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You can Download Chapter 9 Democratic Decentralisation Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 Democratic Decentralisation

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is called as lather of local self-government in India?
Answer:
Lord Rippon is called as father of local self-government in India.

Question 2.
Which state implemented local self-government at first in India.
Answer:
Rajastan has first implemented local self-government in India.

Question 3.
Which constitutional amendment act related to Rural local bodies?
Answer:
73^rd constitutional amendment act relates to rural local bodies.

Question 4.
Which constitutional amendment act related to Urban local bodies?
Answer:
74^th constitutional amendment act relates to urban local bodies.

Question 5.
What is the term of president of Grama Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Grama Panchayat is 30 months.

Question 6.
Expand P.D.O.
Answer:
Panchayat Development Officer.

Question 7.
What is the term of president of the Taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Taluk Panchayat is 20 months.

Question 8.
What is the tenure of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
5 Years.

Question 9.
What is the term of president of the Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Zilla Panchayat is 30 months.

Question 10.
Who is the administrative chief of the Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Chief Executive Officer.

Question 11.
Expand BBMP.
Answer:
Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palika.

Question 12.
What are the qualifications and tenure of Mayor?
Answer:
To be elected as a Mayor, first of all, he must be one of the councillors. He is elected as mayor for a period of 1 year only.

Question 13.
Who is the administrative officer of City Corporation.
Answer:
Corporation Commissioner.

Question 14.
How many members are nominated to Mahanagara Palika?
Answer:
5 members are nominated.

Question 15.
How many Mahanagar Palike are there in Karnataka.
Answer:
Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bellary, Davangere, Hubii, Bharward.

Question 16.
What is local self-government?
Answer:
It is the government of locality. Its main objective is to facilitate the participation of the people in the developmental activities of their locality.

Question 17.
What is Panchayat Raj?
Answer:
It is multi-functional, multi-purpose organisational system. It is the outcome of democratic decentralisation.

Question 18.
Name the three stages of Local self-government.
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat.
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad.

Question 19.
Who is the Municipal Commissioner?
Answer:
He is the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal Corporation. He is directly appointed by the Government.

Question 20.
What is Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
It is constituted for each district. It has jurisdiction over the entire district.

Question 21.
Bring out the differences between Town Municipalities and City Corporations.
Answer:
Municipalities are located in urban areas whereas city corporations exists in metropolitan areas. Corporations are independent bodies whereas town municipalities are subject to the Council of Government.

Question 22.
Who is called as head of City Corporation?
Answer:
Mayor.

Question 23.
How many corporations are there in Karnataka?
Answer:
Eight corporations.

Question 24.
What is the term of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 25.
Who proposed the Gram Rajya?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 26.
Name the 3 tier of Panchayat raj system.
Answer:
Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Gram Panchayat.

Question 27.
What is the term of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
A village or group of villages having a population of not less than 5,000 but not more than 7,000 is called Gram Panchayat. The power to declare an area as a Gram Panchayat rests with the Assistant Commissioner.

Question 28.
Name the administrative officer of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
Secretary.

Question 29.
What is a corporation?
Answer:
Corporations are established in big cities like Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwar, Davanagere. Elected members from different wards in the city known as councilors or corporators form the corporation.

Question 30.
Who is a councilor?
Answer:
The elected members of corporation are called Councilors.

Question 31.
What is a ward?
Answer:
For the purpose of election, people of the city are divided into various wards and the representatives of each ward form the corporation, who are also known as councilors.

Question 32.
Who is called first citizen of a city corporation?
Answer:
Mayor.

Question 33.
Who elects the members of City Corporation?
Answer:
They are directly elected by the people.

Question 34.
What is the term of city municipality?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 35.
Name the administrative officer of city municipality.
Answer:
Chief officer.

Question 36.
Who elects the members of town municipality?
Answer:
They are directly elected by the people.

Question 37.
What is the term of town municipality?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 38.
Name the administrative officer of town municipality.
Answer:
Chief Officer.

Question 39.
What is local government?
Answer:
It is as governmental machinery established by the people in a locality to administer the affairs of a local area.

Question 40.
What is Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
There shall be a Zilla Panchayat at every distirct level and a member for a population of every 40,000.

Question 41.
Who elects the members of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
The members are directly elected by the people.

Question 42.
What is taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
There shall be a taluk Panchayat for a population not exceeding one lakh. It shall have minimum 11 members. Each member representing a population of one thousand.

Question 43.
Who elects the members of taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
The members are directly elected by the people.

Question 44.
What is a corporation?
Answer:
City corporations are established in big cities according to the acts of state legislature.

Question 45.
Name the political head of corporation.
Answer:
Mayor and Deputy Mayor.

Question 46.
Name the administrative head of corporation.
Answer:
Corporation Commissioner.

Question 47.
What is a Town municipality?
Answer:
There are municipalities established in cities and towns. If the population exceeds 20,000 but less than 50,000 it is called Town municipality.

Question 48.
Name the political head of Town municipality.
Answer:
President and vice president.

Question 49.
What is a City Municipality?
Answer:
If the population is more than 50,000 and less than 39,000, it is called a City Municipality.

Question 50.
Name the political head of City Municipality.
Answer:
President.

Question 51.
What is the role of the Deputy-Mayor?
Answer:
The Deputy Mayor discharges the duties of Mayor in case of absence, due to resignation, death, incapacity (exceeding 8 days) or the Deputy Mayor also performs the tasks assigned to him by the mayor.

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is democratic decentralization?
Answer:
Distribution of constitutional powers from union level to village level is called democratic decentralization.

Question 2.
Name the three stages of Local self-government according to the Balwant Roy Mehta committee.
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad

Question 3.
Where and When the Panchayat Raj System came in to force?
Answer:
The Panchayat Raj system has first came into base on 2^nd October 1959 at Rajastan.

Question 4.
What is the importance of 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendment?
Answer:
73^rd constitutional amendment Act deals with the rural local bodies and 74^th act relates to urban local bodies.

Question 5.
What is Local self-government?
Answer:
Local self-governments are the administrative units which are created by the statutory law to meeth the local needs fastly and effectively.

Question 6.
Which are the three stages of Rural Local self-government?
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad

Question 7.
Who elects the President and Vice president of Grama Panchayath?
Answer:
The president and vice president elected by the members of Grama Panchayath, President(Adhyaksha) presides over the meetings. In the absence of President, Vice president (Upadhyaksha) presides over the meetings.

Question 8.
Who will cast the vote in the election of president and vice president of Taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
Members of Taluk Panchayat cast their votes.

Question 9.
Who elects the president of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Members of Zilla Panchayat elects.

Question 10.
Name the standing committees of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:

1. General committee.
2. The fiance, Auditing and planning committee.
3. Social justice committee.
4. Education and health committee.
5. Agricultural and Industry committee.

Question 11.
Name any two Mahanagar Palike or Corporations.
Answer:
Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bellary, Davangere, Hubli, Bharward.

Question 12.
Who elect Mayor.
Answer:
Corporator elects Mayor.

Question 13.
What are the types of local self-government?
Answer:
Gram Panchayat at village level, Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and Zilla Panchayat at district level.

Question 14.
What is Panchayat Raj?
Answer:
It is the system of administration in which the village people are given the right to manage their own local affairs and to satisfy their needs themselves.

Question 15.
Who is the main municipal authority?
Answer:

1. The Corporation or the General Council.
2. Standing Committees.
3. The Commissioner.

Question 16.
Mow the expenses are met in a Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
Every Municipal Corporation will have its own fund known as Corporation Fund. All incomes are deposited on these fund and all payments are made out of this fund.

Question 17.
Mention the standing committees of Corporation.
Answer:

1. Standing Committee for taxation and finance.
2. Standing Committee for Public Health.
3. Standing Committee for Public Works.

Question 18.
Which are the sources of income of City Corporation?
Answer:

• Profession, fairs, festivals.
• Rent from its land and property.

Question 19.
Name the Standing Committee of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:

• Social Justice Committee
• Amenities Committee
• Production Committee

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and importance of Democratic decentalization system.
Answer:
Distribution of constitutional powers from union level to village level is called democratic decentralisation
The importance of local governments is so paramount that it is called the “Primary school of democracy”.
1. Welfare state:
Modern states are welfare states. If the overall development of the state is to take place; the development of local governments is very vital. Because national progress can’t be divorced from rural progress.

2. Cradle of Democracy:
A citizen, not aware of the working of democracy is a burden on the nation. In local governments, people are introduced to functioning of democracy step by step and over a period of time they learn the nuances of democracy. Democracy can survive only when majority of the masses living in rural areas participate. That’s why local governments are called “cradles of democracy”;

3. Power to the People:
The other name of local government is power of the people; the local governments take power to the doorsteps of the people and empower them not only identify problems but also to solve them.

4. Knowledge of Administration:
Local governments aim at imparting knowledge of administration to locals, though the local people are aware of the government, they are not aware of the working of administration. But when interacted with officials, due to proximity, they get working knowledge of administration.

5. Local Solutions:
The basic principle of local government is, local problems must be solved at the local level. The centre or state government can’t understand local problems due to paucity of time, interest and information. But locals can, based on experience, identify suitable solutions to problems.

Question 2.
Explain the 73^rd constitutional amendment Act.
Answer:
The 73^rd constitutional amendment act which came in to force on 1993 can be explained its provisions as below:

1. 73^rd constitutional amendment act provides reservation to SC, ST, Backward class women.
2. The Panchayats can mobilize their revenue sources.
3. Elections should be need within 6 months.
4. The power to constitution of committees is rests with the state government.
5. Members of parliament and assembly are enjoying the membership in Panchayats.
6. The members of Panchayats have to elect by the elections.
7. The age limit to contest the election is fixed to 21 years.
8. The state election commission is the authority to conduct the elections.
9. The Panchayats have power to impose tax.
10. State finance commission has been established to review the finances of Panchayats.
11. Panchayats can prepare and enforce the plans for economic and social development.

Question 3.
plain 74^th constitutional amendment Act.
Answer:
The 74^th constitutional amendment act which came into effect in 1993 can be explained as its provisions as below.

1. The state government can conduct the elections.
2. It ensures a firm relation between state government and urban local bodies with regards to taxation powers and revenue sharing.
3. It provides adequate reservation facilities to SG, ST, Backward class and women.
4. The state government has power to legislate about reservation in urban local bodies.
5. The members should elect directly by the residents who are living in urban area.
6. The tenure of the urban local bodies in 5 years.
7. Elections shall be held within 6 months from the date of dissolution.
8. Members of parliament and assembly are the ex-officio members of urban local bodies.
9. The state government can nominate 5 members to the urban local bodies.
10. The state government has power to prepare plan for economic and social development.
11. State finance commission has been established to review the finances of urban local bodies.

Question 4.
Explain the constitution of Gram Panchayath.
Answer:
There is a Grama Panchayat at the village level, A Taluk Panchayat at the taluk level. There will be direct elections to all house levels. Reservation of seats for SC’s and ST’s according to their population. All Adhyakshas can be members of Zilla Panchayats, MPs and MLA’s can be members of both Zilla and Taluk Panchayat.

Question 5.
Write the composition of Taluk Panchayat or Explain the constitution of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
As per Karnataka Panchayat Act of 1993, the Grama Panchayats are constituted in the following manners.

• There shall be one member for the Grama Panchayat for every population of 400.
• 1/3 of total members of Gram Panchayats shall be from the backward classes and women.
• 15% of total seats in Gram Panchayat shall be reserved for SC’s and STs.
• The Government Officers conduct Panchayat electons. All the citizens whose names are there in the electoral roles are eligible to vote.

Question 6.
Explain the standing committees of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
To look at the functions of Gram Panchayat there are 5 standing committees, they are:

1. Committee on Productivity
2. Committee on Social Justice
3. Committee on Services

Each committee consists of 5 members elected among them. No member can be in two committees at a time. Social justice committee must consist of one woman, one SC, and one ST member.

Question 7.
Explain the constitution of Mahanagara Palika.
Answer:
Corporations are constituted as per Karnataka Muncipal Corporation Act-1976. Wards are created on the basis of city population. A population exceeds more than 3 Laks can be called as Corporation. The members are called as corporators and elected by the city residents for a period of 5 years. Some seats are reserved for SC/ST, OBC, and Women. State government nominates 5 members to the corporation from different field. The MP’s and MLA’s in that jurisdiction are also the members of corporation and can attend the meetings with voting right. The Mayor elected by the Corporators presides over the meetings. The state government appoints administrative head as a commissioner from the IAS cadre. The meetings are held once in two months.

Question 8.
Explain the standing committees and financial sources of Pura Sabha.
Answer:
The Standing committees of Pura Sabha are

• Taxation, Finance and Appeal committee.
• Basic health, Education and Social justice committee.
• Tour planning and Improvement committee.
• Accounts and Audit committee.

Financial Sources

• Taxes on assets, water, professions, and advertisements.
• Rents from markets, complexes, and other properties.
• Grants and contributions from the State government.
• Income collected for providing drainage and sanitary facilities.
• Loans raised from the public with government approval.

Question 9.
What are the essential conditions for the access of focal self-government?
Answer:

• Local self-governing bodies can work successfully under the Mowing conditions.
• Absence of wide economic disparities .among the members of these communities.
• The bodies must have adequate financial resources available to them. Ethnic homogeneity in their membership is another condition for their success.

Question 10.
Write any 3 merits of local self-government.
Answer:

1. There is administrative convenience when the administration is looked after by the local self-govt. Local people can understand and manage local affairs better than the govt.
2. This would help to solve the local problems quickly and easily.
3. It brings administrative efficiency and economy in administration. The local people can deal with these matters efficiently spending less money.

Question 11.
Write any 3 demerits of local self-government.
Answer:

• Under this, people develop narrow loyalty for their city, town or district.
• Most local governing institutions are dominated by a few local leaders.
• Divided responsibility is one more demerit of local self-government. The responsibilities are divided between the government and local bodies.

Question 12.
What are the reasons for the decline of Panchayat Raj?
Answer:

1. Increasing tendency towards centralisation on the part of both central and state government.
2. Meagre resources available to the Panchayats.
3. Corruption and inefficiency in the working of the Panchayat Raj institutions.
4. Domination of economically and socially forward classes.

Question 13.
Write briefly on Mayor of Corporation.
Answer:
Mayor is head of the Municipal Corporation. It is an elected post. He is elected by the members of Corporation, at its first meeting after the general election of councillors. This term is for one year. He has the power to give directions to Municipal Commissioner.

Question 14.
Write briefly on Municipal Commissioner of the Corporation.
Answer:
Municipal Commissioner is appointed by the State Government in consultation with the Mayor. He is normally appointed for the term of 5 years. The Executive Powder of Corporation is vested in the Commissioner. He is the custodian of all the records and its Standing Committees.

Question 15.
Examine the finances of Grama Panchayat.
Answer:
Grama Panchayat will receive an annual grant of one lakh rupees for developmental activities. The Grama Panchayat levy taxes on buildings and lands, may level water rate. It may also levy a tax on entertainment, vehicles, advertisement and boardings fee on buses, etc.

Question 16.
Write a note on Balwanth Rai Mehta committee.
Answer:
The Balwanth Rai Mehtha Committee was established in 1956 to suggest ways and means to strengthen the local government system in India. The committee submitted its report in 1957 in which it suggested a three-tier Panchayat Raj System with Village Panchayat at the village level, Taluk Panchayat at the Taluk level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level. It also advocated decentralization of power and participation of locals on local matters. To realize the dream of Panchayat raj system in India, Rajasthan and Karnataka states implemented the Panchayat raj system.

Question 17.
Write a note on Ashok Mehta committee.
Answer:
The Ashok Mehta Committee was established in 1977. The committee submitted its report in 1978 in which it nearly made a hundred recommendations, some of which are listed as follows: decentralization of powers, taxing power to Panchayat institutions, participation of political parties in Panchayat system, protection to weaker sections and a two-tier Panchayat raj system.

Question 18.
What are the functions of the president of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of the President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Zilla Panchayat.
• Implement decisions of Zilla Panchayat through supervision and control.
• The president may sanction to the tune of Rs. 1,00,000 in case of natural claims subjects to the approval of Zilla Panchayat.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by the Vice president.

Question 19.
What are the functions of the president of taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Taluk Panchayat. Implement the decision of Taluk Panchayat through supervision and control.
• The president may sanction to the tune of Rs. 25,000 in case of natural claims subjects to the approval of Taluk Panchayat.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by the vice president.

Question 20.
Name the standing committees of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
Standing Committees:
To look after the functions of Taluk Panchayat there are 3 standing committees, they are

1. General Committee.
2. Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning.
3. Committee on Social Justice.

Each committee consists of Selected members among them. No member can be in two committees at a time. The president of Taluk Panchayat will be the chairman of General Committee and Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning. For Committee on social Justice Committee, members elect the Chairman among themselves.

Question 21.
What are the functions of the president of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Gram Panchayat.
• Implement the decisions of Gram Panchayat through supervision and control.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by vice president.

Question 22.
What is the role of the mayor?
Answer:
The Mayor, the first citizen of the city holds a position of honour and prestige. The following are the functions of Mayor:

1. To preside over the council meetings and conduct it smoothly.
2. Exercise administrative control over the secretariat of General council
3. To direct the Corporation commissioner to implement the decisions taken by the General council.
4. He may call for records relating to city corporation administration.
5. Mayor may call for a special meeting of the General council on request by councilors with a requisite majority.

Question 23.
What are the functions of the president of a city/town municipality?
Answer:
The President is the political head of the town or city municipality. He is responsible for smooth conduct of proceedings. The functions of the president are as follows:

1. To preside over the council meetings and conduct it smoothly.
2. Exercise administrative control over the municipality.
3. To direct the Chief municipal officer to implement the decisions taken by the meeting.
4. He may call for any records relating to city municipal administration.
5. President may call for a special meeting of the General council on request by councilors with a requisite majority

Question 24.
What is the purpose of establishing standing committees?
Answer:
Each standing committee has clearly defined functions. This is to ensure efficiency and specialization. Committee on taxation and finance deals with matters relating to taxes and finance. The Committee on Public health, education, and social justice concern itself with matters relating to health, education and social justice. Issues concerning planning and development of city are taken care of by the committee on city planning and development. The crucial responsibility of auditing, income and. expenditure and protecting the public money lies with the committee on accounts.

Each standing committee consists of members. Members of each committee are appointed on the basis of proportional representation through single non-transferable vote. No member can be in more than one committee. The President of the committee is appointed by members from among themselves.

Question 25.
Mention the financial sources of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
Finances:
The financial need of Zilla Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved funds.
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Zilla Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Zilla Panchayat.

Question 26.
Mention the financial sources of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
The financial need of Taluk Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved, funds
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Taluk Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Taluk Panchayat.

Question 27.
Mention the financial sources of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
The financial need of the Gram Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved funds.
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Gram Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Gram Panchayat.

Question 28.
Name the standing committees of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
To look after the functions of Zilla Panchayat there are 5 standing committees, they are

1. General Committee.
2. Committee on Finance, Accounts, and Planning.
3. Committee on Social Justice.
4. Committee on Education and Health.
5. Committee on Agriculture and Industry.

Each committee consists of 5 elected members. No member can be in two committees at a time. The President of Zilla Panchayat will be the Chairman of General committee and Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning. For Committee on Social Justice, Committee on Education and Health and Committee on Agriculture and Industry members elect the chairman among themselves.

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the functions of Gram panchayat.
Answer:
Functions of gram panchayat.

