiselben (Germany).

Question 14.
Who was John Wycliffe and to which country did he belong?
Answer:
John Wycliffe was an early leader of the Reformation. He belonged to England.

Question 15.
Name the two Sects of Christianity.
Answer:
Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Question 16.
Who led the Counter-Reformation? Name the Organization he founded.
Answer:
Ignatius Loyola led the Counter-Reformation. The Organization was the Society of Jesus.

Question 17.
Who was Machiavelli? Name any of his works?
Answer:
Machiavelli was an Italian politician, historian, and writer of the Renaissance period. ‘The Prince’ and ‘The History of Florence’ were his noteworthy writings.

Question 18.
Name some of the famous scientists of the Renaissance period.
Answer:
Nicholas Copernicus, John Kepler, Galileo, Sir Isaac Newton, William Harvey, John Guttenberg.

Question 19.
Who were the famous sculptors of the Renaissance period?
Answer:
Michael Angelo, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Luca della Robbia, Albrecht Durer.

Question 20.
Who were the trinity of Italian literature?
Answer:
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were the trinity of Italian Literature.

Question 21.
What is meant by Renaissance? Where did it begin?
Answer:
The literary term ‘Renaissance’ means rebirth or revival. It means the revival of interest in the classical culture of ancient Greek and Rome. (Classical learning) It began in Italy.

Question 22.
What is humanism? Who were the humanists at the time of Renaissance?
Answer:
Humanism is an approach to life which emphasizes the importance of human affairs in this world. Petrarch, Dante, Cicero, Boccaccio, and Cervantes were the humanists.

Question 23.
Write any two features of Renaissance in Europe.
Answer:
Growth of vernaculars, Humanism, New approach, scientific progress, development of art and architecture etc. are some of the features.

Question 24.
Which country is called as the homeland of Reformation?
Answer:
Germany is known as the homeland of Reformation.

Question 25.
Who was the Father of the Protestant movement?
Answer:
Martin Luther.

Question 26.
Name the Pope who sold indulgences.
Answer:
Pope Leo X started the sale of indulgences.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the causes for the Geographical explorations?
Answer:
1. Fall of Constantinople:
The trade route between the. East and the West was through Constantinople and when in 1453 A.D. the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, they closed the land route to the East and also indulged in looting the merchants. As the Europeans depended entirely upon the East for the supply of spices and other luxury goods, it necessitated them to discover a new trade route, possibly through the Sea.

2. The travelers’ accounts or romantic writings:
The accounts of travellers who Ventured into the East, aroused the curiosity of the Europeans. Italian travellers like Nicola Polo and Marco Polo (1254-1324A.D) were successful in reaching China. Marco polo wrote a vivid account of his travels to Mongolia, India, and China. Friar John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscan Monk reached Mongolia and had written about the Mongols in the thirteenth century. William Bubruquis and others in their accounts have narrated their thrilling experiences. Since then, the curiosity and spirit of adventure enabled the Europeans to reach far off lands not only by land but also by sea.

3. Demand for commodities:
There was a great demand in Europe for Asian commodities like spices-pepper, ginger, clove, cardamom, etc. Muslin, Silk, Pearls, Ivory and Precious stones were also in demand. It was a lucrative trade. Europeans were eager to improve, their standard of living by earning more. This was possible by enlarging commercial contacts with the Eastern countries. The discovery of new lands and sea routes opened them avenues for earning huge profits. Many adventurous sailors and traders too risked their lives to fulfill their ambitions.

4. Geographical knowledge:
This also led to the discovery of new sea routes and lands. In the 14^th century, travellers and sailors had the advantage of access to several books on travel, like ‘A merchant’s Handbook’ by Francesco Balducci, ‘Secrets of the faithful crusader’ by Marino Sanudo. Myths like the earth being flat, seas filled with terrible monsters, the tropical portion of Africa being blazing hot and surrounded by boiling water, etc., were proved false with the new knowledge on Geography. This made people less wary of travelling to these new places.

5. Spread of Christianity:
Kings, Nobles, and Missionaries were very enthusiastic to spread Christianity in the new lands. Hence the Kings of Spain and Portugal encouraged explorations and the Missionaries took up the cause to spread Christianity.

6. Efforts of Prince Henry :
The training school of navigation started by Prince Henry of Portugal gave the necessary training to sailors, geographers, map makers, and shipbuilders.

7. Other causes:
The invention of the printing press, mariner’s compass, new maps, and Establishment of Banks and Joint Stock Companies also encouraged the navigators. Patronage by Kings also went far in the field of geographical discoveries.

Question 2.
What was the role of Columbus and Vasco da Gama in Geographical explorations?
Answer:
1. Christopher Columbus:
He was a sailor from Genoa in Italy. He believed that the earth was round in shape and thought of reaching India by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. He secured the help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. They patronized Columbus with ships, men and money. Columbus and his men reached San Salvador, one of the Islands in the Bahamas (West Indies) in 1492.

He believed that he had reached India. Hence he called the natives as ‘Red Indians’, as they were red in colour. Columbus made more voyages and discovered the landmass of South America, Cuba, and Haiti. It may be noted here, that Columbus did not discover the mainland of America.

2. Vasco da Gama:
He was a Portuguese sailor, who discovered the sea route to India. He was patronized by Emmanuel II, the Portuguese King. He sailed along the Western coast of Africa and reached the Cape of Storms, which&was calm and pleasant. It gave a definite hope of discovering the sea route to the East. Hence he renamed it as ‘The Cape of Good Hope’. Then he sailed straight across the Indian Ocean and reached Calicut in the Malabar Coast in 1498. His voyage opened the gate for Europeans to enter India.

Question 3.
Describe the results of the Geographical explorations.
Answer:
The geographical discoveries had a great impact on the political, economic, social, religious and cultural history of the world.

1. The circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan proved that the earth is round.

2. The explorations increased the European contact with the East. Now, a large number of Europeans came to the East for trade, to spread Christianity, to establish colonies, etc. This had an impact on both the East and the West.

3. Venice, Genoa, Florence, etc were important trading centres of Europe. But now, they lost their importance because of the emergence of new cities like London, Lisbon, Amsterdam, etc. This was mainly due to the discovery of new trade routes.

4. The Kings sent missionaries into the newly explored territories to spread Christianity. Hence Christianity entered into Asia, Africa, and America. The Geographical discoveries gave a large scope for the spread of the Christian religion by converting the natives.

5. The explorations brought the support of the rich merchants and the middle classes to monarchy. This Support enabled stable monarchies at England, Spain, France, etc.

6. The Geographical discoveries ensured competition among the European nations. The competition was mainly to have trade contacts with the newly discovered lands and subsequently have trade Monopoly. They became aggressive and ruthless to realize these goals.

7. Discoveiyofnew lands encouraged Slave trading, Shipbuilding, Banking, and Commerce. It also helped Renaissance and Reformation.

Question 4.
What were the causes for Renaissance?
Answer:
1. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive as the Church controlled all activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. There were all round discontentment and the time was ripe for a major upheaval and people started questioning the authority of the Church.

2. The capture of Constantinople in 1453:
In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and forced the Greek and Latin Scholars to flee to Italy. The encouraging and peaceful conditions in Italy helped the study of classical literature and the birth of Renaissance.

3. Geographical exploration:
Medieval age Europeans came out off religious restrictions and superstitious ideas were shattered. People became bold and adventurous. The geographical discoveries not only brought great wealth but also expanded their knowledge. Coming in contact with other cultures brought them new ideas, thoughts, and knowledge. Thinkers began to give importance to Reason, Observation and Experimentation. This prepared the ground for a great cultural revolution.

4. Patronage of Kings, Popes, and Nobles:
When the Greek and Latin scholars fled to Italy and other European countries along with their books and manuscripts, King, Popes, Nobles and the rich Merchants patronised these scholars. European people got exposed to Classical Art, Architecture and Learning and interest in these grew all over.

5. Nation-State idea:
In the age of new learning, emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual. With the dawn of the new spirit, City-States lost their significance and the idea of Nation States took shape. As feudalism collapsed, the Monarchs were interested in the welfare of their subjects and gave importance to Classical literature and Education in general.

6. The invention of Printing Press:
This was the chief factor in spreading new ideas and thoughts across the multitude. Printing helped the tremendous development of European civilization and culture. Production of books on varied subjects stimulated a general desire for literacy.

Question 5.
Describe the important features of Renaissance.
Answer:
1. Humanism:
The Renaissance scholars began to take deep interest in Humanism, a sympathetic study of man and his achievements. Humanists promoted a rational and humanistic approach in their studies. They tried to bring learning into a close relationship with life as such. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Martin Luther, Nicholas-II and others were noted humanists.

2. New approach:
In the medieval age, religious belief, political principles and social standards were all stagnant. Enlightened thinkers like Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, John Wycliffe, and others challenged those views, and boldly and openly expressed their new ideas.

3. Renaissance Art and Architecture:
Renaissance Art and Architecture were humanistic and realistic. They came out of the clutches of the Church and became secular and closer to human life. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ developed during Renaissance was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles. It consists of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations.

4. Scientific progress:
Renaissance spread the spirit of enquiry, investigation, and criticism. The rise of Nation – States helped the progress of Science. The discovery of new lands, new knowledge about the shape of the earth and observations of Astronomers disproved f certain age-old beliefs. Renaissance made its great impact resulting in scientific revolution in Europe.

Question 6.
What were the contributions of Renaissance to literature?
Answer:
1. Humanism:
The renaissance scholars began to take deep interest in the study of man and his achievements. The humanists promoted rational and humanistic approach. They tried to bring learning into close relation with life. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Cervantes, and other humanists promoted classical literature. They were called the ‘Morning Stars’.

2. Classicism:
A very important feature in Europe during Renaissance was the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Latin classics. This manifested as an expression of classism in Literature along with Art and Architecture. A classical culture developed in Europe.

3. Vernacular languages:
Renaissance in Europe resulted in the development of vernacular languages like English, German, Spanish and Italian as well. Classical literature in Latin and Greek were translated or written in the vernacular languages. This activity popularised classical literature and developed the vernacular languages also.

4. Renaissance scholars or Rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive and the Church controlled all the activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. The invention of the printing press made it very convenient and easy to spread the new ideas and thoughts to all the nooks and comers of the world. People became enlightened and progressive.

5. The major literary works of this period were the following:
Dante’s Divine Comedy. Machiavelli’s The Prince, Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, and Paradise Regained, Shakespeare’s numerous Comedies, Tragedies, and Plays, Cervantes’ Don Quixote, etc.

Question 7.
What were the contributions of renaissance to Art and Architecture?
Answer:
The Renaissance art and architecture was humanistic and realistic. It had a new and independent outlook, came out of the clutches of the Church and became secular. Art, in particular, came closer to human life. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations. The structures were generally built in stone. Large Palaces, Churches, Monasteries and Public buildings were built. The famous Architects of the period were Alberti, Monetti, Brumeleschi, Brumante and Michael Angelo.

The important architectural and sculptural examples of Renaissance period are as follows,

Rome – The Medici and the Farnese Palaces
London – The Palace of Pope Julius III
Florence – The Pitti Palace
London-The Banquet House in Whitehall
London – St. Paul’s Cathedral
Rome – St. Peter’s Cathedral
Venice – St. Mark’s Cathedral
Spain – Piccolomini Palace
Venice – Doyage Palace
Vatican – Sistine Chapel.

Sculpture :
During Renaissance, sculpture was much encouraged. The famous Sculptors of the Renaissance period were Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Michael Angelo, and Albrecht Durer.

The following are their contributions.

Lorenzo Ghiberti- the carvings of the doors of the Baptistery at Florence.
Donatello- ‘Statue of St. George’ in Florence, ‘Statue of St. Mark’ in Venice.
Michael Angelo- The statues of‘The David’, ‘The Moses’, ‘ThePieta’and ‘JheBounded Slave’. He also designed the Dome of the Church of St. Peter at Rome.
Albrecht Durer- ‘The Knight and Death’and‘St. Jerome in his study’.

Paintings :
The greatest glory of the Renaissance were its paintings. They were made on canvas, glass, wood or other materials. The technique of oil painting was mastered. Titian was. Popular for using bright colours. Popes, Kings and rich Merchants gave generous patronage to painting. The Florentine School to which Leonardo da Vinci, Michel Angelo, and Raphael belonged, became a great centre of painting. They were able to develop their genius fully. without being restricted or controlled by the rigid rules of the Church. They made a humanistic and secular approach and produced highly artistic and life-like paintings.

The important painters and their works were as follows

Leonardo da Vinci- ‘The Last Supper’,‘The Mona Lisa’, ‘Virgin of the Rocks’, ‘The Virgin and Child’, ‘Head of the woman’, ‘Madonna Litta’, etc.
Michael Angelo- ‘The Last Judgement’, ‘The Creation of Adam’, ‘Day and Night’, ‘Dawn and Sunset’ etc.
Sanzio Raphael- ‘Sistine Madonna’.
Titian- ‘The Assumption of the virgin’.

Question 8.
Give an account to the Scientific progress during the Renaissance.
Answer:
Renaissance encouraged the development of science. Especially in science, observation and experimentations were included. Several great Scientists contributed much to the progress of L Science in several fields – Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, and Chemistry.

In 1500, Jackot Nufer (Swiss) carried out the first successful caesarean operation. Roger Bacon succeeded in discovering many uses for gun powder and the magnifying lens. Leonardo, da Vinci (Italy) invented the ‘Parachute’ in 1480. He produced the diagram of a ‘Flying machine’, which inspired the invention of the Aeroplane later.

Nicholas Copernicus (Poland) made progress in the study of Astronomy. He propounded the ‘Helio-Centric Theory’ as opposed r to the Ptolemaic ‘Geo-Centric theory’. He affirmed the principle that “The earth is round and it moves round the Sun, which is the centre of our planetary system”.

John Kepler (Germany) improved upon the theory of Copernicus. He proved that “The planets including the Earth revolve around the Sun in Elliptical orbits and not in Circles as indicated by Copernicus”. Hans Lipperhey (Germany) invented the ‘Telescope’ in 1608. Galileo (Italy) r explained the Copernicus theory. He improved the Telescope. He observed mountains on the Moon surface and rings around the Saturn through the Telescope.

He declared that the world is controlled by natural laws. He discovered ‘Thermometer’, ‘Barometer’ and ‘Pendulum’. Sir Isaac Newton (England) proposed the ‘Laws of Gravitation’ govern ing the motions of the Planets around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth. William Harvey (England) elucidated the ‘Blood circulation’.

He explained how blood circulates from the heart through arteries to the various parts of the body and comes back to the heart through veins. John Gutenberg (Germany) set up the first Printing press on a large scale in Germany in 1440.

Question 9.
Describe the results of the Renaissance.
Answer:
Results of Renaissance:

Renaissance brought about a transition from blind faith to reason and science.
Renaissance created a new outlook on life. It stimulated the spirit of enquiry, criticism, and experimentation.
Renaissance Scholars and Writers boldly and openly expressed their new ideas, which went against the teachings of the Church. The secular outlook and individualism began to spread.
By the Renaissance influence, medieval superstitions were shattered and men became bold and adventurous, thus becoming interested in geographical explorations.
The ideas of individualism gained due importance during Renaissance. New learning emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual, allowing him to develop his talents and faculties.
Renaissance gave a marked stimulus to the growth of vernacular literature.
One other important feature of Renaissance was the growth of Humanism.
The new spirit of Renaissance was responsible for the remarkable scientific progress.
Renaissance brought about great changes in life of the people in different fields like political, intellectual, economic and religious fields.
People also started questioning some of the doctrines of Christianity and the corrupt practices. This new outlook resulted in a religious revolution in the Catholic Church that is known as the Reformation.
Monarchy was strengthened due to the dawn of Renaissance. It led to the rise of the Spirit of National Consciousness in several countries.

Question 10.
What were the causes for Reformation?
Answer:
The main causes for the Reformation are as follows:

1. Religious causes or existence of abuses:
Reformation began with the rebellion against the abuses of the Church. The Popes, who claimed to be the representatives of God, neglected their religious duties. The Church was ready to sacrifice moral and spiritual values for the sake of money. The Clergy became corrupt and idle and naturally, the Church lost its early purity. The principles like simplicity and forgiveness preached by Jesus were completely forgotten. The anger against such evils was one of the chief causes for the Reformation.