• Formulate plans for the development of Gram panchayat.
• Preparation of Budget of Gram panchayat.
• Collection and maintenance of necessary information and statistics relating to the panchayat.
• Provide relief during natural calamities like floods, famine or earthquakes.
• Encouragement to agriculture.
• Encouragement and development of poultry and pisciculture.
• Support to khadi and cottage industries.
• Protection of public health and support family welfare programmes.
• Encouraging rural housing by providing houses and sites to weaker sections.
• Promote cleanliness through underground drainage system.
• Provide drinking water and prevent water pollution.
• Construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, and bridges.
• Rural electrification.
• Encourage primary and higher education.
• Support and implement poverty alleviation programmes.
• Support adult education and informal education.
• Construction and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms.
• Regulation of market and fairs.
• Strive for the welfare of women and children.
• Strive for the welfare of weaker sections.
• Preservation of Public distribution system
• Maintenance of public gardens and stadiums.
• Maintenance of graveyards.
• Strive and support welfare of physically challenged (handicapped) and mentally retarded.
• Function as per directed by Panchayat Raj Act from time to time.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
The powers and functions of Taluk Panchayats are as below:

1. Preparation of annual plans and submit to Z.P.
2. Preparation of annual budget and report to Z.P.
3. Providing basic felicities to victims of natural calamities.
4. Promotion of agriculture and horticulture.
5. Ensuring overall development of the Taluk.
6. Constrictions and maintenances of roads, bridges, and buildings
7. Promotes poverty alienation programmes, literacy programmes.
8. Development of primary and secondary education.
9. Promoting the welfare of women children and physically handicapped.
10. Providing electric and water felicities.
11. Promoting animal husbandry, poultry and fisheries.
12. Promoting the welfare of SC, ST and backward class.
13. Regulating the markets in rural areas.
14. Conducting health and family welfare programmes.
15. Encouraging small irrigation programmes.

Question 3.
Explain the functions and constitution of Zilla panchayat
Answer:
Zilla panchayats are constituted in Karnataka at a district level to look after the development of the district. According to Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 the number of members will be decided on the basis of population of the district. For every 40,000 population is represented by one member. The members are directly elected by the voters for a period of 5 years.
Functions of Zilla panchayat:
Zilla panchayat is the nodal point of all developmental activities of the district.
Following are the functions of Zilla panchayat:

• Supervision co-ordination, direction and integrating development work at the district level.
• Conservation and development of agriculture and horticulture.
• Land development and soil conservation.
• Building and conservation of irrigational works.
• Encourage animal husbandry, dairy development, and poultry.
• Encourage rural cottage industries.
• Construction of district roads, buildings, and other communication facilities .
• Support small-scale industries.
• Establishment and maintenance of Public distribution system (PDS)
• Electrification of rural areas.
• Encourage co-operative activities.
• Implementation of health and family welfare programmes.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary and high schools.
• Planning and supervision of poverty alleviation programmes.
• Encourage rural cottage industries.
• Take up any work as directed by the state government under Panchayat Raj Act.

Question 4.
Explain the powers and functions of Mahanagara Palika.
Answer:
Functions of corporation:
The functions of corporation may be broadly classified into 3 groups:

1. General functions
2. Compulsory functions
3. Optional functions

1. General functions:
The 1976 Act stipulates certain general functions to the corporation. These functions are routine in nature.

• Management of administration of the corporation
• Preparation of budget
• Seek approval of budget

2. Compulsory Functions:
The corporation is duty bound to perform certain functions designated as compulsory. The following are the compulsory functions of corporation.

• Construction and conservation of public roads and streets.
• Providing electricity to public roads, streets, and markets
• Making arrangements for conservancy, drainage, and removal of garbage.
• Providing safe drinking water and water for other purposes.
• Naming and numbering of roads.
• Construction and maintenance of pubic markets.
• Prevent diseases through effective public health system
• Control over construction of buildings through effective clearance system.
• Prevent adulteration of food products , milk, and pharmaceuticals.
• Registaration and maintenance of birth and death records.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary schools.
• Planting and conservation of saplings.
• Construction and maintenance of public gardens and playgrounds.
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds.
• Protection of public property and public monuments.

3.Optional functions:
Optional functions are discretionary in nature. They can be undertaken only if the time and money permits. The following are the optional functions of the corporations.

• Establishment of an efficient transport system.
• Establish associations for the welfare of orphans and the destitute.
• Establishment and maintenance of child welfare centers.
• Construction and conservation of swimming pools and bathing Ghats.
• Conduct surveys of land and buildings.
• Construction and maintenance of museums, art galleries, and gardens with district plants.
• Establishment and maintenance of hospitals for animals.
• Raise money for providing relief during natural calamities such as earthquake, drought, etc.,
• Improve slums by developing them.
• Construct houses for the poor, homeless and the destitute.
• Construction and maintenance of water troughs for animals.
• Support environment.

Question 5.
Explain the functions and constitution of Nagara Sabha in brief.
Answer:
Nagara Sabha is constituted on the basis of population of the city or town. According to Karnataka municipal act 1964 for every city with population of 50,000 to 3,00,000 city municipal council is constituted. Towns with population of 20,000 to 50,000 town municipalities are constituted. The members of Nagara Sabha are directly elected by the residense of the town and cities directly for a period of 5 years.
Following are the general functions:

• Management of administration of the corporation.
• Preparation of budget.
• Seek approval of budget.
• Compulsory functions of corporation.
• Construction and conservation of public roads and streets.
• Providing electricity to public roads, streets, and markets.
• Making arrangements for conservancy, drainage, and removal of garbage.
• Providing safe drinking water and waste for other purposes.
• Naming and numbering of roads.
• Construction and maintenance of public markets.
• Prevent diseases through an effective public health system.
• Control over the construction of buildings through an effective clearance system.
• Prevent the adulteration of food products, milk, and pharmaceuticals.
• Registration and maintenance of birth and death records.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary schools.
• Planting and conservation of saplings.
• Construction and maintenance of public gardens and play grounds.
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds.
• Protection of public property and public monuments.

Optional functions:
Optional functions are discretionary in nature. They can be undertaken only if the time and money permits. The following are the optional functions of the corporations.

• Establishment of an efficient transport system.
• Establish associations for the welfare of orphans and the destitute.
• Establishment and maintenance of child welfare centers.
• Construction and conservation of swimming pools and bathing ghats.
• Conduct surveys of land and buildings.
• Construction and maintenance of museums, art galleries, and gardens with distinct plants.
• Establishment and maintenance of hospitals for animals.
• Raise money for providing relief during natural calamities such as earthquake, drought, etc.,
• Improve slums by developing them.
• Construct houses for the poor, homeless and the destitute.
• Construction and maintenance of water troughs for animals.
• Support environment conservation programmes through the planting trees etc.

Question 6.
Explain the functions of the Corporation.
Answer:
According to the Municipal Corporation Act of 1976, the functions of Corporation may be classified into

1. Obligatory functions
2. Discretionary functions

1. Obligatory functions:

• Construction and maintenance of public roads, streets, bridges, markets, drains, dispensaries, etc.
• To make the boundaries of the Municipal Corporation limits.
• Making arrangements for conservancy drainage, removal of garbage, etc.
• Lighting and watering of public streets.
• Supply of filtered water for drinking purposes and unfiltered water for other purposes.
• Maintenance of public health, vaccination, etc.
• Regulation of sale of food, drugs, milk, etc.
• Establishing and maintaining schools for primary education etc.

2. Discretionary functions:

• Construction and maintenance of libraries, museums, rest houses, gardens.
• Taking a census, arranging and maintaining means of transport.
• Maintaining diary forms set up and maintain institutions for sick or incurable etc.
• Organising and maintaining maternity and welfare centres for infant.

Question 7.
Describe the features of Local govt?
Answer:
1. It is territorial means it is of a particular locality. Usually, the areas demarcated for local bodies are village, block, district block, etc.

2. Functional:
Local self-govt are functional bodies. Their functions restricted to a particular area or locality.

3. They are non-sovereign bodies:
These bodies like village panchayats, town municipal councils, and city corporations are not independent and sovereign. They are subordinates to Central or State govt.

4. They enjoy autonomy to some extent:
Autonomy is given to them by Central or State Govt. Their powers and functions and jurisdictions are clearly determined by the Act of Law. which establishes them.

Question 8.
Write about the growth and development of Panchayat Raj in India?
Answer:
The recommendations of Balawantharai Mehta Committee, accepted by National Development Council in 1958. The first state to introduce Panchayat Raj was Rajasthan in 1959. According to Nehru, the system is the most revolutionary and historical step in context of modem India. People in rural India were so happy and began to feel that they had a say in the affairs of their own locality. During this time, there was massive development of Panchayat Raj institutions. More than 217 to 300 village Panchayats were established.

Question 9.
Explain the composition of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
Under the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993, there shall be constituted for each district a Zilla Panchayat, having jurisdiction over the entire district. These members shall be elected directly from each taluk. Each Zilla Panchayat consists of

1. Elected members
2. MPs and MLAs representing constituencies in districts.
3. Members of Rajyasabha and MLC’s registered as electors in districts.
4. Presidents (Adhyakshyas) of Taluk Panchayats.

All these members are entitled to take part in the proceedings and vote at the meetings of Zilla Panchayats. Seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s on the basis of population, in district.

The elected members of Zilla Panchayat hold office for 5 years. The Zilla Panchayat shall meet once in 2 months. 1/3 of local members constitute quorum.

You can Download 1st PUC Hindi Workbook Answers रचना पत्र-लेखन, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Workbook Answers रचना पत्र-लेखन

१) चार दिन का अवकाश माँगते हुए अपने प्रधानाचार्य को एक प्रार्थना-पत्र लिखिए।

जनता बाजार,
क्र. 11/बी, चित्रगुर्ग
दिनांक: 20 अगस। 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्यजी,
सरकारी कॉलेज,
चित्रदुर्ग।

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन है कि पिछले दो दिनों से मेरा स्वास्थ्य ठीक नहीं है। बार-बार बुखार आ रहा है। डॉक्टर ने आराम करने की सलाह दी है। अतः आपसे प्रार्थना है कि दिनांक 21 अगस्त 2018 से 24 अगस्त 2018 तक मुझे अवकाश प्रदान करने की कृपा करें।

धन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य,
विश्वनाथ पाटील
कक्षा प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘अ’

२) आर्थिक सहायता माँगते हुए अपने प्राचार्य को एक आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 225, स्टेशन रोड,
धारवाड़
दिनांकः 25 जून 2019

सेवा में,
प्राचार्य जी,
सरस्वती पी.यू. कॉलेज,
धारवाड़।

महोदय,
मैं प्रथम पी.यू.सी. कक्षा ‘बी’ की विद्यार्थिनी हूँ। इस वर्ष आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए आपसे छात्रवृत्ति मंजूर हो जाएगी, तो बड़ी कृपा होगी, क्योंकि हमारी आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक नहीं है।

धन्यवाद।

आपकी विनम्र शिष्या
सुजाता कुलकर्णी
(प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘बी’)

३) परीक्षा में सफल होने पर बधाई देते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को एक पत्र लिखिए।

क्र. 475, मेन रोड़,
गदग
दिनांकः 11 दिसंबर 2018

प्रिय ओंकार,
शुभाशीर्वाद।

अभी-अभी पिताजी का पत्र मिला। पढ़कर प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम हिन्दी की ‘भाषा-भूषण’ परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो गये हो और तुम्हें स्वर्ण-पदक भी मिलने वाला है। अतः मैं तुम्हें इस सफलता के लिए ढेर-सारी बधाइयाँ देता हूँ। आशा है, भविष्य में भी तुम इसी प्रकार कामयाब रहोगे। मंगल कामनाओं के साथ,

तुम्हारा अग्रज,
रामगोपाल

४) नशीले पदार्थों से बचे रहने का निर्देश देते हुए अपने मित्र को पत्र लिखिए।

‘शिव-सदन’, मेन रोड़,
गुलबर्गा।
दिनांकः 15 अप्रैल 2019

प्रिय मित्र रुद्रेश,
नमस्ते।
तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। जानकर खुशी हुई कि तुम्हें परीक्षा में 88% अंक प्राप्त हुए हैं। वास्तव में यह तुम्हारी लगन और मेहनत का फल है। मित्र रुद्रेश, मैं तुम्हें एक सलाह देना चाहता हूँ कि आजकल कॉलेजों में विद्यार्थियों को नशा करने की बहुत आदतें पड़ी हैं। गाँजा, शराब, बियर-ब्राँडी के अलावा कुछ विद्यार्थी चरस जैसे नशीले पदार्थों का सेवन करते हैं। अतः तुम इन सभी नशीले पदार्थों से दूर रहना। नशा करने वाले विद्यार्थियों से दोस्ती भी नहीं करना।

आशा है, तुम मेरी सलाह को गलत नहीं समझोगे। शेष सर्व कुशल।

तुम्हारा मित्र,
बसवराज

५) बैंक में खाता खोलने के लिए प्रबंधक के नाम आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 24, शिक्षक सदन,
बेंगलूर – 02.
दिनांक: 21 अप्रैल 2019

सेवा में,
शाखा प्रबंधक
सिंडिकेट बैंक,
केंपेगौड़ा सर्कल,
बेंगलूरु – 02.

विषय : बैंक में खाता खोलने हेतु आवेदन।

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन है कि मैं यहाँ के एक स्थानीय कॉलेज में पढ़ रहा हूँ। यहाँ किसी बैंक में मेरा खाता नहीं है। अतः मैं आपके बैंक में बचत खाता खुलवाना चाहता हूँ। नियमानुसार परिचय-पत्र, घर का पता, पासपोर्ट साइज के फोटो इस आवेदन-पत्र के साथ रखे गए हैं। कृपया आपके बैंक में मेरा खाता खोलने का कष्ट करें।

धन्यवाद।

भवदीय
श्रीकान्त शर्मा

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

1) प्रथम श्रेणी में दसवीं कक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने पर अपने छोटे भाई को बधाई देते हुए पत्र लिखिए।

क्र. 475, मेन रोड़,
गदग
दिनांक: 11 दिसंबर 2018

प्रिय ओंकार,
शुभाशीर्वाद।

अभी-अभी पिताजी का पत्र मिला। पढ़कर प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम दसवीं कक्षा की परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो गये हो और तुम्हें स्वर्ण-पदक भी मिलने वाला है। अतः मैं तुम्हें इस सफलता के लिए देर-सारी बधाइयाँ देता हूँ। आशा है, भविष्य में भी तुम इसी प्रकार कामयाब रहोगे। मंगल कामनाओं के साथ,

तुम्हारा अग्रज,
रामगोपाल

सेवा में,
ओंकार राव्
36, तीसरी गली
विष्णुनगर
शिवमोग्गा – 577 201…

2) विदेश यात्रा पर जाने वाले अपने मित्र को उसकी मंगलमय यात्रा की कामना करते हुए पत्र लिखिए।

15-बी, अद्वैत अपार्टमेंटस
कुवेंपु नगर
मंगलूरू – 01
दिनांकः 20 अगस्त, 2018

प्रिय मित्र तीर्थराज सप्रेम नमस्कार।
आज ही तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। पढ़कर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम कम्प्यूटर की वेब साइट डिजाइनिंग प्रतियोगिता में राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अव्वल आये हो। अब तुम इस प्रतियोगिता के अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर भाग लेने के लिए कनाडा जा रहे हो। इस उपलब्धि के लिए तुम्हें मेरी ओर से हार्दिक बधाई।

मुझे भरोसा है कि तुम इस प्रतियोगिता में भी अवश्य विजयी रहोगे। लगन, परिश्रम और दृढ़ संकल्प की भावना तुम में कूट-कूट कर भरी है। अपना तथा अपने देश का नाम ऊँचा करो।

एक बार पुनः मंगलमय यात्रा के लिए मेरी ओर से हार्दिक शुभकामनाएँ।

शुभकामनाओं सहित
तुम्हारा अनिल

सेवा में,
तीर्थराज
271, दूसरा ब्लाक
राजाजीनगर,
बेंगलूर – 560 010.

3) अपने बड़े भाई को पत्र लिखिए जिसमें उनके द्वारा दी गई सीख पर आचरण करने का आश्वासन दीजिए।

सरकारी महाविद्यालय
हुब्बली
दिनांकः 5 जून, 2019

प्रिय बड़े भैया सादर नमस्ते।
आज ही आपका पत्र प्राप्त हुआ। पत्र से ज्ञात हुआ कि आप मेरी पढ़ाई एवं बुरे दोस्तों की संगति में पड़ जाने की संभावना से चिंतित हो। आपने मुझे पढ़ाई करने, समय पर कॉलेज जाने एवं अच्छी संगति में रहने की हिदायत दी है। मैं इस बात को जानता हूँ कि अध्ययन ही कुसंगति से बचाता है। मैं आपको विश्वास दिलाता हूँ कि मैं ऐसा कोई भी कार्य नहीं करूँगा जिससे आपको या माता-पिता को दुःखी होना पड़े। मैं सदैव अध्ययन पर ध्यान दूँगा। आपका चिंता करना स्वाभाविक है। मैं इस बात को हरदम याद रखूगा। आप देखेंगे कि मैं वार्षिक परीक्षा में अच्छे अंकों से उत्तीर्ण हुआ हूँ।

माता-पिता को प्रणाम कहियेगा।

आपका अनुज
श्याम

सेवा में,
सूरज कुमार
105/75, मंडिपेट
दावणगेरे – 577 001.

4) बड़ी बहन के नाते अपने भाई को रक्षाबंधन के अवसर पर राखी भेजते हुए एक पत्र लिखिए।

‘कमल निवास’
5वाँ ब्लॉक, वसंत नगर
मैसूरु
दिनांकः 15 अगस्त, 2018

प्रिय विनय,
शुभाशीर्वाद।
कल, तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। तुम्हारे पत्र से ज्ञात हुआ कि तुम इस वर्ष रक्षाबंधन पर घर नहीं आ पाओगे। पढ़कर थोड़ा मन उदास हो आया। तुमने लिखा था इस वर्ष तुम्हें छुट्टी नहीं मिलेगी। मैं तुम्हारे उज्जवल भविष्य की कामना करती हुई इस पत्र के साथ राखी भेज रही हूँ। मैं अपने हाथ से तुम्हें राखी नहीं बाँध पाऊँगी। फिर भी मुझे संतोष रहेगा कि मेरी भेजी राखी तुमने बँधवा ली होगी।

यहाँ सभी कुशल मंगल हैं। माता-पिता तुम्हें याद करते हैं। शुभकामनाओं सहित।

तुम्हारी बहन
अर्पिता

सेवा में,
विनयकुमार
26, मधुरा कॉलोनी
नवनगर
धारवाड़ – 580 007.

5) अपने भाई के जन्म दिवस के उत्सव पर अपने मित्र को निमंत्रण पत्र लिखिए।

सी-4, राजाजीनगर
बेंगलूरू – 10
दिनांकः 10 जुलाई, 2019

प्रिय मित्र नरेश,
मित्र, तुम जानते ही हो के अनुज सत्येन्द्र का जन्म दिन 2 अगस्त को है। तुम्हें यह जानकर अत्यंत खुशी होगी कि इस बार भी इमारा परिवार सत्येन्द्र का जन्मदिन बड़ी धूम-धाम से मना रहा हैं। अगर इस अवसर पर तुम आ जाते हो तो दुगुना आनंद आएगा। इस बार कोई बहाना नहीं चलेगा। कम से कम चार से पाँच दिन का समय लेकर आना। मैसूरु घूमने भी चलेंगे। चाचा चाची को मेरा चरण-स्पर्श कहना। अपने छोटे भाई को प्यार।

तुम्हारा मित्र
वसंत सेवा में,

नरेश कुमार
201, श्री गुरु लेआऊट
हनुमंतपुरा
तुमकुर – 572 104.

6) अपने पिताजी को पत्र लिखकर उन्हें विद्यालय के वार्षिक उत्सव पर आमंत्रित कीजिए।

छात्रावास
सरकारी पीयू कॉलेज
चित्रदुर्गा
दिनांक: 5 मार्च, 2019

परम पूज्य पिताजी
सादर प्रणाम।

आपको विदित हो कि मैं यहाँ सानंद हूँ। मेरे सभी सहपाठी परिश्रमी एवं अध्ययनशील हैं। मुझे सबका सहज स्नेह प्राप्त है। यहाँ अनेक पठन-पाठन संबंधी प्रतियोगिताएँ होती रहती हैं। मैं उनमें उत्साह से भाग लेता हूँ। मुझे आपको सूचित करते हुए हर्ष हो रहा है कि 18 मार्च को होनेवाले कॉलेज के वार्षिक उत्सव में मुझे सम्मानित किया जाएगा। मैंने ढेर सारी प्रतियोगिताओं में पुरस्कार जीते हैं। मैं चाहता हूँ कि आप हमारे कॉलेज के इस वार्षिक उत्सव में उपस्थित रहकर मेरा हौसला बढ़ाये। मैं आपका ट्रेन टिकिट भेज रहा हूँ।

आप सबकी बहुत याद आती है। पूजनीय माता जी को मेरा प्रणाम कहना।

आपका स्नेहाकांक्षी
राहुल

सेवा में,
केशव प्रभु
33, स्टेशन रोड़,
बल्लारी – 583 101.

7) अपने मित्र को एक पत्र लिखिए जिसमें आनेवाली परीक्षा की तैयारी के विषय में उससे सलाह माँगिए।

130, सुल्तानपेट
बेंगलूरू – 45
दिनांक: 5 मार्च, 2019

प्रिय मित्र अभिनव
उम्मीद है तुम सकुशल होओगे। कई दिन से तुम्हारा पत्र नहीं आया है। शायद तुम वार्षिक परीक्षा की तैयारी में व्यस्त हो। गतवर्ष भी तुमने 96 प्रतिशत अंक लेकर विद्यालय में नया कीर्तिमान बनाया था। उम्मीद है इस बार भी ऐसी ही खुश खबरी मिलेगी। मेरी भी परीक्षाएँ होने वाली है।

मैं भी चाहता हूँ कि तुम्हारी तरह अंक लेकर उत्तीर्ण होऊँ। इसलिए चाहता हूँ कि तुम मेरा मार्गदर्शन करो। मुझे परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए कुछ ऐसे सुझाव दो ताकि मैं भी प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो सकूँ। मुझे किस तरह पढ़ाई करनी चाहिए एवं समय-सारणी किस तरह से बनानी चाहिए इसका सलाह दो।

तुम्हारे पत्र का इंतजार रहेगा।

तुम्हारा मित्र
आनंद

सेवा में,
अभिनव,
189, बी.एम्. रोड
हासन – 573 201.

8) अपनी छोटी बहन को बोर्ड की परीक्षा में प्रथम स्थान पाने पर बधाई पत्र लिखिए।

कोडगु
दिनांकः 20 मई, 2019

प्रिय अंजली
प्यार।
मुझे कल ही तुम्हारे बोर्ड परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण होने का समाचार मिला। मुझे यह खबर सुनकर जिस तरह के आनंद और गर्व का अनुभव हुआ है, उसे शब्दों में अभिव्यक्त करना मुश्किल है। पूरे परिवार को तुम पर गर्व है। कठिन परिश्रम से किसी भी लक्ष्य को प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

प्रिय बहन! मेरी ओर से अपनी इस शानदार सफलता के लिए बधाई स्वीकार करो। मैं भगवान से प्रार्थना करता हूँ कि तुम जीवन में आगे भी सफलता हासिल करो।

मेरी शुभकामनाएँ तुम्हारे साथ है। तुम प्रगति के पथ पर आगे बढ़ती रहो।

तुम्हारा भाई
प्रकाश

सेवा में,
अंजली
देखभाल श्री रामचन्द्र अडिगा
संतेकट्टे, उडुपी – 576 105.

9) नगर निगम में कार्यालय सहायक पद के लिए एक आवेदन पत्र लिखिए।

सी-12/38, सरस्वतिपुरम
मैसुरू – 570 016
दिनांक: 20 जुलाई, 2018

नगर निगम अध्यक्ष
मैसूरु महानगर पालिके,
मैसूरु – 570 001.

विषयः कार्यालय सहायक पद के लिए आवेदन पत्र।

मान्यवर,
आपके द्वारा ‘स्टार आफ मैसूरु’ में प्रकाशित विज्ञापन के प्रत्युत्तर में मैं कार्यालय सहायक के पद हेतु अपना आवेदन-पत्र भेज रहा हूँ। मेरा व्यक्तिगत विवरण निम्नलिखित है:

अनुभव : कार्यालय सहायक जूनियर पद पर दो वर्ष का अनुभव
घोषणा : मैं आपको विश्वास दिलाता हूँ कि उपर्युक्त विवरण मेरे ज्ञान में पूर्णतया सत्य है। आशा है आप मेरी योग्यताओं पर सहानुभूतिपूर्वक विचार करते हुए सेवा का अवसर प्रदान करेंगे।

सधन्यवाद।

प्रार्थी
अनुराग कुमार

संलग्न : प्रमाण पत्रों एवं अनुभव प्रमाण पत्र की छायाप्रति।

10) शिक्षा निदेशक को छात्रवृत्ति के लिए एक आवेदन पत्र लिखिए।

हावेरी
दिनांकः 18 जून 2018

सेवा में,
शिक्षा निदेशक
पी.यू.सी. बोर्ड
बैंगलूरु

विषयः छात्रवृत्ति के लिए आवेदन।

महोदय,
मैं गाँधी विद्यालय, हावेरी का ग्यारहवीं कक्षा का छात्र हूँ। मेरी आर्थिक स्थिति चिंताजनक हैं। मेरे पिताजी प्राइवेट नौकरी से सेवानिवृत हो चुके हैं। महोदय मैं अपनी कक्षा में हर वर्ष अच्छे अंकों के साथ उत्तीर्ण होता रहा हूँ। गत वर्ष दसवीं की बोर्ड परीक्षा में मेरे 92 प्रतिशत अंक थे।

मेरा आपसे सविनय निवेदन है कि आप मुझे छात्रवृत्ति की सुविधा दिला दें। मैं जीवन भर आपका आभारी रहूँगा।

सधन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य
वेंकटेश

11) अपने क्षेत्र में रिक्त पड़े स्थान पर वृक्षारोपण के लिए सुझाव देते हुए वन्य विभाग के निदेशक को पत्र लिखिए।

अशोक कॉलोनी
चिकमगलूर
दिनांकः 15 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
निदेशक
वन विभाग
चिकमगलूर क्षेत्र

विषय : रिक्त पड़े स्थान पर वृक्षारोपण के सन्दर्भ में।

महोदय,
हम अशोक कॉलोनी, चिकमगलूर के निवासी हैं। इस पत्र के माध्यम से आपका ध्यान इस क्षेत्र में खाली पड़ी सरकारी जमीन पर वृक्षारोपण की ओर आकर्षित कराना चाहते हैं।

महोदय आज सब तरफ वन महोत्सव मनाये जा रहे हैं, वृक्षारोपण किया जा रहा है। आपसे निवेदन है हमारे इलाके कि खाली पड़ी जमीन पर वृक्षारोपण कर इस क्षेत्र को हराभरा बनाया जा सकता है। इससे हमारी कॉलोनी का वातावरण सुन्दर हो जायेगा।

आपसे अनुरोध है इस संबंध में उचित निर्णय लेकर समस्त मोहल्लावासियों को कृतार्थ करें।

सधन्यवाद।

समस्त मोहल्लावासी
अशोक कॉलोनी

12) अपने क्षेत्र में पेय जल की समस्या की ओर ध्यान आकर्षित करते हुए स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी को एक पत्र लिखिए।

102, बसवनगुड़ी
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 29 जून, 2019

सेवा में,
श्रीमान स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी
बृहत बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिका,

बेंगलूरु।

विषय : पेय जल की समस्या के समाधन हेतु।

महोदय,
हम बसवनगुड़ी के वार्ड नं. 36 में रहते हैं। इस पत्र के माध्यम से हम आपका ध्यान अपने क्षेत्र की पेय जल समस्या की ओर आकर्षित कर रहे हैं। हमारे वार्ड में आजकल पेय जल का इतना गहरा संकट छाया हुआ है कि लोगों का जीना दूभर हो गया है। नलों में पानी सुबह एक घंटे के लिए ही आता है।

आपसे अनुरोध है कि इस क्षेत्र में पानी के संकट को दूर करने के लिए पानी आने की समयावधि को बढ़वाने के लिए अधिकारियों को तुरंत निर्देश दे।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
समस्त मोहल्लावासी
बसवनगुड़ी

13) अपने कॉलेज की वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति के लिए प्रधानाचार्य को पत्र लिखिए।

अनुराग
प्रथम पी.यू.सी.
ई.ए.वी. कॉलेज
शिवमोग्गा – 577 206.
दिनांकः 15 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य
डी.ए.वी. कॉलेज
शिवमोग्गा – 577 206.

विषय : वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति।

महोदय,
आपसे सविनय निवेदन है कि हमारे कॉलेज में वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता का आयोजन किया जा रहा है जिसका विषय ‘भारत का भविष्य और युवा’ है। महोदय मेरी इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने तीव्र इच्छा है।
महोदय आपसे अनुरोध है कि मुझे इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति प्रदान करें। सधन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी
अनुराग

14) अपने बैंक प्रबंधक को एक पत्र लिखकर बैंक की कार्य व्यवस्था के बारे में कुछ सुझाव दीजिए।

45/05, मिनर्वा सर्कल
विश्वेश्वरपुरम
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 10 जनवरी, 2019

सेवा में,
बैंक प्रबंधक
बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
वी.वी. पुरम शाखा
बेंगलूरु।

विषय : बैंक की कार्यव्यवस्था के बारे में सुझाव।

महोदय,
इस पत्र के माध्यम से मैं बैंक की कार्यव्यवस्था के बारे में कुछ सुझाव देना चाहता हूँ। महोदय, शाखा में खाता धारकों के लिए निर्देश बोर्ड का अभाव है जिसके चलते व्यर्थ में उनको बिना जानकारी के अभाव में इस-उस डेस्क पर भटकना पड़ता है। इसके अतिरिक्त विद्यार्थियों के लिए शिक्षा ऋण आवेदन के लिए अलग से हेल्प डेस्क का भी अभाव है। इसके कारण उन्हें परेशानी उठानी पड़ती है। कई बार बैंककर्मी स्वयं व्यस्त होते हैं। लेकिन कभी कभी उनका खाताधारकों के साथ गैर जिम्मेदाराना व्यवहार होता है। आपसे सविनम्र अनुरोध है कि बैंक शाखा में स्वस्थ कार्य संस्कृति के विकास के लिए उपरोक्त सुझावों पर अमल करने का कष्ट करें।

सधन्यवाद।

आपका
सुदीप

15) अपने गली-मोहल्ले की समुचित सफाई के लिए नगर पालिका के अध्यक्ष को पत्र लिखिए।

सी-12/38, कुवेंपु मार्ग
रामनगर
दिनांकः 8 मार्च, 2019

सेवा में,
नगरपालिका अध्यक्ष
रामनगर।

विषय : गली-मोहल्ले की समुचित सफाई के लिए पत्र।

महोदय,
सादर निवेदन है कि कुवेंपु मार्ग पर गत कुछ समय से सफाई व्यवस्था समुचित तरीके से नहीं हो रही है। जगह-जगह कूड़े के ढेर लगे हैं। पानी भरा हुआ है। इससे इलाके में बीमारी फैलने का खतरा बढ़ गया है। स्थानीय पार्षद से भी कई बार शिकायत करने के बाद भी कार्रवाई नहीं हुई है। अतः आपसे निवेदन है कि शीघ्रताशीघ्र इस समस्या की तरफ़ ध्यान दें एवं संबंधित सफाई कर्मियों को सफाई व्यवस्था के लिए उचित निर्देश दें।

धन्यवाद सहित।

आपका
निरंजन एवं समस्त
मोहल्लावासी
कुवेंपु मार्ग

16) दैनिक समाचार पत्र के संपादक को मोहल्ले की तंग गली की जानकारी दीजिए।

25, राघवेन्द्र कॉलोनी
गिरीनगर
बेंगलूरु – 560 045
दिनांकः 20 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
संपादक
प्रजावाणी
वसंतनगर, बेंगलूरु – 560 068.

विषय : मोहल्ले की तंग गली की जानकारी के संबंध में।

महोदय,
मैं आपके लोकप्रिय समाचार पत्र के माध्यम से बृहत बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिके का ध्यान हमारे कॉलोनी की तंग गली की समस्या की तरफ आकृष्ट करना चाहता हूँ। आपसे अनुरोध है कि मेरे पत्र को ‘प्रजावाणी’ में प्रकाशित करने का कष्ट करें।

निवेदन है कि राघवेन्द्र कॉलोनी की गली न. 6, अतिक्रमण की समस्या के चलते तंग हो गई है। लोगों ने कार पार्किंग के लिए गली की मुख्य सड़क की जमीन पर अतिक्रमण कर लिया है जिससे चलते राह पर चलना मुश्किल हो गया है। पूरी सड़क पर जाम जैसी स्थिति बनी रहती है। कई बार बीबीएमपी कर्मचारियों का ध्यान इस समस्या की ओर दिलाया है। मगर कोई कार्रवाई नहीं हुई है।

बीबीएमपी के अधिकारियों को इस समस्या की ओर तुरंत संज्ञान लेने की जरूरत है।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

17) किसी दैनिक समाचार पत्र के संपादक के नाम एक पत्र लिखिए जिसमें भारी वर्षा के कारण आपके इलाके में पानी भर जाने से होनेवाले कठिनाइयों का वर्णन हो।

27, मिर्जा इस्माइल मार्ग
हलसूरु
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 25 जुलाई, 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधान संपादक
बेंगलूरु पत्रिका
एम.जी. रोड
बेंगलूरु – 560 001.

विषय : जल-भराव की समस्या के समाधान हेतु।

महोदय,
मैं आपके प्रतिष्ठित एवं लोकप्रिय ‘समाचार पत्र’ के माध्यम से बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिके का ध्यान मोहल्ले में जल भराव की समस्या की ओर आकृष्ट करना चाहता हूँ। आपसे अनुरोध है कि मेरे पत्र को समाचार पत्र में प्रकाशित करने का कष्ट करें।

निवेदन है कि हलसूरु मोहल्ले में कई दिनों से सीवर बँद पड़े हैं। गंदा पानी गलियों एवं सडकों पर बह रहा है। निरंतर हो रही वर्षा ने हालात को और भी गंभीर बना दिया है। इस गंदे पानी में मक्खी-मच्छर पैदा हो रहे हैं। इससे बीमारियाँ फैलने का अंदेशा है।

बीबीएमपी के अधिकारियों को इस समस्या की ओर तुरंत संज्ञान लेने की जरूरत है।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

18) आर्थिक सहायता मांगते हुए अपने प्रधानाचार्य को आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 225, स्टेशन रोड,
धारवाड़
दिनांकः 25 जून, 2019

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य जी,
सरस्वती पी.यू. कॉलेज,
धारवाड़।

विषय : छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त करने हेतु माननीय

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन यह हैं कि मैं आपके कॉलेज का पी.यू.सी. ‘ब’ कक्षा का छात्र हूँ। मैं अपनी कक्षा में हर परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक से पास होता रहा हूँ। यही नहीं, चित्रकला तथा संगीत की प्रतियोगिताओं में भी मैंने अनेक पुरस्कार प्राप्त किए हैं। मैं फुटबॉल का एक अच्छा खिलाड़ी हूँ। मैं आपसे यह निवेदन करना चाह रहा हूँ कि मेरे घर की आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक न होने के कारण आप मुझे छात्रवृत्ति देने की कृपा करें। मेरे पिता जी की मृत्यु पिछले साल सड़क दुर्घटना में हो गई थी। माँ जो कि एक कार्यालय में छोटे से पद पर है, उनके लिए पूरी गृहस्थी का बोझ उठाना संभव नहीं हैं।

मुझे खेदपूर्वक कहना पड़ रहा है कि मेरे पास अगले माह की फीस देने के लिए पैसे नहीं हैं। यदि आप मुझ पर कृपा कर मुझे छात्रवृत्ति दिला दें, तो मैं अपनी पढ़ाई जारी रख सकूँगा। इस
सहायता के लिए मैं आपका बहुत आभारी रहूँगा।

धन्यवाद।

आपकी आज्ञाकारी शिष्या
सुजाता कुलकर्णी
(प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘ब’)

19) परिवहन निगम के अध्यक्ष को पत्र लिखिए जिसमें आपके गाँव/कॉलोनी बस चलाने का अनुरोध हो।

25/23, बसवेश्वर नगर
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 12 अगस्त, 2018

सेवा में,
अध्यक्ष
बेंगलूरु महानगर परिवहन निगम
बेंगलूरु – 560 027.

विषय : कॉलोनी से बस सुविधा प्रदान करने हेतु।

महोदय,
मैं बसवेश्वर नगर का निवासी हूँ। हमारी कॉलोनी से बेंगलूरू के किसी भी क्षेत्र के लिए सीधी बस सेवा नहीं है। हमें यहाँ 2 किलोमीटर पैदल चलकर विजयनगर बस स्टॉप जाना पड़ता है। यहाँ से अनेक यात्री सुबह अपने-अपने कार्यालयों को जाते हैं। बच्चे स्कूल जाते हैं। प्रतिदिन सुबह इतना पैदल चलना कठिन है। इससे यहाँ के निवासियों को अनेक कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ता है।

आपसे अनुरोध है कि हमारी कॉलोनी से कुछ रूट के लिए सीधी बस सेवा शुरू करने की कृपा करें।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

20) स्वास्थ्य में अपेक्षित सुधार लाने के लिए नित्य व्यायाम करने की प्रेरणा देते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को पत्र लिखिए।

367, वल्लभाई पटेल चौक
जेवर्गी कॉलोनी
कलबुरगी
दिनांकः 5 सितम्बर, 2018

प्रिय अनुज राजीव
सस्नेह शुभाशीष।

तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। तुमने बताया कि इस बार परीक्षा परिणाम तुम्हारे अनुकूल नहीं आएं हैं। तुमने बताया कि तुम्हारी तबीयत खराब हो गई थी। तुम यह अच्छी तरह जानते हो कि स्वास्थ्य ही मनुष्य की संपति है। पहला सुख ही निरोगी काया को माना गया है। अपने भविष्य को उज्जवल बनाने के लिए प्रातःकाल उठकर व्यायाम किया करो। व्यायाम से मन में उत्साह बना रहता है और मन प्रसन्न रहता है। बुद्धि का विकास भी होता है।

मुझे विश्वास है कि मेरी सलाह को मानकर तुम नित्य व्यायाम करोगे। शुभकामनाओं सहित।

तुम्हारा भाई
अरूण

सेवा में,
राजीव नायक
प्रथम पी.यू.सी.
जैन कॉलेज, जयनगर,
बेंगलूरु – 560 041.