2. Intellectual causes:
The spirit of enquiry and criticism generated by the Renaissance intellectuals like John Wycliffe and others resulted in protests against the abuses by the Church and the corrupt practices of the Clergy. They demanded the purification of the Church organization. They challenged the supremacy of the Pope and declared that the Pope was not the representative of God and every Christian’ should be guided only by the Bible.

3. Political causes:
The Roman Catholic Church claimed the spiritual and temporal power over the States of Europe. Kings and people opposed the political power enjoyed by the Church. The growth of nationalism led to the establishment of National Churches with Kings as their heads. They felt that the Church should take interest only in the religious, spiritual and moral domains. They wanted to restrict the power of the Church and these political circumstances prompted reformation.

4. Economic causes:
The Roman Church-owned vast lands, money and property. Church property was exempted from all taxes, but the common people were burdened with various taxes, fees, and fines. The Church claimed that the wealth of the Church was the wealth of God and Kings had no rights to tax on Church property.

5. Sale of indulgences:
The immediate cause of the Reformation was the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo-X, who was badly in need of money for the rebuilding of the St. Peter’s Church at Rome. Church regardless of all the criticism levelled against it continued to collect money in various ways. Pope Leo-X sent his agent, John Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences.

Indulgences were certificates issued by the Pope for money, exempting the people from receiving punishment for their sins. Brokers and Bankers were appointed to sell them and were paid commissions. Martin Luther opposed this sale in his famous 95 points and nailed them to the Church door at Wittenberg. He began to question the Pope and the doctrines.

Question 11.
Write about Counter-Reformation.
Answer:
The religious upheaval in the 16th century gave rise to Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism and the radical sects. The rapid spread of Protestantism alarmed the Catholics and they felt the urgency to check further damage to the Catholic Church. They demanded Reformation from within and the movement came to be known as Counter-Reformation.

The attitude of the Popes changed. They took firm steps to check the spread of Protestantism. The Roman Catholic Church made efforts to win back the Protestant-dominated countries, to the Roman obedience. A concerted Counter-Reformation Movement was launched with the four-fold purpose of punishing, reforming, converting and rendering social service. The inquisition was to punish, the Council of Trent was to introduce reforms and the Society of Jesus was to render service to God and Society.

1. The inquisition:
was a Roman Catholic Court formed for conducting inquiry into cases of heresy and meting out punishments to those who were found guilty? The guilty were excommunicated and given over to the civil arm for punishment, which included torturing and execution by burning. They issued a strict code of conduct to be followed by the Church officials. The inquisition was first established in Spain and they were set up to deal with the non-Catholics and to put down heresy.

2. The Council of Trent:(1545 – 1563 A.D).
The Catholic Church held a General Council at Trent in north Italy, convened by Charles V in 1545 A.D. Its main purpose as clearly defined by the doctrines of the Church, was to remove some of the abuses and to restore unity in the Catholic Church. The Council condemned the sale of Church offices and bade the clergy to strictly adhere to clerical duties. It also banned the sale of indulgences.

3. Society of Jesus in 1540:
The Counter-Reformation Movement was bolstered by the formation of several new religious orders. The most popular of these was the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish knight of Noble descent. He inspired a large team of selfless, educated and disciplined priests to serve God and Christianity. They were known as Jesuits. They took the vows of simplicity, chastity, obedience, service and spreading Catholicism.

Question 12.
Describe the results of Reformation.
Answer:
The results of the Reformation are as follows:

1. Reformation destroyed the unity of the Christian Church by the establishment of the Protestant Church.

2. The medieval religious tradition and superstitious beliefs were rejected. The leaders of this Movement also rejected the supreme authority of the Church and accepted the authorities of the true Bible.

3. Reformation freed the Kings of Europe from the control of the Pope. It gave birth to secular states.

4. Reformation led to reforms within the Catholic Church and also a much clearer statement of Christian doctrines.

5. It had a great economic effect. The properties of the Church were confiscated by the Protestant Nobles and Princes, which made them powerful. This wealth was utilised for the economic development and as a result, money lenders, bankers, and financiers secured a high status.

6. It had a great effect on the development of national literature. The translation of the Bible into the vernacular languages spread the knowledge of scriptures among the common people.

7. The religious clashes between the Catholics and the Protestants caused much bloodshed, death, and destruction. It finally gave birth to secular States as the only way for national integration. European Kings adopted religious tolerance.

8. It gave further stimulus to the growth of the spirit of nationalism.

1st PUC History Beginning of Modem Age Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the causes and results of Geographical explorations.
Answer:
The causes of geographical exploration are as follows:

1. Fall of Constantinople:
The trade route between the East and the West was through Constantinople and when in 1453 A.D. the Ottoman Turks captured it, they closed the land route to the East and also indulged in looting the merchants. As the Europeans depended entirely upon the East for the supply of spices and other luxury goods, it necessitated them to discover a new trade route, possibly through the Sea.

2. The travellers’ accounts or romantic writings:
The accounts of travellers, who ventured into the East, aroused the curiosity of the Europeans. Italian travellers like Nicola Polo and Marco Polo (1254-1324A.D) were successful in reaching China. Marco Polo wrote a vivid account of his travels to Mongolia, India, and China. Friar John of Plano Carpini, a Franciscan Monk reached Mongolia and had written about the Mongols in the thirteenth century. William Bubruquis and others in their accounts have narrated their thrilling experiences. Since then, the curiosity and spirit of adventure enabled the Europeans to reach far off lands not only by land but also by sea.

3. Demand for commodities:
There was a great demand in Europe for Asian commodities like spices – pepper, ginger, clove, cardamom, etc. Muslin, Silk,.Pearls, Ivory and Precious stones were also in demand. It was a lucrative trade. Europeans were eager to improve their standard of living by earning more. This was possible by enlarging commercial contacts with the Eastern countries. The discovery of new lands and sea routes opened them avenues for earning huge profits. Many adventurous sailors and traders too risked their lives to fulfill their ambitions.

4. Geographical knowledge:
This also led to the discovery of new sea routes and lands. In the 14^th century, travellers and sailors had the advantage of access to several books on travel, like ‘A Merchant’s Handbook’ by Francesco Balducci, and ‘Secrets of the Faithful Crusader by Marino Sanudo. Myths like the earth being flat, seas filled with terrible monsters, the tropical portion of Africa being blazing hot and surrounded by boiling water, etc. were proved false with the new knowledge on Geography. This made people less wary of travelling to these new places.

6. Efforts of Prince Henry:
The training school of Navigation started by Prince Henry of Portugal gave the necessary training to sailors, geographers, map makers, and shipbuilders.

Results of the Geographical discoveries:

The geographical discoveries had a great impact on the political, economic, social, religious f and cultural history of the world. The circumnavigation of the earth by Magellan proved that the earth is round.

Venice, Genoa, Florence, etc were important trading centres of Europe. But now, they lost their importance because of the emergence of new cities like London, Lisbon, Amsterdam, etc. This was mainly due to the discovery of new trade routes.

The Kings sent missionaries into the explored territories to spread Christianity. Hence newly Christianity entered into Asia, Africa, and America and became a world religion. The Geographical discoveries gave a large scope for the spread of the Christian religion by converting the natives.

The explorations brought the support of the rich merchants and the middle classes to monarchy. This support enabled stable monarchies at England, Spain, France, etc.

The Geographical discoveries ensured competition among the European nations. The competition was mainly to have trade contacts with the newly discovered lands and subsequently have trade Monopoly. They became aggressive and ruthless to realize these goals. Commercial revolution took place by promoting trade and industry. Commerce underwent a remarkable change as regards to quality, quantity, and kind of goods carried, routes, newer markets, and methods. Joint Stock Companies and Banks were established and insurance of ships and goods was introduced, to safeguard against losses.

Discovery of new lands encouraged Slave trading, Shipbuilding, Banking, and Commerce. It also helped Renaissance and Reformation. The discoveries increased men’s knowledge about the world and this, in turn, led to the expansion of their mind. Exposure to the new worlds, interaction with new people and new modes of life, dispelled the funny and blind notions of medieval ignorance. This gave a tremendous impact to the intellectual revolution introduced by Renaissance.

As a result of these discoveries, Europe came in touch with the rest of the world and European culture spread to those lands. This contact helped them to enrich their knowledge. The discovery of new worlds offered a good opportunity for the freedom-loving people of different countries to migrate and improve their social, economic and political status. It encouraged scientific exploration and research and overall the living standards of people rose.

One of the ugliest effects of geographical discoveries was the birth of imperialism by the European powers. Europeans reached the coasts of the countries of Asia, Africa, America and Australia for establishing trade links. Eventually, they stayed there as masters and these countries were turned into colonies.

Question 2.
Explain the causes and results of Renaissance.
Answer:
Causes of the Renaissance:

1. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not ‘progressive as the Church controlled all activities of the people. Religious beliefs, political principles, and social standards were all stagnant in this period. There were all round discontentments and the time was ripe for a major upheaval and people started questioning the authority of the Church.

3. Geographical exploration:
Medieval age Europeans came out off religious restrictions ” and superstitious ideas were shattered. People became bold and adventurous. The geographical discoveries not only brought great wealth but also expanded their knowledge. Coming in contact with other cultures brought them new ideas, thoughts, and knowledge. Thinkers began to give importance to Reason, Observation and Experimentation. This prepared the ground for a great cultural revolution.

5. Nation-state idea:
In the age of new learning, emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual. With the dawn of the new spirit, City-States lost their significance and the idea of Nation States took shape. As feudalism collapsed, the Monarchs were interested in the welfare of their subjects and gave importance to Classical literature and Education in general.

Results of Renaissance:

Renaissance brought about a transition from blind faith to reason and science.
Renaissance created a new outlook on life. It stimulated the spirit of enquiry, criticism, and experimentation.
Renaissance Scholars and Writers boldly and openly expressed their new ideas, which went against the teachings of the Church. The secular outlook and individualism began to spread.
By the Renaissance influence, medieval superstitions were shattered and men became bold and adventurous, thus becoming interested in geographical explorations,
The ideas of individualism gained due importance during Renaissance. New learning emphasis was laid upon the freedom and dignity of man as an individual, allowing him to develop his talents and faculties.
Renaissance gave a marked stimulus to the growth of vernacular literature.
One other important feature Of Renaissance was the growth of Humanism.
The new spirit of Renaissance was responsible for the remarkable scientific progress.
Renaissance brought about great changes in the life of the people in different fields like political, intellectual, economic and religious fields.
People also started questioning some of the doctrines of Christianity and the corrupt practices. This new outlook resulted in a religious revolution in the Catholic Church that ’ is known as the Reformation.
Monarchy was strengthened due to the dawn of Renaissance. It led to the rise of the Spirit of National Consciousness in several countries.

Question 3.
Describe the Cultural contributions of Renaissance.
Answer:
The Renaissance Architecture was humanistic and realistic. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations. During the medieval ages, art was dominated by the Christian Church. The Renaissance spirit affected all forms of art. Artists of that age displayed more courage and what distinguished their creations was more freedom of expression; simplicity, realism, and love Of nature. Renaissance spread the spirit of enquiry, investigation, and criticism.

The discovery of new lands, new routes and new knowledge about the shape of earth and investigation of astronomers, etc. disproved certain long-held erroneous beliefs. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Astronomer of Poland proposed the Heliocentric theory. John Kepler (1570-1630) a German Scientist supported the hypothesis of Copernicus and laid the foundation of mathematical astronomy. He stated that “The Planets revolved round the Sun not in circles, but in elliptical orbits”.

1. Humanism :
The Renaissance Scholars began to take deep interest in the study of humans and their achievements. The humanists promoted rational and humanistic approach. They tried to bring learning into close relation with life. The main idea of this movement was the cultivation of the human personality. Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Cicero, Martin Luther, and Nicholas-II were noted, humanists.

2. Renaissance Art and Architecture:
The Renaissance Architecture was humanistic and realistic. The ‘Gothic Architecture’ which was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles developed during the Renaissance. It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful decorations.

3. New approach:
In the medieval age, religious belief, political principles and social standards were all stagnant. Enlightened thinkers like Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, John Wycliffe, and others challenged those views, and boldly and openly expressed their new ideas.

4. Renaissance scholars or the rise of new ideas:
The teachings of the medieval age were not progressive. The Church controlled all the activities of the people. Religious beliefs, ‘ political principles and social standards were all stagnant in this period. The Renaissance scholars came up with rational thinking and revolutionary ideas which completely changed the way of people’s approach to situations and expanded their narrow vision.

Question 4.
Explain the causes and results of Reformation.
Answer:
Causes for the reformation are as follows:

1. Religious causes or existence or abuses:
Reformation began with the rebellion against the abuses of the church. The Popes, who claimed to be representatives of God, neglected their religious duties. The Church was ready to sacrifice moral and spiritual values for the sake of money. The clergy became corrupt and idle and naturally, the Church lost its early purity. The principles like simplicity and forgiveness preached by Jesus were completely forgotten. The anger against such evils was one of the chief causes for the Reformation.

2. Intellectual causes:
The spirit of enquiry and criticism generated by the Renaissance intellectuals like John Wycliffe and others resulted in protests against the abuses by the Church and corrupt practices of the Clergy. They demanded the purification of the Church organization. They challenged the supremacy of the Pope and declared that the Pope was not the representative of God and every Christian should be guided by the Bible.

5. Sale of indulgences:
The immediate cause of the Reformation was the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo-X, who was badly in need of money for the rebuilding of the St. Peters Church at Rome. Church regardless of all the criticism levelled against it continued to collect money in various ways. Pope Leo-X sent his agent, John Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences. Indulgences were certificates issued by the Pope for money, exempting the people from receiving punishment for their sins. Brokers and Bankers were appointed to sell them and were paid commissions. Martin Luther opposed this sale in his famous 95 points and nailed them to the Church door at Wittenberg. He began to question the Pope and the doctrines.

Reformation produced far-reaching results. The following ones are noteworthy.

Reformation destroyed the unity of the Christian Church by the establishment of the Protestant Church.
The medieval religious tradition and superstitious beliefs were rejected. The leaders of this movement also rejected the supreme authority of the church accepted the authorities of the true Bible.
Reformation freed the Kings of Europe from the control of pope. It gave birth to secular states.
Reformation led to reforms in the Catholic Church and also a much clearer statement of Christian doctrines.
It had a great economic effect. The properties of the Church were confiscated by the Protestant Nobles and Princes, making them powerful. This wealth was utilised for the economic development and as a result, money lenders, bankers, and financiers earned a high status.
It had a great effect on the development of national literature. The translation of the Bible into the vernacular languages spread the knowledge of scriptures among the common people.
The religious clashes between the Catholics and the Protestants caused much bloodshed, death, and destruction. It finally gave birth to secular States as the only way for national integration. European Kings adopted religious tolerance.
It had further stimulus to the growth of the spirit of nationalism.

Question 5.
Describe the role of Martin Luther in the Reformation movement.
Answer:
Reformation began in Germany and its leader Martin Luther was born atEiselben in 1483A.D in a poor German peasant family. Luther studied theology, law, and humanism at the University of Erfurt in 1508 A.D. He was always haunted with the question, “how to please God?” He seriously studied the Bible and the works of St. Paul and St. Augustine. He became a Professor of Theology in the University of Wittenberg. Luther strongly believed that man could get salvation only through God’s mercy but the Church preached that it possessed the means of salvation. He rejected the doctrine of good work.

He visited Rome in 1511 A.D and was shocked at the worldliness of the Pope and the corrupt and immoral life led by the clergy. He did not to tolerate the corrupt practices of the Church. In 1517, Pope Leo-X sent out several agents to dispense indulgences in order to collect funds to complete St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. They spread the belief that indulgences were passports to heaven. One of these agents, John Tetzel was selling indulgences as passports to Heaven.

1. Luther’s opposition:
Luther wrote his objection against the Church practices and Pope’s authority in Latin. He prepared his objections in the form of ‘95 Theses’ and posted them on the door of the Church in Wittenberg. Thereupon Luther started a rebellious Movement against the abuses of the Church. This popular revolt came to be known as the Protestant Movement. Luther questioned the authority of Pope and challenged the concept of infallibility. As a result of these activities, the Pope ordered Emperor Charles-V to take action against Luther. In 1521 Charles-V summoned the Diet of Worms and ordered Luther to appear before the Diet to justify the charges made against the Pope. In the Diet of Worms, Luther was excommunicated by the Pope.

He was expelled from the Church and was branded a heretic. Martin Luther established the ‘Lutheran National Church’ which rejected indulgences and worship of Saints. Bible was regarded as the sole source of religion. The struggle between Catholics and Protestants ended with the ‘Peace of Augsburg’ treaty in 1555. Lutheranism spread to many countries of Europe and Calvinism and Anglicanism also rose against the Roman Catholic Church.