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निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेद पढ़कर उस पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

१) “ऐतिहासिक नगरी आगरा के निकट सतत प्रवाहिनी नीली-धारा वाली यमुना के दाहिने तट पर ताजमहल स्थित है। बादशाह शाहजहाँ ने इसे अपनी बेगम मुमताज की स्मृति में बनवाया था। अपने पति से बेगम ने इस संसार से बिदा लेते समय निवेदन किया था कि, ‘मेरी मृत्यु होने पर एक ऐसा मकबरा बनवाना जो संसार में सबसे सुंदर एवं स्थायी हो।’ बादशाह ने अपनी प्राणेश्वरी की अंतिम आकांक्षा की पूर्ति का भरसक प्रयास किया। इसमें उनको सफलता भी मिली। ताजमहल संसार के सात आश्चर्यों में से एक है। वर्षों के बाद भी वह अपने यथावत् रूप में दर्शकों के मन को मोह रहा है। सैकड़ों कारीगरों एवं मजदूरों के निरंतर बीस वर्ष के परिश्रम का परिणाम यह ताजमहल है। इसके बनवाने में बाईस करोड़ रुपया खर्च हुआ था।”

प्रश्नः
क) ताजमहल किस नगर में स्थित है?
ताजमहल आगरा नगर में स्थित है।

ख) ताजमहल को किसने बनवाया?
ताजमहल को शाहजहाँ ने बनवाया।

ग) ताजमहल को किसकी अंतिम आकांक्षा की पूर्ति के लिए बनवाया गया?
ताजमहल को बादशाह शाहजहाँ ने अपनी बेगम मुमताज की आकांक्षा की पूर्ति के लिए बनवाया था।

घ) ताजमहल के निर्माण में कितने वर्ष लगे?
ताजमहल के निर्माण में बीस वर्ष लगे।

ङ) ताजमहल को बनवाने में कितने रुपये खर्च हुए?
ताजमहल को बनवाने के लिए बाइस करोड़ रुपये खर्च हुए।

२) ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य प्रकृति में छिपा कर रख दिये थे। मनुष्य ने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से उन रहस्यों पर से पर्दा उठा दिया। यह कहना गलत है कि मनुष्य संसार में अपना भाग्य लेकर आता है: वास्तव में वह अपने भाग्य का स्वयं निर्माता है जो वह अपनी मेहनत से बनाता है। प्रकृति मनुष्य के भाग्य से डर कर नहीं बल्कि इसके परिश्रम से हार मानती है। जो लोग भाग्य पर विश्वास करते हैं, वे आलसी हैं। वास्तव में वीर और परिश्रमी व्यक्ति अपना भाग्य स्वयं बनाता है।

प्रश्नः
क) ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य किसमें छिपाकर रख दिये थे?
ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य प्रकृति में छिपाकर रख दिये थे।

ख) किसने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से रहस्यों पर से पर्दा उठा दिया?
मनुष्य ने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से रहस्यों से पर्दा उठा दिया।

ग) प्रकृति किससे हार मानती है?
प्रकृति मनुष्य के परिश्रम से हार मानती है।

घ) भाग्य पर विश्वास करनेवाले लोग कैसे होते हैं?
भाग्य पर विश्वास करनेवाले लोग आलसी हैं।

ङ) अपने भाग्य का निर्माता कौन है?
परिश्रमी व्यक्ति अपने भाग्य का निर्माता स्वयं है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

1) गंगा का हमारे देश के लिए बहुत अधिक महत्व है। गंगा नदी तीन राज्यों में से होकर गुजरती है। वे हैं उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार और बंगाल। भारत के इस मध्यम भाग को ‘गंगा का मैदान’ कहा जाता है। यह प्रदेश अत्यधिक उपजाऊ, संपन्न तथा हरा-भरा है जिसका श्रेय गंगा को ही है। इन राज्यों में कृषि उपज से संबंधित तथा कृषि पर आधारित अनेक उद्योग-धंधे भी फैले हुए हैं जिनसे लाखों लोगों की जीविका तो चलती ही है, राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि भी होती है। पेयजल भी गंगा तथा उसकी नहरों के माध्यम से ही प्राप्त होता है। यदि गंगा न होती तो हमारे देश का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग बंजर तथा रेगिस्तान होता। इसीलिए गंगा उत्तर भारत की सबसे पवित्र तथा महत्वपूर्ण नदी है। गंगा नदी भारतीय संस्कृति का भी अभिन्न अंग है। भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों जैसे वेद, पुराण, महाभारत आदि में गंगा की पवित्रता का वर्णन है। भारत के अनेक तीर्थ गंगा के किनारे पर ही स्थित हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भारत के किस भाग को गंगा का मैदान कहा जाता है और क्यों?
2) गंगा के मैदान की क्या विशेषता है?
3) इस गद्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) गंगा भारतीय संस्कृति से कैसे जुड़ी है?
5) यदि गंगा न होती तो क्या होता?
उत्तरः
1) भारत के मध्यम भाग को ‘गंगा का मैदान’ कहा जाता है। इसका कारण यह इलाका अत्यधिक उपजाऊ, संपन्न तथा हरा भरा है।
2) इस इलाके में कृषि उपज से संबंधित तथा कृषि पर आधारित अनेक उद्योग-धन्धे फैले – हुए हैं। लाखों लोगों की इससे जीविका चलती है। राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि होती है।
3) ‘जीवनदायिनी गंगा’।
4) भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों जैसे वेद, पुराण, महाभारत आदि में गंगा की पवित्रता का वर्णन है। अनेक तीर्थ गंगा के किनारे पर स्थित हैं।
5) यदि गंगा न होती तो हमारे देश का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग बंजर तथा रेगिस्तान होता।

2) संसार में तीन बातें बड़ी महत्वपूर्ण होती है। इनको प्राप्त करके तुम संसार के किसी भी कोने में जाओगे, तो अपना निर्वाह कर सकोगे। ये तीन बातें हैं – अपनी आत्मा का, अपने आप का और ईश्वर का सच्चा ज्ञान प्राप्त करना। इनका मतलब यह नहीं कि तुम्हें अक्षर ज्ञान नहीं मिलेगा। वह तो मिलेगा ही। लेकिन तुम उसकी चिंता करो, यह मैं नहीं कहता। इसके लिए तुम्हारे पास अभी बहुत समय है। अक्षर-ज्ञान तो इसलिए होता है कि जो कुछ तुम्हें मिला है, उसे तुम दूसरों को दे सको। इतना और याद रखना कि अब से हमें गरीबी में रहना है। जितना अधिक मैं विचार करता हूँ, उतना ही अधिक मुझे लगता है कि गरीबी में ही सुख है। इसलिए मेरी इच्छा है कि अपने परिवार में तुम एक योग्य किसान बनो। अक्षर-ज्ञान में गणित और संस्कृत पर पूरा ध्यान रखना। भविष्य में संस्कृत तुम्हारे लिए बहुत उपयोगी सिद्ध होगी। ये दोनों विषय बड़ी उम्र में सीखना कठिन है।

प्रश्नः
1) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश में किन तीन महत्वपूर्ण बातों की चर्चा की गई है?
2) लेखक के अनुसार ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’ का क्या उद्देश्य है?
3) लेखक अपने पुत्र को योग्य किसान बनने की सलाह क्यों दे रहा है?
4) अक्षर-ज्ञान में कौन सी दो विषयों का ध्यान रखना है?
5) इस गद्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तर:
1) अपनी आत्मा का, अपने आप का और ईश्वर का सच्चा ज्ञान प्राप्त करना – इन तीन महत्वपूर्ण बातों की चर्चा की गई है।
2) ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’ इसलिए होता है कि हम उसे दूसरों को भी दे सकें।
3) गरीबी में ही सुख है। इसलिए लेखक अपने पुत्र को किसान बनने की सलाह दे रहा है।
4) अक्षर-ज्ञान में संस्कृत और गणित का पूरा ध्यान रखना है।
5) ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’।

3) हमारी खराबी का स्रोत कहाँ है – इसका पता हमें लगाना चाहिए और वहीं से उसे ठीक करने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। स्रोत वहीं हो सकता है, जहाँ से हमारा जीवन प्रारंभ होता है और वह है हमारा घर। हमारे घर की इस समय बड़ी दुर्व्यवस्था है। अवश्य ही आप लोगों को अपने घर में असंतोष होगा। असंतोष इसी कारण हो सकता है कि अपने घर में कुछ दोष आप पाते हैं परंतु दोष की कुछ जिम्मेदारी आपके ऊपर भी तो है। ऐसी स्थिति में आपका कर्तव्य है कि आप इन दोषों को दूर करने का यत्न करें। सबके भावों का आदर करते हुए आपको ऐसा प्रयास करना होगा कि आपके कारण किसी दूसरे को कष्ट न हो। इससे घर की शांति और सौहार्द में वृद्धि होगी। आजकल की सबसे विचित्र बात यह है कि कोई अपने को दोष नहीं देता, सब कोई दूसरे को दोष देते हैं। आज के संसार में आपकी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी है। आगे का भारत वैसा ही होगा जैसा आप लोग अपने जीवन से उसे बनाएँगे। यदि आप अपना काम ठीक तरह से करते हैं तो आप सब देशभक्त हैं और यदि अपने काम के प्रति उदासीन हैं तो आप वास्तव में देशद्रोही हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) लेखक द्वारा ‘घर’ को खराबी का स्रोत बताए जाने का क्या कारण है?
2) आज के युवकों को अपने घर के प्रति असंतोष क्यों है?
3) घर में शांति एवं सौहार्द की वृद्धि करने के लिए लेखक ने क्या सुझाव दिया है?
4) लेखक ने वक्तव्य में किसे देशद्रोही कहा है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) घर से ही हमारा जीवन प्रारंभ होता है। इसलिए लेखक ने ‘घर’ को खराबी का स्त्रोत बताया है।
2) घर की दुर्व्यवस्था के कारण, युवकों में घर के प्रति असंतोष है।
3) लेखक ने सुझाव दिया है कि हमें घर में सबके भावों का आदर करते हुए ऐसा प्रयास करना होगा कि आपके कारण किसी को कष्ट न हो। इससे घर में शांति और सौहार्द की वृद्धि होगी।
4) यदि आप अपने काम के प्रति उदासीन हैं
5) ‘घर की दुर्व्यवस्था’।

4) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग भाग्यवादी होते हैं और सब कुछ भाग्य के सहारे छोड़कर कर्म में विरत हो बैठते हैं। ऐसे व्यक्ति ही समाज को प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर नहीं होने देते।,आज तक किसी भाग्यवादी ने संसार में कोई महान कार्य नहीं किया। बड़ी-बड़ी खोजें, बड़े-बड़े आविष्कार और बड़े-बड़े निर्माण के कार्य श्रम के द्वारा ही पहुँचते हैं। जब हम परिश्रम से अपने कर्तव्य का पालन करते हैं, तो हमारे मन को अलौकिक आनंद मिलता है। ऐसे व्यक्ति को धर्म के बाह्याचारों के अनुसरण की आवश्यकता नहीं होती; उसका परिश्रम ही उसकी पूजा है। यदि हम अपने कार्य में ईमानदारी से श्रम नहीं करते, तो हमारे मन में एक प्रकार का भय समाया रहता है। कभी-कभी तो हम ग्लानि का भी अनुभव करते हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भाग्यवादी व्यक्तियों का समाज की प्रगति पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
2) लक्ष्य प्राप्ति में साधन संपन्नता, प्रतिभा और श्रम का क्या योगदान होता है?
3) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) ईमानदारी से काम न करने का हमारे हृदय पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
5) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग क्या होते हैं?
उत्तरः
1) भाग्यवादी व्यक्ति समाज को प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर नहीं होने देते हैं।
2) बड़ी-बड़ी खोजें, बड़े-बड़े आविष्कार और बड़े-बड़े निर्माण के कार्य श्रम के द्वारा ही होते हैं।
3) ‘श्रम का महत्व’।
4) ईमानदारी से काम नहीं करने पर हमारे मन में एक भय समाया रहता है।
5) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग भाग्यवादी होते हैं।

5) हिंदी भाषा को राष्ट्रभाषा का पद मिलना चाहिए, यह नारा अब बिना मौसम का नारा है। हिंदी को राष्ट्रभाषा बनना नहीं है, वह राष्ट्रभाषा है। आज वह भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा है, अंग्रेजी का स्थान उसके सामने गौण है। इसी प्रकार जो हिंदी प्रेमी अति उत्साह या क्रोध में आकर यह कह बैठते हैं कि ‘अरे मैं हिंदी के लिए रक्त दूंगा’ – वे भी बिना मौसम की बात कर रहे हैं। हिंदी अब रक्त लेकर क्या करेगी? अब तो उसे पैसे और पसीने की ज़रूरत है। पैसे उनके लिए चाहिए जिनके लिए हिंदी की किताबें और अखबार निकालते हैं और पसीना उनको चाहिए जो हिंदी के लेखक, कवि और पत्रकार हैं और जिन पर यह जिम्मा है कि वे विश्वविद्यालय स्तर की सारी पढ़ाई हिंदी के माध्यम से करें और शीघ्र ही हिंदी को विद्या की ऐसी भाषा बना दें कि उसके जरिए भारतवासियों के मस्तिष्क का चरम विकास हो सके। पसीना आज उनका भी चाहिए जो हिंदी जानते हैं और केंद्रीय या प्रांतीय सरकारों के दफ्तरों में काम कर रहे हैं। अब उन्हें पूरी छूट है कि वे केंद्रीय शासन के अधीन होने पर भी, यदि चाहें तो हिंदी में काम कर सकते हैं। यह स्वतंत्रता मिल जाने पर भी यदि वे हिंदी में काम करने से मुकरते हैं, तो उनकी देशभक्ति की भावना अधूरी है।

प्रश्नः
1) सरकारी दफ्तरों में कार्य करने वाले अपनी देशभक्ति का परिचय किस प्रकार दे सकते हैं?
2) ‘अब तो हिंदी को पैसे और पसीने की जरूरत है’ – इस पंक्ति से लेखक का क्या आशय है?
3) लेखकों, कवियों और पत्रकारों पर आज क्या उत्तरदायित्व है?
4) भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा कौन सी है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिएं।
उत्तरः
1) सरकारी दफ्तरों में काम करनेवाले चाहें तो हिन्दी में काम करके अपनी देशभक्ति का परिचय दे सकते है।
2) हिन्दी समझने वाले, पढ़ने वाले वर्ग के लिए नौकरी एवं जो लोग हिन्दी की नौकरी कर रहे हैं उनकी मेहनत अर्थात पसीने की जरूरत है।
3) हिन्दी के लेखक, पत्रकार एवं कवियों पर जिम्मेदारी है कि वे विश्वविद्यालय स्तर की पढ़ाई हिन्दी के माध्यम से करें। 4) भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा हिन्दी है।
5) ‘राजभाषा हिन्दी’।

6) मानव जीवन में कितनी संभावनाएँ छिपी हैं, इसकी कोई सीमा नहीं है। पशु से लेकर देवत्व तक की सारी सीढ़ियाँ मानवीय चोले में से होकर गुजरती है। शर्त एक ही है – उसके लिए चुनौती चाहिए। बिना चुनौती के वे सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती हैं। संसार में जितने भी पैगंबर या अवतार हुए हैं, वे सब अपने-अपने समय की चुनौतियों के उत्तर हैं। हरेक युग की अपनी चुनौतियाँ होती हैं, जन सामान्य इन चुनौतियों को न तो पहचान पाता है, न उनका सामना करने की सामर्थ्य जुटा पाता है। पर जो तेजस्वी पुरुष उन चुनौतियों को पहचान कर उनका उत्तर देने के लिए मैदान में कूद पड़ता है लोग उसे ‘महापुरुष’ कहकर स्वयं उसका अनुगमन करने को तैयार हो जाते हैं। संसार में ज्ञान-विज्ञान की जितनी भी उन्नति हई है. उन सबके मल में भी वही चुनौतियों वाली बात है। मनुष्य के मन में कुछ प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, उन प्रश्नों का उत्तर देने के लिए वह अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करता है। .. फिर कुछ नए प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, वह फिर उनका उत्तर देने का प्रयत्न करता है – और यों ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में वृद्धि होती चली जाती है।

प्रश्नः
1) मानव जीवन में चुनौतियों का क्या महत्व है?
2) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) ‘सामान्य पुरुष’ और ‘तेजस्वी पुरुष’ में क्या अंतर होता है?
4) ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में किस प्रकार वृद्धि होती रहती है?
5) किसके बिना सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती है?
उत्तरः
1) चुनौतियाँ ही मनुष्य जीवन की अनंत संभावनाओं को सामने लाती हैं। चुनौतियाँ ही महापुरुषों एवं पैगम्बरों को सामने लाती हैं।
2) ‘चुनौतियाँ एवं मानव जीवन’।
3) ‘सामान्य पुरुष’ न तो चुनौती को पहचान पाता है और न ही हिम्मत जुटा पाता है लेकिन “तेजस्वी पुरुष’ उन चुनौतियों को पहचानकर उसका सामना करता हैं।
4) मनुष्य के सामने जो प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, उन प्रश्नों का वह अपनी बुद्धि से उत्तर देता है। इस प्रकार ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में वृद्धि होती है।
5) चुनौती के बिना सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती है।

7) विद्यार्थियों की अनुशासनहीनता का मुख्य कारण माता-पिता की ढिलाई है। माता-पिता के संस्कार ही बच्चे पर पड़ते हैं। बच्चे की प्राथमिक पाठशाला घर होता है। उसके संस्कार घर में से ही खराब हो जाते हैं। पहले तो प्यार के कारण माता-पिता कुछ करते नहीं; वह जहाँ बैठे और जहाँ चाहे खेले, जो मन में आए वह करे। पर जब हाथी के दाँत बाहर निकल आते हैं, तो उन्हें चिंता होती है, फिर वे अध्यापकों की आलोचना करना आरंभ कर देते हैं। दूसरा कारण आज की अपनी शिक्षा प्रणाली है जिसमें नैतिक या चारित्रिक शिक्षा को कोई स्थान नहीं दिया जाता। पहले विद्यार्थियों को दंड का भय बना रहता था पर अब आप विद्यार्थियों को हाथ नहीं लगा सकते क्योंकि शारीरिक दंड अपराध है। केवल जबानी जमा खर्च कर सकते हैं। इसमें विद्यार्थी बहुत तेज होता है, आप एक कहेंगे, वह आपको चार सुनाएगा। पश्चिमी संगीत, नृत्य तथा चलचित्रों ने भी विद्यार्थियों का बिगड़ने में कोई कसर नहीं छोड़ी है। इनके कारण उनमें चरित्रहीनता, उच्छृखलता इस हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है कि यदि समय रहते इस ओर ध्यान नहीं दिया गया, तो देश का भविष्य ही अंधकारपूर्ण हो जाएगा।

प्रश्नः
1) माता-पिता की ढिलाई किस प्रकार विद्यार्थियों को अनुशासनहीन बनाती है?
2) ‘पर जब हाथी के दाँत निकल आते हैं, तो उन्हें चिंता होती है’ पंक्ति का क्या आशय है?
3) आज की शिक्षा प्रणाली अनुशासनहीनता को किस प्रकार बढ़ावा देती है?
4) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।।
5) वर्तमान विद्यार्थियों में क्या हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है?
उत्तरः
1) माता-पिता के प्यार के कारण, नहीं डाँटने के कारण बच्चे अनुशासनहीन हो जाते हैं।
2) ‘बच्चे जब बड़े होकर बिगड़ जाते है। इसके लिए यह पंक्ति कही गई है।
3) आज की शिक्षा प्रणाली में नैतिक या चारित्रिक शिक्षा को कोई महत्व नहीं दिया जाता। अब बच्चों को दंड भी नहीं दिया जा सकता। इस तरह की शिक्षा व्यवस्था ही अनुशासनहीनता को बढ़ावा देती है।
4) ‘अनुशासन का महत्व’।
5) वर्तमान विद्यार्थियों में चरित्रहीनता, उच्छृखलता हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है।

8) हमारी संस्कृति में मानव जीवन के चार उद्देश्य बताए गए हैं – धर्म, अर्थ, काम, मोक्ष। जीवन के इन उद्देश्यों को स्वस्थ शरीर द्वारा ही प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। जब व्यक्ति स्वयं सुखी एवं संतुष्ट होता है, तो दूसरों को भी सुखी बनाने का प्रयास करता है तथा समाज एवं राष्ट्र के लिए कुछ कर पाने में समर्थ होता है। इसीलिए अच्छे स्वास्थ्य को महावरदान कहा गया है। जो व्यक्ति अच्छे स्वास्थ्य की उपेक्षा कर देता है, वह मानो अपने सभी सुखों की उपेक्षा कर रहा है। दुर्बल, रोगी तथा अशक्त मनुष्य न तो स्वयं की, न अपने परिवार की, न अपने राष्ट्र की और न ही मानवता की रेवा कर सकता है। इसलिए शरीर को पुष्ट, चुस्त एवं बलिष्ठ बनाना आवश्यक है। अस्वस्थ व्यक्ति घर बैठे अपनी दुर्बलता और असमर्थता पर नौ-नौ आँसू बहाया करते हैं जबकि स्वस्थ व्यक्ति असंभव को भी संभव में बदलने की क्षमता रखते हैं। इसीलिए प्रायः देखा गया है कि दुर्बल और अशक्त व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाया करते हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) जीवन के चार उद्देश्य कौन-कौन से हैं तथा उन्हें किस प्रकार प्राप्त किया जा सकता है?
2) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) राष्ट्र और मानवता की सेवा के लिए किस बात की सर्वाधिक आवश्यकता है?
4) किस प्रकार के व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाते हैं और क्यों?
5) किसे महावरदान कहा गया है?
उत्तरः
1) जीवन के चार उद्देश्य – धर्म, अर्थ, काम एवं मोक्ष हैं। इनको स्वस्थ शरीर के द्वारा प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
2) ‘पहला सुख निरोगी काया’।
3) राष्ट्र और मानवता की सेवा के लिए मनुष्य को चुस्त, पुष्ट एवं बलिष्ठ बनना आवश्यक है।
4) दुर्बल और अशक्त व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाते हैं।
5) अच्छे स्वास्थ्य को महावरदान कहा गया है।