Spread of Protestant (Lutheranism) faith.

1. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531):
He was an eminent Protestant Reformer and leader of the movement in Switzerland. He was called as the Swiss Luther. He also denied Papal authority and insisted that the Bible was the only guide to faith and morals, he popularized Protestantism in Switzerland.

2. John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism:
John Calvin was a French reformer. His teachings are to be found in his book ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’. He popularized the ideas of Luther. In Geneva, he set up the Calvinist Church and insisted on the strict enforcement of moral discipline. He advocated that the Church and the State must be separated. His followers in France came to be called Huguenots.

3. King Henry-Vin (1509-1547) and Anglicanism:
He established an independent Church in England. He became the head of both the Church and the State. He proclaimed himself as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 4 Pageyam Balakanembare

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 4 Pageyam Balakanembare Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 4 Pageyam Balakanembare

Pageyam Balakanembare Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

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1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 10 World Wars and International Organizations

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 10 World Wars and International Organizations Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 10 World Wars and International Organizations

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When did the First World War break out?
Answer:
The First World War broke out on 28th July 1914.

Question 2.
Who was the Emperor of Germany during the First World War?
Answer:
Kaiser William-II was the Emperor of Germany during the First World War.

Question 3.
Mention the immediate cause for the First World War.
Answer:
The murder of the Crown Prince of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, was the immediate cause for the First World War.

Question 4.
Why did U.S.A join the First World War?
Answer:
In 1917, U.S.A also joined the side of Allies, because Germany destroyed S.S. Lusitania a British ship, in which many American civilians were travelling.

Question 5.
Which conference officially ended the First World War?
Answer:
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 officially ended the First World War.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of Fascism?
Answer:
Mussolini was the founder of Fascism.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Fascism’?
Answer:
Fascism is derived from the word ‘fasces’ which means a ‘bundle of rods’ with an axe symbol of power in the ancient Roman period.

Question 8.
Name the paper edited by Mussolini?
Answer:
The Socialist paper ‘Avanti’ was edited by Mussolini.

Question 9.
Who declared ‘Italy must expand or perish’?
Answer:
Mussolini declared ‘Italy must expand or perish’.

Question 10.
Where was Adolf Hitler born?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.

Question 11.
Who was the founder of Nazism?
Answer:
Adolf Hitler was the founder of Nazism.

Question 12.
Mention the book written by Hitler.
Answer:
The book written by Hitler was Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

Question 13.
Name the German Parliament.
Answer:
‘Reichstag’ is the German Parliament.

Question 14.
What is Gestapo?
Answer:
‘Gestapo’ was the secret police organized by Hitler, to suppress all the opposition to his regime.

Question 15.
Why did the U.S.A join the Second World War?
Answer:
In December 1941, Japan attacked the naval base of the USA at Pearl Harbour in the Pacific Ocean. Several American ships were sunk and there was a huge loss of property and lives. This forced America to join the war on the side of the Allies.

Question 16.
Who ordered the American Air Force to drop Atom bombs on Japan?
Answer:
Harry S. Truman, the American President ordered the American Air Force to drop Atom bombs f on Japan.

Question 17.
When was Israel created for the Jews?
Answer:
Israel was created in 1948 for the Jews.

Question 18.
When was the U.N.O. established?
Answer:
The U.N.O was established on 24^th October 1945.

Question 19.
Which day is celebrated as U.N Day?
Answer:
24^th October is celebrated as the U.N. Day.

Question 20.
Where is the Headquarters of U.N.O?
Answer:
The Headquarters of U.N.O is located in New York (U.S. A)

Question 21.
How many member nations are there in the U.N.O at present?
Answer:
As of 2012, there are 193 member nations in U.N.O.

Question 22.
Where is the International Court of Justice located?
Answer:
The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in the Netherlands.

Question 23.
Who is the present Secretary-General of the U.N.O?
Answer:
Ban Ki-Moon of South Korea. (From 2012).

Question 24.
Expand ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, UNESCO, IBRD, IMF, WHO and WTO.
Answer:

ECOSOC	Economic and Social Council
ILO	International Labour Organization
FAO	Food and Agricultural Organization
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
IBRD	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IMF	International Monetary Fund
WHO	World Health Organization.
WTO	World Trade Organization.

Question 25.
Which ship was sunk by a German submarine during the First World war?
Answer:
S.S. Lusitania the British ship.

Question 26.
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
Answer:
On 28^th June 1919.

Question 27.
Name the Treaty that ended the First World War.
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles.

Question 28.
When was the triple Entente formed?
Answer:
The triple Entente was formed in 1907.

Question 29.
Which organization was formed after the First World War?
Answer:
League of Nations.

Question 30.
Which provinces did Germany hand over to France after the First World War?
Answer:
Alsace and Loraine Provinces were handed over to France.

Question 31.
Who drafted the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer:
President Woodrow Wilson of U S A.

Question 32.
When did the First World War end?
Answer:
World War I ended on 11th November 1918.

Question 33.
When did the Second World War begin?
Answer:
World War II began on 1st September 1939.

Question 34.
Name the Allied nations in the Second World War.
Answer:
England, France, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.

Question 35.
What was the immediate cause for the World War-II?
Answer:
On 1^st September 1939, Germany under. Hitler invaded Poland, which was an ally of England and France, and they declared war on Germany.

Question 36.
Name the Axis powers in the Second World War?
Answer:
Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan and others.

Question 37.
Who was the Prime Minister of England during the Second World War?
Answer:
Winston Churchill was the P.M. of England.

Question 38.
What was Winston Churchill’s call to his countrymen in the Second World War?
Answer:
“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat”.

Question 39.
Who was Adolf Hitler?
Answer:
Hitler was the Dictator of Germany and founder of the Nazi party.

Question 40.
What was the symbol of the Nazis?
Answer:
Swastik.

Question 41.
Which book became Gospel (Bible) for the Nazis?
Answer:
Mein Kampf.

Question 42.
Who organized the Brown Shirts Army?
Answer:
Hitler.

Question 43.
Who was Mussolini?
Answer:
Mussolini was the dictator of Italy and founder of the Fascist party.

Question 44.
Who organized the Black Shirts army?
Answer:
Mussolini.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the two rival alliances formed during the First World War.
Answer:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were the two rival alliances formed during the First World War.

Question 2.
Name the Treaty signed by the Allied countries with Germany. When was it signed?
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied countries and Germany. It was signed on 28^th June 1919.

Question 3.
Mention the four Empires which were overthrown after the First World War.
Answer:
Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate (Ottoman Empire) were the Empires which were overthrown after the First World War.

Question 4.
When was the League of Nations established? Where was its Headquarters?
Answer:
The League of Nations was established on 1st June 1920. Its headquarters was in Geneva.

Question 5.
Write any two Principles of Fascism.
Answer:
The Principles of Fascism were:

Glorification of war
Importance to the state
Belief in Single party .
Opposition to democracy and socialism.
Unquestioning supremacy of the regime.

Question 6.
Write any two Principles of Nazism.
Answer:
The main Principles ofNazism were:

One party rule
Nazification
Racial Supremacy
Anti-Jewish and anti- religious sentiments
Importance to State.

Question 7.
Name the two rival Powers of the II World War.
Answer:
Axis Powers and Allied Powers.

Question 8.
Name the Axis Powers.
Answer:
Germany, Italy, and Japan were the Axis Powers.

Question 9.
Name the Allied Powers.
Answer:
England, France, U.S.S.R and U.S.A.

Question 10.
Name the cities of Japan where Atom bombs were dropped during the Second World War.
Answer:
Nagasaki and Hiroshima are the cities of Japan where Atom bombs were dropped during the Second World War.

Question 11.
Write any two aims of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The aims of U.N.O are

To maintain International peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among the nations.

Question 12.
Name any two official languages of the U.N.O.
Answer:
English and French are two of the official languages of U.N.O.

Question 13.
Mention the five permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
U.S.A, England, France, Russia, China are the five permanent members of the Security Council.

Question 14.
What is ‘Veto’ power?
Answer:
Any permanent member can ‘Veto’ any decision of the Security Council. ‘Veto’ is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any resolution of the United Nations.

Question 15.
When did the First World War begin? When did it end?
Answer:
First World War began on 28^th July 1914 and ended on 11^th November 1918.

Question 16.
Who won the First World War?
Answer:
Triple Entente also known as the Allies, comprising of England, France, U.S.A, Russia, Japan, and others won the First World War.

Question 17.
Which treaty ended the First World War? When?
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles-28^th June 1919 A.D.

Question 18.
When was the League of Nations established? Where?
Answer:
In 1^st Jan 1920 A.D at Geneva.

Question 19.
Name any two dictators who were responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War.
Answer:
Nazi party leader Hitler in Germany, Fascist party leader Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in U.S.S.R, General Franco in Spain and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo of Japan were the major dictators clamouring for war.

Question 20.
Which party was founded by Hitler? When?
Answer:
Nazi party-1919 A.D.

Question 21.
Who was the founder of Fascist party? When?
Answer:
Mussolini-in 1919 A.D.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the various results of the First World War.
Answer:
The results of the First World War are as follows:

1. The horrors and miseries in the aftermath of the war were plenty. The lasting result of the war was the loss of millions of fittest men and permanent disabling of many more. It has been estimated that about 60 million soldiers took part in the war. Out of them, about 10 million were killed and about 20 million were wounded.

2. Most of them were men below the age of 40. Besides, millions of civilians died of starvation, diseases and mindless violence. As a result, women were forced to work in the factories, shops, hospitals, offices, schools, etc. they worked in place of men and thus ended the traditional barrier between men and women.

3. As a result of the war, four old Empires were overthrown. They were the Hapsburg of Austria, Hohenzollerns of Germany, Romanovs of Russia and the Turkish Sultanate. Many new States were setup on the ruins of the old Empires like Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

4. The Treaty of Versailles was an important outcome of the war. By this Treaty, Germany had to give up large number of its territories and colonies. It was imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.

5. It became common after the war to look to the Government for guidance to solve economic, social and other problems of the people. Government control over many aspects of life increased. Acute shortage of goods led to inflation. Each warring nation imposed heavy, taxes to meet the war expenses. World’s production decreased and the cost of living shot
up everywhere. The largest creditor-nations of Europe became debtor-nations.

6. The most important constructive result of the First World War as the establishment of an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve the World peace by avoiding future wars. The Paris Peace Conference accepted the proposal of Woodrow Wilson. The League of Nations came into existence in 1920 with its headquarters at Geneva in Switzerland.

7. Countries like Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia became independent after the war.

8. The Paris Peace Conference, in 1919 officially ended the First World War.

Question 2.
Explain the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
Answer:
After the First World War the Allied Powers met at Paris for the first time to arrange the terms of Peace. In the Paris Peace Conference the victorious Allies dictated the peace treaties. The main participants in the conference were Woodrow Wilson, the President of America, Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France and Orlando, the Prime Minister of Italy. Five separate treaties were signed by the Allied countries with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria of them, the most important was the Treaty of Versailles signed between the Allies and Germany on 28^th June, 1919.

The date was the fifth anniversary of the murder of Archduke, Francis Ferdinand of Austria. The Allied Powers strongly held Germany responsible for the destruction and suffering caused by the war. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty. It was humiliated and hurt by this Treaty.

Provisions of the Treaty:

1. Alsace and Loraine provinces of Germany were given back to France. France also acquired the Saar coal basin of Germany for a period of 15 years as compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in the north of France.

2. Schleswig and Holstein were given to Denmark by Germany. Danzig was snatched away from Germany and declared a free port.

3. Rhineland area was completely demilitarized. All existing forts in the area were demolished and instructions were given not to build any more forts.

4. The independence of Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia were recognized by Germany.

5. Germany gave up all its colonies to the Allies. These were divided between England, France, Japan, and others.

6. Germany was made responsible for the losses of the First World War. So, Germany was made to pay a huge war indemnity of 6,600 million Pounds.

7. Germany was disarmed. The sizes of its army and navy were reduced. The German army was cut down to 1,00,000 soldiers. The import and export of weapons were prohibited. It also imposed a restriction on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles. German warships were converted into commercial ships. Germany was not allowed to maintain Tanks, Submarines and Military aircraft.

Question 3.
Describe the achievements of Mussolini.
Answer:
Mussolini restored order in Italy and industrial strikes were totally banned. Communists were mercilessly massacred. Education was brought under State control to spread fascist ideas. Mussolini realized the importance of securing the support of Church for his regime. So, he made peace with Pope Pius XI by signing the ‘Lateran Treaty’ in 1929. The Pope recognized the Kingdom of Italy, and in return, Mussolini recognized the independence of the Vatican. Through Fascism, Mussolini enforced order and discipline. He encouraged the production of electricity and used natural resources for the increase in foreign trade.

He improved agriculture and developed the Italian industry. Trade and commerce were revived. Construction of railways and shipbuilding were given top priority. Militarism was the main feature of the Fascist Party and compulsory military training was introduced. The army, navy, and air force were strengthened. Further, in order to increase the population, Italian parents with large families were rewarded with incentives like tax exemption, employment, etc.

After consolidating the internal affairs of Italy, Mussolini embarked on his mission of expansion of Italy. He publicly declared, “Italy must expand or perish”. He followed a vigorous and aggressive foreign policy and started his invasions.

Question 4.
Explain the features of Nazism.
Answer:
The main features of Nazism were:

One party rule.
Nazification.
Racial Supremacy.
Anti-Jewish and anti-religious sentiments.
Importance to state.
Glorification of war.

The Nazi Party was made the only political party. Freedom of press and speech were abolished by Hitler. He also centralized all powers of central and local governments, coordinated all labour and youth organizations, and controlled every aspect of national life, including the press, all economic institutions, stage, and the cinema. Everybody and everything was Nazified within the country.

Question 5.
State the results of the Second World War.
Answer:
The main results of the Second World War were as follows:

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was large scale destruction of houses, industries and communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to a shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post-war reconstructions.

2. World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain, and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights to China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. ( U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two superpowers.

4. The distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’. The rivalry between these two superpowers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly threatened.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of European powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and other countries became independent after the war.

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new
homeland (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced disastrous effects of atomic weapons. The entire atmosphere became poisonous. Most of the newborn children suffered from serve deformities.

8. The most important result of World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in the future.

Question 6.
Write a note on the Organs of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The U.N.O. consists of six principal organs. They are General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and Secretariat.

1. General Assembly:
It is a consultative body of U.N.O. It consists of representatives of all member nations. Each member nation has one vote but may send five representatives. It is empowered to discuss any matter relating to the maintenance of international peace and security. The Assembly meets once in a year in September. But special sessions can be held at the request of a majority of the members of the Security Council. Its resolutions require a 2/3 majority.

It elects the Secretary-General, nonpermanent members of the Security Council, members of Economic and Social Council and Judges of International Court of Justice, and also discusses budgetary questions. The entry of any new members requires 2/3 majority of the General Assembly.

2. Security Council:
The Security Council is the executive body. It consists of 15 members- 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent. The permanent members are the U.S.A., England, France, Russia, and China. The non-permanent members are elected for a term of two years. Any measure to be carried out in the Security Council has to be accepted by 9 members including all the 5 permanent members. Any permanent member can ‘Veto’ any decision of the Security Council.‘Veto’ is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any resolution of the United Nations. The Security Council is responsible for the prevention of aggression and the maintenance of international peace and security.

3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members, who are elected by the General Assembly for 3 years, 1/3 of them retire every year. The Council meets at least twice in a year. Its main function is to promote welfare around the world and to improve the economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other related matters.

4. Trusteeship Council:
The Trusteeship Council consists of 14 members. All permanent members of the Security Council are the members of Trusteeship Council. Its duty is to investigate the conditions of Trust Territories and to advice the General Assembly. In 1994 all the Trust territories were detached from Japan and Italy and became independent. Since then, its operations are formally suspended and will meet as and when required.

5. International Court of Justice:
The International Court of Justice is located at The Hague in Netherlands. It consists of 15 Judges, who are elected by the General Assembly. Its main function is to settle the international disputes and to act as an advisory body. The tenure is 9 years and no country can have more than one representative at a time.

6. Secretariat:
It is headed by the Secretary-General. It carries on the day-to-day administration of the U.N.O. Its headquarters is in New York. The term of the Secretary-general is five years. It is the duty of the Secretary General to ensure that all the branches function properly, and to submit annual reports.

Question 7.
What were the causes of the First World War?
Answer:
Introduction:
World War I was one of the greatest, largest and most destructive events in the history of the modern world. It was the first time when such a large number of countries from Europe and other parts of the world were involved in conflict and affected either directly or indirectly. It destroyed more human lives and material than ever before. It broke out in 1914 and came to an end in 1918. Nearly 30 countries participated in this conflict between highly organised and well armed countries with modern weaponry.

Causes of world war:
1. Aggressive Nationalism:
Nationalistic aspirations have always led to political rivalries. The narrow nationalism which always meant love of their own people, their own nation and culture became a predominant feature. As a result, there began to develop among the Europeans a kind of negligence towards other countries e.g., William-II the King of Germany declared that “Germany should either rule the world or perish”. Even England was not free from this self- exaltation. This competitive patriotism forced them to jump into military and naval competition.

2. Economic and Military imperialism:
The European powers competed with each other for commercial and colonial expansion in the non-European world. The launching of industrial schemes on a large scale needed raw material and also a readus market for their finished goods. This led to colonial competition among the European countries, which was carried on to other fields as well. Commercial competition led to mutual jealousy and tension.

3. Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente:
Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany in 1871 A.D. He fought many wars with the neighbouring countries. He sought to give the Empire stability and security and to achieve that end, formed a Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. In 1907 A.D, alarmed by the formation of this Triple Alliance, Russia, France, and England came together and formed an alliance called the Triple Entente. Thus Europe came to be divided into two hostile blocks.

4. The Arms Race:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente led to a keen competition of manufacturing war materials. Germany had made tremendous progress in the manufacture of sophisticated weaponry to produce tanks, machine guns, and submarines, etc., the Greater number of soldiers were recruited and equipped with modern weapons. Kaiser William- II of Germany glorified war. He wished to make Germany a world power. His belief that “The German race alone should rule the world” greatly alarmed England.

England also began to invest more in the Navy and greater effort was undertaken to preserve – the title “Queen of Seas” and that “Sun never sets on British Empire”. The militaristic. the attitude of Germany roused the fear in France which began to strengthen her military. Many European nations introduced compulsory military training. Further, the arms race created fear, suspicion tension, and distrust between each other. All the nations of Europe were preparing for war.

5. Attitude of France:
France had never forgotten her defeat at the hands of Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian war. 1871. After the war, she had also ceded the Alsace and Lorraine provinces to Germany. France was eagerly waiting for an opportunity to take revenge against Germany besides getting back those provinces.

6. Immediate cause:
The Austrian Crown Prince, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on 28^th June 1914.
So Austria felt that the Serbian Government was responsible for that and sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding to hand over the perpetrators within 48 hours. Serbia rejected the ultimatum. Austria backed by Germany, declared war on Serbia on 28^th July 1914. Russia coming to the help of Serbia entered the fray and other countries followed suit.

Question 8.
Write the different stages of the First World War.
Answer:
This was the first global war in which most of the European nations took part and the entire world had to feel the impact and repercussions of the war. The murder of Archduke made Austria supported by Germany, to declare war on Serbia on 28<supth July 1914. Serbia appealed to Russia for help. Russia began to mobilize its army on behalf of Serbia. Germany demanded that Russia should stop mobilization of its army, which Russia refused. France decided to help Russia against Austria, and Germany declared war on both Russia and France. Germany had formed the Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. Later, Turkey and Bulgaria also sided with them. Alarmed by this, England, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente or the Allies.

Germany invaded Belgium by violating its neutral stand. England did not like Germany’s ascendency in the Balkans and declared war on Germany and Austria. Serbia, Belgium, and Portugal joined the Allies camp. The world came to be divided into two hostile blocks. In 1915, Italy deserted the Triple Alliance and declared her support to the Allies. England continued to dominate the war with its naval supremacy. Germany was equally powerful with its U-boats inflicting much damage to its enemies.

In 1917, in the course of the war, a German submarine sank S.S. Lusitania, a British ship carrying a lot of American civilians, which provoked the U.S.A. into joining the Allies. Soon this small war turned out to be a world (Global) war being fought at different fronts between different powers. An internal revolution broke out in Russia in 1917. The communist government under Lenin withdrew Russia from the war, unwilling to support the Allies further. This was a bit critical for the Allies.

War was waged on land, sea and for the first time in the air too. With the entry of the U.S.A., the Allies slowly started getting the upper hand and went on winning the battles on several fronts. Germany was being pushed back. The Austrian army was destroyed in Italy, and Turkey and Bulgaria were also defeated and they surrendered to the Allied powers. The final victory over Germany and its partners was achieved. The German Emperor Kaiser William abdicated his throne and fled to Holland. The First World War thus came to an end on 11^th November 1918.

1st PUC History World Wars and International Organizations Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the causes and results of the First World War.
Answer:
Introduction:
World War I was one of the greatest, largest and most destructive events in the history of the modern world. It was the first time when such a large number of countries from Europe and other parts of the world were involved in conflict and affected either directly or indirectly. It destroyed more human lives and material than ever before. It broke out in 1914 and came to an end in 1918. Nearly 30 countries participated in this conflict between highly organised and well-armed countries with modem weaponry.
Causes of world war:

1. Aggressive Nationalism:
Nationalistic aspirations have always led to political rivalries. The narrow nationalism which always meant love of their own people, their own nation and culture became a predominant feature. As a result, there began to develop among the Europeans a kind of negligence towards other countries e.g., William-Il the King of Germany declared that “Germany should either rule the world or perish”. Even England was not free from this self- exaltation. This competitive patriotism forced them to jump into military and naval competitions.

2. Economic and Military imperialism:
The European powers competed with each other for commercial and colonial expansion in the non-European world. The launching of industrial schemes on a large scale needed raw material and also a ready market for their finished goods. This led to colonial competition among the European countries, which was carried on to other fields as well. Commercial competition led to mutual jealousy and tension.

3. Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente:
Bismarck achieved the unification of Germany in 1871A.D. He fought many wars with neighbouring countries. He sought to give the Empire stability and security and to achieve that end, formed a Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy. In 1907 A.D, alarmed by the formation of this Triple Alliance, Russia, France, and England came together and formed an alliance called the Triple Entente. Thus Europe came to be divided into two hostile blocks.

4. The Arms Race:
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente led to a keen competition of manufacturing war materials. Germany had made tremendous progress in the military to produce tanks, machine guns, and submarines, etc., the Greater number of soldiers were recruited and equipped with modern weapons. Kaiser William-II of Germany glorified war. He wished to make Germany a world power. His belief that “The German race alone should rule the world” greatly alarmed England.

England also began to invest more on Navy and greater effort was undertaken to preserve the title “Queen of Seas” and that “Sun never sets on British Empire”. The militaristic attitude of Germany roused the fear in France which began to strengthen her military. Many European nations introduced compulsory military training. Further, the arms race created fear, suspicion tension, and distrust between each other. All the nations of Europe were preparing for war.

6. Attitude of France:
France had never forgotten her defeat at the hands of Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. After the war, she had also ceded the Alsace and Lorraine provinces to Germany. France was eagerly waiting for an opportunity to take revenge against Germany besides getting back those provinces.

7. Immediate cause:
The Austrian Crown Prince, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and his wife were assassinated in the streets of Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on 28^th June 1914. So Austria felt that the Serbian Government was responsible for that and sent an ultimatum to Serbia demanding to handover the perpetrators within 48 hours. Serbia rejected the ultimatum. Austria backed by Germany, declared war on Serbia on 28^th July 1914. Russia coming to the help of Serbia, entered the fray and other countries followed suit.

Results of the First World War:

1. Loss of life:
The horrors and miseries of the war were plentiful. The total loss of life of all nations put together was some 10 million killed in action, more than 1 crore people wounded and millions permanently disabled. As they were incapable of self-support, they remained a burden on their family and their nations.

2. Economic dislocation:
A large number of people lost their property (186 billion dollars), millions of civilians died of diseases and starvation. The national loan of the participants in the war was enormous. This financial disorder and widespread suffering led to violent social and political changes.

3. The First World War ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The prominent delegates who represented the different nations in the Peace Conference were Woodrow Wilson, the President of the U.S.A., Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France and Orlando, the Prime Minister of Italy.

4. The victors sought to brand Germany as responsible for the war and all the consequences of the war. It had to give up a lot of its territories and colonies. It was imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.

5. The war created a demand for an international organization to protect world peace. As a result, the League of Nations came into existence on the 1^st of January 1929.

6. France reoccupied Alsace and Lorraine, the two provisions from Germany. Besides, France gained the Saar coal basin.

7. The great Empires of Austria, Hungary, Russia, Germany, and Ottoman Turkey came to an end. These were replaced by republics. Poland, Belgium, and Czechoslovakia became” independent.

8. The great depression of 1929 as a result of the First World War.

Question 2.
Explain the causes and results of the Second World war.
Answer:
The causes of the Second World War are:

1. Treaty of Versailles:
The Treaty of Versailles 1919 was too severe, and it humiliated the Germans The Allied Powers treated Germany as they liked and the Germans could not tolerate it any longer. The entire responsibility for the losses of the First World War was put on Germany. The Treaty itself was based on revenge. Germany was waiting for a chance to avenge its humiliation and the seeds for another war were sown by this treaty.

2. Expansionist Policy of Japan and Italy:
Japan and Italy were not satisfied with the ‘Peace Settlement’. They did not get a proper share of the war spoils. Later, these were the countries, hit hard, as they had limited sources. So, with a view to solve their economic problems, they turned to the policy of aggression and expansion. Japan separated from Allied powers and joined Germany. It wanted to liberate Asia from the western yoke.

3. Rise of Dictators:
The rise of dictatorships in Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolf Hitler and Japan under the Government of Tojo was another cause for the war. They glorified the war. Mussolini advocated the martial virtues of Italians and reviving the glories of the old Roman Empire. Hitler spoke of the Aryan supremacy and wanted rearmament, revenge and German domination. Japan wanted its own Empire and supremacy. In Russia, Stalin established a totalitarian dictatorship.

4. Colonial and Commercial Rivalry:
Another cause for the war was the colonial and commercial rivalry. It was a sort of Economic Nationalism. It was a struggle for raw materials, markets for their products and colonies for their excess population. After the First World War, Italy, Germany and Japan were not satisfied. All these countries were poor in natural resources.

5. Failure of the League of Nations:
The League of Nations became too weak and incompetent. The league did not have its own army. It was dominated by few countries like England and France. U.S.A remained out of the league. As a result, the League totally failed in preserving peace in Europe.

6. Immediate cause:
On 1^st September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland which became the immediate cause for the Second World War. Poland was an ally of England and France. Hence Britain and France declared war on Germany.

The results of the Second World War are:

1. The Second World War was the most destructive of all the wars fought until then. About 25 million people were killed and 50 Million were disabled. Millions of people later died of starvation and diseases. There was large scale destruction of houses, industries and communication and transport systems. The destruction of agricultural land led to a shortage of food. After the war, most of the countries faced the problems of post-war reconstructions.

2. World War II ended the dictatorships in Italy and Germany. Italy was declared a Republic under Badogli, and Germany was divided into four zones under U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Britain, and France. A Tribunal was set up at Nuremberg to conduct trials of the leading Nazis. Japan gave up all its rights to China. Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers. (U.S.A)

3. European domination of the world ended after this war. After the Second World War, U.S.A, and U.S.S.R emerged as two superpowers. The mutual distrust between U.S.A and U.S.S.R increased after the war. This led to what is known as the ‘Cold War’.

4. The rivalry between these two superpowers had been the most important feature of international relations since 1945. As a result, world peace was constantly under threat.

5. The World War resulted in the victory of the principle of Nationalism and the liquidation of Colonialism. The colonial Empires of the European powers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America came to an end. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and other countries became independent after the war.

6. The Jews had become homeless during the Nazi regime in Germany. About six million Jews perished in the concentration camps. After the war, with the help of U.S.A., a new homeland (Israel) for the Jews was created in 1948.

7. Japan experienced the disastrous effects of atomic weapons. Its entire atmosphere became poisonous. Most of the newborn children suffered from serve deformities.

8. The most important result of the World War Second was the birth of United Nations Organization with the object of preventing further wars and maintaining peace in future.

Question 3.
Describe the political and non-political achievements of the U.N.O.
Answer:
Achievements of U.N.O are manifold:
The U.N.O. has carried out several successful programs and operations. The achievements of the U.N. may be grouped under two headings, namely, political and non-political.

1. Political:
In the political field, the U.N.O has notable achievements. The foremost achievement of the U.N.O is that there has not been a global war and the use Of nuclear weapons since 1945. The first issue that was solved by the U.N.O was the case of Iran. Russian troops were stationed on the Northern borders of Iran during the Second World War. After the war, Iran complained to the U.N.O. So, U.N.O intervened and made the Russian Troops to withdraw from Iran in 1946.

In 1947, a quarrel started in Indonesia between Holland and Indonesia. It was settled by the U.N. in 1948.

1. In September.1948, France, England, and U.S.A. complained to the Security Council about the blockade of Berlin by the U.S.S.R. Later, an agreement was reached due to the efforts of U.N.O.

2. U.N.O. was able to stop the fighting between the Israeli Jews and Arabs in Palestine in 1948.

3. The U.N.O ordered a cease-fire in Kashmir in 1948.

4. In the Korean crisis when war broke out between North and South Korea, the U.N.O used armed forces to settle the dispute.

5. The Suez Canal and Vietnam problems were solved with the mediation of the U.N.O.

6. It also put an end to the fighting between Iraq and Iran in 1989.

7. Iraq occupied Kuwait in 1990. Immediately, Kuwait approached U.N.O for help. So, the U.N. made Iraq vacate Kuwait in 1991.

8. It has worked to maintain peace in several countries of the world. It has carried out peacekeeping missions in Greece, Lebanon, Cyprus, Congo, Cambodia, Korea, Kosovo, etc.,

9. South Africa was following the Apartheid policy. U.N.O. set up a special committee and imposed sanctions against South Africa in 1954. Ultimately the Apartheid regime came 4o an end in 1991.

2. Non-political:
A notable achievement of the U.N.O was the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. The Declaration included articles like the right to life, liberty and security of person, freedom from slavery, freedom of thought, the right to vote, to work, etc.

1. U.N.O has done excellent work through its specialized agencies. The ILO has made the member nations to improve the conditions of the labourers.

2. FAO has assisted the nations to increase the food production in farms, forests, fisheries and increase nutrition levels. It has also helped to feed millions of hungry children in the third world countries.

3. IMF and IBRD are giving funds for the economic development of different backward countries.

4. UNESCO has done much work in many backward countries in the social, educational, economic, technological and other fields. U.N.O. helped the refugees of war, earthquakes, tsunami, etc. It had arranged for food, shelter, and rehabilitation of war victims throughout the world. The U.N.O has helped preserve many cultural sites throughout the world as World Heritage Sites like Hampi, Pattadakal, Konark, etc.

2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trend

November 21, 2019

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends

You can Download Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is economic liberalization?
Answer:
A process of removal of controls and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities is called economic liberalization.

Question 2.
What is Laissez – faire?
Answer:
A process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and freeness in the market is called Laissez-faire.

Question 3.
When was liberalization started in India? (July 2015)
Answer:
Liberalization was started in India in 1991.

Question 4.
Name one area in which the new economic policy introduced changes.
Answer:
The new economic policy introduced changes in the field of international external debt.

Question 5.
What is brain drain? (March 2016)
Answer:
The citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill, it is called brain drain.

Question 6.
Which country introduced privatization for the first time? (March 2015)
Answer:
England and USA introduced privatization for the first time.

Question 7.
Expand IMF.
Answer:
International Monetary Fund.

Question 8.
What is privatization? (July 2016)
Answer:
A process of transferring ownership of enterprise from public sector to the private sector is called privatization.

Question 9.
Name one of the defects of privatization.
Answer:
Bane to local industries is one of the defects of privatization.

Question 10.
What is globalization? (March 2017)
Answer:
A process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy is called globalization.

Question 11.
Expand LPG.
Answer:
Liberalization, Privatization. Globalization.

Question 12.
Name one of the democratic principles.
Answer:
Liberty and equality is one of the democratic principles.

Question 13.
Expand SPA.
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance.

Question 14.
What was the aim of the popular movement of 2006 in Nepal?
Answer:
Ending the rule of kind and restoring democracy was the aim of popular movement of 2006 in Nepal.