9) सृष्टि का सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी मानव है। अतीत में एक समय था जब वह प्रायः पशु के समान ही था। दीर्घकालीन संघर्ष के पश्चात वह सर्वश्रेष्ठ बन सका। भीमकाय, बड़े भयंकर और अति-बलशाली पशुओं से संघर्ष था। मानव की विजय का कारण उसका शारीरिक बल उतना नहीं था जितना उसका बौद्धिक बल था। पशु अंतःप्रेरणा से एक सीमित क्षेत्र में ही काम करते हैं। उनमें जो परिवर्तन होता है, वह प्रकृति के कारण से होता है जबकि मानव अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करके विस्तृत क्षेत्र में काम करता है। मानव की ‘जिज्ञासा वृत्ति’ भी उसे पशुओं से भिन्न करती है। प्रकृति के रहस्यों को खोजने, उन्हें उपयोग में लाकर जीवन को अधिक सुखमय बनाने तथा ज्ञान-विस्तार के मूल में उसकी ‘जिज्ञासा’ ही है, जिसका पशुओं में सर्वथा अभाव है। एक विशेष गुण मानव में और है, वह है – ‘सौंदर्यानुभूति’। सृष्टि के समस्त चराचरों में केवल मानव ही सुंदर और भद्दी वस्तुओं में भेद कर सकता है। अपने इस विवेक के कारण ही वह कलाकार बन सकता है तथा ललित कलाओं का विकास भी संभव हो पाया है।

प्रश्नः
1) मनुष्य को सृष्टि का सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी क्यों कहा जाता है?
2) मनुष्य और पशु में क्या अंतर है?
3) मनुष्य की ‘जिज्ञासा’ वृत्ति ने उसे क्या लाभ पहुँचाया है?
4) मानव में कौन सा विशेष गुण है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) बौद्धिक बल के कारण मनुष्य को सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी कहा गया है।
2) पशु अंतःप्रेरणा से सीमित क्षेत्र में काम करते हैं जबकि मानव अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करके विस्तृत क्षेत्र में काम करता है।
3) मनुष्य की जिज्ञासा वृत्ति ने प्रकृति के रहस्यों को खोजने, उन्हें उपयोग में लाकर जीवन को सुखमय बनाने तथा ज्ञान विस्तार में मदद की है।
4) मानव में विशेष गुण ‘सौंदर्यानुभूति’ है।
5) ‘मनुष्य एक सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी’।

10) मुखिया किसे कहते हैं? मुखिया शब्द मुख से निकला है। जिस प्रकार मुख सब अंगों में श्रेष्ठ है और यदि वह काम करना बंद कर दे तो शरीर के सभी अंग निकम्मे हो जाएंगे, उसी प्रकार मुखिया भी एक पूज्य, सदाचारी, श्रेष्ठ, सज्जन पुरुष है। मुख के दो कार्य हैं खाना और बोलना। खाने और बोलने का एक समान द्वार है। सच्चा मुखिया वही है, जो सोच-विचार करके बोले और किसी का पैसा भी न खाए। बुद्धिमान मनुष्य वह है, जिसका मुख दिल में हो अर्थात् सोच करके बोले। मूर्ख वह है जिसका दिल मुख में हो अर्थात् जो उसके मुख में आए, वह कह दे। आप भी अगर शुभ संकल्प मन में धारण करोगे और अशुभ वचन मुख से न निकालोगे, सोच-समझकर चलोगे तो पौ-बारह हैं। आपसे स्वयं ही शुभ कार्य होते रहेंगे फिर तो आपका बाल भी बाँका न होगा। जिधर जाओगे उधर आपका यश होगा।

प्रश्नः
1) मुखिया और मुख में क्या समानता है?
2) सच्चे मुखिया में कौन-कौन से गुण होने चाहिए?
3) बुद्धिमान और मूर्ख मनुष्य में क्या अंतर है?
4) शुभ संकल्प करने से क्या फायदा होगा?
5) इस गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) मुख सभी अंगों में श्रेष्ठ है। शरीर के सभी अंग उससे संचालित होते हैं। उसी तरह मुखिया भी एक पूज्य, सदाचारी, श्रेष्ठ सज्जन पुरुष है।
2) सच्चा मुखिया वही है जो सोच-विचार कर बोले। किसी का एक पैसा भी न खाए।
3) बुद्धिमान मनुष्य सोचकर बोलता है एवं मूर्ख मनुष्य बिना सोचे बोलता है।
4) शुभ संकल्प से हम सोच समझकर चलेंगे। हमसे स्वयं शुभ कार्य होते रहेंगे। जिधर जाएंगे उधर यश होगा।
5) ‘मुख और मुखिया’।

11) ‘वायु-प्रदूषण’ का सबसे अधिक प्रकोप महानगरों पर हुआ है। इसका कारण है बढ़ता हुआ औद्योगीकरण। गत बीस वर्षों में भारत के प्रत्येक नगर में कारखानों की जितनी तेजी से वृद्धि हुई है उससे वायुमंडल पर बहुत प्रभाव पड़ा है क्योंकि इन कारखानों की चिमनियाँ से चौबीसों घंटे निकलने वाले धुएँ ने सारे वातावरण को विषाक्त बना दिया है। इसके अलावा सड़कों पर चलने वाले वाहनों की संख्या में तेजी से होने वाली वृद्धि भी वायु-प्रदूषण के लिए पूरी तरह उत्तरदायी है। इन वाहनों के धुएँ से निकलने वाली ‘कार्बन मोनो आक्सा के कारण आज न जाने कितने प्रकार की साँस और फेफड़ों की बीमारियाँ आम बात हो गई हैं। इधर बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या, लोगों का काम की तलाश में गाँवों से शहरों की ओर भागना भी वायु-प्रदूषण के लिए अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से उत्तरदायी है। शहरों की बढ़ती जनसंख्या के लिए आवास की सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराने के लिए वृक्षों और वनों को भी निरंतर काटा जा रहा है। वायु-प्रदूषण को बचाने वाले कारणों की हमें खोज करनी चाहिए। पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के लिए अधिक से अधिक वृक्ष लगाने चाहिए।

प्रश्नः
1) वायु-प्रदूषण का सबसे अधिक प्रकोप महानगरों पर ही क्यों हुआ है?
2) सड़कों पर चलने वाले वाहन वायु-प्रदूषण में किस प्रकार वृद्धि करते हैं?
3) बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या का पर्यावरण पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा है?
4) पर्यावरण की रक्षा के लिए क्या किया जाना चाहिए?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) शहरों में बढ़ते हुए औद्योगीकरण से वायु-प्रदूषण का सबसे ज्यादा प्रकोप हुआ है।
2) सड़को पर चलने वाले वाहन ‘कार्बन मोनो आक्साइड गैस’ छोड़ते है।
3) शहरों में बढ़ती जनसंख्या के कारण आवास की सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध करवाने के लिए वृक्षों एवं वनों को काटा जा रहा है।
4) पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के लिए अधिक से अधिक वन लगाने चाहिए।
5) ‘शहरों में बढ़ता वायु-प्रदूषण’।

12) साहित्य का आधार जीवन है। इसी नींव पर साहित्य की दीवार खड़ी होती है। उसकी अटारियाँ, मीनार और गुंबद बनते हैं। लेकिन बुनियाद मिट्टी के नीचे दबी पड़ी है। जीवन परमात्मा की सृष्टि है, इसलिए सुबोध है, सुगम है और मर्यादाओं से परिमित है। जीवन परमात्मा को अपने कामों का जवाबदेह है या नहीं हमें मालूम नहीं, लेकिन साहित्य तो मनुष्य के सामने जवाबदेह है। इसके लिए कानून है जिससे वह इधर-उधर नहीं जा सकता। मनुष्य जीवन पर्यंत आनंद की खोज में लगा रहता है। किसी को वह रत्न द्रव्य में मिलता है, किसी को भरे-पूरे परिवार में, किसी को लंबे-चौड़े भवन में, किसी को ऐश्वर्य में। लेकिन साहित्य का आनंद इस आनंद से ऊँचा है। उसका आधार सुंदर और सत्य है। वास्तव में सच्चा आनंद सुंदर और सत्य से मिलता है, उसी आनंद को दर्शाना, वही आनंद उत्पन्न करना साहित्य का उद्देश्य है।

प्रश्नः
1) साहित्य और जीवन का क्या संबंध है?
2) इस गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) साहित्य के आनंद का क्या आधार है?
4) साहित्य का क्या उद्देश्य है?
5) परमात्मा की सृष्टि का वर्णन किस प्रकार किया है?
उत्तरः
1) साहित्य का आधार ही जीवन है। इसी की नींव पर साहित्य की दीवार खड़ी होती है।
2) ‘साहित्य और जीवन’।
3) साहित्य के आनंद का आधार सुंदर और सत्य है।
4) आनंद को दर्शाना और आनंद को उत्पन्न करना ही साहित्य का उद्देश्य है।
5) जीवन परमात्मा की सृष्टि है इसीलिए वह सुबोध है, सुगम है और मर्यादाओं से परिमित

13) विनय का अभाव एक प्रकार का खोखलापन प्रकट करता है। जिन लोगों में कोई श्लाघनीय गुण नहीं होता, वे अपनी ऐंठ और डाँट-फटकार से लोगों पर प्रभाव जमाते हैं, किंतु गुणवानों को इनकी आवश्यकता नहीं। उनका प्रभाव तो स्वतः सिद्ध है। यदि विनयशील मनुष्य का समाज में प्रभाव थोड़ा हो, तो विनयशील मनुष्य का दोष नहीं; यह समाज का दोष है। इसके अतिरिक्त प्रेम का प्रभाव चाहे थोड़ा हो, पर दबाव के प्रभाव की अपेक्षा, वह चिरस्थायी होता है। यदि थोड़ी देर के लिए मान भी लिया जाए कि विनय सब स्थानों में काम नहीं देती – जैसे शत्रु के सम्मुख, तथापि हमें वह कहना पड़ेगा कि विनयशील पुरुष को ऐसे अवसर कम आएँगे कि जब अपनी विनय के कारण दुखद अनुभव करना पड़े। विनय के साथ निरभिमानता, मानव जाति का आदर, सहनशीलता, धैर्य आदि अनेक सद्गुण लगे हुए हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) विनय के साथ जुड़े अन्य सद्गुण कौन-से हैं?
2) प्रेम तथा दबाव के प्रभाव में क्या अंतर है?
3) विनय किन-किन स्थानों पर प्रभावशाली नहीं होता?
4) विनय का अभाव क्या प्रकट करता है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) विनय के साथ निरभिमानता, मानव जाति का आदर, सहनशीलता, धैर्य आदि सद्गुण जुड़े हुए हैं।
2) प्रेम का प्रभाव थोड़ा होने पर भी चिरस्थायी होता है जबकि दबाव का प्रभाव असीमित होने पर भी क्षणभंगुर होता है।
3) विनय शत्रु के सम्मुख प्रभावशाली नहीं होता।
4) विनय का अभाव एक तरह का खोखलापन प्रकट करता है।
5) ‘विनय का महत्व’।

14) लोकमान्य तिलक का कथन है – “मैं नरक में भी पुस्तकों का स्वागत करूँगा, क्योंकि इनमें वह शक्ति है कि जहाँ वे होंगी, वहाँ अपने आप स्वर्ग बन जाएगा।” श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य, समाज और राष्ट्र का मार्गदर्शन करती हैं। संसार के इतिहास पर दृष्टिपात करने पर हम देखते हैं कि संसार की अनेक महान विभूतियों पर किसी-न-किसी श्रेष्ठ पुस्तक का प्रभाव पड़ा। महात्मा गाँधी, टालस्टॉय, अब्राहम लिंकन – सभी के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान था। लेनिन में क्रांति की भावना कार्ल मार्क्स के साहित्य को पढ़कर ही जागी थी। किसी भी जाति के उत्कर्ष या अपकर्ष का लेखा-जोखा उसके साहित्य से पता चलता है। गुप्तकाल को भारतीय इतिहास का ‘स्वर्ण युग’ कहा जाता है क्योंकि उस काल में अत्यंत उत्कृष्ट पुस्तकों की रचना हुई। विचारों के युद्ध में पुस्तकें ही अस्त्र हैं क्योंकि पुस्तकों का हमारे विचारों पर अत्यंत गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है तथा पुस्तकों के विचार ही समाज की काया पलट कर देते हैं। श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य को पशु से देवता बनाती है, उसकी सात्विक वृत्तियों को जाग्रत करती हैं तथा उसे असत्य से सत्य की ओर, अंधकार से प्रकाश की ओर ले चलती हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) लोकमान्य तिलक ने क्यों कहा कि ‘मैं नरक में भी पुस्तकों का स्वागत करूँगा’?
2) लेनिन के मन में क्रांति की भावना किस प्रकार जागी?
3) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का व्यक्ति पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
5) किन विभूतियों के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का योगदान था?
उत्तरः
1) क्योंकि पुस्तकों में वह शक्ति है, जहाँ वे होंगी, वहाँ अपने आप स्वर्ग बन जाएगा।
2) लेनिन में क्रांति की भावना कार्ल मार्क्स के साहित्य को पढ़कर जागी थी।
3) ‘पुस्तक एक सच्चा साथी’। 4) श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य को पशु से देवता बनाती हैं। उसकी सात्विक वृत्तियों को जागृत करती हैं।
5) महात्मा गांधी, टालस्टॉय, अब्राहम लिंकन एवं लेनिन के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का योगदान था।

15) भारत एक महान देश है। विश्व में यही एकमात्र एसा देश है जो इतनी विविधताओं और विभिन्नताओं से परिपूर्ण है। स्थान-स्थान की जलवायु में भी विभिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यहाँ के अनेक धर्मों, विश्वासों, मत-मतांतरों तथा संस्कृतियों के संगम को देखखर इसे ‘अनेकताओं’ का देश कहकर पुकारा गया है। परंतु विभिन्नताएँ होते हुए भी भारत विभाजित नहीं है तथा जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में एकता का एक अखंड सूत्र जुड़ा हुआ है। भारत को उस पुष्पहार की संज्ञा दी जाती है जिसमें अनेकानेक रंग-रूप के पुष्पों को एक सूत्र द्वारा पिरोया गया है। हमारी जीवन मीमांसा, रहन-सहन, साहित्य, धार्मिक विश्वास, पूजा-पद्धति, देवी-देवता, तीर्थ स्थान, संगीत भारत की एकता को प्रदर्शित करते हैं। परंतु विदेशियों ने ‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ की नीति को अपनाकर इस देश पर राज्य किया तथा हम सैकड़ों वर्षों तक गुलामी की जंजीरों में जकड़े रहे। विदेशी शासकों ने बड़ी कूटनीति से हमारी भावनात्मक एकता को खंडित कर दिया। उन्होंने भारतीय संस्कृति से भारतीयों को विमुख करने का जो चक्र चलाया, वह आज भी जारी है। आज भी हम अपनी संस्कृति एवं जीवन दर्शन से दूर होकर पश्चिम की चकाचौंध से प्रभावित होकर अपने जीवन-मूल्यों को भूल बैठे हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भारत को अनेकताओं का देश कहकर क्यों संबोधित किया गया है?
2) भारत की उपमा एक पुष्पहार से क्यों दी जाती है?
3) भारत में अनेक प्रकार की विविधताएँ होते हुए भी उसकी एकता किन बातों से प्रकट होती है?
4) पश्चिम की चकाचौंध के कारण हम किसे भूल बैठे हैं?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) भारत के अनेक धर्मों, विश्वासों, मत-मतांतरों तथा संस्कृतियों के संगम को देखकर इसे ‘अनेकताओं’ का देश कहकर पुकारा गया है।
2) जैसे रंग बिरंगे पुष्पों को पुष्पहार में पिरोया जाता है वैसे ही भारत भी विभिन्न विविधताओं के होते हुए भी अखण्ड रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है।
3) हमारी जीवन मीमांसा, रहन-सहन, साहित्य, धार्मिक विश्वास, पूजा-पद्धति, देवी-देवता, तीर्थ स्थान, संगीत भारत की एकता को प्रकट करते हैं।
4) पश्चिम की चकाचौंध से प्रभावित होकर हम अपने जीवन मूल्यों को भूल बैठे हैं।
5) ‘अनेकता में एकता’।

You can Download Chapter 2 The Story of Human Evolution Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 2 The Story of Human Evolution

1st PUC History The Story of Human Evolution One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
From which language is the term ‘human’ derived?
Answer:
The term ‘human’ is derived from the Latin word ‘humanus’.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of the term ‘homo’?
Answer:
‘Homo’ is a Latin word meaning ‘man’ (inclusive of woman). It’s adjective form is ‘humanus’.

Question 3.
When did the Earth originate?
Answer:
Earth was formed at least 4.5 billion years ago.

Question 4.
Which was the book written by Charles Darwin?
Answers:
The book ‘Origin of Species’ was written by Charles Darwin.

Question 5.
When did human-like beings evolve on the earth?
Answer:
About 5.6 Million years ago, the emergence of genus Homo, brought human-like beings on earth.

Question 6.
How many years were required for the genus Homo to evolve from the Super family Hominoidea?
Answer:
It took 30 million years for genus Homo to evolve from the Super family Hominoidea.

Question 7.
When did genus Homo come into existence?
Answer:
5.6 million years ago, genus Homo came into existence.

Question 8.
Which human species was the first to manufacture stone tools?
Answer:
Homo habilis were the first to manufacture and use stone tools.

Question 9.
What was bipedalism?
Answer:
Bipedalism means walking or running on two feet.

Question 10.
Which is the Galaxy where our Earth is a part of?
Answer:
Our Earth is a small object in the Galaxy called the “Milky Way”.

Question 11.
How many years did the earth remain in a molten state?
Answer:
Earth remained in the molten state for Millions of years.

Question 12.
What did the gases released by the Volcanoes create?
Answer:
The gases released by the Volcanoes created the primordial atmosphere.

Question 13.
How many years ago did the Protozoa originate in water?
Answer:
About 500 million years ago.

Question 14.
How are the Hominoida super family species called?
Answer:
Hominoida super family species are called as ‘Hominoids’.

Question 15.
What was the brain size of the Homo erectus species?
Answer:
The Homo erectus species had a brain size of 800-1100cc.

Question 16.
Where did the Hominoids live?
Answer:
The Hominoids lived on trees.

Question 17.
When did the Homo habilis live on earth?
Answer:
The Homo habilis lived on earth about 2 million years ago.

Question 18.
Where were the fossils of Homo habilis discovered?
Answer:
Their fossils were discovered in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania by Louis Leaky and his team.

Question 19.
What is the other name for Homo habilis?
Answer:
The Homo habilis were also called as the ‘Handyman’ because of their well-developed hands.

Question 20.
What is Archaic?
Answer:
Archaic means a very early form prior to full development or very old and no longer in usage.

Question 21.
What did the advent of agriculture promote?
Answer:
The advent of agriculture promoted Neolithic revolution.

Question 22.
Which theory can be seen as the evidence to the evolution of different species?
Answer:
‘Survival of fittest’ can be seen as evidence to the evolution of different species.

Question 23.
Which species are capable of existing on land and water?
Answer:
Amphibians are capable of existing on land as well as in water.