Question 15.
When did the popular government assumed office in Nepal?
Answer:
The popular government assumed office in Nepal on 18^th May 2006.

Question 16.
Who lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Rongthong Kunley Dorji lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 17.
Which situation brought tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Death of Rongthong Kunley Dorji was a tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 18.
When were the first democratic elections held for the National Council?
Answer:
The first democratic elections held for the National Council on 24^th March 2008.

Question 19.
When was the Constitution of Bhutan enacted?
Answer:
The Constitution of Bhutan was enacted on 18^th Julv 2011.

Question 20.
Expand PDPA.
Answer:
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

Question 21.
Expand KHAD.
Answer:
Khadamat-e-Aetelaat-e-Davvlati.

Question 22.
Mention the period of KarmoPs rule.
Answer:
The period of Karmol’s was May 1978.

Question 23.
Expand DRA.
Answer:
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Expand ISA.
Answer:
Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Question 25.
Name any two terrorist groups of Afghanistan. (July 2018)
Answer:
(a) Taliban
(b) Al-Qaeda.

Question 26.
Name any two political leaders of Egypt.
Answer:
General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi and Mohammad Morsi.

Question 27.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treat} Organization.

Question 28.
Name the President of Afghanistan who was elected in April 2014.
Answer:
Dr. Mohamed Ashraff Ghani. the President of Afghanistan elected in April 2014.

Question 29.
Who became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections?
Answer:
Mohammed Morsi became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections.

Question 30.
Name the king of Libya who headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.
Answer:
King Idris headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.

Question 31.
Expand GNC.
Answer:
General National Congress.

Question 32.
Expand NTC.
Answer:
National Transitional Council.

Question 33.
What was the main responsibility of GNC?
Answer:
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.

Question 34.
Name the basis of the law of Libya.
Answer:
Shariat was the basis of the law of Libya.

Question 35.
As per GNC who should be the de facto head of state?
Answer:
President should be the de facto head of state as per GNC.

Question 36.
Who is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya?
Answer:
General National Congress is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya.

Question 37.
Name the distinct feature of Syrian population.
Answer:
Multi-ethnic population is the distinct feature of Syrian population.

Question 38.
Name any one ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
The ethnic group in Syria is Arabs.

Question 39.
When was Syria liberated?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946.

Question 40.
Which party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria?
Answer:
Baath party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria.

Question 41.
Who was the dictator of Libya? (July 2017)
Answer:
Muammar Gaddafi.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Liberalization (March 2016)
Answer:
According to Oxford Dictionary, ‘’Liberalization is the willingness to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own open to new ideas”.

Question 2.
How does technological importance takes place rapidly in liberal economy?
Answer:
There is no restrictions of government in the liberal economy and provided free entries of private entities, hence technological importance takes place in liberal economy.

Question 3.
How is new economic policy consumer friendly?
Answer:
Consumer can get the goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfill his needs, desires and feel satisfaction with his choice of things. So the new economic policy is consumer friendly.

Question 4.
State any two merits of liberalization.
Answer:
(a) Promotes world business class.
(b) Promotes technological advancement.

Question 5.
How does liberalization promote competition?
Answer:
Liberalization extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

Question 6.
When and where did privatization begin?
Answer:
The privatization begin in England and USA in 1980.

Question 7.
How does privatization and good performance go together?
Answer:
Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. So privatization and good performance go together.

Question 8.
What is global village?
Answer:
Availability of the goods of all countries under one roof is called global village.

Question 9.
Bring out the relation between opportunities and brain drain.
Answer:
The skilled and educated people goes to abroad countries for more salary and high position. Under such situations opportunities have been provided to these people. By utilizing the opportunities they can earn more.

Question 10.
Mobility of labour force is made simple in globalization- how?
Answer:
It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy in globalization.

Question 11.
What is outsourcing?
Answer:
The companies hires regular service from external sources and from other countries, it is called outsourcing.

Question 12.
Bring out the relation between life style and globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

Question 13.
How does globalization affect political stability?
Answer:
The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country.

Question 14.
What is crony capitalism? (July 2016)
Answer:
A close relationships between business people and government officials in a capitalist economy is called crony capitalism.

Question 15.
Bring out the rise of democratic movements in 21^st century.
Answer:
21^stcentury is known as era of democratic movements. These movements have started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian government. They were inspired by the democratic values of liberty, equality’ and fraternity.

Question 16.
When did the democratic Maoist movement started in Nepal and which country influenced it?
Answer:
The Democratic Maoist Movement started in I960 in Nepal mainly because of the influence of the India and China freedom struggle movements.

Question 17.
What was the result of limited democracy in Nepal during 1980?
Answer:
In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a People’s Republic.

Question 18.
When did the Maoist insurgency begin and when did it come to an end?
Answer:
The Maoist insurgency begin in 1996 and it come to an end in 2001.

Question 19.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is surrounded by east Himalayas, by north Tibet and by South India.

Question 20.
Who succeeded Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and when?
Answer:
Jigrne Singye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck in 1972.

Question 21.
When did peaceful rallies held against Royal Bhutan army and who lead this?
Answer:
In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

Question 22.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country-‘ in the mountains of South-Central Asia, sharing borders . with Pakistan to the south east and Iran to the west. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan lie across northern frontier and China to the north east.

Question 23.
What is the role of PDPA in Afghanistan’s politics?
Answer:
PDPA plays a predominant role in Afghanistan politics. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by the leaders of PDPA namely Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of PDPA in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Give a picture of Afghanistan up to 2006 about the rift between Talibanis and the elected government.
Answer:
On 1 Lh September 2001 attack on WTC by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 25.
Bring out the role of NATO allies in strengthening democracy with in the framework of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Answer:
After the attack of IIth September 2001. NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan and suppress the Talibanis. The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held. In 2005. election was held to Parliament and Provinces. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

Question 26.
Bring; out the geographical sketch of Egypt.
Answer:
Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west. Sudan to the South and by the Baza strip and Israel to the East.

Question 27.
Make a note on the first phase of the transition that took place in Egypt.
Answer:
A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. After him Hosni Mubarak became the president and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

Question 28.
Bring out the scenario after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak of Egypt.
Answer:
Hosni Mubarak ruled the country more than 3 decades. A wave of democracy started in 2011 and democratic movements were took place. Hosni Mubarak resigned and supreme council of armed force assumed power. In 2012. presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt.

Question 29.
How did Muammar Gaddafi come to power?
Answer:
A group of military officers under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi revolted against the king Idris, finally he came to power and ruled the country till 2011.

Question 30.
Who was authorized to write Libya’s permanent Constitution?
Answer:
General National Congress was authorized to write Libya’s permanent constitution.

Question 31.
Name any two ethnic groups in Syria. (March 2015)
Answer:
Arabs, Kurds, Armenians are the ethnic groups in Syria.

Question 32.
When was Syria liberated and by whom?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946 by France.

Question 33.
When was the new constitution of Syria put to referendum and note the remarkable change in it?
Answer:
The new Constitution of Syria was put to referendum in the year 2011-12. As per the new Constitution, political system of the state shall be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

Question 34.
What are the contradictory issues emphasized by the Baath party in Syria?
Answer:
The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine on nation building rather than ethnic identity.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How did liberalization emerge in India?
Answer:
India adhered to the mixed economy of capitalist and socialist policies after independence. A’major attempt was made in 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi towards new economic system. In 1991. India met with an economic crisis relating to its external debt. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland ND 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. India approached the World Bank and IMF and received $7 billion as loan. In addition, the IMF asked India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. All these situations made the Indian government to introduce a new set of economic policies.

The Union government headed by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh implemented wide range of economic reforms that IMF imposed. The Neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms and measures of controlling inflation. Thus liberalization emerge in India.

Question 2.
State the importance of LIberlization (July 2015,2017,2018) (March 2017,2018)
Answer:
Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Question 3.
What are the politics implications of Liberalization (July 2016)
Answer:
The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of privatization. (March 2015, 2016)
Answer:
The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Question 5.
Explain the importance of Privatization (March 2015,2016)
Answer:
The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi-National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Question 6.
Describe the political implications of privatization (March 2016, 2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 7.
What is Globalization? Discuss its importance. (Martch 2016,2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 8.
Describe the political implications of Globilization (March 2015,2016,2019)
Answer:
The political implications of globalization are as follow s :

(a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty : As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle : Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 9.
Describe the nature of Crony Capitalism. (March 2019)
Answer:
The nature of Crony capitalism is as follows :

(a) Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value.

(b) Cronies get capital and reward: Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market. Funneled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

(c) Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will he protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

(d) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the government share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments el-even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

(e) Concentration of economic power: A few business groups which are cronies influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.

Question 10.
Explain the role of crony capitalism in modern economy.
Answer:
Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

Question 11.
Bring out the democratic movement that took place in Nepal.
Answer:
Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 12.
List out the contents of Nepalis Magna Carta.
Answer:
The main provisions of Nepalese Magna Carta are as follows:
(a) Imposing tax on the royal family and its asses.
(b) finding the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
(c) Eliminating Royal references from army and government titles.
(d) Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu kingdom.
(e) Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
(f) Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

Question 13.
Bring out the democratic movements held in Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

In 1972 jigme Singhye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary, restriction of freedom of speech and press, etc. In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese. Rongthong Kunley Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile, the death of the Dorji was a tremendous setback for the movement.

The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24Ih March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists. The Constitution was enacted on 18^th July 2011.

Question 14.
How did the incident of 11th September 2001 was responsible for the end of Talibanis?
Answer:
On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre b\ Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. USA has suffered a lot and loses heavily by this incident. Even though it is a super power block, the economic condition has been deteriorated into a deep level due to die bad effect of this attack.

As a result, the North Atlantic Treaty’ Organization alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 15.
How did the era of Talibanis come to an end? Mark the beginning of democracy in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Talibanis were in power in Afghanistan for so main years with their fundamental ideologies. They pulled the people into dark by imposing the cruel fundamental principles. There was no civil liberty and sanctioned a very strict restrictions on medias. Voice raised by any civilians against the cruel rule of Talibanis was suppressed brutally.

Afghanistan was reached into a very low economic condition since there was sanctions and restrictions by the world countries against Afghanistan. People of the country were suffered heavily from having the basie requirements. Children dies due to lack of milk and medicines. Poor people suffered due to lack of healthy food. Unemployment problem led the youths to become anti social elements.

Totally people of the country were unable to come into the mainstream of society due to the strict fundamental ideologies of the Talibanis. During such situations. Al-Queda supported by Talibanis attacked World Trade Centre on 11i: September 2001. As a result NATO alliance supported by USA rushed to Afghanistan and that was the end of the regime of Talibanis and thus democracy was established in Afghanistan.

Question 16.
Write about the democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president. Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary. The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.

The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 17.
Bring out different phases of democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. Then Hosni Mubharak became the President and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

The third phase: In third transition a continuation of the previous one which represented democratic and social ideals. President Mohammad Morsi the first democratically elected government was thrown out by a military coup.

The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of government of .2011. With the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the supreme council of the armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 18.
Explain the democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

In the mean while, anti Gaddafi force pressurized the government for the introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in February 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Gaddafi, the Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.

In 2012, an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the National Transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will frame Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on Shariat.

Question 19.
Discuss about the democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

The democratic movement in Syria demanded for the termination of the ruling Military Dictatorship since 1963 and for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency. It also demanded for the termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath party and transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election based on principles of Liberal Democracy. Its objectives was to set up a committee for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held on 7^th May 2012 and the result was announced on 15^th May 2012. The Baath party won larger victory than it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum. Amongst other changes, it abolished Article 8 which entrenched the power of the Baath party. The new Article 8 reads “the political system of the state snail be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine of Nation Building rather than ethnic identity. The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. These developments indicating the democratic process in the nation.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of liberalization.
Answer:
Meaning: Liberalization primarily means removal of controls and regulations at various levels of the economy facilitating market forces to determine its course and direction. It favours a competitive market solution to economic issues and a reduced role for the state in economic management.

Importance: Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Political implications: The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 2.
Describe the meaning importance and political implications of privatization.
Answer:
Meaning : Privatization is the transfer of control of ownership from the public sector to private sector. It refers to full shifting of property rights from the state or collective ow ners to private owners.

Importance : The importance of privatization is as follows :

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Political implications: The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

Question 3.
What is globalization? Discuss its importance and political implications.
Answer:
Meaning and Importance:

Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Political implications :

The political implications of globalization are as follows: (a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty: As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle: Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

Question 4.
What is crony capitalism and bring out its effects on modern governments?
Answer:

Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

Question 5.
Describe the process of democratic movements that took place in Nepal.
Answer:

Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 6.
How democratic movements ushered in Bhutan?
Answer:

Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

Question 7.
Give an assessment of democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president.

Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary.

The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood. The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 8.
Give an account of historical democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 9.
Analyze the new democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

Question 10.
Write a note on democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Medieval Period Towards Change

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 6 Medieval Period Towards Change Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Medieval Period Towards Change

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which was the ‘Divine language’ of Medieval Christianity?
Answer:
The‘Divine language’ of Medieval Christianity was Latin.

Question 2.
To which place was the Papal Court shifted from Rome?
Answer:
The Papa Court was shifted from Rome to Avignon.

Question 3.
Who wrote the book‘Divine Comedy’?
Answer:
Dante wrote the book‘Divine Comedy’.

Question 4.
What is fief?
Answer:
In the European Feudal system, Kings / Greater Lords granted lands to Vassals who had to swear fidelity and loyalty of service to the Lords. These lands were called as fiefs.

Question 5.
Who was the first Pope to make Avignon as his Centre?
Answer:
Clement V a Frenchman, when he became the Pope moved the Papal Court to Avignon.

Question 6.
Why Early Middle Ages is called ‘Dark Age’?
Answer:
Because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe during that period.

Question 7.
Which Pope deposed King Henry IV?
Answer:
Pope Gregory Vll deposed King Henry IV.

Question 8.
Who were Vassals?
Answer:
In the European feudal system, the King or the Greater Lord granted land to someone. It was known as fief, and the person who received it was called as ‘Vassal’ of that King / Lord.

Question 9.
When did the Papal Schism end?
Answer:
The Papal Schism ended in 1414.C.E.

Question 10.
Who wrote the book ‘Canterbury tales’?
Answer:
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote‘The Canterbury Tales’.

Question 11.
Who was the first Pope?
Answer:
St. Peter was the first Pope.

Question 12.
Who wanted to free the Church from the King’s influence?
Answer:
Pope Gregory VII wanted to free the church from the King’s influence.

Question 13.
What was Constantinople originally called as?
Answer:
Constantinople was originally called as Byzantium.

Question 14.
How many phases is the Middle age divided into?
Answer:

The Middle age is divided into three phases, namely.
Early Middle age; High Middle Age; Later Middle age.

Question 15.
Whom did King Henry IV appoint without the consent of the Pope?
Answer:
King Henry IV appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope.

Question 16.
Who continued to be the Pope at Rome during the Papal Schism?
Answer:
Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome.

Question 17.
Who shifted the Papal Court back to Rome from Avignon?
Answer:
Pope Gregory XI shifted the Papal Court back to Rome.

Question 18.
Which City-States became flourishing Trade Centres?
Answer:
City-States like Pisaj Venice and Genoa became flourishing Trade Centres.

Question 19.
What was the important characteristic of the medieval period?
Answer:
Sophisticated urban life was an important characteristic of this period.

Question 20.
What is the Early Middle Age also called as?
Answer:
It is also called as the ‘Dark Age’.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two causes for the decline of Pope’s authority in the 14^th century.
Answer:

The order and contradictions within the Papal order and ecclesiastical arrangements.
The immoral successors.
The rise of National Monarchies.

Question 2.
Name any two trade centres of Medieval Europe.
Answer:
City-States like Venice and Genoa were two Trade Centres of Medieval Europe.

Question 3.
Name any two Universities that came into existence in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
Oxford and Cambridge in England, Bologna, and Naples in Italy and Paris and Montpellier in France were some of the Universities that came into existence in Medieval Europe.

Question 4.
Name any two intellectuals of Medieval Europe?
Answer:
Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Peter Abelard, and St. Thomas Aquinas were some of the major intellectuals.

Question 5.
Name any two literary styles of Medieval Europe.
Answer:
Romances and Fabliaux a type of comic verse, were two important literary styles.

Question 6.
Which arc the styles of architecture found in Medieval Europe?
Answer:
The Medieval period had buildings and monuments in the Romanesque and Gothic styles. Romanesque style had rounded arches, small windows, massive walls of stone and the predominance of horizontal lines. Main features of the Gothic style were pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and buttress.