1st PUC History The Story of Human Evolution Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two theories of origin and evolution of Earth.
Answer:

1. The Pulsating theory.
2. The Big Bang theory.

Question 2.
Which were the two important factors responsible for the formation of Earth’s weather and climate?
Answer:
Earth initially when formed, was a white-hot mass of molten rock. It had frequent volcanic eruptions and plenty of collisions with comets and meteors. One such large collision is believed to have caused the Earth’s tilt and the formation of the moon. These are a couple of important factors along with many others, which formulated the weather and climate of the Earth.

Question 3.
Which were the two Chemicals responsible for the origin of life?
Answer:
Hydrogen and Carbon which were present in the atmosphere were responsible for that.

Question 4.
Which were the two theories proposed by Charles Darwin?
Answer:
‘The theory of natural selection’ and ‘Survival of the fittest’ were his theories.

Question 5.
Which two animals are considered to be the nearest relatives of humans?
Answer:
Chimpanzees and Bonobos are the closest relatives of the human beings.

Question 6.
Where do we find evidence for the earliest planned hunting and butchery of large animals?
Answer:
The Earliest evidence of planned hunting and butchery of large animals are found at two sites.

1. Boxgrove in England is dated to about 5,00,000 years ago.
2. Schoningen in Germany is dated to about 4,00,000 years ago.

Question 7.
What does the Steady State Theory state?
Answer:
The Steady-State Theory states that the Galaxies are continuously being formed, filling empty spaces in the Universe.

Question 8.
What does the Pulsating Theory state?
Answer:
The Pulsating Theory states that the Universe expands and then contracts continuously. The repeated expansion and contraction is like a ‘Pulse’.

Question 9.
What does the Big Bang Theory state?
Answer:
The Big Bang Theory states that all the matter in the universe was present at a single place in the form of a hot and dense fireball. A big bang scattered it in all directions creating galaxies.

Question 10.
What are Hominoids?
Answer:
All the species belonging to the Hominoidea Super Family are called Hominoids. They lived on trees. The trees provided them protection from the predators. The Hominoids were food gatherers. They procured food by gathering seeds, nuts, fruits, berries, tubers, etc. they were not meat-eaters.

Question 11.
Mention the two divergent theories about the place of origin of the Humans.
Answer:
The two divergent theories are:

1. The Replacement or African origin theory.
2. The Regional Continuity theory.

Question 12.
What is Adaptation?
Answer:
Change in the behaviour of a person or a group, in response to new or modified surroundings is called Adaptation.

Question 13.
What are Species?
Answer:
It is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Humans, Gorillas, and Gibbons are some examples of different species.

Question 14.
What are Hominids?
Answer:
The species belonging to the Hominidae family are called Hominids. e.g. Humans, Chimpanzees, and Bonobos. The change in climate or ice age had reduced the forests area and they were forced to come on to land to procure food and they gradually adapted to live on land.

1st PUC History The Story of Human Evolution Five Mark Questions And Answers

Question 1.
How was the Earth’s Crust formed?
Answer:
The Earth remained in the molten state for many million years and then began to cool. The volcanic activity got reduced considerably. The gradual cooling of the Earth made the outer side to become solid rock, which is called Earth’s Crust. Further cooling made the Earth’s crust to contract resulting in the formation of mountains and valleys. They are like folds and wrinkles appearing on an apple which is left to dry for a few days. The gases released by Volcanoes created the primordial atmosphere.

The crust was still hot and water was in the form of steam. Further cooling condensed the steam to form clouds and then rains began to pour in torrents. This continuous downpour formed lakes, rivers, oceans, and seas. The rains and winds eroded the valleys and mountains. The erosion formed rocks to break and form tiny particles of sand and mud. The continuous erosion formed soil and the ocean floor.

Question 2.
How was food and shelter responsible for Human Evolution?
Answer:
Hominoids lived on trees. The trees provided them protection from the predators. The Hominoids were food gatherers. They procured food by gathering seeds, nuts, fruits, berries, tubers, etc. They were not meat-eaters. Hominids adapted to land-dwelling.

They began to use caves and extended stone boulders as shelters. These shelters on land provided them with considerable safety from the predators and from rain, wind and the sun. The Neanderthal man was the earliest cave dweller.

The shortage of food made them to scavenge for food. They covered long distances to forage or scavenge for naturally dead animals or leftovers of animals killed by predators. The above activities made them gradually develop an upright posture and consequently the bipedal motion.

This was required for survival. Hominines and the archaic human species added planned hunting and fishing to the already existing gathering, foraging and scavenging techniques. Planned hunting and making tools stimulated the growth in the brain size. The growth in brain size in turn helped them to plan and make better tools.

Question 3.
What was the role of domestication of animals and agriculture in Human Evolution?
Answer:
Domestication of animals was followed by the commencement of agriculture. Humans who were food gatherers and hunters till then now became food growers or food producers. They were prepared to overcome the effects of climate changes like the ice age by adapting to the domestication of animals and agriculture.

Dogs are believed to be the first animals to be domesticated as they were continuously hanging around the hunters’ camps to pick up bones and scraps of meat. They developed a bond and dogs were domesticated. This was followed by sheep, goat, cow, cat, camel, and horse.

Dogs helped humans in hunting and guarding their shelters. The rearing of animals made humans, nomads. Commencement of agriculture is considered as a revolutionary change in the history of human evolution. This was an important aspect of the Neolithic age. Humans began to grow various crops like wheat, rice, millets, etc.

The practice of agriculture is not more than 13,000 years old. It made them lead a settled life. This resulted in the formation of human settlements termed villages and later towns. Villages and towns were the foundations of civilizations.

Question 4.
What role did bipedalism and stone tools play in Human evolution?
Answer:
The Hominoids were quadrupeds. They walked on all four limbs, but, their forelimbs were flexible. The Hominids gradually adapted an upright posture. Hominines further adapted to bipedalism. The skeletal structure and the muscles also adjusted over a period of time to the upright posture and the bipedal motion, which freed the forelimbs.

The forelimbs developed precision grip and power grip and evolved into hands. This greatly helped in hunting and defending from predators as hands could be used to make tools and also use them. Walking on two legs also provided a greater long-distance vision and helped them to cover long distances without spending much energy.

The use of tools is not confined to only humans. For e.g. some monkeys and apes use stones as tools to break nuts. But use of tools by humans is far more advanced compared to the monkeys and apes. Wood, bones, and stones were used to make tools. They were mainly used for hunting or defending from predators. The use of stone tools is studied as the Stone Age in history.

The making and use of stones tools were responsible to the evolution of forelimbs into hands and also the growth in brain size. The oldest known stone tools are the ‘Oldowan stone tools’ from Ethiopia which are dated to a period 2.6 million years ago. The skill and advancement in making stone tools have made historians to classify the Stone Age as Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stone ages.

In the course of time, humans began to produce metals from ores and make copper, bronze and iron tools which are studied in history as the respective metal ages. The Australopithecus species is said to have first used the naturally available stones as tools. But, the making of stone tools from naturally available stones and using them is positively identified to have begun with Homo habilis.

Question 5.
Discuss the place of origin of the modern man.
Answer:
The place of origin of the humans or modern man is a much-debated issue. There are two divergent theories.

1. The Replacement or African origin Theory.
2. The Regional Continuity theory.

The Replacement (or) African origin theory:
According to this theory, modern human species evolved from the archaic species in Africa. Africa with its nurturing tropical climate consisting of strong wet and dry seasons provided an optimum environment for the emergence of the modern human species. Some of them migrated to different regions of the world at different points of time. They replaced the earlier human-like species in these regions.

The discovery of fossils of the early human species in Africa and the genetic and anatomical homogeneity among the modern humans in all parts of the world are evidence for this theory. The Regional continuity theory: According to this theory, the evolution of different human species from the earlier species occurred in all regions of the world. It occurred in Europe and Asia also as it occurred in Africa. The evolution proceeded at different rates in different regions. The dissimilarities among the human populations in different regions of the world, serve as evidence to this theory.

Question 6.
Explain the origin and evolution of Earth.
Answer:
There are many theories regarding the origin of earth. But it has not been conclusively proven. The theories only try to unravel the mystery of the origin of the Earth. Some of them are religious or philosophical and the others are scientific. Among the scientific theories like the Steady Earth theory, the Big Bang theory, the Pulsating theory, etc.

The Big Bang theory is the more popular and widely accepted one. Earth is one of the planets in our solar system. But it is the only planet on which life has evolved. Earth is said to have been formed at least 4.5 billion years ago. The temperature then was so high that it was a white-hot mass of molten rock.

It witnessed frequent volcanic eruptions and large collisions. A large number of comets and meteors collided with the earth in its early years of evolution. One such large collision is believed to have caused the earth’s tilt and the formation of the Moon. These factors along with many others formulated the weather and climate of the earth.

The crust was still hot and water was in the form of steam. Further cooling condensed the steam to form clouds and then rains began to pour in torrents. This continuous downpour formed lakes, rivers, oceans, and seas. The rains and winds eroded the valleys and Mountains. The erosion formed rocks to break and form tiny particles of sand and mud. The continuous erosion formed soil and the ocean floor.

Question 7.
Explain the origin and evolution of human life on earth.
Answer:
About 700 million years ago, the basic chemicals in the earth’s atmosphere, namely Hydrogen and Carbon combined to form life in the water. This slowly evolved into primitive water plants. They began to grow and occupy the shallow and warm seas. The water plants gradually adapted themselves and began to encroach on to the land.

About 500 million years ago, Protozoa originated in water. It is considered to be the first form of animal life. Then single-cell beings became multicellular. The primitive life forms like photosynthetic bacteria released oxygen into the atmosphere as they evolved, which made earth more habitable for higher life forms to originate.

Water creatures appeared. Insects and Amphibians came into existence. The Amphibians were capable of existing on land and water as well. Then the reptiles appeared and some of the species among them adapted to become birds. All this diversified life forms took about 400 million years to evolve.

Mammals evolved about 200 million years ago. Horses, Camels, Dogs, etc. evolved around 50 million years ago. Primates made their appearance 36 million years ago. Hominoids evolved and human-like creatures came upon earth’s surface about 5.6 million years ago.

Question 8.
Explain the family tree of the extant species.
Answer:

1. The super family Hominoidea branched into Hominidae and Hylobatidae families. The species of the respective families are called Hominids and Hylobatids. The Hominids that is, Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos, Gorillas and Orangutans, diverged away from the Hylobatids that is Gibbons.

2. The Hominidae family branched into Homininae and Ponginae subfamilies. The species of the respective subfamilies were called Hominines and Pongines. The Hominines that is, humans, Chimpanzees, and Bonobos and Gorillas diverged away from the Pongines that is the Orangutans.

3. The Homininae subfamily branched into Hominini and Gorillini tribes. Humans, Chimpanzees, and bonobos branched away from the Gorillas.

4. The Hominini tribe branched into Genus Homo and Genus Pan. That is, the ancestral human species branched away from the Chimpanzees and the Bonobos. As such, Chimpanzees and Bonobos are the closest relatives of the Humans. The evolution of genus Homo from the super family Hominoidea took about 30 million years. The emergence of genus Homo brought human-like creatures on the earth’s surface about 5.6 million years ago.

1st PUC History The Story of Human Evolution Ten Mark Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the important factors of human evolution.
Answer:
The changing cycles of climate and weather have greatly affected the human evolution to a very large extent. The last 6 to 8 million years have generally seen cooling trends marked by recurring ice ages. The onset of the ice age around 2.5 million years ago covered most parts of Earth with snow and there were major changes in climate and vegetation.

The species which could adapt better to the climatic changes and procure food survived and the others became extinct. The ice age or glacial age-induced the early humans to wear animal skins to keep themselves warm. Many times, new species originated, which adapted better than the earlier ones.

The early species Australopithecus faced gradual extinction and genus Homo (early man) which was better adapted to drier conditions survived. The last ice age witnessed by earth was about 20,000 years ago. Today, we are living in a time that is relatively warm compared to the last 6 to 8 million years. The weather and climate of the earth has played an important role in the origin, evolution, and existence of various species.

Human species evolved larger and complex brains to overcome the environmental challenges and survive against physically powerful animals. The size of the brain in the Homo habilis was 600 cubic centimeters, which was only slightly larger than that of Chimpanzees. The Homo erectus had a brain size of 800 – 1100 cc, the Neanderthal 1200-1900 cc and the Homo sapiens (wise man) of today about 1400cc.

It is more than twice the size of the brains of Chimpanzees or Gorillas. The growth in the brain size induced many activities like improved vision, upright posture, bipedalism, toolmaking, use of fire, planned and skilled hunting, storing food and language.

These activities helped in the development of the brain. Hominoids lived on trees which provided them protection from the predators. The Hominoids were food gatherers and not meat-eaters. Then, they adapted to land-dwelling. They began to use caves and extended stone boulders as shelters.

The Neanderthal man was the earliest cave dweller. The shortage of food made them to scavenge for food. The above activities made them gradually develop an upright posture and consequently the bipedal motion. This was required for survival.

Hominines and the archaic human species added planned hunting and fishing to the already existing gathering, foraging, and scavenging techniques. The earliest evidence of planned hunting and butchery of large animals is traced to two sites.

1. Box grove in England dated to about 50,0000 years ago.
2. Schoningen in Germany dated to about 4,00,000 years ago.

The Hominoids were quadrupeds. They walked on all four limbs, but, their forelimbs were flexible. The Hominids gradually adapted an upright posture. Hominines further adapted to bipedalism. The skeletal structure and the muscles also adjusted over a period of time to the upright posture and the bipedal motion, which freed the forelimbs.

The forelimbs developed precision grip and power grip and evolved into hands. This greatly helped in hunting and defending from predators as hands could be used to make tools and also use them. Walking on two legs also provided a greater long-distance vision and helped them to cover long distances without spending much energy.

The use of tools is not confined to only humans. For e.g. some monkeys and apes use stones as tools to break nuts. But use of tools by humans is far more advanced compared to the monkeys and apes. Wood, bones, and stones were used to make tools. They were mainly used for hunting or defending from predators. The use of stone tools is studied as the Stone Age in history.

The making and use of stones tools were responsible for the evolution of forelimbs into hands and also the growth in brain size. As planned hunting required co-operation and communication between the hunters, signaling and creating sounds evolved, which slowly developed into languages. The domestication of animals and the commencement of agriculture were other major factors in the human evolution.

Question 2.
Explain briefly the evolution of man.
Answer:
The study of human evolution is complicated. It involves many. disciplines including Anthropology, Primatology, Archaeology, Linguistics, Embryology, and Genetics. Discovery of human fossils, stone tools, and cave paintings serve as evidence for the study of evolution. Most of such fossils discovered are of extinct species.

They provide a link to the extant species. The fossils which provide evidence to the evolution of man are usually secured by chance. The process of recovery of the Fossils is a very painstaking and laborious task. Fossils are dated directly through chemical analysis or the sediments in which the fossils were buried are chemically analyzed for dating.

Many unanswered questions are being understood with the unearthing of new data and the development of science. The theory of Natural Selection proposed by Darwin, in his famous book, ‘The Origin of Species’ has greatly helped in the construction of the story of evolution.

His theory ‘Survival of fittest’ can be seen as evidence to the evolution and extinction of different species. The reconstruction of human history becomes very difficult as the source or evidence are very ancient, most of the times running into thousands of years.

The ancestral species of all the present Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos, Gorillas, Orang¬utans and Gibbons belong to the super family, Hominoidea. They are classified as Primates. They branched out of the Mammals about 36 million years ago. All the species belonging to the Hominoidea Super family are called Hominoids.

1. The Super family Hominoidea branched into Hominidae and Hylobatidae families. The species of the respective families are called Hominids and Hylobatids. The Hominids that is, Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos, Gorillas and Orang-utans, diverged away from the Hylobatids that is Gibbons.

2. The Hominidae family branched into Homininae and Ponginae subfamilies. The species of the respective subfamilies were called Hominines and Pongines. The Hominines that is, Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos and Gorillas diverged away from the Pongines that is the Orang-utans.

3. The Homininae subfamily branched into Hominini and Gorillini tribes. Humans, Chimpanzees, and bonobos branched away from the Gorillas.

4. The Hominini tribe branched into Genus Homo and Genus Pan. That is, the ancestral human species branched away from the Chimpanzees and the Bonobos. As such, Chimpanzees and Bonobos are the closest relatives of the Humans. The evolution of genus Homo from the super family Hominoidea took about 30 million years. The emergence of genus Homo brought human-like creatures on the earth’s surface about 5.6 million years ago.

Question 3.
Mention the different stages of Human Evolution.
Answer:
About 700 million years ago, the basic chemicals in the earth’s atmosphere, namely – Hydrogen and Carbon combined to form life in the water. This slowly evolved into primitive water plants. They began to grow and occupy the shallow and warm seas. The water plants gradually adapted themselves and began to encroach on to the land. About 500 million years ago, Protozoa originated in water.

It is considered to be the first form of animal life. Then single-cell beings became multicellular. The primitive life forms like photosynthetic bacteria released oxygen into the atmosphere as they evolved, which made earth more habitable for higher life forms to originate.

Water creatures appeared. Insects and Amphibians came into existence. The Amphibians were capable of existing on land and water as well. Then the reptiles appeared and some of the species among them adapted to become birds. All this diversified life forms took about 400 million years to evolve.

Mammals evolved about 200 million years ago. Horses, Camels, Dogs, etc. evolved around 50 million years ago. Primates made their appearance 36 million years ago. Hominoids evolved and human-like creatures came upon earth’s surface about 5.6 million years ago.

1. The super family Hominoidea branched into Hominidae and Hylobatidae families. The • species of the respective families are called Hominids and Hylobatids. The Hominids, that is, Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos, Gorillas and Orang-utans, diverged away from the Hylobatids that is Gibbons.

2. The Hominidae family branched into Homininae and Ponginae subfamilies. The species of the respective subfamilies were called Hominines and Pongines. The Hominines that is, Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos and Gorillas diverged away from the Pongines that is the Orang-utans.

3. The Homininae subfamily branched into Hominini and Gorillini tribes. Humans, Chimpanzees, and bonobos branched away from the Gorillas.

4. The Hominini tribe branched into Genus Homo and Genus Pan. That is, the ancestral human species branched away from the Chimpanzees and the Bonobos. As such, Chimpanzees and Bonobos are the closest relatives of the Humans.

The evolution of genus Homo from the super family Hominoidea took about 30 million years. The emergence of genus Homo brought human-like creatures on the earth’s surface about 5.6 million years ago. Today we are living in a time that is relatively warm compared to the last 6 to 8 million years.

The weather and climate of the earth has played an important role in the origin and evolution and the existence of various species. Human species evolved larger and complex brains to overcome the environmental challenges and survive against physically powerful animals.

The size of the brain in the Homo habilis was 600 cubic centimeters, which was only slightly larger than that of Chimpanzees. The homo Erectus had a brain size of 800 -1100 cc, the Neanderthal 1200 -1900 cc and the Homo sapiens (wise man) of today about 1400cc.

It is more than twice the size of the brains of Chimpanzees or Gorillas. The growth in the brain size induced many activities like improved vision, upright posture, bipedalism, toolmaking, use of fire, planned and skilled hunting, storing food and language.

These activities helped in the development of the brain. Hominoids lived on trees which provided them protection from the predators. The Hominoids were food gatherers and not meat-eaters. Then, they adapted to land-dwelling. They began to use caves and extended stone boulders as shelters. The Neanderthal man was the earliest cave dweller. The shortage of food made them to scavenge for food.

The above activities made them gradually develop an upright posture and consequently the bipedal motion. This was required for survival. Hominines and the archaic human species added planned hunting and fishing to the already existing gathering, foraging, and scavenging techniques. The earliest evidence of planned hunting and butchery of large animals is traced to two sites.

1. Box grove in England dated to about 50,0000 years ago
2. Schoningen in Germany dated to about 4,00,000 years ago.

The Hominoids were quadrupeds. They walked on all four limbs, but, their forelimbs were flexible. The Hominids gradually adapted an upright posture. Hominines further adapted to bipedalism. The skeletal structure and the muscles also adjusted over a period of time to the upright posture and the bipedal motion, which freed the forelimbs.

The forelimbs developed precision grip and power grip and evolved into hands. This greatly helped in hunting and defending from predators as hands could be used to make tools and also use them. Walking on two legs also provided a greater long-distance vision and helped them to cover long distances without spending much energy.