Question 7.
From which word is ‘Feudalism’ derived? What is its meaning?
Answer:
The word Feudalism is derived from the German word ‘Feud’, which means a piece of land.

Question 8.
Mention the pyramidical structural hierarchy of Feudalism.
Answer:
Feudalism was based on the system of structural hierarchy linked to the ownership and cultivation of land. It was a pyramidical structure. On the peak was the King. Under him were the Nobles and Knights followed by Vassals all of whom owned the lands, and finally, Serfs and Peasants who were the actual cultivators without any ownership privileges.

Question 9.
Write two features of Romanesque style.
Answer:
The main features of the Romanesque style were the rounded arches, small windows, massive walls of stone and the predominance of horizontal lines.

Question 10.
Write any two features of the Gothic style.
Answer:
Gothic architecture was one of the most attractive building styles. The main features of this style were pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and buttress.

Question 11.
Name the two factors that speeded up the agricultural production in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
New techniques and tools like heavy ploughs, crop rotation, use of water and windmills, agricultural equipments made of iron and using horses to till the fields came into use and agricultural production increased enormously.

Question 12.
In which languages did the Literaturejn Vernacular became popular during middle age?
Answer:
Literature in vernacular languages like French, German, Spanish, and Italian became popular.

Question 13.
Which were the important literary works of Medieval Europe?
Answer:
‘Divine Comedy’ by Dante Alighieri and ‘The Canterbury Tales’ by Geoffrey Chaucer were the ones.

Question 14.
What is Early Middle Age?
Answer:
It began around 500 C.E. and ended around 1050 C.E. It is also called the ‘Dark age’ because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe.

Question 15.
Mention the important institutions of medieval ages.
Answer:
The important institutions of medieval ages were the Church, Society, and the state and feudalism.

Question 16.
What is Fabliaux?
Answer:
It is a medieval comic verse tale popular in the 12^th and 13^th century France. Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’ in Italian verse, is a monumental narrative in effective rhyming.

Question 17.
What is Manorial System?
Answer:
It was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates centred around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. They were not slaves and owned lands also, but were under the control and jurisdiction of the Lords.

Question 18.
What were the impacts on the development in medieval society?
Answer:
The developments in medieval society had their impact on the economy, education, literature, and intellectual revival.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the Manorial system.
Answer:
The manorial system was an important institution of the high middle ages. Under this system, the serfs worked in agricultural estates situated around a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord. The serfs were not slaves. They too owned a piece of land but were under the control and jurisdiction of a Lord. They worked in the Lord’s fields as well as their own and paid taxes to the Lord. They undertook activities like grazing, collection of firewood, fishing, and cultivation on a common basis. It was like a closed community living. During the later high middle ages, the condition of the serfs improved. They paid rent instead of giving duties or services to the Lord.

Question 2.
Mark the socio-economic changes in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
A class of nobility emerged in Medieval Europe during this period. They involved themselves in cultural and political activities. The Church controlled the local skirmishes and battles. So the Nobles became free to develop the ideals of knighthood. This led to the development of etiquette. The attitude towards women also changed.

In the Manorial system, the serfs started to pay rents. Coins or currency replaced barter trade. Currency helped the revival of trade and commerce. It led to the advancement of networks of roads and river transport systems. City-States like Pisa, Venice, and Genoa became flourishing trade centres. Cities like Paris, London and Cologne expanded and their population grew.

There was an increase in the demand for countryside goods, which strengthened the economic fife of the. people overall. Sophisticated urban life was an important characteristic of this period. There developed a business class. This class established trade guilds to protect its own interests and made many rules for business transactions.

There were two classes among the clergy-the higher class and the lower class. The higher clergy led a luxurious life, while the lower clergy lived with limited requirements and humility. So there developed great disregard for the higher clergy.

Question 3.
What were the causes for the decline of feudalism?
Answer:
There were several reasons for the decline of feudalism. The major ones are given hereunder.

1. Rise of strong Monarchies:
Europe saw the growth of many strong monarchies, where the Kings suppressed the feudal Lords which led to the decline of feudalism.

2. Shifting of loyalty:
Common people and serfs were unhappy as they were heavily taxed and felt neglected. They shifted their faith and loyalty to the Kings, which further weakened the hold of the feudal lords.

3. Growth of commerce and industry:
With the growth in commerce arid industry, people found new ways for livelihood and left their lands. The rise of the independent middle class took place, which was a lethal blow to the feudal lords.

4. Dominance of money economy:
Payment in the form of services was replaced by money. Commoners and serfs stopped giving military services to Lords, which further depleted their power and dominance.

5. Building of strong armies by the Kings:
The use of gun powder and well-organized armies resulted in the weakening of feudalism. Commoners and serfs under the protection of Kings felt more secure.

6. Scarcity of labourers:
The growth of industries and commerce provided alternate employment and depleted the labour strength. Spread of epidemics like plague reduced the number of workers. Demand for workers and their increased wages brought down the importance of the feudal lords.

7. Struggle between the feudal Lords:
The feudal Lords were troublesome to the serfs and commoners and fighting among themselves for control. These internal wars further decreased their number and the Church also put many restrictions on their functioning.

Question 4.
Describe the conflict between the Popes and the Kings in Medieval Europe.
Answer:
A conflict arose between Pope Gregory VIII and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. The King appointed the Bishop of Milan without the consent of the Pope. The Pope wanted to free the Church from King’s influence. He made alliances with many German Princes, who were against Henry IV. They together deposed the King who was forced to seek the Pope’s forgiveness.

For this, the King was made to wait for three days on barefoot and in plain clothes in front of the Citadel. The King obtained the Pardon and got back his powers. Later in a melodramatic episode. King Henry IV chased Pope Gregory VII out of Rome. In the 14^thcentury, the supremacy of the Popes declined because of the following reasons.

The contradictions within the Papal order and ecclesiastical arrangements.
The immoral successors.
The rise of National Monarchies.

During the 4^th Century, a conflict between Philip IV, the King of France and Boniface VIII, the Pope at Rome began. It was due to Philip IV imposing taxes on the Church. Boniface VIII opposed this and insisted that the King had to take Papal permission to tax the Church. The conflict went to such an extent that Boniface was beaten to death. After this, Clement V, a Frenchman became the Pope and he moved the. Papal Court to Avignon. It continued in Avignon for 67 years. 7 Popes of this period were all French and remained in Avignon. Gregory XI shifted the Court back to Rome.

During the Papacy of Urban VI, differences arose between him and the Cardinals, which gave rise to Papal Schism. The Cardinals elected Clement VII as Anti-Pope and he shifted the Papal Court back to Avignon. Urban VI continued to be the Pope at Rome. This resulted in the division of Papacy into two groups. To resolve this, the Cardinals elected another Anti-Pope, Alexander V and the other two Popes were asked to resign. They were excommunicated when they refused to do so. Thus the Papal Schism ended by 1414 CE. It led to the decline of power and prestige of the Popes.

Question 5.
Explain the different phases of Middle age.
Answer:
Medieval European history, also called as the Middle Ages is marked from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE to the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire and Constantinople in 1453 C.E. This period had a span of about 1000 years. During this period, the accomplishments of the Greeks and Romans were neglected. Various German tribes invaded Western and Central Europe. The Middle Ages witnessed the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Islamic and Western civilization.

The Eastern Roman Empire centred in Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire for nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome. Constantinople was earlier called as Byzantium, which was founded in the 7^th century BCE by a Greek King called Byzas. Due to the fall of the Roman Empire, there was political and social instability in Europe. The Church emerged as a powerful authority and brought the required stability and order.

The Middle age is divided into 3 phases as follows:

1. Early Middle Age:
It began around 500 C.E. and ended around 1050 C.E. It is also called the ‘Dark age’, because of the confused and chaotic state of affairs that existed in Europe.

2. High Middle Age:
The period lasted from 1050 C.E to 1300 C.E. This period witnessed advancement in terms of agriculture, improvement in the standard of living and Education along with political stability. Towns and Universities emerged. The authority of the Popes increased.

3. Later Middle Age:
The period between 1300 C.E. to 1453 C.E. is called the later Middle Age. This period witnessed further development of towns and cities and a decline in the power of feudalism and Church. A new entrepreneurial and intellectual class emerged. They challenged the State and the Church.

Question 6.
What are the Merits of feudalism?
Answer:
Feudalism was time tested and need-based system. Its merits are as follows:

It helped the growth of decentralized political administration. The King was not only advised by vassals but at times he was forced to accept their terms and conditions. This checked the growth of absolute monarchy.
Feudalism helped to preserve monarchy and Monarchs sanctioned fiefs to the Vassals, who in turn took an oath of loyalty and co-operation to fight for him.
In due course of time, feudalism helped the growth of ‘strong Monarchy’ as the feudal Lords became the courtiers of the Monarchs.
No doubt the Kings and Vassals had personal interests, yet they were united against invasions. This led to national defense and the rise of Nationalism.
The constant conflict helped the growth of military techniques in terms of better arms, training, and organization. It encouraged the concept of chivalry. The Nobles and Knights became more mindful towards the poor and needy. Chivalry also developed respect towards women.
Feudalism brought stability and order in the society. The collective defense and maintenance of law and order within the feudal estates ensured protection and justice to the people.
Feudalism also developed a sense of duty and order. It was the King’s duty to protect the rights of the Vassals over their lands, and that of Vassals to protect their serfs. Likewise, the serfs had their duties towards Vassals and Vassals towards Kings.

1st PUC History Medieval Period Towards Change Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the Merits and Demerits of feudalism.
Answer:
Feudalism developed in Western Europe. It was restricted to the periods between 5^thand 12^thcenturies C.E. The 5^th century marked the fall of the Roman Empire and the 12^thcentury marked the emergence of national Monarchies. Feudalism in general stands for the decentralized system of governance and economy based on land.

The merits of feudalism are:

Feudalism helped the growth of decentralized political administration. The King was not only advised by Vassals but at times he was forced to accept their terms and conditions. This checked the growth of absolute monarchy.
Feudalism helped to preserve monarchy and Monarchs sanctioned fiefs to Vassals, who in turn took an oath of loyalty and co-operation to fight for him.
In due course of time, feudalism helped the growth of ‘strong Monarchy’ as the feudal Lords became the courtiers of the Monarchs.
No doubt the King and Vassals had personal interests, yet they were united against invasions. This led to national defense and the rise of nationalism.
The constant conflict helped the growth of military techniques in terms of better arms, training, and organization. It encouraged the concept of chivalry. The Nobles and Knights – became more mindful towards the poor and needy. Chivalry also developed respect towards women.
Feudalism brought stability and order in the society. The collective defense and maintenance of law and order within the feudal estate ensured protection and justice to the people.
Feudalism also developed a sense of duty and order. It was the King’s duty to protect the rights of the Vassals over their lands, and that of Vassals to protect their serfs. Likewise, the serfs had their duties towards Vassals and Vassals towards Kings.

Demerits of feudalism:

There were often skirmishes and wars between Vassals or between Vassals and Kings. So there was no stability, peace, and order. It had its own impact on society and the economy.
The vassals always favoured nominal Monarchy and were against National Government and National interest.
The Nobles were self-interested. Their tyranny led to the sufferings of commoners and serfs. Serfs were the victims of violence. Often, war by nobles and war expenses led to the overtaxing of common people.
The loyalty of the people was restricted to the feudal Lords and not the Nation or King, which was a hindrance to the growth of Nationhood.
Feudalism increased the gap between the rich and the poor. The poor led a subsistent life whereas the nobles led a life of leisure and idleness.
The Church also participated in a feudal system. It had vast lands and worked like feudal Lords. There were also conflicts. between the Bishops and Kings and his Vassals.

2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu

Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

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1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the biggest religion in the world?
Answer:
Christianity is the biggest religion in the world.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Christianity?
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ.

Question 3.
Which is the emblem of Christianity?
Answer:
Cross is the emblem of Christianity.

Question 4.
Which was the religious centre of Jews?
Answer:
Jerusalem was the religious centre of Jews.

Question 5.
Which God was worshipped by Jews?
Answer:
Jehovah was the God worshipped by the Jews.

Question 6.
Which was the religious text of Jews?
Answer:
The Old Testament containing the teachings, principles and religious experiences of the Jews is their religious text.

Question 7.
Who was the religious Prophet of Jews?
Answer:
Moses was the religious Prophet of Jews.

Question 8.
When was Jesus Christ born?
Answer:
Jesus Christ was born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E.

Question 9.
Where was Jesus born?
Answer:
Jesus was born at Bethlehem in Judea.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Christ?
Answer:
Christ means ‘Anointed one’.

Question 11.
Who was the contemporary Roman Emperor of Jesus Christ?
Answer:
King Herod was the contemporary Roman Emperor.

Question 12.
On which hill was Jesus crucified?
Answer:
Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem was the place where Jesus was crucified.

Question 13.
What is Easter Sunday?
Answer:
Jesus Christ is believed to have risen to life on the third day after his crucification, which was a Sunday. This day of His resurrection is celebrated as Easter Sunday.

Question 14.
Which part of the Bible contains the teachings of Jesus?
Answer:
The New Testament contains the Gospels written by his four disciples which deal with the biography of Jesus and his teachings.

Question 15.
What was Milan Edict?
Answer:
Constantine, the Emperor of Rome issued the Edict of Milan in 313 C.E., to make Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire.

Question 16.
Who was the first Roman Emperor to accept Christianity?
Answer:
Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to accept Christianity.

Question 17.
Who was the Roman Emperor to declare Christianity as National Religion?
Answer:
Emperor Theodisius was the Roman Emperor to declare Christianity as the national Religion in 4^th century C.E.

Question 18.
Who was the first Christian missionary who came to India to spread Christianity?
Answer:
St. Francis Xavier was the first Christian missionary who came to India to spread Christianity.

Question 19.
Who Was David?
Answer:
David was a King of Judea.

Question 20.
What did Jesus call himself as?
Answer:
Jesus called himself as ‘Son of God’.

Question 21.
Which is the Holy book of Christians?
Answer:
The Holy book of Christians is the Bible.

Question 22.
Who became the second Pope?
Answer:
St. Paul became the second Pope.

Question 23.
Who spread Christianity in Kerala?
Answer:
St. Francis Xavier spread Christianity in Kerala.

Question 24.
In which style were the Churches built at the beginning of the Christian era?
Answer:
Beautiful Churches and Cathedrals were built in the Greco Roman style.

Question 25.
Who was the founder of Islam?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammed founded Islam.

Question 26.
Which is the holy place of Muslims?
Answer:
The holy place of Muslims is the Khaba at Mecca.

Question 27.
Who was the uncle of Prophet?
Answer:
Abu-Talib was the uncle of Prophet.

Question 28.
Who was the wife of Prophet?
Answer:
Khadija was the wife of Prophet.

Question 29.
On which hilly cave did Mohammed meditate?
Answer:
Mohammed meditated in a solitary cave at Hira.

Question 30.
Who was the messenger who preached the Gospels to Prophet?
Answer:
Gabriel, a messenger of God preached the holy Gospels to Prophet when he was in a trance.

Question 31.
Which was the stone worshipped by Muslims at Mecca?
Answer:
The Black stone of Khaba is worshipped by Muslims at Mecca.

Question 32.
When did the Prophet die?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammed died in 632 C.E.

Question 33.
Which is the holy book of Islam?
Answer:
The holy book of Islam is ‘Koran’ or ‘Quran’.

Question 34.
What is Kalima?
Answer:
Kalima which is one of the five pillars or principles of Islam means faith.

Question 35.
What is Namaz?
Answer:
Namaz, one of the five pillars of Islam means prayer.

Question 36.
What is Zaqqat?
Answer:
It is to give alms to the poor, which is the duty of every Muslim.

Question 37.
What is Roza?
Answer:
Roza means fasting which every Muslim should do during the holy month of Ramzan.

Question 38.
What is Hajj?
Answer:
Hajj is a Holy Pilgrimage to Mecca, which a true Muslim should undertake at least once in their lifetime.

Question 39.
Who built the Khaba?
Answer:
Abraham built the Khaba Temple for the black stone he had received from Archangel Gabriel.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Jesus?
Answer:
Joseph and Virgin Mary were the parents of Jesus.

Question 2.
Which are the two parts of the Bible?
Answer:
The two parts of the Bible are the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Question 3.
When was Jesus crucified? Who was the Roman Governor at that time?
Answer:
Jesus was crucified in 30 C.E. when Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor.

Question 4.
What was the Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer:
Jesus Christ rose to life on the third day after his Crucification. This day is celebrated as Easter Sunday and the event is called as the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Question 5.
Name the two important disciples of Jesus.
Answer:
St. Peter and St. Paul were the two important disciples of Jesus.

Question 6.
Name the two Roman Emperors who tortured Christians?
Answer:
Nero and Diocletian were two of the Roman Emperors who persecuted Christians.

Question 7.
Who issued the Milan Edict? When?
Answer:
Emperor Constantine of Rome issued the Milan Edict in 313 C.E to make Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire.

Question 8.
Who were the two Roman Emperors who gave royal patronage to Christianity?
Answer:
Constantine and Theodisius were the two Roman Emperors who gave royal patronage to Christianity.

Question 9.
Which are the important festivals of Christians?
Answer:
Three days are celebrated as the most important festivals by Christians.

Birthday of Jesus – Christmas
The day of Crucification of Jesus- Good Friday
Resurrection of Jesus- Easter Sunday.

Question 10.
Which are the two major sects of Christianity?
Answer:
Christianity is divided into 2 sects:

Roman Catholics
Protestants

Question 11.
What did Jesus believe in above all?
Answer:
Jesus believed in forgiveness. He emphasized up on love towards Mankind. He insisted on justice, humanity and duty.

Question 12.
What were the words of Jesus regarding service?
Answer:
Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.

Question 13.
Mention any two teachings of Jesus.
Answer:
The important teachings of Jesus are as follows:

Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his children. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.

Question 14.
What is ‘Star of East’?
Answer:
According to the New Testament, when Jesus was born, a bright star was shining in the East, which was called the ‘Star of East’.

Question 15.
What is Gospel?
Answer:
Teachings of Jesus or Revelations of Jesus Christ is called Gospel.

Question 16.
Which is the symbol of Islam and name the religious centre of Muslims?
Answer:
The symbol of Islam is Star and Crescent Moon. The religious centre of Muslims is the Mosque.

Question 17.
When and where was the Prophet born?
Answer:
Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia.

Question 18.
Who were the parents of Mohammed?
Answer:
Abdullah and Ameena were Mohammed’s parents.

Question 19.
Name the daughter and son-in-law of Mohammed.
Answer:
The daughter of Mohammed was Fathima and Ali was his son-in-law.

Question 20.
What is the meaning of Islam?
Answer:
Islam means ‘Submission to God Allah’. There is a wide meaning to the term ‘Islam’. It preaches to be truthful, be faithful, and to have good conduct. Islam means peace.

Question 21.
Which are the two sects of Islam?
Answer:
The two sects of Islam are the Sunnis and Shias.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the life history of Jesus.
Answer:
Jesus Christ was born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. His father was a carpenter by profession at Nazareth. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Easter star made the priests to believe that Jesus was a Divine Entity. He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. Jesus, at the age of 12 went to a Jewish synagogue and surprised the people by expounding the meaning of the Jewish religious texts. He was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist and at the age of 30 was baptized by him.

He became a wandering preacher and his simple teachings gathered people around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples and conveyed his messages in the form of parables. His disciples recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as ‘Son of God’, which enraged the orthodox Jews. He was crucified on Friday the 3^rd April 30 C.E at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place on the third day and he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

Question 2.
Explain the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Answer:
The teachings of Jesus Christ are founded in the holy book of Christians, the Bible. Some of the important ones are:

The existence of one God. We are his children. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
Jesus said “Service to people is service to God” and such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.
Forgiveness is a great virtue, and such persons are close to God.Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Question 3.
Which were the important causes for the spread of Christianity?
Answer:
The import causes for the spread of Christianity were:
1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people to him. His appeal towards poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St. Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

4. Role of Church:
The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and the pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

5. Role of Constantine:
The persecution of the Christians stopped when Constantine became the Emperor of Rome. He built a new city called Constantinople and dedicated it to virgin Mary. He issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire and gave permission to the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in the East. Under Emperor Theodisius in the 4^th century C.E., Christianity became the state religion.

Question 4.
What is Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer:
The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Star of East made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity. He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. Jesus was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist and was baptized by John at the age of 30. He became a wandering preacher and his simple teachings and messages in the form of parables attracted people who flocked around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples, who recognized him as Messiah.

Jesus called himself as Son of God which enraged the orthodox Jews. Jesus was crucified on Friday the 3^rd April 30 C.E. on Mount Calvary at Golgotha, which is celebrated as Good Friday every year. His followers wept at his grave. It is believed that Christ rose to life on the third day after the death. This day is celebrated as Easter Sunday. This event is called as Resurrection of Christ. After the Resurrection, Jesus remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven. Thereby he is said to have proved that he was the Son of God.

Question 5.
Write about the Spiritual messages of Jesus.
Answer:
Spiritual Message of Jesus to his followers is given in the form of a sermon. ‘The Sermon on the Mount’. It runs as follows.

Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. There are some more messages along the same lines for the people to follow.
Jesus gave the message of the love and compassion. He said “Do not commit adultery”, “Do not steal”, and “Give respect to Elders”. These are simple paths to emancipation.
Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.
Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his Sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
Jesus preached the Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
Jesus believed in forgiveness. He insisted on Justice, Humility and Duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to them who hate you and pray for them”.
According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
Forgiveness is a great virtue; Persons practicing it are close to God.

Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation. Teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, the ‘Bible’.

Question 6.
Mention the role of the Apostles in the spreading of Christianity.
Answer:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Raul are important. St. Peter founded a church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero, the Emperor of Rome, which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope. He spread Christianity in Rome, Greece, Macedonia, Athens, Philipi, and Damascus.

He established Churches to propagate the Principles of Jesus. He is called as the ‘Second Jesus’. The Martyrdom inspired many like St. Mathew, St. Mark, St. Luke and St. John. They consolidated the Gospels of Jesus. St. Thomas came to India in 78 C.E. and carried his work in the Malabar region. The efforts of St. Augustine in England, St. Patrick in Ireland and St. Bonephase in Germany led to the spread of Christianity.

Question 7.
Explain the background for the rise of Islam?
Answer:
Islam is one of the important religions of the world. Islam rose from the Arabian Peninsula, situated in South West Asia. This land was inhabited by Arabs. The land was a desert. Mecca and Madina were the only two important cities in Arabia. As rainfall was scanty, cultivation was not possible. So 80% of Arabs were nomads. They tended camels which provided them milk and meat. They cultivated dates, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, orange, and bananas.

Camel and horse were the means of transport. They led a hard life and quarrels between tribes for Oasis and fodder were the order of the day. People were socially and economically backward. Tribes looted the commercial caravans and plundered cities. Theft, robbery, and gambling were common.

They worshipped more than 360 idols. Blind faith and animal sacrifice existed in the society. In spite of these ugly traits, Arabs were held together by a common faith – the shrine of Khaba at Mecca. They did not have a common social, moral, cultural and religious framework. Prophet Mohammed founded Islam and organised Muslims under a single religious framework.

Question 8.
Write about the life history of Mohammed.
Answer:
Mohammad was born in 570C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents. He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca. He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels.

He was known for his honesty and sincerity and the comerchants called him as Amin – one who is reliable. He worked for a rich widow, Khadija and later married her, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to age of forty.

He spent most of his time in meditation and fasting. He was also seriously thinking about the social and religious evils of the Arabs. While meditating at the Hira cave, Gabriel a messenger of God preached him the holy Gospels while he was in a trance. Mohammed felt the impact of the Divine message of God.

He also realized that he was the chosen one, and had a great mission to fulfill. His wife, son-in-law, daughter, friend Abu-Bakr and his servant Syed Mohammed were his first disciples. He declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet”.

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

He preached Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked. There was opposition to him from the idol worshippers and he took refuge in Madina and his secret journey is known as Hejira. He was welcomed there. Later he returned to Mecca and Arabs accepted his principles. He died in 632 C. E.

Question 9.
Write about the five pillars of Islam.
Answer:
A true believer in Islam (Muslim) has to perform certain duties which are the pillars of Islam or principles of Islam. They are Kalima, Namaz, Zaqqat, Roza and Hajj.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. He should profess his faith in God Allah and his messenger, Mohammed-his Prophet. Every Muslim was required to recite the Muslim Credo. “There is no God but Allah, everyone should surrender to him, have faith and respect him”. This is an important message of the Quran.

2. Namaz:
It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day at dawn, shortly after midday, late afternoon, at sunset and at bedtime. He is expected to clean himself and turn towards Mecca and offer prayer. Every Friday one has to go to the Mosque to offer prayer and listen to the discussion on the Quran. Prayer is the best method to please God and getting one’s sins pardoned.

3. Zaqqat:
It is to give alms to the poor Almsgiving is another duty of every Muslim. One should be honest and sincere. He has to give 2.5% of his income in charity for the promotion of religion and help the poor. Islam prohibits begging as a profession.

4. Roza:
Every Muslim must fast during day time in the holy month of Ramzan.

5. Hajj:
Every Muslim is obliged to perform pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime.

Question 10.
What are the main teachings of Mohammed?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammad declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammad is his Prophet”. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He preached that Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked.

He said, “Allah is all-merciful, all-wise and all-powerful”. The new faith that Mohammad preached was called ‘Islam’ which means “Submission to God Allah’. Islam preaches to be truthful, be faithful and to have good conduct. It preaches equality and condemns slavery. Mohammad advocated the following five pillars or Principles of Islam to be followed by all Muslims.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. Every Muslim should profess his faith in Allah and Mohammad. Namaz – It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day. Prayer is the best method to please God and get one’s sins pardoned.

2. Zaqqat:
It means almsgiving. Muslims should be honest and sincere. They should give 2.5 % of what they earn in charity. The purpose is to bring economic equality between the rich and the poor.

3. Roza:
It means fasting. Every Muslim should fast in the month of Ramzan, from morning to dusk. Fasting brings purity of heart. It balances the desires, controls one’s habits and creates confidence towards deliverance. It is a proper training to acquire good character.

4. Hajj:
It is the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. True Muslims should undertake Hajj at least once in their lifetime.

There were other moral codes advocated by the prophet.

He prohibited gambling, drinking, adultery, and use of pork. He preached the democratic principles of equality and universal brotherhood. He also advocated important moral values like respect for women, parents, and kindness to slaves and animals.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ. He was a Jew born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E. at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. By profession, his father was a carpenter at Nazareth. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Star of East made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity.

He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. At the age of 12, he went to a Jewish synagogue and expounded the meaning of the difficult Jewish religious texts. Jesus was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist who baptized him at the age of 30. Jesus became a wandering preacher.

His simple teachings and messages in the form of parables attracted people who flocked around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples, who recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as the Son of God, which enraged the orthodox Jews.

His crucification took place on the 3^rd April 30 C.E., at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place 3 days later, after which he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

The teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, namely the Bible.

Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such a service is a tool for spiritual attainments.
Forgiveness is a great virtue and persons blessed with that are close to God.

Jesus preached such simple principles, which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Question 2.
What were the causes for the spread of Christianity? Write about its influence.
Answer:
The important causes for the spread of Christianity were:

1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people. His appeal towards the poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St.Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero-the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

4. Role of Church:-
The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and Pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

Question 3.
Explain the rise and spread of Christianity.
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ. He was a Jew born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E. at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Easter star made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity.

The teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, namely the Bible.

Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such a service is a tool for spiritual attainments.
Forgiveness is a great virtue and persons blessed with that are close to God.

Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Spread of Christianity

1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people. His appeal towards the poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 Apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St. Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero-the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

Role of Church. The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and Pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

5. Role of Constantine:
The persecution of the Christians stopped when Constantine became the Emperor of Rome. He built a new city called Constantinople and dedicated it to Virgin Maty. He issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire and gave permission to the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in the East. Under Emperor Theodisius in the 4^th century C.E., Christianity became the state religion.

Question 4.
Explain the life and teachings of Prophet Mohammed.
Answer:
Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents, He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca. He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels.

He was known for his honesty and sincerity. As a youth, he spent most of his time in travelling with the caravans. The comerchants called him as Amin – one who is reliable. He married Khadija, a widow, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to the age of forty.

Mohammed realized the impact of the Divine message of God. He also realized that he was the chosen one, and had a great mission to fulfill. His wife, son-in-law, daughter, friend Abu-Bakr and his servant Syed Mohammed were his first disciples. He declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet”

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

He preached Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked. Those who surrender themselves to the will of God were Muslims. His followers called him Prophet. Mohammed declared he was the prophet chosen by Allah to reveal his message to mankind. He said, “Allah was all-merciful, all-wise and all-powerful”.

Question 5.
Explain the foundation and the five pillars of Islam.
Answer:
A true believer in Islam (Muslim) has to perform certain duties which might be called pillars of Islam or principles of Islam. They are Kalima, Namaz, Zaqqat, Roza and Hajj.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. Muslims should profess their faith in God Allah and his messenger, Mohammed – his Prophet. Every Muslim was required to receive the Muslim Credo. “There is no God but Allah, everyone should surrender to him, have faith and respect him”. This is an important message of the Quran.

2. Namaz:
It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day, namely at dawn, shortly after midday, late afternoon, at sunset and at bedtime. He is expected to clean himself and turn towards Mecca and offer prayer. Every Friday, one has to go to Mosque to offer prayer and listen to the discussion on Quran. Prayer is the best method to please God and getting one’s sins pardoned.

3. Zaqqat:
It is to give alms to the poor. Almsgiving is another duty of every Muslim. One should be honest and sincere. He has to give 2.5% of his income in charity for the promotion of religion and help the poor.

4. Roza:
It means fasting. Every Muslim should fast in the month of Ramzan. One should fast for 29 to 30 days from morning to dusk. Fasting brings in purity of heart. It balances the desires, it controls one’s habits and it creates a confidence towards deliverance. It proves that we ar6 not slaves of our habits. It is a proper training to acquire good character. Sick people, travelers, children, old and nursing mothers are exempted.

Hajj:
It is a Holy pilgrimage to Mecca. A true Muslim should undertake pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in his lifetime. For such people, heaven is opened. Hajj means renewal of submission to God Allah. As Kashi is to Hindus, Vatican City is to Christians, so is Mecca to Muslims. Door to Mecca is open from October to December. Millions of Pilgrims come from all over the world. When Prophet Mohammed prohibited idol worship at Khaba, it became the holy prayer hall to Muslims.

Question 6.
Explain in detail the rise and spread of Islam.
Answer:
Islam is one of the important religions of the world. Islam rose from Arabian Peninsula, situated in South West Asia. This land was inhabited by Arabs. The land was a desert. Mecca and Madina were the only two important cities in Arabia. As Rainfall was scanty, cultivation was not possible. So 80% of Arabs were nomads. They tended camels which provided them milk and meat.

They cultivated dates, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, orange, and bananas. Camel and horse were the means of transport. They led a hard life and quarrels between tribes for Oasis and fodder were the order of the day. People were socially and economically backward. Tribes looted the commercial caravans and plundered cities. Theft, robbery, and gambling were common.

They worshipped more than 360 idols. Blind faith and animal sacrifice existed in the society. In spite of these ugly traits, Arabs were held together by a common faith-the shrine of Khaba at Mecca. They did not have a common social, moral, cultural and religious framework.

Prophet Mohammed founded Islam and organised Muslims under a single religious framework. Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents. He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca.

He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels. He was known for his honesty and sincerity. As a youth, he spent most of his time in travelling with the caravans.

The co¬merchants called him as Amin-one who is reliable. He married Khadija, a widow, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to the age of forty.

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the .meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 11 Contemporary World

November 21, 2019

You can Download Chapter 11 Contemporary World Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 11 Contemporary World

1st PUC History Contemporary World One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When was the term ‘Cold War’ used for the first time?
Answer:
The term ‘Cold War’ came to be used after World War II and George Orwell used it as a general term in his essay.

Question 2.
What is Cold War?
Answer:
Cold War was a sustained state of political and military tension between the western world and the communist world. It was a situation of no war and no peace.

Question3.
Who wrote an essay ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’?
Answer:
George Orwell the English author and journalist wrote ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’ in 1945.

Question 4.
Name the American statesman to use the term ‘Cold war’ specifically.
Answer:
Bernard Baruch in 1947 used the term ‘Cold War’.

Question 5.
When did Greece secure independence from the Nazi rule?
Answer:
Greece secured independence from the Nazi rule in 1944.

Question 6.
Who was Truman?
Answer:
Harny S. Truman was the President of America at the time of the ending of the second world war.

Question 7.
What was the aim of Marshall Plan?
Answer:
The main aim of the Marshall Plan was to contain communism in Europe.

Question 8.
In response to Marshall plan, which plan was introduced by the Soviet Union?
Answer:
In response to Marshall Plan, Molotov plan was introduced by the Soviet Union.

Question 9.
When did USSR and China sign a defence treaty?
Answer:
USSR and China signed a defence Treaty in 1950.

Question 10.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
NATO: North American Treaty Organization.

Question 11.
Expand SEATO.
Answer:
SEATO: South East Asia Treaty Organization.

Question 12.
Expand CENTO.
Answer:
CENTO: Central Treaty Organization.

Question 13.
When did U.S.S.R form the Warsaw Pact?
Answer:
USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with the East European countries in 1955.

Question 14.
In which year was the Berlin Wall constructed?
Answer:
Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961.

Question 15.
Name the Russian Intelligence Agency.
Answer:
KGB- Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti in Russian, or Committee for State Security.

Question 16.
Name the American Intelligence Agency.
Answer:
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency.

Question 17.
When was Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?
Answer:
The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963.

Question 18.
Name the American President to blockade Cuba.
Answer:
The American President to blockade Cuba was John. F. Kennedy.

Question 19.
When did the Vietnam War come to an end?
Answer:
Vietnam War came to an end in 1975.

Question 20.
In which year was Vietnam united?
Answer:
Vietnam was united in 1975.

Question 21.
Expand SALT.
Answer:
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Talks.

Question 22.
In which year did the ‘Cold War’ end?
Answer:
The Cold War ended in 1992.

Question 23.
Where is the Headquarters of NATO?
Answer:
The Headquarters of NATO is in Paris.

Question 24.
What was the main aim of SEATO?
Answer:
The main aim of SEATO was to forestall the communist aggression in South East Asia and Pacific regions.

Question 25.
When was CENTO agreement dissolved?
Answer:
CENTO agreement was dissolved in 1958.

Question 26.
When did Soviet Union disintegrate?
Answer:
Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991.

Question 27.
What is ‘Glasnost’?
Answer:
The policy of openness in external relations which was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev is called Glasnost.

Question 28.
What is ‘Perestroika’?
Answer:
Reconstruction of the Society and Economy of Russia through liberalisation is called Perestroika.

Question 29.
Who headed C.I.S after the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
Answer:
The Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine founded the CIS.

Question 30.
Where is the Headquarters of C.I.S.?
Answer:
The Headquarters of C.I.S. is at Minsk.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name any four member countries of NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation members are America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, and others.

Question 2.
Name any four member countries of SEATO.
Answer:
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation members were England, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, America, Philippines, Pakistan, France, and others.

Question 3.
Name any four member countries of CENTO.
Answer:
Central Treaty Organisation or Baghdad Pact members are Iraq, Turkey, Iran, England, and Pakistan.

Question 4.
Name the anti-American military organization. When did it come into existence?
Answer:
The Warsaw Pact between USSR and the East European countries was the anti-American military organization. It came into existence in 1955.

Question 5.
Name any four member countries of Warsaw Pact.
Answer:
USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Rumania are some of the member countries of Warsaw Pact.

Question 6.
Name any four Independent Republics which broke away from the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, and Uzbekistan are some of the Independent Republics which broke away from the Soviet Union.

Question 7.
Name the Presidents of America and Russia who ended the Cold War.
Answer:
George Bush (Sr.) and Boris Yeltsin were the Presidents of America and Russia respectively who ended the cold war.

Question 8.
When was NATO established and where?
Answer:
NATO was established in 1949 in Washington.

Question 9.
Who Were the Human rights activists of Russia?
Answer:
Andrei Sakharov and Boris Yeltsin were the human rights activists of Russia.

Question 10.
Which is West Asia?
Answer:
The term West Asia is used to denote the Arab Countries extending from Syria to Egypt and also Israel.

Question 11.
What are the Words of Freidman?
Answer:
Freidman said that “A world divided into two camps is still a world living under the shadow of wars”.

Question 12.
Who withdrew their forces from Iran after World War II?
Answer:
Britain and the USA withdrew their forces from Iran after World War II.

Question 13.
Whose support did the British Government seek to suppress the communist uprising in Greece?
Answer:
Both the British Government and the Greek Government sought the support of America to check the rising communist influence in Greece.

Question 15.
Expand KGB and CIA.
Answer:
KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the causes for Cold War.
Answer:
Causes for Cold War:
During World War II, Soviet Union and the Western powers consisting of U.K. France and USA fought together against Germany and its allies. But just after the War, distrust, and suspicion loomed over Soviet Union and the Western powers.

1. Russia’s refusal to evacuate from Iran:
After World War II, Britain and USA withdrew their forces from Iran, but the Soviet Union refused to do so. Finally, only after the UN intervention, Russia withdrew its forces. It embittered the relations between the Western Powers and Soviet Union.

2. Sovietization of Eastern Europe:
Soviet Union was accused of not honouring the pledges of the Yalta and the Balkan agreements. At Yalta, the Western powers recognized the military authority of Russia over Eastern and Central Europe. But it was agreed that, in all the liberated countries of Europe, democratic institutions would be established and free elections are held. But communist supported Governments were established in the entire Balkan region through the intervention of Russia. Western powers resented this and united to check the spread of communism and Russian influence.

3. Soviet influence in Greece:
In 1944, Greece secured its independence from the Nazi rule with the support of Britain. When the German forces left Greece, the British entered Greece. According to a treaty concluded between Soviet Union and British, Russia recognized the British sphere of influence in Greece. At the same time there was a clash between the communists and royalists in Greece. Soviet Union was believed to be instigating a communist revolution in Greece. Both the British and the Greek Governments sought the support of America, and President Truman announced both military and economic assistance to Greece.

4. Soviet influence in Turkey:
Just after World War II, Soviet Union exerted pressure on Turkey to cede some of its territories. But Turkey refused to oblige and secured American assistance. USA followed the policy of defending Turkey and Greece against the possible attack of the Soviet Union. U.S .Congress approved to extend economic and military aid to Turkey.

5.Problems relating to Germany:
Soviet Union had suffered heavily during World War II. At the Yalta conference Stalin demanded 10,000 million dollars as reparations from Germany. After the war, Soviet Union destroyed German Industries and transferred costly German machines to Russia, because of which the German economy was shattered. Britain and America had to give huge economic aid to reconstruct the German economy.

6. The secrecy of the Atom Bomb:
USA kept the technology of the atom bomb a secret from USSR, though Soviet Union was an ally of United States during the war. Stalin considered it as a betrayal of trust and confidence in Russia. Moreover Soviet Union was also concerned about its own security.

7. Communist activities in the USA:
The Soviet Union began to encourage communist activities and espionage in the United States of America. In 1945, it was discovered by the American strategic services that some of the secret documents had been spuriously passed on to the communist Agency.

Question 2.
Write a note on Berlin Blockade.
Answer:
The Cold War tensions between Soviet Union and Western powers increased due to the German problem. After World War II, Germany was put under the occupancy of the victorious allies. It was divided into East and West Germany. East Germany was under Russian control. So the Russian President Stalin blocked Berlin and cut off all land and sea contacts between West Germany and Berlin. The Berlin Blockade was not a complete blockade as it allowed permitted access and exit through three air corridors. The Blockade was withdrawn after eleven months. This was the first Berlin crisis. America started anti-communist propaganda all over the world.

Question 3.
Write a note on the Second Berlin Crisis.
Answer:
With respect to the problem of Germany, there was no significant progress in the relations between the Western powers and the Soviet Union. A second Berlin Crisis began in 1958 with the Russian President Khrushchev’s ultimatum that West Berlin must be evacuated within six months. But this crisis was averted and Khrushchev agreed to meet the American President Eisenhower. Khrushchev was also invited to the USA. By 1959, there was an improvement in Soviet-American relations.

In 1961, John F. Kennedy became the President of the USA. He tried to seek ‘Areas of Co-operation’ with the Soviet Union. But the circumstances were not favourable. Both were secretly spying on each other. In 1961, a 25 mile long Berlin partition wall was constructed to check the fleeing of people from East Berlin to West Berlin.

Question 4.
Write a note on SEATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Answer:
SEATO:
The South East Asia Treaty Organization was born due to the fear created by the spread of communism. The establishment of communist rule in China further enhanced the fear of the spread of communism in South East Asia and Pacific regions. The United States and Western Powers decided to establish a regional collective defence system. After many discussions in various places, England, America, Franee, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines and Pakistan met at Manila-the capital of Philippines in 1954 and signed a pact, in the interest of South East Asia.The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall communist aggression. This was put to test in the Vietnam War. After a prolonged war, America lost her prestige and consequently the SEATO agreement was dissolved in 1975.

WARSAW Pact:
In 1955, USSR formed the Warsaw pact with the East European countries like Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Poland against NATO. This intensified the rivalry between USA and USSR. The Pact came to an end in 1991 with the disintegration of USSR.

Question 5.
What were the effects of Cold War?
Answer:
The effects of the Cold War are:

Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.
The military blocs NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed.
It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War.
Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.
The demolition of the Berlin Wall unified East Germany and West Germany.
The Warsaw Pact was dissolved.
The Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics achieved independence.
America became the sole super power of the world.
Communism received a setback worldwide.

Question 6.
What are the factors responsible for the disintegration of Russia?
Answer:
The factors responsible for the disintegration of U.S.S.R are:

Too much restriction on individual liberty.
Failure to establish equality among people.
Excessive importance to defence industry.
Negligence of agriculture.
Iron curtain policy.
Liberal policies introduced by Gorbachev.
Conflicting cultural and ethnic groups.

Question 7.
What are the aims and objectives of C.I.S?
Answer:
The aims and objectives of CIS are:

All the members are Sovereign and Independent Nations.
The existing borders of each Republic were recognized.
To establish a free market Rouble zone embracing all the Republics.
To establish a joint Defence Force of the participating Republics.
To promote co-operation on cross-border crime prevention
To prevent armed conflicts on the territory of the member States.
To co-ordinate the foreign and economic policies of member States.

Question 8.
Give a note on the Civil war in Korea.
Answer:
There was a civil war in Korea between 1950 and 1953 over political ideologies and there were armed conflicts and killings along with property loss. Korea divided itself into South Korea following the Capitalist principles and North Korea owing allegiance to Communist ideals. The USA helped South Korea, and China extended help to North Korea and as a result, the Cold War intensified. The civil war ended with the division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea. In 1953, an armistice was concluded between the two Koreas and war came to an end and peace was restored.

Question 9.
Write a note on NATO.
Answer:
NATO was established in 1949 at Washington. This was a military pact formed by 15 European countries under the leadership of America against Russia. The members were America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Later, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece and Turkey joined this group. Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999. At present NATO has 27 members. NATO members passed a resolution to help the members if attacked by any foreign power and to fight the enemy united. NATO has a contributory military unit and its Headquarters is in Paris.

Question 10.
Write a note on Boris Yeltsin.
Answer:
In 1989 the Soviet Union proceeded towards a democratic setup. The first-ever multi-candidate elections for a new super parliament were held. Boris Yeltsin, an opponent of Gorbachev emerged victorious. USSR faced a downward trend in the economic situation. Political stability was disturbed due to ethnic violence at Azerbaijan and Armenia. Gorbachev was unable to prevent the states from declaring their sovereignty and Independence one after the other.

Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia emerged as the Centre of power. The Baltic States and other republics broke away and claimed their sovereignty. On December 25^th 1991, USSR was officially dissolved. Later in 1992, George Bush (Sr.), the President of America and Boris Yeltsin met and ended the cold war.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How was Gorbachev responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union? Explain.
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev was the most gifted and dynamic leader of the Soviet Union, after the end of World War II. He. led the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 and gained worldwide fame for his domestic and foreign policies. In 1990, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to world peace.

Born in 1931, Gorbachev’s parents were peasant farmers. He graduated in Law from the Moscow state university in 1955. During his student days, he joined the communist party and rose through the ranks of the party. In 1980, he became a member of the Politburo, the Chief policy-making body of Russia. Andropov, a friend of Gorbachev, became the communist party head in 1982. He was the most powerful leader at that time. Andropov promoted Gorbachev and put him in charge of the country’s economic policy. Finally, in 1985 Gorbachev was chosen as the Head of the Communist party and in 1988 as the President of the USSR.

He introduced two novel measures – Glasnost and Perestroika to restructure Soviet society and economy and shed the ‘Iron Curtain’ image.

1. Glasnost:
Glasnost in the Russian language means openness. It refers to the liberalizing of the various aspects of Soviet life. The glasnost introduced greater freedom of expression and information.

Gorbachev took several steps to make the Soviet society more open. Bans on books, plays, and films were lifted.
Political dissidents were released.
Freedom of religious worship was granted.
Soviet history came to be rewritten more objectively.
Investigative journalism was encouraged to uncover political corruption.
Under the legislation introduced in 1990, censorship of mass media was abolished.

2. Perestroika:
Perestroika in the Russian language means restructuring. It refers to the wide-ranging economic and political reforms introduced in the Soviet Union.

3. Market Socialism:
n order to restructure the economy, Gorbachev allowed the ‘Market forces’ i.e. the forces of demand and supply to operate in his country’s socialist economy. This is known as market socialism. The new economic policy offered more and more market incentives. Small – scale private enterprises were allowed. One motive behind this economic reform was to provide competition which is characteristic of a market economy and the other motive was to provide alternative employment.

Gorbachev began to free the farmers and factory Managers from bureaucratic interference.
He invited foreign investments into the Soviet Union.
Besides, he began to restructure CPSV and State bureaucracies.

4. Foreign Policy:
Gorbachev made skilful use of the-foreign media to put the case against space weapons and nuclear testing. He concluded a treaty in 1988 with the Western Powers to eliminate medium-range Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) from the European soil. He withdrew the Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989. He reduced the size of the Soviet conventional forces. In 1991 he ended the cold war with the West. In the same year, Gorbachev and U.S. President Bush signed a Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). This treaty was designed to reduce U.S. and Soviet long-range missiles by about a third.

5. Breakup of the Soviet Union:
On 19^th August 1991, a group of hardliners overthrew the Soviet Government and deposed Gorbachev when he was on a holiday. The coup was a failure and it collapsed on 21^stst August. Gorbachev was reinstated. The failure of the coup strengthened the separatist tendencies among the Republics of the U SSR. Within a very short period, eleven Soviet republics out of 15 declared their decision to come out of the Soviet Union.

As a result, confusion, anarchy, and violence followed. Finally, the break-up of the Soviet Union was complete. However, the eleven republics agreed to form themselves into a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Gorbachev confirmed the belief that a communist cannot become democratic. When democracy triumphs, communism has to depart. Economic failure was the key reason for the collapse of the USSR.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the Regional Military Pacts.
Answer:
1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):
NATO was established in 1949 at Washington. This was a military pact formed by 15. European countries under the leadership of America against Russia. The initial members were America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. Later, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, and Turkey also became members. Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999. NATO members passed a resolution to help the members if attacked by any foreign power and fight the enemy together. NATO has a contributory military unit and its Headquarters is in Paris.

2. SEATO (The South East Asia Treaty Organization):
SEATO was born due to the fear created by the spread of communism. The establishment of communist rule in China further enhanced the fear of the spread of communism in South East Asia and the Pacific regions. The United States and Western Powers decided to establish a regional collective defence system.

After many discussions at various places, England, America, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, and Pakistan met at Manila, the capital of Philippines in 1954 and signed a pact, in the interest of South East Asia. The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall communist aggression. This was put to test in the Vietnam War. After a prolonged war, America lost her prestige and consequently, the SEATO agreement was dissolved in 1975.

3. ANZUS Pact:
It was established in 1951. It was a military pact between Australia, New Zealand and America. By this pact, the signatory nations agreed to help each other in case of aggression on any member in the Pacific region.

4. CENTO or the Baghdad Pact:
CENTO was signed in 1955. England took the initiative in organising this but it did not join initially. It was an Anti Soviet Military Bloc in the Middle East. England joined later along with Pakistan and Iran. In 1958, Karim Kaseem, the President of Iraq flouted the Baghdad Pact, and CENTO failed to contain communist expansion in the Middle East.

5. WARSAW Pact:
In 1955, USSR formed the Warsaw pact with the East European countries like Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Poland against NATO. This intensified the rivalry between the USA and USSR. The Pact came to an end in 1991 with the disintegration of the USSR.