Place of Origin of the Humans.
The place of origin of the humans or modem man is a much-debated issue. There are two divergent theories.

1. The Replacement or African origin Theory
2. The Regional Continuity theory.

Replacement or African origin theory:
According to this theory, the modern human species evolved from the archaic species in Africa. Africa with its nurturing tropical climate consisting of strong wet and dry seasons provided an optimum environment for the emergence of modern human species.

The Regional continuity theory:
According to this theory the evolution of different human species from the earlier species occurred in all regions of the world. It occurred in Europe and Asia also, as it occurred in Africa.

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Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 8 Judiciary

1st PUC Political Science Judiciary One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is judiciary.
Answer:
It is the third branch of government, which settles disputes. It is there for the administration of justice.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of an integrated judicial system?
Answer:
There is only one judicial system throughout the country. It is called an integrated judicial system.

Question 3.
Who appoints the Chief Justice of India the Supreme court?
Answer:
President.

Question 4.
Who appoints judges of the High courts?
Answer:
President.

Question 5.
Which is the apex court?
Answer:
Supreme court is the apex court.

Question 6.
What is an appeal?
Answer:
A person can go to a higher court against the decisions of the subordinate courts is called appeal.

Question 7.
Who appoints the judges of the district courts?
Answer:
Governor appoints the judges with the consultation of the high court.

Question 8.
Which is the final court of appeal?
Answer:
Supreme Court is the final court of appeal.

Question 9.
How many High courts are there in India?
Answer:
There are 21 high courts are there in India.

Question 10.
Who is the guardian of the constitution?
Answer:
Judiciary.

Question 11.
What is Lok Adalat?
Answer:
Providing justice quickly and at an affordable price is called Lok Adalat.

Question 12.
Expand PIL.
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation.

Question 13.
What is the meaning of an independent judiciary?
Answer:
It is one that is free from legislative and executive control.

Question 14.
Who is the chief justice of the supreme court of India?
Answer:
Sadashivam is the chief justice of the Supreme court.

Question 15.
Who is the chief justice of the High court of Karnataka?
Answer:
Waghela is the chief justice of the high court.

Question 16.
In which country did PIL originated.
Answer:
PIL has been originated in America.

Question 17.
Where was the family court first established?
Answer:
Family court was first established in America.

Question 18.
When was the family court Act enacted in India?
Answer:
Family courts act was enacted in India on 14th September 1984.

Question 19.
How many family courts are there in India?
Answer:
There are 190 family courts in India.

Question 20.
How many family courts are there in Karnataka?
Answer:
There are 12 family courts in Karnataka.

Question 21.
When did the Supreme court of India come into existence?
Answer:
1950.

Question 22.
Name the highest judicial tribunal in India.
Answer:
Supreme Court.

Question 23.
What is the main function of judiciary?
Answer:
It exists, in short for the administration of justice.

Question 24.
Who appoints Judges of Supreme Court in India?
Answer:
President appoints in consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court.

Question 25.
What is the term of office of the Chief Justice and other judges of Supreme Court?
Answer:
The term of office of the Chief Justice and other judges of Supreme Court is till they complete 65 years of age.

Question 26.
Mention one administrative function of district judge.
Answer:
The district judge in his administrative capacity exercises supervision over all the civil courts in the district.

Question 27.
Mention one way in which Supreme Court has been made independent from the influence of executive.
Answer:
Though the appointment of judges is made by the President, the latter can’t remove them from service before the age of retirement.

Question 28.
Mention one way in which Supreme Court has been made independent from the influence of legislature.
Answer:
The salaries and allowances of judges have been declared to be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and as such these can’t be put to vote in Parliament.

Question 29.
What is judicial review?
Answer:
It is the power of the judiciary to declare any law passed by legislature as unconstitutional if it is not according to Constitution.

Question 30.
What is the retirement age of the Judge of a High Court?
Answer:
62 years.

Question 31.
Who enjoys the law interpreting power in a state?
Answer:
Judiciary.

Question 32.
Who is called the guardian of the constitution?
Answer:
Judiciary.

Question 33.
Who is the defender of the federation?
Answer:
Judiciary.

Question 34.
Who is called the ‘neutral umpire’ in a federation?
Answer:
Judiciary.

Question 35.
Who appoints the judge of the Supreme court?
Answer:
President.

Question 36.
What is the retirement age of a Supreme court judge?
Answer:
65 years.

Question 37.
Name two grounds on which a judge of the Supreme Court can be removed.
Answer:
Proven misbehavior or incapacity.

Question 38.
Who is the head of the judicial establishment of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Chief justice.

Question 39.
Mention any two writ petitions.
Answer:
Habeas Corpus and Mandamus.

Question 40.
Mention any two Subordinate courts.
Answer:
Civil and criminal courts, Revenue and consumer courts.

Question 41.
What is Rule Adjudication?
Answer:
It means the task of interpreting the constitution.

1st PUC Political Science Judiciary Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is judicial review?
Answer:
The Supreme court has the power of declaring a law made by the legislature or an executive action as ultra vires (intra vires) or null and void or unconstitutional if it is not in tune with the provisions of the constitution or violative of the fundamental law of the land.

Question 2.
Mention the qualification required to become a district judge.
Answer:

1. He must be a citizen of India.
2. He must worked as an advocate for 7 years. (OR)
3. Must be in central or state services.

Question 3.
Write about the salary and benefits given to the Supreme Court judge.
Answer:
Chief Justice of supreme court gets 1 Lakh Rs salary per month and other judges 90,000.

Question 4.
Name the subordinate’s court.
Answer:

1. District courts.
2. Revenue courts
3. Consumer courts
4. Lok Adalat
5. Family courts.

Question 5.
What is a consumer court?
Answer:
The 1986 Act proposed establishment of consumer courts at taluk, district, state and national level with a view to redress consumer grievances. These courts are called “Consumer Disputes Redressal Forums” The relief provided by these courts will not be in the form of punishment instead, suitable relief is given in the form of return of goods, return of money along with penal interest etc.

Question 6.
What is revenue court?
Answer:
The courts which deals with the cases relating to the maintenance of land records its assessment and collection of land revenue are called revenue courts. The revenue courts are organized as below.

1. The boards of revenue
2. The commissioner’s court
3. The collectors court
4. Tahsildar’s court

Question 7.
What is family court?
Answer:
A court which decide the matters and make orders on family issues such as marriage divorce, child, custody and family maintenance is called family court.

Question 8.
What are the qualifications to become the Judge of High Court in India? or mention the qualifications required to become a Judge of High Court?
Answer:
A person to be appointed as a Judge of the High Court must possess the following qualifications.

• He must be a citizen of India.
• Held a judicial office for at least 10 years.
• practiced as an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of the Supreme Court Judges ?
Answer:
He/She must be a citizen of India, or must have been a judge of one or more High court for 5 successive years, or must have been an advocate of one or more High courts for ten successive years, or in the opinion of the president a distinguished jurist.

Question 10.
What is contempt of court?
Answer:
An individual or the government if violates the orders of the High court, it may impose fine or imprisonment for showing disrespect to its orders.

Question 11.
How is PIL filed?
Answer:
A PIL can be filed by the aggrieved party or any organization before the supreme court or high court.

Question 12.
What is a Lok Adalat?
Answer:
In order to provide justice at die earliest and also at an affordable price, Lok Adalat is established. These courts simplify the procedures and process to make it easily understood and accessible to general public. The retired judges act as the Chairman of Lok adalats. When two contending parties put forward their argument, based on facts and verification of witness, judgment is delivered. The most striking aspect of Lok adalat is the absence of a lawyer or pleader. There is no role for a lawyer in lok adalat. Lok adalat, which began in 1985 for the first time, resulted in settlement of 150 disputes in a single day. .The Lok Adalat was set up to deal with labour, compensation, family law, personal law7, sendee, land acquisition and other matters.

Question 13.
What is advisory function of the Supreme Court (Judiciary)?
Answer:
The Supreme Court can render legal advice to the Government of India. The President of India can ask for a legal opinion from the Supreme Court on a question of law or public opinion

Question 14.
State the qualifications to become a Judge of Supreme Court of India.
Answer:

1. Should be a citizen of India.
2. Should have worked as a Judge in any High Court for 5 years.
3. Should have Worked as an advocate in the High Court for at least 10 years.
4. Should be an eminent jurist.

Question 15.
Explain the appellate and revisery jurisdiction of High Court.
Answer:
It means that the appeals against the verdicts of the district courts can be brought to the High Court. The revisery jurisdiction explains that High Court can withdraw cases from subordinate courts for its own consideration.

Question 16.
Mention grounds on which a Judge of the Supreme Court can he removed.
Answer:
A judge of Supreme court can be removed from service by die President for proven mis behaviour or incapacity only if Parliament passes a resolution for such removal by 2/3 majority of its members present and voting.

Question 17.
How the independence of judiciary is maintained in India?
Answer:

1. The judges are appointed by the President and cant be removed by him.
2. Salaries and perks can’t be reduced during their term of office.
3. Conduct of the judges can’t be discussed in Parliament except for launching proceedings for impeachment.

Question 18.
Why judiciary is important?
Answer:
Judiciary is important because

1. It interprets and applies the laws.
2. It provides impartial justice.
3. It protects the rights of the people.
4. It safeguards liberty.
5. It is essential for a federation.

Question 19.
Why judiciary is important in modern days?
Answer:
Mere body of laws and their enforcement will not bring justice to people. Application of the laws and adjudication of disputes alone will bring justice to the people. Hence, the judiciary plays an important role in modem days.

Question 20.
What are judge made laws?
Answer:
Judges mould and expand the law consciously and unconsciously while interpreting and applying the existing law. These are known as judge made laws or case laws.

Question 21.
What is advisory power of the Supreme court?
Answer:
Article 143 confers the power of advisory opinion, the President of India may seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme court on the matter which is, in his opinion, important and necessary such as disputes arising out of treaty of agreement. However, the advice of the Supreme court is purley advisory in nature and it is up to the executive to accept it or not.

Question 22.
Mention any two miscellaneous functions of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
The following are the miscellaneous functions of the Supreme court:

1. The Supreme court has the power of regulating the practice and procedure of the court.
2. It appoints its own clerical establishment and exercises supervision over lower courts.
3. The Supreme court decides matters relating to the election of the President and Vice-president.
4. The Supreme court if satisfied, may withdraw a case on its own or on appeal pending before one or more High courts on a matter involving substantial question of law of general importance (Article 139)
5. The Supreme court, if necessary, can transfer any case pending before any High court to any other High court
6. The Supreme Court may also transfer a criminal case from one High court to the other.

Question 23.
How does the Supreme Court act as a guardian of the constitution?
Answer:
The Supreme Court protects the constitution against the violation of its provision either by the government or by the people. It is the responsibility of the Supreme Court to see that the laws of the constitution are respected and adhered to by all in India. By acting as the watch tower of the constitution, it checks against the violation of laws. As guardian of the constitution, the Supreme Court also exercises the power of interpreting the contents of the constitution. Any matter relating to technical interpretation of details or definitions of terms in the constitution is the sole prerogative of the Supreme Court.

Question 24.
How does Supreme Court act as the defender of the federation?
Answer:
The constitution vests the power of settling the disputes and problems between the centre and the states. In order to prevent the conflict of power between the two, the Supreme court interprets the laws, which help in maintaining the unity of the federation.

Question 25.
Write a note on the organization of the Indian Judiciary.
Answer:
The head of the judicial system is the Supreme Court of India. Below the Supreme Court, there are High courts at the state level. There are other courts such as District and Sessions Court, Metropolitan Magistrates court. Court of sessions, Munisiff’s court, etc., and courts below the High court are called ‘Subordinate courts’ and they are under the control of the High court. The Supreme Court is the ‘apex court’ of the land and the highest court of appeal on all matters civil, criminal or constitutional. A law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts throughout the territory of India.

Question 26.
How a judge of the Supreme court in India can be removed from office?
Answer:
Judges of the Supreme court can be removed from office cm charges on proven misbehaviour or incapacity (Article 124) through the process of impeachment. He may be removed on the above grounds as follows:

A motion of removal addressed to the President signed at least by 100 members of the Lok sabha or 50 members of the Rajya sabha is given to the Speaker or Chairman. The committee consisting of 3 members (2 Supreme court judges and one distinguished jurist) finds the judge guilty, the motion as well as the report of the committee is taken up for consideration in the house where the motion originates. The motion is passed in each house by a two third majority Of the total membership of each house addressed to the President. If the President gives his order for removal, the judge stands removed.

Question 27.
What is special leave jurisdiction?
Answer:
Article 136 confers a special power in the hands of the Supreme court to grant special leave. In hearing appeals the Supreme Court may grant Special Leave petition against any judgment or order made by any court or tribunal, except military tribunal, in a case. The decision is entirely left to the discretion of the Supreme Court. This power, however, is to be used only under exceptional circumstances like matters involving general public interest or in cases of grave injustice or cases in which no appeal is otherwise provided by law.

Question 28.
What is a court of record?
Answer:
The proceedings and judgments of the Supreme Court are kept preserved to be made use of in future cases and judgments, whenever necessary by the lower courts. Those decisions are authoritative records on law whose validity cannot be questioned in any court. The courts of records also have the power to correct its own clerical errors.

Question 29.
How are the judges of the Supreme court appointed?
Answer:
The President of India appoints the judges of the Supreme court on the advice of the council of minister in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Article 124 which deals with the appointment of judges, makes it obligatory on the part of the President of India to consult the Chief Justice of India.

In appointing the Chief Justice of India, the President shall, besides the advice of the council of ministers, consult the judges of the Supreme Court and the High courts if he considers it necessary. But, neither the constitution nor the law provides for Chief Justice’s recommendation as to his successor. It is a practice sanctioned by convention.
Normally, the Chief Justice of India is appointed from among the senior most judges of the Supreme Court.

Question 30.
What is the composition of the High court?
Answer:
The High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges appointed from time to time by the President. The President may appoint additional judges for a temporary period of two years if the work is heavy in the High court. He may also appoint a acting judge when a permanent judge is temporarily absent.

Question 31.
How is a judge of the High court appointed?
Answer:
The President in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the concerned state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court appoints the judge of the High court.

Question 32.
How is the judge of the High court removed from office?
Answer:
A judge of the High court is removed from his office in the similar way as that of the judge of the Supreme Court. By an address of both houses of parliament by a two third majority of the total membership of the house and by a vote of not less than two third majority of the members present on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity (Article 217).

Question 33.
There is no legal practice after retirement for a judge. Why?
Answer:
A judge of the high court is not entitled to practice on retirement in any court except the Supreme Court and any high court other than the one where he held office (Article 220).

Question 34.
What is a revenue court?
Answer:
Revenue courts are established in each district to settle disputes relating to the payment of revenue. Tahsildar acts as a judge at the taluk level.

Question 35.
Write a note on the consumer’s court.
Answer:
The courts which are established to protect the interest of consumers in the market are called consumers court. The consumer courts are formed as below.

1. Central consumer protection council.
2. State consumer protection council.
3. Consumer dispute redressed forum.

1st PUC Political Science Judiciary Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the removal procedure of the supreme court judges.
Answer:
Judges of the Supreme court can be removed from office on charges on proven misbehaviour or incapacity (Article 124) through the process of impeachment. He may be removed on the above grounds as follows:

A motion of removal addressed to the President signed at least by 100 members of the Lok sabha or 50 members of the Rajya sabha is given to the Speaker or Chairman. The committee consisting of 3 members (2 Supreme court judges and one distinguished jurist) finds the judge guilty, the motion as well as the report of the committee is taken up for consideration in the house where the motion originates. The motion is passed in each house by a two-third majority of the total membership of each house addressed to the President. If the President gives him, order for removal, the judge stands removed.

Question 2.
Explain the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction: Article 131 of the constitution deals with the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is so exclusive that no court in India can take up cases falling under the original jurisdiction.

The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is purely federal in character. Matters relating to the problems and disputes arising between the union and the states or. between- the states are taken up by the Supreme Court. The disputes entertained under the original jurisdiction are:

• A dispute involving the Government of India Vs the state of Union of India.
• A dispute involving the Government of India plus one or more states Vs one or more states.
• A dispute involving one or more states on one side Vs one or more states on the other.

Question 3.
Explain the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Appellate Jurisdiction. The Supreme Court is the highest court in India. Under Appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme court only takes-up such cases that come on appeal. It has no power to take up such cases, which is not asked to take up.
The appellate jurisdiction can be studied under the following three heads:

1. Constitutional Cases:
The cases that come before the Supreme court are as follows:

• The cases involving a question of law relating to the interpretation of the constitution or certification by the High court.
• The Supreme Court can take up a case if the High court in its opinion feels that the case involves substantial question of law, which should be decided by the Supreme court.

2. Civil Cases :
Originally Article 133 provided for an appeal against the high court order if it certified that the amount involved was less than Rs. 20,000 and the case is fit for appeal. But, the Law Commission found the logic unreasonable and as a result, the 30^th Amendment of 1972 did away with the ceiling of Rs. 20,000. The Supreme Court can take up the civil appeal if the High court certifies that the case involves a substantial question law of general importance. The certification by the High court is essential in these cases.

3. Criminal Cases:
Article 134 provide for an appeal to the Supreme court against the judgment of the High Court under the following conditions:

• If the High Court has reversed a decision of release of an accused and has given him a death sentence.
• In a case where the High court has exercised the authority of a lower court and given a death sentence to the accused.
• In any criminal case if the High court certifies that the case is fit for appeal in the Supreme Court.

Question 4.
Mention the measures necessary to ensure the independence of the judiciary.
Answer:

1. Selection of judges regardless of their political affiliation.
2. Appointment of judges by the Chief Executive.
3. Long and Security of tenure.
4. Salaries and allowances are paid from Consolidated Fund.
5. Bar on practice after retirement.
6. Separation of judiciary from the executive and legislature.
7. Impartiality in the administration of justice.
8. Avoiding ambiguity in the judgement.
9. Appointment of highly qualified judges and making judicial process less expensive.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on ‘Lok Adalats’ in India.
Answer:
To help the poor and middle-class people, Lok Adalats have started. There are a lot of problems like delay, cost, and complicity of the legal system. Lok Adalats deliver informal, cheap and prompt justice to the common man. If Adalat issues a decree, it is enforced by a regular court. Adalat works as friend, is guide to the litigants.

Question 6.
What is revenue court?
Answer:
The courts which deals with the cases relating to the maintenance of land records its assessment ( and collection of land revenue are called revenue courts. The revenue courts are organized as below.

1. The boards of revenue
2. The commissioner’s court
3. The collectors court
4. Tahsildar’s court

Question 7.
What is PIL? Explain the significance.
Answer:
Public interest litigation means litigation filed in a court of law for the protection of public interest against the matters relating to environmental pollution, unauthorized occupancy of the public property, terrorism, road safety, etc.

PIL can be filed by any person who is denied his rights and possession, Some times it can be field by any organization against the bodies authorities which comes under the government services. By filing PIL people can protect their rights. It can also bring transparency in public life and initiate fair judicial action to check the violation of legal rights.

Question 8.
What is a family court? Explain its function.
Answer:
A court which deals with the family matters of marriage, divorce, child custody, and family maintenance is called family courts. The family court act was enacted in India on 14th September 1984, the family courts are established by the state government in consultation with the High Court. It can settle the family disputes through conciliation and mediation so as to avoid the delay and to save the money bearded by both the parties.

The state government is empowers to set up a family court where the population is exceeding more than 10 lakhs. At present 190 family courts are functioning in India and 12 are in the Karnataka.

Question 9.
Write a note on the consumer’s court.
Answer:
The courts which are established to protect the interest of consumers in the market are called consumers court. The consumer courts are formed as below.

1. Central consumer protection council.
2. State consumer protection council.
3. Consumer dispute redressed forum.

Question 10.
Name any ten issues on which PIL can be filed.
Answer:

1. Lock up deaths
2. Atrocities on women and backword class.
3. Maintenance of law and order
4. Payment of minimum usages
5. Indecent T.V programmes
6. Unauthorized occupancy of public property
7. Protection of slum dwellers
8. Environmental pollution.
9. Starvation deaths
10. Illegal detention of arrested persons.

Question 11.
Briefly discuss the role of judiciary.
Answer:
The basic role of judiciary has to function so as to bring confidence in the people, regarding its independence and business. The Supreme Court and High Court using their power of judicial review are expected to interpret the constitution and ensure that laws and regulations which goes against Constitution are struck down. The Supreme Court has special role of advising the President. The Judiciary is vested with sufficient powers of jurisdiction to perform its role satisfactorily.

Question 12.
Examine the method of appointment of judges.
Answer:
Many methods are followed to appoint the judges in different countries like election by the people, election by the legislature, appointment by executive etc. Election by the people is the worst method as it makes the judges politicians as party plays an important role in elections. Appointment by executive is the most accepted method in appointment of judges.

Question 13.
Describe the organisation of judiciary at Central Level.
Answer:
The constitution establishes an integrated judiciary with the Supreme Court as the highest and final judicial tribunal of the country. In every state there is high court under which there are the court of the district and sessions judges. At the lowest level there are munisifif and other judicial magistrates. The Supreme Court enjoys original and appellate jurisdiction. It exercises appellate power both in civil and criminal cases. It safeguards the Constitution, the division of powers and the fundamental rights.

Question 14.
Describe the organisation of judiciary at the State level.
Answer:
The High Court is the highest court of the State. All other courts and tribunals working in State are subject to the authority of High Court. It occupies the same position in State as Supreme court at central level. The High Court enjoys original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases. It operates as a court of record and exercises some administrative powers.
In every state in addition to the High Court, there are number of judicial courts to administer justice.

The State Legislature determines the constitutional organisation and jurisdiction of all these courts which are below the High Court. There are civil, criminal, revenue courts in the state. The State Government appoints the judges and other staff of all the subordinate courts. The District Judges are appointed by the Governor after consulting the Chief Justice of High Court and also the State Public Service Commission.

Question 15.
Write a brief note on writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts in India.
Answer:
A writ is an order issued by the Courts to enforce obedience to laws. The Supreme Court and High Court passes the power to issue various writs.

1. Habeas Corpus: To protect against an illegal detection, the court issues this writ which requires that the prisoner must be produced before the court within a specific period of time.

2.Mandamus: This is an order by the court to compel the government and other officials to perform their duty.

3.Prohibition: This is issued by the Court to lower court or any judicial or quasi-judicial authority. It directs the authority to stop prosecution or proceedings which may be beyond or in excess of the allowed jurisdiction.

4. Quo-warranto: The writ is an order asking a person to justify the exercise of an office, franchise or privilege.

5. Certiorari: This writ enables the removal of cases from lower courts and placing them before a high court.

Question 16.
Write a note on the independence of the Judiciary.
Answer:
1. In order to ensure independence of judicial system in India, the following steps have been taken so that the judicial officers are not under pressure in discharging their duties.

2. The Constitution has made it obligatory on the part of the President to consult the Chief Justice of India in appointing a judge of Supreme Court. This not only makes the appointment non-political but also saves judiciary from the influence of the executive (the; council of ministers).

3. A judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office by the President his will, but on a motion passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of either house addressed to him. Thus, the legislative control over the executive ensures judicial independence.

4. A judge of the Supreme Court, though appointed by the President on the advice of the council of ministers, does not hold office during the pleasure of the President, but based on good behaviour. He can be removed only on charges of proven misbehavior or incapacity by a motion addressed to the President by the Parliament.

5. The salaries and allowances of the judges of the Supreme Court are determined by a law of parliament and is not subject to discussion. The salary and allowances of the judges cannot be reduced or varied to his disadvantage during his term of office. This means that he will not be in any way affected by any law made by the parliament since the day of his appointment.

6. The administrative expenses of the Supreme court, the salaries, and allowances of the judges and staff is charged on the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI), a corpus fund of Rs. 50 crore which may be enhanced from time to time, and it can not be voted in parliament.

7. Discussion of the conduct of the judges of the Supreme Court is not allowed in parliament except during the removal of a judge. This gives immunity from criticism.

8. A judge of the Supreme Court is not permitted to practice in any court in India after retirement. This prevents him from falling prey to temptations. To boost accountability in the judicial system, the Central Information Commission (CIC) has brought the office of the Chief Justice under the purview of the Right to Information Act (RTI).

1st PUC Political Science Judiciary Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and significance of the judiciary.
Answer:
It is the third branch of government, which settles disputes. It is there for administration of justice.
1. Regulation of Civic Behavior:
It is the responsibility of the judiciary that if anyone, however big and mighty, does not follow the rules and regulations prescribed by the constitution, he is liable for punishment depending upon the magnitude of crime.

2. Protection of rights and liberties:
The Judicial system is not meant to punish only the individuals and groups but also the government. If the government violates the rights of the people, people can go to a court of law and seek suitable relief. This upholds the principle that all are equal in the eye of law and all are treated alike.

3. Instill confidence of the people:
The people look up to the judiciary as a ‘neutral umpire’ deciding a case purely on merit but not on any other consideration. A common man looks up to judiciary as the ultimate lamp of justice. If the judiciary fails to stand up to the expectations of the people by being partisan to any influence or power, people stop believing not only the judiciary but also in the constitution – the fundamental law of the land. So, it is the responsibility of judiciary to make people trust the judiciary and importantly respect the constitution.

Question 2.
Describe the composition and powers of Supreme Court of India.
Answer:
The President of India appoints the judges of the Supreme court on the advice of the council of ministers in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Article 124 which deals with the appointment of judges, makes it obligatory on the part of the President of India to consult the Chief Justice of India.

In appointing the Chief Justice of India, the President shall, besides the advice of the council of ministers, consult the judges of the Supreme Court and the High courts if he considers it necessary. But, neither the constitution nor the law provides for Chief Justice’s recommendation as to his successor. It is a practice sanctioned by convention.

Normally, the Chief Justice of India is appointed from among the senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. The following are the powers of the Supreme Court:

1. Original Jurisdiction:
Article 131 of the constitution deals with the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is so exclusive that no court in India can take up cases falling under the original jurisdiction.

The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is purely federal in character. Matters relating to the problems and disputes arising between the union and the states or between the states are taken up by the Supreme Court. The disputes entertained under the original jurisdiction are:

1. A dispute involving the Government of India Vs the state of Union of India.
2. A dispute involving the Government of India plus one or more states Vs one or more states.
3. A dispute involving one or more states on one side Vs one or more states on the other.

2. Appellate Jurisdiction:
The Supreme Court is the highest court in India. Under Appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme court only takes up such cases that come on appeal. It has no power to take up such cases, which is not asked to take up.
The appellate jurisdiction can be studied under the following three heads:

(a) Constitutional Cases:
The cases that come before the Supreme court are as follows:

• The cases involving a question of law relating to the interpretation of the constitution or certification by the High court.
• The Supreme Court can take up a case if the High court in its opinion feels that the case involves a substantial question of law, which should be decided by the Supreme court.

(b) Civil Cases:
Originally Article 133 provided for an appeal against the high court order if it certified that the amount involved was less than Rs. 20,000 and the case is fit for appeal. But, the Law Commission found the logic unreasonable and as a result, the 30^th Amendment of 1972 did away with the ceiling of Rs. 20,000. The Supreme Court can take up the civil appeal, if the High court certifies that the case involves a substantial question law of general importance. The certification by the High court is essential in these cases.

(C) Criminal Cases:
Article 134 provide for an appeal to the Supreme court against the judgment of the High Court under the following conditions:

• If the High Court has reversed a decision of release of an accused and has given him a death sentence.
• In a case where the High court has exercised the authority of a lower court and given a death sentence to the accused.
• In any criminal case if the High court certifies that the case is fit for appeal in the Supreme Court.

3. Special Leave Jurisdiction:
Article 136 confers a special power in the hands of the Supreme Court to grant special leave. In hearing appeals the Supreme Court may grant Special Leave petition against any judgment or order made by any court or tribunal, except military tribunal, in a case. The decision is entirely left to the discretion of the Supreme Court. This power, however, is to be used only under exceptional circumstances like matters involving general public interest or in cases of grave injustice or cases in which no appeal is otherwise provided by law.

4. Advisory Jurisdiction:
Article 143 confers the power of advisory opinion. In order to break authoritative opinion, the President of India may seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on the matter which is, in his opinion, important and necessary such as disputes arising out of treaty of agreement. However, the advice of the Supreme Court is purely advisory in nature and it is up to the executive to accept it or not. The Supreme Court may decline to give advisory opinion if it finds unnecessary.

5. Power of Judicial Review:
The supremacy of the Supreme Court as the guardian of the constitution is emphasized by the power of judicial review. The Supreme court has the power of declaring a law made by the legislature or an executive action as ultra vires (intra vires) or null and void or unconstitutional if it is not in tune with the provisions of the constitution or violative of the fundamental law of the land. This acts as an effective, check on both the legislature and the executive as any decision made or action taken whimsically without regard to the constitution is declared invalid.

6. The Court of Records:
The proceedings and judgments of the Supreme Court are kept preserved to be made use of in future cases and judgments, whenever necessary by the lower courts. Those decisions are authoritative records on law whose validity cannot be questioned in any court. The courts of records also have the power to correct its own clerical errors.

7. The Contempt of court:
The Supreme Court enjoys the authority of imposing fines or imprisonment for violating the orders of the court (Article 129).

8. Self-correcting Court:
The Supreme Court has the power of correcting its own judgments. This is to ensure any loss or damage, physical, emotional or material that may be caused to any person seeking justice. To put it in legal terms, this is to ensure against ‘miscarriage of justice’.

9. Guardian of the Constitution:
The Supreme Court enjoys the privilege of protecting the constitution against violation of its provision either by the government or by the people, It is the responsibility of the Supreme Court to see that the laws of the constitution are respected and adhered to by all in India.

By acting as the watchtower of the constitution, it checks against the violation of laws. As guardian of the constitution, the Supreme Court also exercises the power of interpreting the contents of the constitution. Any matter relating to technical interpretation of details or definitions of terms in the constitution is the sole prerogative of the Supreme Court.

10. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights:
The Supreme Court is empowered by the constitution to act as the protector and guarantor of the fundamental rights. Under Article 32, the Supreme Court enjoys the power of issuing constitutional writs, also called as writ jurisdiction, for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The writs may be against the government or individuals.
The writs are briefly explained as follows:

(a) Habeas Corpus:
This literally means ‘to have a body’. It calls upon the authority, which arrests a person to produce in court, the person to set him free if he has done nothing wrong. It protects an individual against wrongful confinement.

(b) Mandamus:
This literally means a command. It is a command issued by the court asking a person to perform his legal duty, which is of public nature.

(c) Prohibition:
It is a writ issued by the Supreme court to an inferior court restraining it from exercising powers which are not invested in them.

(d) Certiorari:
It is a writ by which a case is removed from a lower court, which does not enjoy jurisdiction to deal with it.

(e) Quo warrato:
This writ is issued to prevent a person from illegally occupying a public office to which he is not entitled.

11. Defender of the Federation:
The constitution vests the power of settling the disputes and problems between the centre and the states. In order to prevent the conflict of power between the two, the Supreme Court interprets the laws, which help in maintaining the unity of the federation.

12. Miscellaneous functions:
The following are the miscellaneous functions of the Supreme court.

• The Supreme Court has the power of regulating the practice and procedure of the court.
• It appoints its own clerical establishment and exercises supervision over lower courts.
• The Supreme Court decides matters relating to the election of the President and Vice-president.
• The Supreme Court if satisfied, may withdraw a case on its own or on appeal pending before one or more High courts on a matter involving substantial question of law of general importance (Article 139).
• The Supreme Court, if necessary, can transfer any case pending before any Highcourt to any other High court.
• The Supreme Court may also transfer a criminal case from one high court to the other.

Question 3.
How is independence of the judiciary ensured? Explain the measures.
Answer:
In order to ensure independence of judicial system in India, the following steps have been taken so that the judicial officers are not under pressure in discharging their duties.

• The Constitution has made it obligatory on the part of the President to consult the Chief Justice of India in appointing a judge of Supreme Court. This not only makes the appointment non-political but also saves judiciary from the influence of the executive (the council of ministers).
• A judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office by the President at his will, but on a motion passed by a two third majority of the total membership of the either house addressed to him. Thus, the legislative control over the executive ensures judicial independence.
• A judge of the Supreme Court, though appointed by the President on the advice of the council of ministers, does not hold office during the pleasure of the President, but based on good behaviour. He can be removed only on charges of proven misbehavior or incapacity by a motion addressed to the President by the Parliament.
• The salaries and allowances of the judges of the Supreme Court are determined by a law of parliament and is not subject to discussion. The salary and allowances of the judges cannot be reduced or varied to his disadvantage during his term of office. This means that he will not be in any way affected by any law made by the parliament since the day of his appointment.
• The administrative expenses of the Supreme court, the salaries and allowances of the judges and staff are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI), a corpus fund of Rs. 50 crore which may be enhanced from time to time, and it can not be voted in parliament.
• Discussion of the conduct of the judges of the Supreme Court is not allowed in parliament except during removal of a judge This gives immunity from criticism.
• A judge of the Supreme Court is not permitted to practice in any court in India after retirement. This prevents him from falling prey to temptations. To boost accountability in the judicial system, the Central Information Commission (CIC) has brought the office of the Chief Justice under the purview of the Right to Information Act (RTI).

Question 4.
Describe the composition and powers of the High court.
Answer:
The High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges appointed from time to time by the President. The President may appoint additional judges for a temporary period of two years if the work is heavy in the High court. He may also appoint a acting judge when a permanent judge is temporarily absent.
The following are the powers of the High court:

1. Protection of Fundamental Rights:
The constitution has granted 6 fundamental rights to its citizens and it is also the responsibility of High courts to protect and defend them against legislative, executive or any other kind of encroachment. The High court may issue the writs. Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo-Warranto, to protect the people against violation of fundamental rights (Article 226). The writ jurisdiction of the high court also extends to the violation of legal rights as well.

2. Original Jurisdiction:
The High courts of the Presidencies of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay had original jurisdiction both on civil and criminal matters within the limits of the presidencies. However, the original criminal jurisdiction has now been completely taken over by the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of 1973. But, the original civil jurisdiction has been retained in matters of higher value.

3. Appellate Jurisdiction:
The appellate jurisdiction of the High courts can be studied under two heads:

a. Civil cases:
The civil cases may go to the High court on either first appeal or second appeal. The appeal from the decisions of District judges and subordinate judges may go directly to the high court in cases of higher value on questions of fact as well as law. And also, when a court below the High court decides a case from the decision of an inferior court, the case can come to the high court on second appeal only on question of law and procedure.

b. Criminal cases:
The High Court can take up criminal cases on appeal in two cases.

• A person can appeal against the decision of a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge in a case where the punishment is imprisonment exceeding seven years.
• Against the decisions of an Assistant Sessions Judge or other Judicial Magistrates in certain special cases other than petty cases.

4. Power of Superintendence:
The High court has the power to supervise all courts and tribunals under its territorial limits and to see that the courts discharge duty according to laws of the constitution. The high court may also issue general rules regarding the administration of laws. Supervisory power also gives the authority to intervene in case of any grave injustice or abuse of jurisdiction.

5. Transfer of Cases:
The High Court if satisfied that a case pending in a subordinate court involves a substantial question of law related to the interpretation of the constitution, might transfer the case to itself and decide the case as well.

6. Court of Records:
Like the Supreme Court, the high court is also the court of record whose judgments and decisions cannot be questioned by any court of law below the rank of the high court. It has the power to correct and punish itself.

7. Contempt of Court:
An individual or the government if violates the orders of the High court, it may impose fine or imprisonment for showing disrespect to its orders.

8. Control over Subordinate Courts:
The High court exercises control over the subordinate judiciary in the state.

• The District Judges are appointed posted and promoted by the Governor in consultation with the concerned High court.
• The members of the judicial service of the state are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High court and the members of the Public Service Commission.
• It is the authority of the High court to decide on posting, promotion, and grant of these judicial officers holding any post below that of a District judge.

9. Control over the Establishment:
The Chief Justice of a High Court is given the power of appointing officers and servants of the court for efficient discharge of judicial duties (Article 229). He may suspend or dismiss any official who does not follow the rules of the court.

Question 5.
Explain the organisation and working of subordinate courts.
Answer:
The High Court is the highest court of the State. All other courts and tribunals working in State are subject to the authority of High Court. It occupies the same position in State as Supreme court at central level. The High Court enjoys original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases. It operates as a court of record and exercises some administrative powers. In every state in addition to the High Court, there are number of judicial courts to administer justice.

• The State Legislature determines the constitutional organisation and jurisdiction of all these courts which are below the High Court.
• There are civil, criminal, revenue courts in the state. The State Government appoints the judges and other staff of all the subordinate courts.
• The District Judges are appointed by the Governor after consulting the Chief Justice of High Court and also the State Public Service Commission.

Question 6.
What are the important functions of the judiciary?
Answer:
The Constitution of India provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister as its head, to aid and advice the President in the exercise of his functions.

1. Administration.
2. Law making.
3. Interpreting the Constitution.
4. Judicial Review.
5. Protecting and Guarding the rights of the people.
6. Administrative functions.
7. Advisory functions.
8. Other functions.

(a) Administration of justice is the most important function of judiciary. Judiciary is there to hear and decide the disputes, both civil and criminal cases. The main function of the judiciary is to interpret the existing law as it is.

(b) The judiciary can modify, expand or make laws. According to Laski, “the courts find the law, but in finding courts also makes it.” The judges can exercise discretionary power and give their own interpretation to such laws

(c) Interpolating the constitution is another function of the judiciary’. In a federal state the constitution is supreme.

(d) The judiciary in federal-state enjoys the power to review the laws passed by legislature.

(e) Judiciary is the guardian of the fundamental rights of the people. It protects the individual rights.

(f) The judiciary also performs some administrative functions. The court appoints their local officials and subordinate staff.

(g) In some countries, the judiciary performs advisory functions also. For e.g : the President of India can seek the advise of Supreme Court on any question of constitutional law.

(h) The judiciary in every’ country acts as a court of record also. It keeps record of all its. decisions and advises.

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Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Workbook Answers व्याकरण लिंग

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के स्त्रीलिंग रूप लिखिएः

१) देवता – देवी
२) दास – दासी
३) पुत्र – पुत्री
४) राक्षस – राक्षसी
५) बेटा – बेटी
६) मामा – मामी
७) चाचा – चाची
८) दादा – दादी
९) नाना – नानी
१०) पिता – माता
११) श्रीमान – श्रीमती
१२) वर – वधू
१३) नर – नारी
१४) लेखक – लेखिका
१५) पाठक – पाठिका
१६) सुनार – सुनारिन
१७) मोर – मोरनी
१८) लुहार। – लुहारिन
१९) धोबी – धोबिन
२०) नौकर – नौकरानी
२१) स्वामी – स्वामिन(नी)
२२) तेजस्वी – तेजस्विनी
२३) सुत – सुता
२४) अध्यापक – अध्यापिका
२५) रूपवान – रूपवती

निम्नलिखित स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के पुल्लिंग रूप लिखिए:

१) स्त्री – पुरुष
२) भैंस – भैंसा
३) गाय – बैल
४) विदुषी – विद्वान
५) विधवा – विधुर
६) गुणवती – गुणवान
७) पुतली – पुतला
८) गायिका – गायक
९) रानी – राजा
१०) बालिका – बालक
११) बेगम – बादशाह
१२) सम्राज्ञी – सम्राट
१३) बुद्धिमती – बुद्धिमान
१४) दर्शिका – दर्शक
१५) निर्बला – निर्बल
१६) शिष्या – शिष्य
१७) चौधरानी – चौधरी
१८) संरक्षिका – संरक्षक
१९) भगवती – भगवत
२०) देवरानी – देवर
२१) जेठानी – जेठ
२२) डिबिया – डिब्बा
२३) चुहिया – चूहा
२४) याचिका – याचक
२५) पत्नी – पति

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः