Category: 2nd PUC

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 8 International Relations and Politics

You can Download Chapter 8 International Relations And Politics, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of International relations?
Answer:
A dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries is called international relations.

Question 2.
Who used the term International relations for the first time?
Answer:
The term ‘international’ was used for the first time by Jeremy Bentham.

Question 3.
Name the work of Jean Bodin.
Answer:
Dc Republica.

State one importance of International relations.
Answer:
It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.

Question 5.
What is State Sovereignty?
Answer:
The obligation of sovereign states to respect the sovereignty of other states is called State Sovereignty.

Question 6.
What is National Power?
Answer:
The sum total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives is called National Power.

Question 7.
What Polarity refers to?
Answer:
Polarity refers to the arrangement of power with in the international system.

Question 8.
When was the treaty of West Phalia signed?
Answer:
The treaty of West Phalia was signed in 1648.

Question 9.
When was the treaty’ of Utrecht signed?
Answer:
The treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713.

Question 10.
When did the League of Nations come in to existence?
Answer:
The League of Nations was came into existence in 1920.

Question 11.
Who was the architect of the League of Nations?
Answer:
President of USA Woodrow Wilson was the architect of League of Nations.

Question 12.
Name one of the objectives of the League of Nations.
Answer:
To protect the world from the destruction of war and restoration of peace.

Question 13.
When did the United Nations came into existence?
Answer:
The United Nations was came into existence on 24^th October 1945.

Question 14.
Give an important reason for the establishment of UN.
Answer:
The important reason for the establishment of UN was maintenance of international peace and security.

Question 15.
Where is the headquarters of the UN situated?
Answer:
The headquarters of the UN is situated in New York of USA.

Question 16.
Flow many members signed the UN charter originally?
Answer:
51 member countries including India signed the UN charter originally.

Question 17.
Which article of the UN charter deals with the basic principles of UN?
Answer:
Article 2 of the UN charter deals with the basic principles of UN.

Question 18.
What is the total membership of the UN at present?
Answer:
The total membership of the UN at present is 193 countries.

Question 19.
How many representatives can participate in the UN general assembly from each member country?
Answer:
5 representatives can participate in UN General Assembly from each member country.

Question 20.
Which is the most powerful organ of the UN?
Answer:
General Assembly is the most powerful organ of the UN.

Question 21.
How many permanent members are there in the UN security council?
Answer:
There are 5 permanent members in the UN Security Council.

Question 22.
Where is the International court of justice situated?
Answer:
The International Court of Justice is situated in ‘The Hague’.

Question 23.
How many judges are there in International court of justice?
Answer:
There are 15 judges in International Court of Justice.

Question 24.
Name the present Secretary General of the UN.
Answer:
The present Secretary General of UN is Antonio Guterres.

Question 25.
What is unipolarity?
Answer:
One state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence in international politics is called unipolarity.

Question 26.
What is bipolarity?
Answer:
Two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level is called biopolarity.

Question 27.
What is multipolarity?
Answer:
More than two Nation-States are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres is called multipolarity.

Question 28.
What is meant by regional organization?
Answer:
A formal association of sovereign states of particular region is called Regional Organisation.

Question 29.
Name one of the regional organization.
Answer:
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Question 30.
Name any one agencies of the UN.
Answer:
United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

Question 31.
When was the ASEAN established?
Answer:
ASEAN was established on 8^thAugust 1967.

Question 32.
How many members are there in the ASEAN?
Answer:
There are 10 members in the ASEAN.

Question 33.
When did India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN?
Answer:
India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992.

Question 34.
When was the first India-ASEAN annual summit held?
Answer:
The first India-ASEAN annual summit was held in 2002.

Question 35.
Expand SAARC.
Answer:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 36.
When was SAARC established ? (March 2015)
Answer:
SAARC was established on December 1985.

Question 37.
Who is called as the founder of SAARC.
Answer:
Ziaur Rahman is called as the founder of SAARC.

Question 38.
Where is the headquarter of the SAARC situated?
Answer:
The headquarter of the SAARC is situated in Katmandu of Nepal.

Question 39.
How many members are there in the SAARC? (July 2015)
Answer:
There are 8 member countries in the SAARC.

Question 40.
hen did Afghanistan become a new member of the SAARC?
Answer:
Afghanistan become a number of the SAARC in 2010

Question 41.
Where was the first SAARC summit was held?
Answer:
The first SAARC summit was held at Dhaka of Bangladesh.

Question 42.
Expand SAPTA.
Answer:
South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement.

Question 43.
Expand SAVE.
Answer:
SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange Programme.

Question 44.
Expand BRICS.
Answer:
Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa.

Question 45.
How many members are there in BRICS?
Answer:
There are 5 member countries in BRICS.

Question 46.
In which year South Africa become member of BRICS. (July 2015)
Answer:
South Africa become member of BRICS in 2010.

Question 47.
Why did regional organizations start?
Answer:
To express the regional identity and shape collective action within the region by the regional countries, the Regional Organizations have started.

Question 48.
Expand EEC.
Answer:
The European Economic Community.

Question 49.
Expand UNPKF.
Answer:
The United Nations Peace Keeping Force.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define International relations. (March 2017)
Answer:
According to Ola Joseph. ”International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Question 2.
Name any two means by which solutions for International problems are sought.
Answer:
(a) To solve the bilateral disputes through dialogues.
(b) Not to interfere in the internal domestic affairs.

Question 3.
Name any two advantages of International relations.
Answer:
(a) It provides concrete solutions for international problems.
(b) It avoids the war military actions and international conflicts.

Question 4.
State any two concepts of International relations.
Answer:
(a) National Power
(b) National Interest.

Question 5.
State the jurisdiction of National Power.
Answer:
The jurisdiction of National Power is population, territory and military preparedness, national character, economic and political power.

Question 6.
Write the meaning of National Interest in view of the aspirations of the State.
Answer:
The action of the state in relation to other states is called National Interest.

Question 7.
On what basis power blocks are divided?
Answer:
Power blocks are divided on the basis of ideological principles. Ex. USA accepted democratic principles and Soviet Russia follows communist principles.

Question 8.
Bring out the concept of balance of power.
Answer:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of states as actors in international relations. It is an approximate equal distribution of power.

Question 9.
When and where the United Nations come into existence?
Answer:
The United Nations came into existence on 24th October 1945 at New’York of America.

Question 10.
How many parts and articles are there in UN charter?
Answer:
There are 19 chapters and 111 Articles in UN charter.

Question 11.
Name any two official languages of the UN.
Answer:
English and Spanish are the two official languages of UN.

Question 12.
Name any two objectives of the league of nations.
Answer:
(a) To solve the international disputes through mutual dialogues.
(b) To protect the world from the destruction of war.

Question 13.
Mention any two basic principles that are mentioned in Article 2 of the UN charter. (July 2019)
Answer:
(a) The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
(b) They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means

Question 14.
Name any two organs of the UN. (July 2015)
Answer:
(a) General Assembly
(b) Security Council.

Question 15.
State any two functions of General Assembly.
Answer:
(a) It has power to discuss any matter coming within the competence of the UN or relating to international peace and security.
(b) It performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent functions through its several committees.

Question 16.
Name any two permanent members of the Security Council of UN. (March 2016)
Answer:
(a) USA (b) France.

Question 17.
Who appoints the Secretary General of UN and state the term of office.
Answer:
The Secretary General of UN is appointed by General Assembly on the recommendations of Security Council. His term is 5 years.

Question 18.
Define regional organizations.
Answer:
According to Boutros Boutros Ghali, “Regionalism as an organization of a permanent character, grouping in a geographically determined region of more than two states”.

Question 19.
Define Joseph Nye’s definition on regionalism.
Answer:
According to Joseph Nye, “regionalism is as an organization of the inter-state associations or groupings on the basis of regions”.

Question 20.
Name any two agencies of the UN.
Answer:
(a) World Health Organization,
(b) World Labour Organization

Question 21.
Name any two missions of UNPKF.
Answer:
(a) Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08) mission.
(b) South Sudan (2013-14) mission.

Question 22.
Write a note on the ASEAN-lndian free trade agreement.
Answer:
The ASEA-Indian Free Trade Agreement will see tariff’ liberalization of over 90% of products traded between the two dynamic regions, including the so called “special products” such as palm oil, coffee, black tea and pepper. Tariff on over 4.000 product lines will be eliminated at the earlier by 2016.

Question 23.
Mention any two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka

Question 24.
Name any two SAARC summits that were held in India.
Answer:
(a) SAARC summit held at Bangalore in 1986.
(b) SAARC summit held at New Delhi in 1995 and 2007.

Question 25.
Name any two member countries of BRICS. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Russia.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a brief note on International Relations.
Answer:
International Relations is a dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries. Its transition is followed by developments in international system. It was practiced in ancient Greece. Egypt. China and India. They evolved a set of code of conduct of these relations which were based on morality. The 17^th century’ marked the beginning of the international relations.

The improvements in the field of transport and communication and the industrial revolution brought states closer and contributed to the development of international relations. It is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contracts flow of information and the resulting behavioral response between and among separate organized societies. It encompass many different activities such as a social, economic, religious and others.

Question 2.
Bring out the importance of International Relations. (July 2015, 2018) (March 2016, 2018)
Answer:
Importance of the International Relations :
(a) The study of International Relation enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute to the international sphere.
(b) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual co-operations and the like.
(c) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.
(d) It avoids the war military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
(e) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
(f) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 3.
What are the concepts of International Relations? (March 2016,2017,2019) (July 2016)
Answer:
The concepts of International Relations are as follows :

(a) State Sovereignty: It is the obligation of sovereign states to respect the sovereignty of other states. No state can dictate others and all states are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. Based on dependence and interdependence among states, the}’ are gaining and loosing sovereignty.

(b) National Power: It is the sum of total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives. It encompasses population, territory, military preparedness, national character, economic and political power.

(c) National Interest: National interest is the action of the state in relation to other states. It refers to the aspirations of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of decision makers.

(d) Power Blocks: With the beginning of the Cold war. two power blocks emerged, i.e. USA and USSR. USA believes in the spread of democracy whereas the USSR sought the spread . of communism. It paves the way for the creation of power blocks on the basis of ideology in the world.

(e) Polarity : In International Relations, polarities refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to unipolarity with the USA as the super power. After 2010 China emerged as a major power in the multipolar world.

(f) Balance of Power: The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of states in International Relations. It is an approximately equal distribution of power and inseparable part of the pow er politics.

Question 4.
Describe the development of International political systems.
Answer:
The history of International Political System is traced back to the peace Treaty of West Phalia (1648) and the Treat} of Utrecht (1713). In 1911′ century, the European countries set the platform to understand the need for international political system. It gradually spread to other parts of the world. This development led to the establishment of international organization. In the mean while, the outbreak of First World War intensified the need for an organization of international character. As a result, the League of Nations came into existence in 1920.

Question 5.
Write a note on the League of Nations.
Answer:
The League of Nations: To protect the world from the destruction of war and restoration of peace, the League of Nations came into existence. It was founded on the heritage of ideas and experience of the world leaders. The league was a real organization with a legal entity, organs and agencies of its own.
President Woodrow Wilson was the architect of this organization. It had three organs
(a) Assembly
(b) Council
(c) International Secretariat.
It was an organized association of world states for the purpose of international co-operation, settlement of disputes and prevention of future wars. Its covenant provided a number of agencies for the promotion of health, education and economic development as means to cement international co-operation and good will and thereby preventing wars.

Question 6.
Give an account of the origin and growth of the UN.
Answer:
On 14th August 1941, President Roosevelt of the USA and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of England signed a Charter. It contained eight main principles. One of them provided for solution of problems through peaceful discussions. This Charter came to be called the Atlantic Charter and was the first step in the origin of the UNO. It was formally inaugurated on 24^thOctober 1945 after the failure of the League of Nations. It is a permanent organization for the collaboration of all independent and sovereign states.

The UNO is the practical expression of the movement of internationalism. It has been entrusted with heavy responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security. The United Nations Charter was signed by 51 countries including India. The UN Charter consists of 19 Chapters, 111 Articles and its headquarters is situated in New York of USA. There are six official languages namely Chinese. English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic recognized by the UN.

Question 7.
What are the ob jectives of the UN. (March 2017, July 2018)
Answer:
The objectives of UN are incorporated in Article 1 of the UN Charter. They are:
(a) To maintain international peace and security’.
(b) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
(c) To seek co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(d) To co-operate in promoting respect for human rights.
(e) To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, languages or religion.

Question 8.
Bring out the role of the UN General Assembly.
Answer:
The General Assembly is the paramount and main organ of the UN. It is composed of all the members of the UN. Although each country can send five representatives with single vote. Important matters are decided by 2/3^rd majority by this world legislative body. General Assembly performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent, functions through its several committees. Annual session is usually convened in September and further sessions are held as per requirement. There is also provision for special sessions and emergency sessions.

Question 9.
Write briefly on the UN security Council (July 2015,2017)
Answer:
This is like an executive body of the UNO. Articles 28 to 32 of the UN Charter deal with the composition of the Security Council. It consists of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. The permanent members of the Security Council are USA, UK, Russia, France and China. The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years. The decisions of the Security Council are taken on the basis of affirmative votes of nine members, with substantive matters requiring the assent of all the permanent members.

The permanent members enjoy the power of ‘Veto’. The Security Council is in permanent session and emergency sessions may take place whenever necessary. The primary responsibility of the Security Council is the maintenance of international peace and security. It can recommend peaceful methods of settlement of disputes.

Question 10.
Explain the role of International Court of Justice in settling the international disputes.
Answer:
This is the judicial organ of the UNO. It consists of 15 judges and has its headquarters at ‘The Hague’. The judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council voting independently. The Court decides the disputes which may be referred to it. according to international law. The court also gives its advisory opinion on legal matters referred to it by the General Assembly or Security Council.

Question 11.
Explain the role of Economic and Social Council of the UN.
Answer:
This is one of the principal organs of the UNO. It consists of 54 members elected by the General assembly for a period of three years. It elects its own President and Vice President. The Council holds two regular sessions in a year and special sessions as and when necessary. It can set up Commissions and Committees for carrying on its work. Each member has one vote and decisions of the Council are taken by a majority’ of members present and voting.

The chief responsibility of the Economic and Social Council is to coordinate the economic and social activities of the UN and its specialized agencies. Its aim is to eliminate economic and social problems of the member nations through international co-operation.

Question 12.
Discuss about the polarity in the international relations.
Answer:
Polarity is the distribution of powers within the international system. It describes the nature of powers at any given time. Three types of polarities are in the world politics. It is dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region. They are:

(a) Uniolarity: Uniolarity in international politics is concentration of power in which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence. In the uniolar system, a great power exercises supremacy with no competition. Unipolarity existed in the post cold war period. The US is the only country in the early 2151 century that possesses the ability to project military power on a global scale in the aftermath of the collapse of USSR in 1991,

(b) Bipolarity: Biopolarity is the distribution of powers in which two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level. To gain superiority, both the powers struggle. During the peak of the cold war, both US and-USSR were in bipolar world politics. This system can extend to a larger system by means of alliances or organizations.

(c) Multipolarity: Multipolarity is a distribution of power in which more than two nation states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres. Multipolar systems are more stable than bipolar systems as great powers can gain power through alliances.

Question 13.
Write the meaning, definitions and development of international organizations.
Answer:
International organizations are increasingly significant for international policy making and the process of the globalization. These are established by formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties and their existence is recognized by law.

According to Potter. “International organization means the aggregate of procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations”.

It consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.

Development of International Organization: Modern age is the age of international co-operation. No state car live in isolation. To ensure systematic relations between various states, agencies and methods of international co-operation, these organizations have emerged. The origin of international organization can be traced back to ancient Greece. The Amphictyonic League was established in the early 6^th century BC with a view’ to regulate the inter-state relations to avoid war and to promote unity among nations.

The next important milestone in the development of international organization is the Treaty of West Phalia (1648), the Peace of Utrecht (1 713), the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Hague Conference (1907) played a major role in the creation of international organization. Later on, the important agencies and unions like European Commission (1856). Universal Postal Union (1875). International Office of Health (1903), International Institute of Agriculture (1905) and others were established.

The notable international organization, the League of Nations was established after the First World War on 10lh January 1920 to resolve international disputes and to promote international co-operation. The United Nations Organization was formed on 24lh October 1945 after Second World War to ensure world peace.

Question 14.
Write a note on the origin and growth of regional organizations.
Answer:
Regional organizations are the important and effective new scene for political and economic interaction in the world. Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within the region. It is a formal association of sovereign states of particular region.

The end of cold war paved the way for regional organizations on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional organizations to maintain the international peace and security. These organizations represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural interests. Ex. The Arab League in 1945. Idle European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, The Organization of African Union (OAU) in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other regional organizations such as The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1969 and The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985.

Question 15.
Give an account of India’s role in the UN.
Answer:
Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served as an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during the UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global disarmament and creation of more equitable international economic order.

India is undertaking sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges. An integral part of such efforts is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving transnational issues under the auspices of the United Nations.

Since 1954, India took a leading part in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South Africa. In 1965, it supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia. It gave full support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause of Independence of Namibia.

Question 16.
Bring out the contribution of India in UNPKF.
Answer:
India is committed to assist the UN by providing military troops for the maintenance of international peace and security to the UNPKF. India has deputed more than one lakh troops to participate in plenty of Peace Keeping Missions since 1950. Eg. Korea( 1950-54). Middle East (1956-57), Congo (1960-64), Somalia (1993-94), Afghanistan) 1993). Haiti (1993). Angola (1989-1999), Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08), Lebanon) 1998), Ivory Coasta (2004). South Sudan (2013-14).

The high standards of performance maintained consistently by the Indian troops and policemen deployed on UN Missions under challenging circumstances have won them high regard worldwide.

Question 17.
Write about the establishment of ASEAN.
Answer:
The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), was established on 8^th August 1967 in Bangkok of Thailand with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration by the founding fathers of ASEAN, viz. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) entered as the member states of ASEAN.

The ASEAN Vision 2020 adopted by the ASEAN leaders on the 30lh anniversary of ASEAN, agreed on a shared vision of ASEANS as a concert of Southeast Asian Nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies.

Question 18.
Bring out five years of cooperation with India and ASEAN (July 2016)(March 2017)
Answer:
Five areas of cooperation with India and ASEAN:

(a) Emotional cooperation: ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant technology, market and partner in areas of respective core competencies. It views India as a major emerging market and a source of knowledge, education and HRD related resources.

(b) Economic cooperation: It is considered as a fourth largest trading partner between India- ASEAN. Acknowledging this trend and recognizing the economic potential of close linkages, both sides recognized the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Hence it leads to tariff liberalization of over 90% of products.

(c) Peace and security cooperation: In the political sphere, India has been actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN. The ASEAN is the forum for promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the dynamic Asia Pacific Region. With the partnership of ASEAN and India, commemorated for peace and shared prosperity.

(d) Tourism sector: The 4^th ASEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam on January 2013 for strengthening tourism cooperation and website was launched. Visa arrival facility is extended to 7 ASEAN countries.

(e) Summit level cooperation: Various summit level meetings promotes peace, progress. Prosperity among the ASEAN countries. In the 6lh meeting, India announced setting up of an India-ASEIAN green fund. In the 7^th meeting. India announced a contribution of USD 50 million for plan of action.

Question 19.
Write note on the role of india in the establishment of SAARC (March 2015)
Answer:
During 1960s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements become much more despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh with the help of India and the Simla Agreement of 1972 between India and Pakistan became turning point towards the regional cooperation.

India played a leading role in the formation of the SAARC to preserve peace and stability in the Asian region. President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister. The first meeting of Foreign Minister in New Delhi held on 1^st and 2^nd August 1983.

The then Prime Minister of India Smt.Indira Gandhi described South Asia as troubled region and said I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic cooperation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia. She said, with unity we can hope to move ahead future freedom, peace and prosperity. She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempt of external powers influencing our functioning.

Like wise India’s efforts to establish SAARC was a milestone and enormous efforts have been made for the regional organization. As a result of the untiring efforts of India. SAARC came into force on December 1985 with the member countries of Bangladesh. Maldives, Nepal. Pakistan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. In 2010, Afghanistan became the 8h member of the SAARC. Its headquarters situated at Kathmandu of Nepal.

Question 20.
Explain any five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region. (July 2017, March 2018)
Answer:
The five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region:

(a) SAARC development fund: Its main objectives is to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty’ alleviation in the member countries.

(b) Economic cooperation: The agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area was signed in 2004. It also promotes for the creation of Export Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones in each SAARC member country to enhance investment.

(c) People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken. It promotes to strengthen the cooperation in information and media related fields.

(d) Educational cooperation: India proposed for the creation of South Asian University to provide world class educational facilities to the students and researchers in the 13^thSAARC summit.

(e) Terrorism: All the member countries of SAARC unanimously agreed to combat against terrorism which is the most and biggest challenge to the successful working of the democracy.

Question 21.
Write a note on the SAARC development fund.
Answer:
SAARC Development Fund:
The primary objectives of the SAARC Development Fund is to promote the welfare of the people of SAARC region. It concentrates on to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty alleviation in the SAARC region. India has been one of the major contributors to the SAARC Development Fund.

The Fund has three areas of action on social, economic and infrastructure. India has offered US$ 100 million for the SAARC Fund to be utilized for projects in other SAARC countries. In the context of SAARC, India has also contributed to projects on natural disasters, endemics in particular HIV/AIDS and Avian’Flu and terrorism.

Question 22.
Present a note on people to people contacts in the context of regional cooperation of SAARC.
Answer:
People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken under the apex bodies of the SAARC. Like SAARC LAW (an association for persons of the legal communities of SAARC countries), The SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The Governors of the Central Banks of member states SAARC FINANCE.

For strengthening cooperation in information and media related activities of the Association, the Fleads of National Television and Radio Organizations of member countries meet annually. The SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange Committee disseminates information both on SAARC and its member states through regular Radio and TV programmes.

Question 23.
Note the contribution of educational cooperation in SAARC.
Answer:
Educational Cooperation: At the 13^th SAARC Summit held in November 2005 in Dhaka, India proposed to create a Centre of Excellence in the form of a South Asian University, which can provide world class facilities and professional faculty to students and researchers drawn from each country of the region. The South Asian University is established in India, it is facilitating many South Asia students community for their higher education. The first academic session of South Asian University commenced on 26th August 2010.

Question 24.
How is SAARC trying to combat terrorism?
Answer:
Terrorism is a big threat to the successful working of democracy in South East Asian Countries. These countries have suffered a lot from the clutches of terrorists. The Heads of State or Government during summit meetings underscored the importance of controlling terrorism in the region, calling on deepened cooperation and improvements on implementing the SAARC Regional Convention on suppression of terrorism and the additional protocol to the SAARC Regional Convention. India continued to stress the importance of achieving a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.

Question 25.
Explain the role of India in BRICS.
Answer:
BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. India has become a member country of BRICS in the beginning itself and supported to prepare the framework of this organization. India stressed in the forum of BRICS for regional agricultural development, controlling natural calamities and remedial measures for the victims, protection of health and cooperation in other fields.

The full-fledged diplomatic meeting was held in its first summit on 16^thJune 2009. The Prime Minister of India focused for the improvement of global economic situation and reforming financial institutions and discussed how the countries could better cooperate in the future. The 4^th summit held on 9^th April 2012 in New Delhi emphasized for the strengthening of BRICS.

In the 5^th BRICS summit, leaders had agreed to set up a new International Development Bank. Prime Minister of India participated in the 6^th BRICS summit and decided with the BRICS leaders to establish BRICS Development Bank at Shanghai in China. Mr. K.V. Kamatli of Karnataka became the first Chairman of the Bank.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning, definitions and importance of international relations. (July 2018)
Answer:
Meaning: International Relations is a dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries. Its transition is followed by developments in international system. It was practiced in ancient Greece. Egypt. China and India. They evolved a set of code of conduct of these relations which were based on morality. The 17^th century’ marked the beginning of the international relations.

The improvements in the field of transport and communication and the industrial revolution brought states closer and contributed to the development of international relations. It is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contracts flow of information and the resulting behavioral response between and among separate organized societies. It encompass many different activities such as a social, economic, religious and others.

Definitions: According to Palmer and Perkins, ‘The study of international relations is not a science with which we solve problems of international life. At its best it is an objective and systematic approach to those problems”.

In view of Ola Joseph. ‘International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Importance of International relations:
(a) The study of International Relation enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute to the international sphere.
(b) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual co-operations and the like.
(c) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.
(d) It avoids the war military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
(e) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
(f) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 2.
Explain the objectives and basic principles mentioned in the UN charter.
Answer:
Objectives of the UN: The objectives of UN are incorporated in Article 1 of the UN Charter. They are:
(a) To maintain international peace and security’.
(b) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
(c) To seek co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(d) To co-operate in promoting respect for human rights.
(e) To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, languages or religion.

Basic principles of UN:
(a) The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
(b) All members shall fulfill in good faith the UN Charter obligations.
(c) They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means
(d) No member country act against the UN Charter or use of force against other states.
(e) They have to extend all help to the action taken by the UN.
(f) The UN shall ensure that states who are not members act in accordance with the principles of UN.
(g) The UN shall not intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

Question 3.
Discuss the structure of the UN and its functions (March 2018)
Answer:
The UNO came into existence when the Atlantic Charter was signed by the US President and the British Prime Minister. Formally it was started on 24^th October 1945. It is the practical expression of the movement of internationalism and described as an ‘International Organization’. The UN composed of six principle organs and the organizational structure may be described as follows:

(a) The General Assembly: It is the paramount and main organ of the UN. It is composed of all the members of the UN. Although each country can send five representatives with single vote, important matters are decided by 2/3^rd a majority by this world legislative body. It performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent functions through its several committees. Annual session is usually convened in September and further sessions are held as per requirement. There is also provision for special sessions and emergency sessions.

(b) Security Council: It is often described as the world executive body. It is the most powerful organ of the UNO. -It consists of 15 members. 5 of them are permanent members while the other 10 are non-permanent members for a term of 2 years. Permanent members have ’Veto Power’. It is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. It also recommends the person to be appointed as Secretary General to the General Assembly.

(c) The International Court of Justice: It is the judicial organ of the UN. It was set up to settle the International disputes in accordance with International law. Its headquarters is situated in ‘The Hague’. It consists of 15 judges belongs to different member countries. Their term of office is 9 years and enjoy diplomatic privileges.

(d) The UN Secretariat: The Secretariat was established to carry on the administrative functions of the UN. It consists of international staff headed by the Secretary General. He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN and appointed by the General assembly on the recommendations of Security Council for a term of 5 years. The Secretariat performs all those functions which are entrusted to it by the various organs of the UN.

(e) The Economic and Social Council: It was established to achieve coopeation in solving international issues of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character. It consists 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a period of 3 years. It meets at least thrice a year.

(f) Trusteeship Council: It was set up to handle and administer ‘Trust territories’. But this Council was suspended on l^st November 1994.

Question 4.
Narrate the origin and development of the international organizations.
Answer:
International organizations are increasingly significant for international policy making and the process of the globalization. These are established by formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties and their existence is recognized by law.

According to Potter. “International organization means the aggregate of procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations”.

It consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.

Question 5.
‘Polarities depend upon distribution of power’ – Elucidate.
Answer:
Polarity is the distribution of powers within the international system. It describes the nature of powers at any given time. Three types of polarities are in the world politics. It is dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region. They are:

(a) Uniolarity: Uniolarity in international politics is concentration of power in which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence. In the uniolar system, a great power exercises supremacy with no competition. Unipolarity existed in the post cold war period. The US is the only country in the early 2151 century that possesses the ability to project military power on a global scale in the aftermath of the collapse of USSR in 1991,

(b) Bipolarity: Biopolarity is the distribution of powers in which two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level. To gain superiority, both the powers struggle. During the peak of the cold war, both US and-USSR were in bipolar world politics. This system can extend to a larger system by means of alliances or organizations.

(c) Multipolarity: Multipolarity is a distribution of power in which more than two nation states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres. Multipolar systems are more stable than bipolar systems as great powers can gain power through alliances.

Question 6.
Explain the meaning and definitions of regional organizations and their growth in international politics.
Answer:
Regional organizations are the important and effective new scene for political and economic interaction in the world. Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within the region. It is a formal association of sovereign states of particular region.

The end of cold war paved the way for regional organizations on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional organizations to maintain the international peace and security. These organizations represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural interests. Ex. The Arab League in 1945. Idle European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, The Organization of African Union (OAU) in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other regional organizations such as The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1969 and The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985.

Question 7.
Bring out the major areas of cooperation of India and the UN.
Answer:
Major areas of cooperation of India and the UN:
(a) The UN Peace Keeping Force: Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served as an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during the UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global disarmament and creation of more equitable international economic order India is undertaking sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges.

An integral part of such efforts is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving transnational issues under the auspices of the United Nations Since 1954, India took a leading part in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South Africa. In 1965, it supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia. It gave full support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause of Independence of Namibia.

(b) Environment: India is among the top 12 mega centers of the world in terms of its genetic diversity. It has a wide range of geo-climatic conditions. India has consistently played an important role in the evolution of an international consensus to tackle major global environmental issues.

It was an active participant in the process leading up to and culminating in the convening of the United Nations Conference on Environment and development in Stock Holm in 1972 and Rio de Janeiro in 1992. These summits discussed about Global Warming and Green House effect.

(c) Human Rights: the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948. It was proclaimed as a common standard of achievement for all people of all nations. India is a signatory to the six core human rights covenants and also the two Optional Protocols to the Convention of the Rights of the Child.

Question 8.
Explain the areas of Regional Cooperation of SAARC.
Answer:
The five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region:

(a) SAARC development fund: Its main objectives is to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty’ alleviation in the member countries.

(b) Economic cooperation: The agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area was signed in 2004. It also promotes for the creation of Export Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones in each SAARC member country to enhance investment.

(c) People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken. It promotes to strengthen the cooperation in information and media related fields.

(d) Educational cooperation: India proposed for the creation of South Asian University to provide world class educational facilities to the students and researchers in the 13^thSAARC summit.

(e) Terrorism: All the member countries of SAARC unanimously agreed to combat against terrorism which is the most and biggest challenge to the successful working of the democracy.

Question 9.
Critically examine the India-ASEAN areas of cooperation in detail.
Answer:
Five areas of cooperation with India and ASEAN:

(a) Emotional cooperation: ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant technology, market and partner in areas of respective core competencies. It views India as a major emerging market and a source of knowledge, education and HRD related resources.

(b) Economic cooperation: It is considered as a fourth largest trading partner between India- ASEAN. Acknowledging this trend and recognizing the economic potential of close linkages, both sides recognized the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Hence it leads to tariff liberalization of over 90% of products.

(c) Peace and security cooperation: In the political sphere, India has been actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN. The ASEAN is the forum for promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the dynamic Asia Pacific Region. With the partnership of ASEAN and India, commemorated for peace and shared prosperity.

(d) Tourism sector: The 4^th ASEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam on January 2013 for strengthening tourism cooperation and website was launched. Visa arrival facility is extended to 7 ASEAN countries.

(e) Summit level cooperation: Various summit level meetings promotes peace, progress. Prosperity among the ASEAN countries. In the 6lh meeting, India announced setting up of an India-ASEIAN green fund. In the 7^th meeting. India announced a contribution of USD 50 million for plan of action.

Question 10.
Describe the origin and development of India-BRICS summit level meetings.
Answer:
Origin of BRICS: BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are either developing or newly industrialized are distinguished by their large, fast growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs.

India-BRICS summit level meeting: The leaders of Russia, India and China held the first summit in St. Petersburg on July 17lh, 2006. The Foreign Ministers met in New York on September 2006, beginning a series of high level meetings. Foreign Ministers who had talks in October 2007 decided to formalize collaboration in a number of areas and to appoint their supervisors. They signed for agricultural development, the prevention of natural calamities and elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare.

The full-fledged diplomatic meeting was held in its first summit at Yekaterinburg, Russia on 16^th June 2009 to focus on the means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. The 4^th summit held on 9th April 2012 in New Delhi of India.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011. In March 2013, during the 5^th summit, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF.

They planned to finalize the arrangements for the new International Development Bank. Prime Minister of India participated in the 6^th summit and decided with the BRICS leaders to establish BRICS development Bank at Shanghai in China. Mr. K.V. Kamath of Karnataka became the first Chairman of the Bank.

You can Download Chapter 5 Jaliya Maradante Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 5 Jaliya Maradante

Jaliya Maradante Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

You can Download Chapter 4 Pageyam Balakanembare Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 4 Pageyam Balakanembare

Pageyam Balakanembare Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends

You can Download Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is economic liberalization?
Answer:
A process of removal of controls and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities is called economic liberalization.

Question 2.
What is Laissez – faire?
Answer:
A process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and freeness in the market is called Laissez-faire.

Question 3.
When was liberalization started in India? (July 2015)
Answer:
Liberalization was started in India in 1991.

Question 4.
Name one area in which the new economic policy introduced changes.
Answer:
The new economic policy introduced changes in the field of international external debt.

Question 5.
What is brain drain? (March 2016)
Answer:
The citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill, it is called brain drain.

Question 6.
Which country introduced privatization for the first time? (March 2015)
Answer:
England and USA introduced privatization for the first time.

Question 7.
Expand IMF.
Answer:
International Monetary Fund.

Question 8.
What is privatization? (July 2016)
Answer:
A process of transferring ownership of enterprise from public sector to the private sector is called privatization.

Question 9.
Name one of the defects of privatization.
Answer:
Bane to local industries is one of the defects of privatization.

Question 10.
What is globalization? (March 2017)
Answer:
A process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy is called globalization.

Question 11.
Expand LPG.
Answer:
Liberalization, Privatization. Globalization.

Question 12.
Name one of the democratic principles.
Answer:
Liberty and equality is one of the democratic principles.

Question 13.
Expand SPA.
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance.

Question 14.
What was the aim of the popular movement of 2006 in Nepal?
Answer:
Ending the rule of kind and restoring democracy was the aim of popular movement of 2006 in Nepal.

Question 15.
When did the popular government assumed office in Nepal?
Answer:
The popular government assumed office in Nepal on 18^th May 2006.

Question 16.
Who lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Rongthong Kunley Dorji lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 17.
Which situation brought tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Death of Rongthong Kunley Dorji was a tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 18.
When were the first democratic elections held for the National Council?
Answer:
The first democratic elections held for the National Council on 24^th March 2008.

Question 19.
When was the Constitution of Bhutan enacted?
Answer:
The Constitution of Bhutan was enacted on 18^th Julv 2011.

Question 20.
Expand PDPA.
Answer:
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

Question 21.
Expand KHAD.
Answer:
Khadamat-e-Aetelaat-e-Davvlati.

Question 22.
Mention the period of KarmoPs rule.
Answer:
The period of Karmol’s was May 1978.

Question 23.
Expand DRA.
Answer:
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Expand ISA.
Answer:
Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Question 25.
Name any two terrorist groups of Afghanistan. (July 2018)
Answer:
(a) Taliban
(b) Al-Qaeda.

Question 26.
Name any two political leaders of Egypt.
Answer:
General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi and Mohammad Morsi.

Question 27.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treat} Organization.

Question 28.
Name the President of Afghanistan who was elected in April 2014.
Answer:
Dr. Mohamed Ashraff Ghani. the President of Afghanistan elected in April 2014.

Question 29.
Who became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections?
Answer:
Mohammed Morsi became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections.

Question 30.
Name the king of Libya who headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.
Answer:
King Idris headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.

Question 31.
Expand GNC.
Answer:
General National Congress.

Question 32.
Expand NTC.
Answer:
National Transitional Council.

Question 33.
What was the main responsibility of GNC?
Answer:
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.

Question 34.
Name the basis of the law of Libya.
Answer:
Shariat was the basis of the law of Libya.

Question 35.
As per GNC who should be the de facto head of state?
Answer:
President should be the de facto head of state as per GNC.

Question 36.
Who is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya?
Answer:
General National Congress is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya.

Question 37.
Name the distinct feature of Syrian population.
Answer:
Multi-ethnic population is the distinct feature of Syrian population.

Question 38.
Name any one ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
The ethnic group in Syria is Arabs.

Question 39.
When was Syria liberated?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946.

Question 40.
Which party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria?
Answer:
Baath party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria.

Question 41.
Who was the dictator of Libya? (July 2017)
Answer:
Muammar Gaddafi.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Liberalization (March 2016)
Answer:
According to Oxford Dictionary, ‘’Liberalization is the willingness to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own open to new ideas”.

Question 2.
How does technological importance takes place rapidly in liberal economy?
Answer:
There is no restrictions of government in the liberal economy and provided free entries of private entities, hence technological importance takes place in liberal economy.

Question 3.
How is new economic policy consumer friendly?
Answer:
Consumer can get the goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfill his needs, desires and feel satisfaction with his choice of things. So the new economic policy is consumer friendly.

Question 4.
State any two merits of liberalization.
Answer:
(a) Promotes world business class.
(b) Promotes technological advancement.

Question 5.
How does liberalization promote competition?
Answer:
Liberalization extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

Question 6.
When and where did privatization begin?
Answer:
The privatization begin in England and USA in 1980.

Question 7.
How does privatization and good performance go together?
Answer:
Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. So privatization and good performance go together.

Question 8.
What is global village?
Answer:
Availability of the goods of all countries under one roof is called global village.

Question 9.
Bring out the relation between opportunities and brain drain.
Answer:
The skilled and educated people goes to abroad countries for more salary and high position. Under such situations opportunities have been provided to these people. By utilizing the opportunities they can earn more.

Question 10.
Mobility of labour force is made simple in globalization- how?
Answer:
It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy in globalization.

Question 11.
What is outsourcing?
Answer:
The companies hires regular service from external sources and from other countries, it is called outsourcing.

Question 12.
Bring out the relation between life style and globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

Question 13.
How does globalization affect political stability?
Answer:
The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country.

Question 14.
What is crony capitalism? (July 2016)
Answer:
A close relationships between business people and government officials in a capitalist economy is called crony capitalism.

Question 15.
Bring out the rise of democratic movements in 21^st century.
Answer:
21^st century is known as era of democratic movements. These movements have started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian government. They were inspired by the democratic values of liberty, equality’ and fraternity.

Question 16.
When did the democratic Maoist movement started in Nepal and which country influenced it?
Answer:
The Democratic Maoist Movement started in I960 in Nepal mainly because of the influence of the India and China freedom struggle movements.

Question 17.
What was the result of limited democracy in Nepal during 1980?
Answer:
In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a People’s Republic.

Question 18.
When did the Maoist insurgency begin and when did it come to an end?
Answer:
The Maoist insurgency begin in 1996 and it come to an end in 2001.

Question 19.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is surrounded by east Himalayas, by north Tibet and by South India.

Question 20.
Who succeeded Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and when?
Answer:
Jigrne Singye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck in 1972.

Question 21.
When did peaceful rallies held against Royal Bhutan army and who lead this?
Answer:
In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

Question 22.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country-‘ in the mountains of South-Central Asia, sharing borders . with Pakistan to the south east and Iran to the west. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan lie across northern frontier and China to the north east.

Question 23.
What is the role of PDPA in Afghanistan’s politics?
Answer:
PDPA plays a predominant role in Afghanistan politics. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by the leaders of PDPA namely Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of PDPA in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Give a picture of Afghanistan up to 2006 about the rift between Talibanis and the elected government.
Answer:
On 1 Lh September 2001 attack on WTC by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 25.
Bring out the role of NATO allies in strengthening democracy with in the framework of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Answer:
After the attack of IIth September 2001. NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan and suppress the Talibanis. The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held. In 2005. election was held to Parliament and Provinces. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

Question 26.
Bring; out the geographical sketch of Egypt.
Answer:
Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west. Sudan to the South and by the Baza strip and Israel to the East.

Question 27.
Make a note on the first phase of the transition that took place in Egypt.
Answer:
A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. After him Hosni Mubarak became the president and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

Question 28.
Bring out the scenario after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak of Egypt.
Answer:
Hosni Mubarak ruled the country more than 3 decades. A wave of democracy started in 2011 and democratic movements were took place. Hosni Mubarak resigned and supreme council of armed force assumed power. In 2012. presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt.

Question 29.
How did Muammar Gaddafi come to power?
Answer:
A group of military officers under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi revolted against the king Idris, finally he came to power and ruled the country till 2011.

Question 30.
Who was authorized to write Libya’s permanent Constitution?
Answer:
General National Congress was authorized to write Libya’s permanent constitution.

Question 31.
Name any two ethnic groups in Syria. (March 2015)
Answer:
Arabs, Kurds, Armenians are the ethnic groups in Syria.

Question 32.
When was Syria liberated and by whom?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946 by France.

Question 33.
When was the new constitution of Syria put to referendum and note the remarkable change in it?
Answer:
The new Constitution of Syria was put to referendum in the year 2011-12. As per the new Constitution, political system of the state shall be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

Question 34.
What are the contradictory issues emphasized by the Baath party in Syria?
Answer:
The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine on nation building rather than ethnic identity.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How did liberalization emerge in India?
Answer:
India adhered to the mixed economy of capitalist and socialist policies after independence. A’major attempt was made in 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi towards new economic system. In 1991. India met with an economic crisis relating to its external debt. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland ND 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. India approached the World Bank and IMF and received $7 billion as loan. In addition, the IMF asked India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. All these situations made the Indian government to introduce a new set of economic policies.

The Union government headed by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh implemented wide range of economic reforms that IMF imposed. The Neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms and measures of controlling inflation. Thus liberalization emerge in India.

Question 2.
State the importance of LIberlization (July 2015,2017,2018) (March 2017,2018)
Answer:
Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Question 3.
What are the politics implications of Liberalization (July 2016)
Answer:
The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of privatization. (March 2015, 2016)
Answer:
The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Question 5.
Explain the importance of Privatization (March 2015,2016)
Answer:
The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi-National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Question 6.
Describe the political implications of privatization (March 2016, 2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 7.
What is Globalization? Discuss its importance. (Martch 2016,2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 8.
Describe the political implications of Globilization (March 2015,2016,2019)
Answer:
The political implications of globalization are as follow s :

(a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty : As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle : Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 9.
Describe the nature of Crony Capitalism. (March 2019)
Answer:
The nature of Crony capitalism is as follows :

(a) Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value.

(b) Cronies get capital and reward: Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market. Funneled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

(c) Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will he protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

(d) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the government share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments el-even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

(e) Concentration of economic power: A few business groups which are cronies influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.

Question 10.
Explain the role of crony capitalism in modern economy.
Answer:
Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

Question 11.
Bring out the democratic movement that took place in Nepal.
Answer:
Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 12.
List out the contents of Nepalis Magna Carta.
Answer:
The main provisions of Nepalese Magna Carta are as follows:
(a) Imposing tax on the royal family and its asses.
(b) finding the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
(c) Eliminating Royal references from army and government titles.
(d) Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu kingdom.
(e) Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
(f) Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

Question 13.
Bring out the democratic movements held in Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

In 1972 jigme Singhye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary, restriction of freedom of speech and press, etc. In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese. Rongthong Kunley Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile, the death of the Dorji was a tremendous setback for the movement.

The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24Ih March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists. The Constitution was enacted on 18^th July 2011.

Question 14.
How did the incident of 11th September 2001 was responsible for the end of Talibanis?
Answer:
On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre b\ Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. USA has suffered a lot and loses heavily by this incident. Even though it is a super power block, the economic condition has been deteriorated into a deep level due to die bad effect of this attack.

As a result, the North Atlantic Treaty’ Organization alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 15.
How did the era of Talibanis come to an end? Mark the beginning of democracy in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Talibanis were in power in Afghanistan for so main years with their fundamental ideologies. They pulled the people into dark by imposing the cruel fundamental principles. There was no civil liberty and sanctioned a very strict restrictions on medias. Voice raised by any civilians against the cruel rule of Talibanis was suppressed brutally.

Afghanistan was reached into a very low economic condition since there was sanctions and restrictions by the world countries against Afghanistan. People of the country were suffered heavily from having the basie requirements. Children dies due to lack of milk and medicines. Poor people suffered due to lack of healthy food. Unemployment problem led the youths to become anti social elements.

Totally people of the country were unable to come into the mainstream of society due to the strict fundamental ideologies of the Talibanis. During such situations. Al-Queda supported by Talibanis attacked World Trade Centre on 11i: September 2001. As a result NATO alliance supported by USA rushed to Afghanistan and that was the end of the regime of Talibanis and thus democracy was established in Afghanistan.

Question 16.
Write about the democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president. Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary. The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.

The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 17.
Bring out different phases of democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. Then Hosni Mubharak became the President and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

The third phase: In third transition a continuation of the previous one which represented democratic and social ideals. President Mohammad Morsi the first democratically elected government was thrown out by a military coup.

The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of government of .2011. With the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the supreme council of the armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 18.
Explain the democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

In the mean while, anti Gaddafi force pressurized the government for the introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in February 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Gaddafi, the Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.

In 2012, an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the National Transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will frame Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on Shariat.

Question 19.
Discuss about the democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

The democratic movement in Syria demanded for the termination of the ruling Military Dictatorship since 1963 and for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency. It also demanded for the termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath party and transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election based on principles of Liberal Democracy. Its objectives was to set up a committee for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held on 7^th May 2012 and the result was announced on 15^th May 2012. The Baath party won larger victory than it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum. Amongst other changes, it abolished Article 8 which entrenched the power of the Baath party. The new Article 8 reads “the political system of the state snail be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine of Nation Building rather than ethnic identity. The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. These developments indicating the democratic process in the nation.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of liberalization.
Answer:
Meaning: Liberalization primarily means removal of controls and regulations at various levels of the economy facilitating market forces to determine its course and direction. It favours a competitive market solution to economic issues and a reduced role for the state in economic management.

Importance: Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Political implications: The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 2.
Describe the meaning importance and political implications of privatization.
Answer:
Meaning : Privatization is the transfer of control of ownership from the public sector to private sector. It refers to full shifting of property rights from the state or collective ow ners to private owners.

Importance : The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Political implications: The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi-National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Question 3.
What is globalization? Discuss its importance and political implications.
Answer:
Meaning and Importance:

Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Political implications :

The political implications of globalization are as follows: (a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty: As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle: Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 4.
What is crony capitalism and bring out its effects on modern governments?
Answer:

Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

Question 5.
Describe the process of democratic movements that took place in Nepal.
Answer:

Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 6.
How democratic movements ushered in Bhutan?
Answer:

Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

In 1972 jigme Singhye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary, restriction of freedom of speech and press, etc. In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese. Rongthong Kunley Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile, the death of the Dorji was a tremendous setback for the movement.

The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24Ih March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists. The Constitution was enacted on 18^th July 2011.

Question 7.
Give an assessment of democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president.

Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary.

The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood. The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 8.
Give an account of historical democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. Then Hosni Mubharak became the President and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

The third phase: In third transition a continuation of the previous one which represented democratic and social ideals. President Mohammad Morsi the first democratically elected government was thrown out by a military coup.

The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of government of .2011. With the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the supreme council of the armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution.

In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 9.
Analyze the new democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

In the mean while, anti Gaddafi force pressurized the government for the introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in February 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Gaddafi, the Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.

In 2012, an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the National Transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will frame Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on Shariat.

Question 10.
Write a note on democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

The democratic movement in Syria demanded for the termination of the ruling Military Dictatorship since 1963 and for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency. It also demanded for the termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath party and transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election based on principles of Liberal Democracy. Its objectives was to set up a committee for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held on 7^th May 2012 and the result was announced on 15^th May 2012. The Baath party won larger victory than it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum. Amongst other changes, it abolished Article 8 which entrenched the power of the Baath party. The new Article 8 reads “the political system of the state snail be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine of Nation Building rather than ethnic identity. The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. These developments indicating the democratic process in the nation.

You can Download Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu

Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

You can Download Chapter 2 Vachanagalu Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 2 Vachanagalu

Vachanagalu Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 6 Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics

You can Download Chapter 6 Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the root word of coalition. (July 2015)
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘coalitio’.

Question 2.
State the meaning of the root word of coalition.
Answer:
‘Co’ means ‘together’ and ‘Alescere’ means ‘to grow up’. It is a union of parties.

Question 3.
Expand CMP.
Answer:
Common Minimum Programme.

Question 4.
Name the country where the era of coalition started.
Answer:
The era of coalition was started in France.

Question 5.
State the meaning of coalition. (March 2016)
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties is called coalition.

Question 6.
In which year India experienced coalition?
Answer:
India experienced coalition in 1977.

Question 7.
Who was the first prime minister of coalition Government in India?
Answer:
Sri Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister of coalition Government in India.

Question 8.
Who lead the national front in 1989?
Answer:
V.P. Singh lead the National Front in 1989.

Question 9.
When was the united front formed?
Answer:
United Front was formed in 1996.

Question 10.
WH Expand NDA.
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 11.
Expand UPA.
Answer:
United Progressive Alliance.

Question 12.
How many subjects are there in union list?
Answer:
There are 100 subjects in Union List.

Question 13.
Name one of the subjects in state list.
Answer:
The subject in the State List is Police.

Question 14.
What is concurrent list?
Answer:
The subjects which are administered by both central and state governments is called concurrent list.

Question 15.
Who can declare National Emergency?
Answer:
The President of India declare the National Emergency.

Question 16.
Who is empowered to exercise the Residuary Powers?
Answer:
Central government is empowered to exercise the residuary powers.

Question 17.
under which article the State Emergency can be declared?
Answer:
As per Article 356 of Indian Constitution, the State Emergency can be declared.

Question 18.
Who is empowered to appoint Inter-State Commerce Commission?
Answer:
Union Parliament is empowered to appoint Inter-State Commerce Commission.

Question 19.
Can the states levy taxes on import and export?
Answer:
The States cannot levy the taxes on import and export.

Question 20.
Who has the jurisdiction over Inter State Trade and Commerce?
Answer:
Centra! government has the jurisdiction over Inter-State 1 rade Commerce.

Question 21.
Who has the authority to transfer the subject in state list to the union list for a period of one year?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha has the authority to transfer the subject in State list to the Union List for a period of one year.

Question 22.
What is the basic function of Planning Commission?
Answer:
Planning Commission advises all the states to raise the standard of living of the people.

Question 23.
Who constitute the Finance Commission?
Answer:
The President of India constitutes the Finance Commission.

Question 24.
What is consolidated fund of India?
Answer:
The fund which bears the expenses of wages towards the higher officers of India is called consolidated fund.

Question 25.
Who exercises legislative powers on state list during president rule? (July 2018)
Answer:
Parliament.

Question 26.
Who traced the origin of identity politics? (March 2015)
Answer:
L.A. Kauffman traced the origin of identity politics.

Question 27.
Expand LGBT.
Answer:
Lesbian. Gay, Bi-Sexual. Transgender.

Question 28.
State any one region based identity struggles.
Answer:
Telangana struggle is one of the region based identity struggle.

Question 29.
Expand AASU.
Answer:
All Assam Students’Union.

Question 30.
Name any one National problem that you come across.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism is one of the National problem that we come across.

Question 31.
Which amendment of the constitution reduced the age of voters from 21 to 18 years?
Answer:
61^st Amendment of the Constitution reduced the age of voters from 21 to 18 years.

Question 32.
Write the root word of corruption. (March 2016)
Answer:
The term corruption is derived from the Latin word ‘rumpere’.

Question 33.
Expand IAC.
Answer:
India Against Corruption.

Question 34.
On this earth there is enough for every one’s need, but not for greed’- who said this. (July 2016)
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji said that ’on this earth there is enough for every one’s need, but not for greed’

Question 35.
Mention one form of terrorism.
Answer:
Cultural Terrorism is one form of terrorism.

Question 36.
Name one action to keep the terrorists at bay.
Answer:
Educate the youth to create awareness against the evils of terrorism is one of the action to keep the terrorists at bay.

Question 37.
On which day ‘Voters Day’ is celebrated?
Answer:
25th January of every year.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the coalition formed?
Answer:
Coalition is formed by various political parties on common agenda when no party gains clear majority on its own. This is the product of multi party system.

Question 2.
Define coalition government. (July 2015)
Answer:
According to F.A. Ogg, “It is a system where members of political parties unite to form a government or ministry.”

Question 3.
How coalition politics operate?
Answer:
Coalition politics is a system of governance by a group of political parties. The partners of the alliance set aside their political ideologies and accept some Common Minimum Programme to run the coalition government.

Question 4.
Mention the era of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
The coalition politics was first emerged in India in 1977 under the leadership of Morarji Desai, V.P. Singh formed the coalition government in 1989 on the banner of National Front. Once again coalition government was formed by H.D. Devegowda in the name of United Front.

Then Atal Bihari Vajapayee formed the coalition government with the help of National Democratic Alliance. Dr. Manmohan Singh formed the coalition government in the name of  United Progressive Alliance. It was once again formed under the leadership of Narendra Modi in 2014 with the help of National Democratic Alliance.

Question 5.
Give two examples of countries having coalition.
Answer:
The two examples of countries having coalition is India and France.

Question 6.
What is prepoll alliance?
Answer:
Various political parties make alliance with one another to form the government before elections, it is called prepoll alliance.

Question 7.
What is post poll alliance? (July 2016)
Answer:
Various political parties make alliance with one another to form the government alter the elections, it is called post poll alliance.

Question 8.
State any two features of coalition government.
Answer:
(a) Coalition is the product of multi party system.
(b) It is democratic arrangement.

Question 9.
What is collective leadership?
Answer:
All the leaders of alliance in the coalition politics influences on all the decisions taken by the government, it is called collective leadership.

Question 10.
Write any two merits of coalition government.
Answer:
(a)  Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
(b) It enables all the coalition partners to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparties

Question 11.
Mention two demerits of coalition government.
Answer:
(a) Political instability persists in coalition politics.
(b) Coalition governments can not have long term planning and view.

Question 12.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
The partners of the alliance come together, set aside their political ideologies and accept one agenda which, is accessible to all the leaders and form the government. Such an agenda is called Common Minimum Programme.

Question 13.
Name any two alliance partners of NDA.
Answer:
B.J.P and Shivasena are the two alliance partners of NDA.

Question 14.
Mention two alliance partners of CPA,
Answer:
Indian National Congress and D.M.K.. are the two alliance partners of NDA.

Question 15.
Is coalition a democratic arrangement? if so. how?
Answer:
Coalition is a democratic arrangement. It provides broader representation to the people to elect their representatives. It challenges single party dominance.

Question 16.
Name two subjects enlisted in union list.
Answer:
(a) External Affairs
(b) Defence

Question 17.
What is state list? How many subjects are there?
Answer:
The list of subjects which are administered by the state governments is called State List. There are 63 subjects in the State List.

Question 18.
How many subjects arc there in concurrent list? Give an example. (July 2015)
Answer:
There are 52 subjects in the concurrent list. E.x. Marriage and Divorce, Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws.

Question 19.
What is residuary powers?
Answer:
The powers which are not mentioned in the Union list. State list and Concurrent list, is called Residuary powers.

Question 20.
Under what condition the financial emergency be declared?
Answer:
The Financial Emergency he declared if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 21.
When and in which country identity politics originated?
Answer:
The identity polities was originated in America during 1950-60.

Question 22.
What is identity politics? (March 2016)
Answer:
A pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community is called identity politics.

Question 23.
What is corruption? (July 2016)
Answer:
Misuse of public office for the selfish motives is called corruption.

Question 24.
Write two hurdles in creating corruption free India.
Answer:
IIliteracy and lack of moral values are the two hurdles in creating corruption free India.

Question 25.
Give an example of movement against corruption.
Answer:
The movement head by Sri Anna Hazare is India Against Corruption.

Question 26.
Define terrorism. (March 2016)
Answer:
According’ to Paul Wilkinson “Terrorism is a special form of political violence”.

Question 27.
What is state sponsored terrorism?
Answer:
The terrorist activities which are aided and guided by the state and ruling governments is called State Sponsored Terrorism.

Question 28.
Name any two states that fight against Naxalites.
Answer:
Bihar and Jharkhand are the two states fighting against Naxalites.

Question 29.
“If you want to catch them, catch them while they are young” Who said this statement and when?
Answer:
Winston Churchill said, “If you want to catch them, catch them while they are young” while delivering his speech to curb the terrorism.”

Question 30.
Enumerate the remedial measures for terrorism.
Answer:
Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the era of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was in power till 1977 as a single largest political party. The autocratic attitude of the party in power disillusioned the opposition parties mainly National emergency declared on the country by Congress party. When opposition united together, the Indian National Congress began to fail. During the National emergency, the opposition leaders of India have come together and fought against the domination of Indian National Congress.

The general election of 1977has put an end to the single party rule and introduced coalition government under the leadership of Morarji Desai. the first Prime Minister of a coalition government. Later on in 1989, National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition government. In 1996 United Front led by H. D. Devegowda, in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee, in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Dr. Manmohan Singh and in 2014 again National Democratic Alliance led by Narendra Modi were formed the coalition governments.

Question 2.
Mention any five features of coalition government.
Answer:
The features of coalition government are as follows:
(a) Coalition is the product of multiparty system.
(b) It is a democratic arrangement.
(c) It challenges single party dominance and in which smaller parties come together to defeat the bigger ones in elections and snatch the power and vice-versa.
(d) Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
(e) Alliance partners prefer to have a common minimum programme for governance.

Question 3.
Write any five merits of coalition government. (July 2015,2016)
Answer:
The merits of coalition government are as follows :
(a) It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.
(b) It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national policies, issues and programmes.
(c) Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
(d) By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.
(e) The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the demerits of coalition government. (March 2019)
Answer:
The demerits of coalition government are as follow s :

(a) Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.

(b) As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.

(c) In the parliamentary system of government as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.

(d) Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration.

(e) Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the government.

Question 5.
State the legislative powers of union and state government.
Answer:
The legislative powers of union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence. External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology. Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments. Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce. Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention, Trust and Trusties. Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Question 6.
Explain the method of distribution of powers as found in our constitution.
Answer:
India is a federal structure in nature. So the powers have been distributed between union and state governments. Article 245 to 255 of the Constitution of India clearly narrates the distribution of powers. Here the constitutional powers have been categorized into three lists. Firstly the national and international issues are comes in the centre list in which the central government can legislate and the state governments are not permitted to interfere on these issues.

The centre list consists 100 subjects like External affairs, Defence, Currency, Science and Technology. Railway, Central Excise Duty, Import and Export. The regional matters are comes under state list in which the state governments arc permitted to legislate on these matters. The central government cannot interfere on the state list matters in general. The state list consists 63 subjects like Police, Agriculture. Health. Road Transport. Animal Husbandry. Sericulture, etc.

Remaining all subjects are comes under the concurrent list in which both centre and state can pass the legislations. In case of disputes, the will of the central government prevails. The concurrent list consists 52 subjects like Marriage divorce. Press Media, Civil and  Criminal code. Trusteeship, Education, etc.

Question 7.
“Coalitions are politically unstable”- Prove this statement.
Answer:
Coalition governments are politically unstable. It can also called as political arranged system. In this system, no party gets the absolute majority and formed the government with the help of various political parties by making common agenda. Due to the presence of various parties believing in different ideologies and policies, political consistency is difficult to achieve.

Here the leader of the coalition government has to compromise with all the allies partners, otherwise they will withdraw their support for simple reason often and often. The leaders of the coalition government have lost the power in the coalition politics since 1977 for several times. For example the first coalition government which came to power in 1977 under the leadership of Morarji Desai lost the power within 2 years.

In the same manner Y.P. Singh who ’lead the National Front in 1989 lost the power within 20 months. Like wise H.D. Devegowda formed the coalition government in 1996 loses the power with in 10 months. So coalition government cannot be in power for full term.

Question 8.
write note an emergency Powers of the President (March 2016)
Answer:
The President of India exercises three types of emergency powers. They are:

(a) National emergency : Article 5.55 of the India Constitution, the President is empowers to declare National emergency when threat of external aggression. It can he imposed for the . protection of unity and integrity of the country. Till now it had been imposed for thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended.

(b) State emergency : Article 356 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the President to declare the Presidential rule on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of die constitutional machinery in that stare.

(c) Financial emergency : Article 360 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 9
State any five causes for identity politics. (July 2018)
Answer:
Causes for identity politics :
(a) Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
(b) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region.
(c) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group.
(d) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution.
(e) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio political awareness have led to identity polities.

Question 10.
Explain the different aspects of identity politics.
Answer:
The different aspects of identity politics:

(a) Religion: The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many groups to organize on religious lines. A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction. Political parties tries to establish their vote bank politics on the basis of religious lines. At the same time religious forces plays a dominant role in the government to protect and safeguard their interests.

(b) Caste: In Indian society one’s social status is decided by the credentials of caste rather than his efficiency and achievements. A person can lose his wealth and property but he can not lose his caste identity and prefers to gain and protect his caste interests. Some caste groups tries to get the benefit from the field of education and employment. Some groups urged for the political representation.

(c) Region: Regional identity plays a dominant role in national and regional politics. Some regional leaders are enjoying dominant position in national politics because of regional popularity. In this way, the regional identity is providing leadership to national politics for the purpose of protecting the regional interests.

(d) Tribal: Behind every major movement, there is the factor of region as it happened in case of Birsa Munda Movement for the identity of tribals and Shibu Soren’s efforts for the creation of Jharkhand are noteworthy. Some agitations and movements are still alive to protect their tribal interests and some are succeeded. For example Telangana movement in Andhra Pradesh.

(e) Linguistic: India is a union of multi lingual states. Language is one of the most sensitive and emotional issues. Throughout the country there are several paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the government on the basis of language. In Karnataka people fought for the implementation of Gokak report to make Kannada an administrative language during 1980’s.

Question 11.
What are the hindrances that youth come across to enter into politics?
Answer:
There are politicians who do not allow the youth to enter politics. The entry of the youth to politics is curbed by systematic suppression. They do not exercise their franchise because of political apathy. Many of them do not perceive politics in a right perspective. They are not ready to participate in mudslinging acts during elections. Women who constitute more than 1/2 of the total population do not adequately represent either in national or state politics because of male domination.

Question 12.
Explain how youth leadership can change the scenario of Indian politics?
Answer:
India is a largest democratic country in the world. It can also regarded as the second largest populous and geographically seventh largest country in the world. Democratic principles are not just found in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. The Constitution provides right to vote for all the adult citizens without any discrimination.

The voters are actively participating in the electoral process since the first general election. As per 61^st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing their representatives.

With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved. The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.

Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like boundary, language, river water, ethnic disputes and sensitive issues. Increase in the number of the youth in politics enhances the credibility’ of the democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics strengthen the democratic system. Recent developments show that large number of youth are participating and winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

Question 13.
How can youth control corruption (July 2017) (March 2018)
Answer:
Role of youth against corruption : Corruption is misuse of public power for private profits by violating the constitution. Independent India has seen scams like – Farefax, Bofors, Share deal, Stamp paper scandal, fodder, 2-G Spectrum, Coal and others involving billions of rupees of public money. Inspite of these scams, still corruption persists in all walks of life including education, health, administration and politics.

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the “Total Revolution”, inspired youth during 1970s to revolt against the corrupt administration. Today the mood of the country especially the mood of the youth is against corruption on war footing. The war against corruption is perceived as the mother of all wars.

Anti corruption movement gathered momentum when Sri Anna Hazare kick started the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him in a fight against corruption under the banner of ‘India against corruption’. The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption have resulted in the creation of the institution of Lokpal, passing of the Acts of Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE), Sakaal and other various drastical measures.

Question 14.
State the role of youth in eradicating terrorism in India. (March 2015,2017)
Answer:
Role of youth against terrorism : Terrorism means deliberately and violently targeting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear phychoses for political gains. Hence the youth have to pressurize the governments concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti national and inhuman terrorist activities, particularly youth.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation building through helping the government about terrorist and militant activities taking place in their surroundings which is the prime duty of the youth. Youth have to take the initiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where Salwajudum (village army) fighting against Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and involve in helping the government to nab the culprits. It is the responsibility’ of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism.

As it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived in the terrorist attack. No Nation can prosper unless strongest measures are executed against terrorism. It is the youth who have a major role in combating terrorism. Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the development of coalition government in India.
Answer:
The term ‘coalition’ has been derived from Latin word ‘eligere’ which means to go or to grow together. In the political sense, the term coalition is used for an alliance or temporary union between various political groups for the exercise or control of political power. While entering into coalition the partners are expected to give up their rigid stand and make compromise in the spirit of mutual give and take policy. The parties to the coalition, however, do not lose their identity and can withdraw from the coalition as and when they find it difficult to continue as partners.

By and large the centre in India has enjoyed a single party government. From the inception of the constitution till the split of congress in 1969, the congress in 1969, the congress government continued to rule the country with a comfortable majority. For the first time in 1969 after the split in congress, some members of congress party withdrew their support from the government, thus reducing it to a minority. However, the minority congress government continued to rule with the tacit support of CPI and DMK. It is noteworthy that neither CPI nor DMK was represented in the government.

The formation of the first Janatha Government at the Centre (1977) was the result of an accommodative attitude of its constituent political groups. Morarji Desai headed the four party Janatha Government for about two years (1977-1979) following the 1977 general election. Technically it was not a coalition because its four constituents had agreed to merge and fought the election on a single manifesto and on a shared symbol. According to some scholars, the Janatha Government was a sort of coalition government in so far four political parties with a view to provide an alternative to the congress party.

Later on in 1989, National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition government. In 1996 United Front led by H. D. Devegowda, in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee, in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Dr. Manmohan Singh and in 2014 again National Democratic Alliance led by Narendra Modi were formed the coalition governments.

Question 2.
List out the features of coalition government.
Answer:
The features of coalition government are as follows :
(a) Coalition is the product of multiparty system.
(b) It is a democratic arrangement.
(c) It challenges single party dominance and in which smaller parties come together to defeat the bigger ones in elections and snatch the power and vice-versa.
(d) Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
(e) Alliance partners prefer to have a common minimum programme for governance.
(f) During national emergency or crisis, national government is formed through coalition.
(g) Coalition deteriorates the supreme status of the Prime Minister who heads the government.
(h) A person agreeable not only to big party but also to the alliance partners becomes the leader of the house and natural heads the government.
(i) Coalition partners are always free to cede their relations and fight on one’s identity.
(j) Coalitions are politically unstable.

Question 3.
Write the merits and demerits of coalition government.
Answer:
The merits of coalition government are as follows :

(a) It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.

(b) It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national policies, issues and programmes. .

(c) Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.

(d) By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.

(e) The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.

(f) Coalition does not allow the autocratic rule of a single dominant party. Minister or members of cabinet including PrimeMinister cannot behave autocraticalIty.

The demerits of coalition government are as follows :

(a) Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.

(b) As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.

(c) In the parliamentary, system of government as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.

(d) Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this Cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration.

(e) Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the government.

(f) Regional parties always ignore national interests and concentrate on their own parochial interests and chauvinism.

(i) Coalition proves to be highly expensive as it does not complete the full term.

(j) Coalition governments cannot have long term planning and view. Its main aim to escape from the present political volatility.

Question 4.
Describe the new dimensions of centre- state relations with respect to legislative, administrative and financial relations.
Answer:
The legislative relations between union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence, External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology, Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments, Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce, Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention. Trust and Trusties, Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Situation during emergencies :

(a) National emergency: Article 353 of the India Constitution, the President is empowers to declare National emergency when threat of external aggression. It can be imposed for the protection of unity and integrity of the country. Till now1 it had been imposed for thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended.

(b) State Emergency: Article 356 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the President to declare the Presidential rale on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of the constitutional machinery in that state.

(c) Financial Emergency: Article 360 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Administrative relations between Centre and State Governments :
(a) President of India has the power to appoint the Governors of all the States and Union Territories.
(b) President by having jurisdiction over the appointment of the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, Integrated Judicial System is maintained throughout the country.
(c) Bills passed in State Legislatures during President’s rule are required to get the approval of the President.
(d) The members of All India Services who serve both the Union and State governments are finally regulated by Union.
(e) The Union government issues directions to the states regarding law and order, national unity, safety and security.
(f) Parliament is empowered to appoint Inter State Commerce Commission to maintain cordial relations among the states.
(g) To ensure the rapid and balanced development of the country, National Development Council is created.
(h) Planning Commission advises all the states to raise the standard of living of the people.

Financial relations between centre and state governments :
(a) A Finance Commission has constituted to determine the distribution of financial resources between the union and states.
(b) Parliament may by law establish a contingency fund to meet unforeseen expenditure.
(c) Some duties are leviable by the centre, but they are to be collected and entirely appropriated by the states.
(d) There are some taxes which are both levied and collected by the union but distributed among equally.
(e) The Parliament determines the quantum of assistance every year to the needy states, tribal .areas, etc.
(f) During President’s rule in the state, state financial propriety is managed by the union.

Question 5.
Mark the trace of identity politcs
Answer:
Identity politics is not too old concept. L.A. Kauffman traced the origin of identity politics to Student Non violent co-ordinating committee of U.S. in early 1960’s. The identity politics originated and got its legitimacy in U.S. between 1950-60 in the movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc., The movement became prominent only in 1980’s.

with Lesbian Gay Bi-Sexual Transgender (LGBT) movement. It is notably found in class movements like feminist movements disability movements, ethnic movements, minority movements. Globalisation, Liberalisation and the setback to the socialistic principles led to the rise of identity’politics.

Crisis of identity is the fundamental reason for the rise of identity struggles in several parts of the world. Each individual, every culture, every language, religion and region are unique in their own way. A community may be poor economically but rich in cultural heritage and loves to retain its identity. A person can forget the loss of wealth but does not forget his inherent caste, culture, language, religion and region.

Loss identity means loss of one’s entity. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948, every citizen irrespective of nationality, economic standard, lesbian or conventionalist has an inseparable human right of equal opportunities, treatment, practice, participation, etc.

At present the political parties big or small, national or regional are appealing to the voters on sectarian basis namely language, region, caste, religion, river, race, etc. Government announce popular programmes on the basis of caste and community, gender, local or territorial basis. Identity politics is a pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community. It attempts to attain empowerment, representation and recognition of social groups.

Question 6.
Discuss the various aspects of identity politics.
Answer:

The legislative powers of union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence. External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology. Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments. Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce. Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention, Trust and Trusties. Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Question 7.
Explain the causes of identity politics.
Answer:
Causes for identity politics :
(a) Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
(b) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region.
(c) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group.
(d) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution.
(e) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio political awareness have led to identity politics.
(f) Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
(g) Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
(h) Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.
These are the main causes for the emergence of identity politics.

Question 8.
Write the role of youth in Indian politics.
Answer:

India is a largest democratic country in the world. It can also regarded as the second largest populous and geographically seventh largest country in the world. Democratic principles are not just found in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. The Constitution provides right to vote for all the adult citizens without any discrimination. The voters are actively participating in the electoral process since the first general election.

As per 61^st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing their representatives.

With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved. The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.

Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like boundary, language, river water, ethnic disputes and sensitive issues. Increase in the number of the youth in politics enhances the credibility’ of the democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics strengthen the democratic system. Recent developments show that large number of youth are participating and winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

Question 9.
Explain the role of youth against terrorism.
Answer:

Role of youth against terrorism : Terrorism means deliberately and violently targeting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear phychoses for political gains. Hence the youth have to pressurize the governments concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti national and inhuman terrorist activities, particularly youth.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation building through helping the government about terrorist and militant activities taking place in their surroundings which is the prime duty of the youth. Youth have to take the initiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where Salwajudum (village army) fighting against Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and involve in helping the government to nab the culprits. It is the responsibility’ of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism.

As it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived in the terrorist attack. No Nation can prosper unless strongest measures are executed against terrorism. It is the youth who have a major role in combating terrorism. Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.

You can Download Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
Which was the birth place of Shankaracharya? (or) Where was Shankara born?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was bom at Kaladi in Kerala.

Question 2.
Name the Philosophy of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Advaitha.

Question 3.
Name the Philosophy of Ramanujacharya, (or) What is the name of the Philosophy expounded by Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
Sri Vaishnava or Vishistadvaitha Philosophy was expounded by Ramanujacharya.

Question 4.
Who was the Hoysala King who gave royal patronage to Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
The Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana gave royal patronage to Ramanujacharya.

Question 5.
Which was the birth place of Madhawacharya?
Answer:
Madhawacharya was born at Pajaka near Udupi.

Question 6.
What was the earlier name of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Vasudeva was the earlier name of Madhwacharya.

Question 7.
Which Philosophy was preached by Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Madhwacharya preached the Dwaitha (dualism) Philosophy.

Question 8.
Which was the birth place of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Basaveshwara was bom at Ingaleshwara(Bagewadi-Bijapurdist).

Question 9.
Who was the Kalachuri King who gave royal patronage to Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Kalachuri King Bijjala gave royal patronage to Basaveshwara.

Question 10.
Who presided over the religious discussions at AnubhavaMantapa?
Answer:
Allamaprabhu presided over the religious discourses at Anubhava Mantapa.

Question 11.
Where was Ramananda born?
Answer:
Ramananda was born at Prayag.

Question 12.
Who is the founder of Sikhism?
Answer:
Gurunanak is the Founder of Sikhism.

Question 13.
Which is the holy book of Sikhs?
Answer:
Gurugranth Sahib orAdigrantha is the holy book of Sikhs.

Question 14.
Who was the devotee of Krishna who popularized her Philosophy in Rajasthan?
Answer:
Mirabai.

Question 15.
From which word is sufi derived?
Answer:
The term ‘Sufi’ is derived from the word ‘Saf’ which means wool. (Sufi saints wore woollen clothes).

Question 16.
Who was the founder of the Chisti order?
Answer:
Khwaja Abdul Chisthi was the founder of the Chisti order, in 966 C.E.

Question 17.
Who was the founder of the Suharawardi order?
Answer:
Sheik Shahabuddin Suharawardi of Baghdad.

Question 18.
What was the aim of the socio-religious reform movement?
Answer:
The aim of the socio-religious movement was eradicating blind beliefs and also achieving equality in the society.

Question 19.
Who was the exponent of the Advaitha (monoism) Philosophy?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was the exponent of the Advaitha Philosophy.

Question 20.
Who was the teacher of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
Govinda Bhagawathpada was the teacher of Shankaracharya.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of the word Advaitha?
Answer:
Advaitha means monoism or non-duality.

Question 22.
Who established the four Advaitha mathas in the four directions of the country?
Answer:
Shankaracharya established the four Advaitha mathas in the four directions.

Question 23.
What is the literature ofBasawcshwara known as?
Answer:
Vachana Sahitya.

Question 24.
Who was the teacher of Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
Yadavaprakasha was the teacher of Ramanujacharya.

Question 25.
Name the teacher of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Achyuthapreksha was the teacher of Madhwacharya.

Question 26.
Who established the Asthamathas in Udupi?
Answer:
Madhwacharya established the Asthamathas in Udupi.

Question 27.
From where did Madhwacharya bring the two idols of Krishna and Balarania to Udupi?
Answer:
Madhwacharya brought the idols of Krishna and Balarama from Dwaraka (North India).

Question 28.
Where did Ramanujacharyatake shelter in Karnataka?
Answer:
Ramanujacharya took shelter at Melukote in Karnataka.

Question 29.
Which Philosophy was preached by Basaveshwara? *
Answer:
Shakthivishjshtadvaita Philosophy was preached by Basaveshwara.

Question 30.
Who was called as‘ShanmathaSthapanacharya’?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was called as ShanmathaSthapanacharya.

Question 31.
What was the pen-name of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Kudalasangamadeva was the pen-name of Basaveshwara.

Question 32.
Where did Basaveshwara breath his last?
Answer:
Kudalasangama (The confluence of Krishna and Malaprabha rivers).

Question 33.
What were the followers of Gurunanak called as?
Answer:
The followers of Guru Nanak are called as Sikhs.

Question 34.
Which is the holy place of Sikhs?
Answer:
Gurudwara in Amritsar (Punjab).

Question 35.
Who was the Bhakti saint from Bengal?
Answer:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Question 36.
What are the poems of Kabir called?
Answer:
Kabir’s poems are called Dohas (Devotional compositions).

Question 37.
What were the desciples of Kabirdas called as?
Answer:
The followers of Kabirdas were called as Kabirpanthis.

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
ShivaguruandAryamba were the parents of Shankaracharya.

Question 2.
Why is Shankaracharya called as ‘Shanmatha Stapanacharya?
Answer:
Shankaracharya stressed the collective worship of six deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Ganesha, Kumara and Surya. Therefore he is called as ‘Shanmatha Stapanacharya’.

Question 3.
Where are the four mathas of Shankaracharya established?
Answer:

1. Govardhana Peelha at Puri (east)
2. Kalikamatha at Dwaraka in Gujarat (west)
3. Jyothirmatha at Badrinath in U.P. (north)
4. Sharada Peetha at Sringeri in Karnataka (south).

Question 4.
Name the works of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
VivekaChudamani, ShivanandaLahari, AnandaLahari, SoundaryaLahari, Bhajagovindam, Badaramayana Sutra etc. *

Question 5.
Where was Ramanujacharya born?
Answer:
Ramanuja was bom in 1017C.E. atSri Perambadur near Chennai (T.N.).

Question 6.
Who were the parents of Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
KeshvaSomayaji and Kantimati were the parents of Ramanuja.

Question 7.
Name the works of Ramanujacharya.
Answer:
Vedantha Saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedantha Sutra, Geetha Bhashya, Sree Bhashya, Sri RangaGadhya.NityaGadhyaetc.,

Question 8.
When and where was Madhwacharya born?
Answer:
Madhwacharya was born at Pajaka near Udupi in 1238 C.E.

Question 9.
Who were the parents of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Madhyageha Narayana Bhatta and Vedavathi were the parents of Madhwacharya.

Question 10.
Where did Madhwacharya establish the eight mathas? Name them.
Answer:
Madhwacharya established eight mathas in Udupi. They are:-
1) Sodey matha, 2) Sirur matha, 3) Kaniyur matha, 4) Pejawar matha, 5) Palimaru matha, 6) Adamaru matha, 7) Krishnapura matha and 8) Puttige matha.

Question 11.
Name the works of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Geetha Bhashya, Brahma Sutra Bhashya, Anu Bhashya, Dwadasha Stotra, Mayavad Khandane.GitatatparyaNimayaetc.,

Question 12.
When and where was Basaveshwara born?
Answer:
Basaveshwara was born at Ingaieshwara (near Bagewadi) in Bijapur in the year 1132 C.E.

Question 13.
Who were the parents of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Madarasa and Madalambike were the parents of Basaveshwara.

Question 14.
Who founded the ‘AnubhavaMantapa’ and where?
Answer:
Basaveshwara founded the AnubhavaMantapa at Kalyana (Bidar).

Question 15.
Name any two important orders among the sufis.
Answer:
Chishti order and Suharawardi order are the two important orders among the sufis.

Question 16.
Name any two important saints of the Chishti order.
Answer:
Khwaja Abdul Chishti, Moinuddin Chishti, Fariduddin Shakar, Sheik Nizamuddin Auliya, Sheik Salim Chishti are some well known saints.

Question 17.
What is meant by Advaitha?
Answer:
The individual Soul ultimately merges itself with the Universal Soul (God), which may be called as salvation. This is non-duality or monoism.

Question 18.
Where did Madhwacharya install the idols of Krishna and Balarama?
Answer:
Madhwacharya installed the idol of Krishna at Udupi and the Balarama idol at Malpe.

Question 19.
Where was Basaveshwara educated? Who was his teacher?
Answer:
AtKudalasangamaand Jathavedamuni was his teacher.

Question 20.
In whose court was Basaveshwara a minister? To which royal dynasty did he belong?
Answer:
At King Bijjala’s court Basaveshwara was a minister. Bijjala belonged to the Kalachuri dynasty.

Question 21.
Who were the famous saints of the Bhakti movement.
Answer:
Ramananda, Kabir, Gurunanak, Chaitanya, Mirabai, Namdeva, Vallabhacharya and others were the famous saints oftheBhakthi cult.

Question 22.
What was the main aim of the Bhakthi movement?
Answer:
Bhakti movement gave importance to devotion, religious harmony, social equality and gender equality.

Question 23.
What was the main aim of Kabir?
Answer:
Kabir tried to develop a sense of unity and brotherhood among the Hindus and the Muslims. He condemned the evil practices in the society.

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the life and teachings of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Early life of Shankaracharya (788-820 C.E.): Shankaracharya was the exponent of Advaitha (Non-duality) Philosophy. He was bom at Kaladi in Kerala in 788 C.E. His parents were Shivaguru and Atyambha. He was inclined towards spiritualistic life and became a sanyasi with the permission of his mother. Shankara went in search of a spiritual teacher. He met his teacher Govinda Bhagwathpada on the banks of the river Narmada. He studied under him, and very soon his teacher found in Shankara, great qualities to attain the highest spiritual knowledge. He toured the whole of India – from Kashmir to Kanyakumari three times on foot. Wherever he went, he expounded his Advaitha Philosophy. He made a spiritual conquest of India. He earned the titles of Sarvajna and Jagadguru.

Works of Shankaracharya: Shankara wrote commentaries on Brahmasutra, the Upanishads and the Bhagvadh Geetha. He composed Vi veka Chudamani, Shivananda Lahari, Anandau: Lahari, Soundarya Lahari, Bhajagovindam, Badaramayana, Geetha Bhashya etc.

Establishment of the four mathas : To spread the Advaitha Philosophy, Shankaracharya established four mathas in the four directions of the country. They are: 1) Govardhana Peetha at Puri (Orissa – east), 2) Kalika Peetha at Dwaraka (Gujarath – west), 3) Jyothirmatha at Badarinath (U. P. – north), 4) Sharada Peetha at Sringeri (Karnataka – south).

Advaitha (or Monoism) Philosophy: Shankaracharya’s contribution to Indian culture is the Advaitha Philosophy. Advaitha means non-duality or monoism.

The main features of the Advaitha propounded by Shakaracharya are:

• The Universal Soul (God or Brahma) and the individual Soul are inseparable. They are one and the same.
• By Jnana Marga (knowledge), individual Soul ultimately merges itself with the Universal Soul (Brahma). This may be called as salvation (Moksha). There is no duality between them.
• The individual Soul has no independent existence. The individual Soul merges itself with the Universal Soul (Brahma) through Sadhana. It is a part of Brahma and the ultimate reality is Brahma. That is why Shankara said ‘I am Brahma’ (Aham Brahmasmi).
• Brahma is the ultimate truth. It is Nirguna, which means it has no predefined or specific qualities. It is Nirakara which means it has no shape or form of any kind and Swaprakashaka which means self evident.
• ‘Brahma Sathya, Jaga Mithya’ – It means Universal Soul (Brahma) is the ultimate reality and world is an illusion or Maya. To an ordinary man, the world appears to be real, because of ignorance.

Shankaracharya advocated ‘Jnana Marga’ (path of knowledge), to attain salvation (Moksha). He combined the path of Karma and Bhakti with Jnana. He strived to unify the different cults, by giving equal importance to the worship of Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha, Kumara and Shakti. Therefore he is called as ‘Shanmatha Sthapanacharya’.

Question 2.
Describe the life and teachings of Ramanujacharya.
Answer:
Early life of Ramanujacharya (1017-1137 C.E.): Ramanuja was the great exponent of Vishishtadvaita or qualified monoism. He was born in 1017 C.E. at Sri Perambadur near Chennai (T.N.). His parents were Keshva Somayaji and Kantimati. It is believed that Ramanuja was the incarnation of Adisesha. He studied in Kanchi under Yadhavaprakasha. As per the wishes of his mother, he married Tangamma at the age of 16. His married life was very unhappy. As his wife did not co-operate with him in his spiritual exercises, he left his family and became a sanyasi. He went to Srirangam. Later Ramanuja became the head of Srirangam mutt and popularized Vaishnavism. This was not liked by Kulottunga Chola, and Ramanuja left Srirangam and came to Karnataka.

Works of Ramanuja: Vcdanlha Saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedantha Sutra, Geetha Bhashya, Sree Bhashya, Sri Rangagadhya, Sharanagati Gadhya, Vykunta Gadhya, Nitya Gadhya etc., were the important works of Ramanujacharya.

Srivaishnava or Vishishtadvaita (qualified monoism) Philosophy: This was propounded by Ramanuja. lie differed from Shankaracharya’s views in many points. According to Ramanuja, the entire universe is divided into three parts. They are God‘(Brahma), individual Soul (Chit) and the world (Achit) The universe was controlled by God.

• Vishnu is the supreme God, Sri Lakshmi is the mediator between God and humans. (Universal Soul) Vishnu may be called Brahma.
• God is omniscient, permanent and possesses all the great qualities (God is Suguna) like mercy, beauty, justice etc.
• God is the creator of all things in the world. The individual Soul and the world are controlled by God.
• According to Ramanuja, the Soul does not have independent existence. The individual Soul has limited power and it can never become identical with God. All Souls are the creations of God. In a state of salvation, the individual Soul becomes free from birth and rebirth and enjoys eternal bliss in the presence of God. 4
• Ramanuja condemned the illusion (Maya vada) of Shankaracharya. For Ramanuja, the world is not an illusion but is real.
• Ramanuja advocated Bhakti Marga as the only path for the attainment of Salvation. Through Bhakti, the individual Soul gets redemption and attains salvation.

Ramanuja advocated the worship of Vishnu accompanied by Lakshmi. His Philosophy is known as Srivaishnava or qualified monoism. There are two elements in Ramanuja’s Bhaktimarga. 1) Prapatthi – absolute surrender tq God. 2) Acharyabhimana – Subjugation to guru. Ramanuja preached that irrespective of one’s caste, the sure way to salvation was through Bhakti. He was an enlightened saint who tried to wipe out the evils of the caste system. He was able to equate all human beings at par, by breaking down the artificial barriers of the caste system.

Question 3.
Explain the life and teachings of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Early life of Madhwacharya: (1238-1317 C.E.): Madhwacharya was the great exponent of Dwaita (or dualism) Philosophy. He was born in 1238 C.E. at Pajakanear Udupi. His parents wereMadhyagehaNarayana Bhatta and Vedavati. His early name was Vasudeva. lie was also known as PoomaPrajna and AnandaTeertha. He studied the Vedas and the Upanishads under the Advaitha teacher Achyuthapreksha. Madhwacharya began to have . difference of opinion with his teacher. He developed his own (Dwaita) Philosophy.

Madhwacharya toured north India extensively and visited Kashi, Badari, Kedara, Haridwara, Gaya etc., While on tour, he defeated many scholars in religious debates. While returning to Udupi, he brought the idols of Krishna and Balarama and installed Krishna at Udupi anti Balarama atMalpe. He established Asthamathas in Udupi. They are 1) Sodey Matha, 2) Sirur Matha (3) Kaniyur Matha (4) Pejawar Matha (5) Palimaru Matha (6) Adamaru Matha (7)KrishnapuraMatha(8)PuttigeMatha.

Works of Madhwacharya: Madhwacharya wrote Gita Bhashya, GitaTatparya Nirnaya, Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya, Mayavada Khandan, Vishnutatva Nirnaya, Brahma Sutra Bhashya, Anu Bhashya, Dwadasha Stotra etc.,

Dwaitha Philosophy of Madhwacharya: Madhwacharya was the great exponent of Dwaitha (or dualism) Philosophy. He taught that the individual Soul and God are two different entities and hence it is called Dwaitha Philosophy.

1. Vishnu is the supreme (Sarvottama) and Gods other than Vishnu, are Gods of lesser degree to him.
2. Madhwacharya condemned the Mayavada of Shankaracharya. He said that world is not an illusion, it is real and eternal.

3. He recongnized 5 fundamental differences between the Soul, matter and God, They are:

a) God and Soul (Individual Soul) are not the same. They are different one from another.
b) God (Universal Soul) and matter (Jada) are di fferent.
c) Individual Soul (Jeevcitma) and matter (Jada) are different.
d) A Soul does not merge with another Soul.
e) A matter does not meige with another matter.

4. According to him, individual Soul and universal Soul are two different entities. God is independent and individual Soul (Jeevatma) is not independent. The relation between Jeevatma and Paramatluna is like the one between the servant and the master.

5. Madhwacharya stressed the Bhakti Marga. According to him, the path of pure love, absolute devotion and total self-surrender to the will of God are the true means to achieve God’s grace or Moksha. Individual Soul can attain salvation through Bhakthi.

Question 4.
Discuss the socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara.
Answer:
Socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara: Basaveshwara was a revolutionary reformer. He wanted to build a classless and casteless society. The first step to him was integration of the people on equal status, regardless of caste. He advocated equality of all human beings. He strongly opposed blind beliefs, superstitions, image worship, ritualism, pilgrimage and taking holy baths in the river. He tried to wipe out the evil practice of untouchability and encouraged intercaste marriages. He made it clear that caste system does not have the base of Dharmashastra. He encouraged interdining and gave lingadeeksha to the untouchable Nagadeva and accepted his hospitality. Encouraging inter-caste marriage, he performed the marriage of Brahmin Madhuvaiah’s daughter with Harijan Haralaiah’s son. Orthodox people were disturbed by these revolutionary acts of Basaveshwara and gave a complaint to King Bijjala that he was spending the money from the treasury to benefit his followers and that he was spoiling Hinduism.

Bijjala gave death sentence to Madhuvaiah and Haralaiah. When the news of the death of Madhuvaiah and Ilaralaiah spread, Basaveshwara was upset and gave up his post as minister and went to Kudalasangama. This led to a revolt by his followers and in this revolt Bijjala was murdered.

Disapproving animal sacrifice, Basaveshwara said “Kindness is the source of religion” (Dayave dharmada moolavaiah). He gave the concept of ‘work is worship’. This was the main message of Basaveshwara to mankind. He tried to propagate purity, morality and humanistic approach through his vachanas. He rejected the idea of building temples. He questioned the need and purpose to build temples when our own body is a temple, where God resides. He felt that his body was the temple, his legs were its pillars and his head was its golden tower.

Question 5.
Give an account of Kabir and Gurunanak.
Answer:
Kabir (1398-1518 C.E.): Kabir was brought up by a Muslim weaver couple Niru and Neema at Varnasi. Since his childhood, Kabir was inclined towards spiritual life, and he became a disciple of Ramananda. He preached equality and a religion of love aimed at promoting unity among all castes and creeds. He tried to develop a sense of unity and brotherhood between the Hindus and the Muslims. He quoted that there was no difference between Rama and Rahim, Krishna and Karim or the Puranas and the Quran. They are one and the same. God could be neither found in a Temple nor in a Mosque, but only in the heart of his devotees. He preached brotherhood, oneness of God, religion and true devotion to God.

Kabir condemned casteism, idol worship, supremacy of the Brahmins and Ulemas, baseless ceremonies, rituals, pilgrimage to holy places and practice of participating in formal prayers like Namaz. He preached that ‘Hindus and Muslims are pots made out of the same clay’. He said that Kabir was the child of Allah and Rama. True devotion and true love towards God alone can help people to proceed on the path which leads to Salvation. God could be attained only through Bhakti.

He was a spontaneous poet and his poems are in the form of ‘Dohas’. His dohas or couplets in Hindi became popular. His followers came to be known as Kabirpanthis. He was one of the enlightened socio-religious reformers in India.

Gurunanak (1469-1539 C.E.): Gurunanak was a great socio-religious reformer. He is the founder of the Sikh religion (Sikhism). He was influenced by the teachings of Kabir. He preached the brotherhood of Mankind. He was bom in 1469 at Talwandi (Banks of Ravi). His parents were Mehta Kaulchand and Tripta. Since his childhood, Nanak was inclined towards spiritual life and believed in a life of purity. He condemned caste system, idol worship, polytheism, sati, superstitions, useless rituals and costly ceremonies. He advised people to speak the truth. He tried to achieve Hindu – Muslim unity, religious tolerance and unity of God and paid respect to all religions. He believed in the theory of Karma.

He gave importance to Meditaition, Bhakti and repetition of God’s name (Sat Nam) as the means towards the salvation of the Soul from the chains of the flesh. God loved those who did hard work. He advised his followers to give up selfishness and falsehood.His disciples were called ‘Sikhs’. ‘Guru Granth Sahib or ‘Adi Granth’ is the holy book of Sikhs. Gurudhwara (at Amritsar) is the holy place of Sikhs. Gurunanak wanted to reorganize the Indian society on the principles of equality and aimed at the establishment of a casteless society.

Question 6.
Explain the life and teachings of Basavcshwara.
Answer:
Early life of Basavcshwara (1132-1168 C.E.): Basavcshwara was born in 1132 C.E. in Ingaleshwara (Bagewadi Taluk). His parents were Madarasa and Madalambike. Basaveshwara was taught Vedas, Grammar and Logic in Sanskrit and Kannada. When he came of proper age, his father performed his upanayana ceremony. But he revolted against the existing socio-religious setup, discarded his sacred thread and went to Kudalasangama, where he studied under Jatavedamuni and attained spiritual and intellectual maturity.

Service under Bijjala : From Kudalasangama. he went to Mangalavede. Kalachuri King Bijjala, appointed Basaveshwara as accountant (Karanika). He rose to the position of chief treasurer (Bhandari). He married Neelambike and Gangambike. Without getting influenced by power, wealth and worldly life, he earned out his responsibilities through honest service. After the death of Siddarasa, Bijjala appointed Basaveshwara as his Prime Minister. As a Prime Minister, he introduced several reforms in administration. He spent his spare time in the propagation of Veerashaiva religion. After the overthrow of Bijjala (1162 C.E), he went to Kalyana, and Kalyana became the centre of his movement.

Shaktivishishtadvaitha Philosophy of Basaveshwara: (Non-duality) :
Basaveshwara propounded Shaktivishistadvaitha Philosophy. He gave an opportunity for all to wear Ishtalinga, irrespective of caste and gender. Religions give equal opportunities to every Body for the worship of Shiva. Linga (God) and Anga (Individual Soul) are two halves of the |ame thing. Moksha (salvation) is to attain oneness with Linga. The merger of Shiva (Purusha) with Shakti (Prakruti) forms the basis of Basaveshwara’s Philosophy. Shiva and Shakti are individually incomplete without the merger with each other and this is called ShakthivishishtadvaithaPhilosophy.
Basaveshwara propagated Veerashaivism which had the following fundamental principles.

1. Believe in one God that is Shiva: Basaveshwara believed in the oneness of the supreme God Shiva, who is associated with Shakti. Shakti and Shiva are inseparable.

2. He opposed the worship of several Gods. Final aim of the Soul is to merge with the Linga. He advocated the six divisions – Shatthalagalu namely Bhaktha, Maheshwara, Pfasadhi, Pranalingi, SharanaandAikya.

3. Ashtavaranas: He gave eight rules called Ashtavaranas to be followed by the veerashaivas. They are: 1) Obedience to Guru, 2) Worship of Linga, 3) Reverence for Jangama 4) Smearing of vibhuti (sacred ash) on the forehead, 5) Wearing of Rudraksha (sacred beads), 6) Sipping the padodaka of the Jangama, 7) Offering food to God and – partaking prasada, 8) Chanting of Panchakshari mantra.

4. Basaveshwara opposed all blind beliefs. He condemned the worship of images of God. e.g., Worshipping the idols of God was like chewing the bamboo leaf which had no juice and churning water which gives no butter.

5. Basaveshwara preached the dignity of labour. According to him ‘work is worship (Kayakave Kailasa).

6. Moral taught to the people: He preached moral rituals like compassion, humanity, toleration, and love. Good conduct is heaven and bad conduct is hell.

7. He stood for a casteless and classless society. Veerashaiva ideal society was based on equality among all lingayats irrespective of caste, race, creed and sex. Basaveshwara popularised his Philosophy through a new style of literature in Kannada known as the ‘Vachana Sahitya’. A man’s status is decided by his competency and not by his caste, and all are equal before Shiva: He gave importance to the inner purity rather than the outer image projected.

Anubhava Mantapa: Basaveshwara established Anubhava Mantapa at Kalyana to spread his Philosophy. This is called Shi vanubhava Mantapa or Vachana Mantapa. It was an academy where religious discourses were held and social and religious problems were discussed. Allamaprabhu presided over these religious discourses. It’s main purpose was to bring together the Veerashiva Saints, Scholars and Shiva Sharanas to share the religious experience. All were welcome in Anubhavamantapa without discrimination of race, religion or gender.

It was the first step to reform and reorganise society on the basis of equality of religion, status and move towards a classless society. Allamaprabhu, Akkamahadevi, Madi val Machaiah, Ambigara Chowdaiah, Siddarama, Channabasava, Kinnari Bommaiah, Lakkamma, Nagambika, Mukthayakka and other Shivasharanas took part in the religious discussions at the Dharmasabha or Anubhava Mantapa.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Sufism.
Answer:
Sufism: The ‘Sufi’ saints wore woollen clothes from which the term sufi is derived. The other, meaning of Sufi is purity. The influence of Hinduism on Islam in medieval India resulted in the rise of Sufism. It inculcated many Hindu practices into Islamic practices.

The Sufi saints, like the other Hindu exponents of the Bhakti cult, propagated social equality, gender equality, religious harmony, devotion etc. Some of the practices were against Islamic principles, like music and singing as forms of devotion to God, worship of the tombs of the Sufi Saints (Darga), both men and women offering prayers together at the Dargah, etc., The sufi saints became popular by their socio-religious reforms and both Hindus and Muslims became their disciples.

The important Sufi orders are :

1. Chishti order was founded by Khwaja Abdul Chishti in 966 C.E. Moinuddin Chishti, Sheik Salim Chishti, Fariduddin Shakar and others were the important saints of this order.
2. Suharawardi order was founded by Sheik Shahabuddin Suharawardi of Baghdad. Sheik Bahauddin Suharawardi was the famous saint among this order.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy

You can Download Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy, Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is ‘Nation Building’?
Answer:
A process of uniting the people with a sense of nationalism is called Nation Building.

Question 2.
Mention Gandhiji’s opinion on education.
Answer:
In the opinion of Gandhiji ‘Education is the light of life’.

Question 3.
State the distinct national character of India.
Answer:
‘Cultural Diversity’ is the distinct national character.

Question 4.
What is the distinct character that denotes nationality of Australia?
Answer:
‘Aboriginal’ is the distinct character of Australia.

Question 5.
Which is regarded as the fourth estate in democracy?
Answer:
Mass media is regarded as the fourth estate in Democracy.

Question 6.
Which acts as the bridge between the government and the public.
Answer:
Mass media acts as the bridge between the government and the public.

Question 7.
Name one of the personalities in the field of social sciences who contributed for national development. (March 2015)
Answer:
Ashish Nandi is the great personality in the field of social sciences who contributed for National Development.

Question 8.
Name one of the personalities who played key role in the national integration.
Answer:
Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the National Integration.

Question 9.
What is the major occupation of Indian Farmers?
Answer:
Agriculture is the major occupation of Indian Farmers.

Question 10.
Give an example of two states with uneven distribution of population.
Answer:
Haryana and Arunachal Pradesh are the two states with uneven distribution of population.

Question 11.
Name one of the states which is communally more sensitive.
Answer:
Uttara Pradesh is communally more sensitive.

Question 12.
Mention any one of the priorities which is accorded for national development.
Answer:
Education is accorded for National Development.

Question 13.
Name one of the private enterprises that has contributed for economic development.
Answer:
Wipro has contributed for Economic Development.

Question 14.
State any one NGOs who fight against corruption.
Answer:
The NGO which fight against corruption is ’Election Watch’.

Question 15.
Name one of the biggest challenges to Indian democracy.
Answer:
Communalism is the biggest challenges to Indian Democracy.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of inequality? (July 2015)
Answer:
Denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimination on the basis of caste and gender is called inequality.

Question 17.
Name one of the provisions of the constitution that supports socialistic pattern of society.
Answer:
Article 15, 16, 17 and 46 of the constitution supports socialistic pattern of society.

Question 18.
What is the percentage of reservation for SCs in public service?
Answer:
The percentage of reservation for SCs in public service is 15%.

Question 19.
State the other name for ‘Dalith Act’.
Answer:
The SCs and STs (Prevention of atrocities) Act.

Question 20.
Mention the purpose of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana’.
Answer:
Universalization of elementary education is the main purpose of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana’.

Question 21.
State the literacy percentage in Karnataka as per 2011 census.
Answer:
The literacy percentage in Karnataka as per 2011 census is 75.36%.

Question 22.
When was the 86^th Constitutional Amendment passed?
Answer:
The 86^th Constitutional Amendment was passed in 2002.

Question 23.
State the age group of children who come under ‘The Right to Education’.
Answer:
The age group of children between 6 and 14 years come under the ‘The Right to Education’.

Question 24.
Define communalism. (July 2015)
Answer:
Answer: According to Bipan Chandra “The concept of communalism is based on the belief that religious distinction is the most important and fundamental distinction and it overrides all other distinctions.”

Question 25.
State one cause for communalism
Answer:
Hindu-Muslim nationalism is one of the cause for communalism

Question 26.
What is terrorism?
Answer:
The calculated use of violence to achieve political, religious, ideological and other goals is called terrorism.

Question 27.
Name one of the terrorist organizations.
Answer:
Al-Quida.

Question 28.
Expand JKLF.
Answer:
Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front.

Question 29.
Expand MISA.
Answer:
Maintenance of Internal Security Act.

Question 30.
Expand TADA.
Answer:
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Prevention Act.

Question 31.
Expand POTA.
Answer:
Prevention of Terrorism Act.

Question 32.
Expand UAPA.
Answer:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

Question 33.
Who was called as Muslim Gokhale?
Answer:
Mohammed Ali Jinnah was called as Muslim Gokhale.

Question 34.
Define corruption.
Answer:
According to David H. Bayley “Misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains is called corruption”.

Question 35.
Expand CVC.
Answer:
Central Vigilance Commission.

Question 36.
When was the Prevention of Corruption Act passed?
Answer:
The prevention of Corruption Act was passed in 1988.

Question 37.
Name the Anti Corruption Bureau in Sweden.
Answer:
Ombudsman is the Anti Corruption Bureau in Sweden.

Question 38.
Who appoints Lokpal?
Answer:
The President of India appoints Lokpal.

Question 39.
When did Lokpal institution come into existence?
Answer:
The Lokpal Institution came into existence on 1^st January 2013.

Question 40.
What is the tenure of the office of Lokpal?
Answer:
The tenure of the office of Lokpal is 5 years.

Question 41.
Who appoints Lokayuktha?
Answer:
The Governor appoints Lokayuktha.

Question 42.
When did the Lokayuktha institution come into force in Karnataka?
Answer:
The Lokayuktha Institution in Karnataka came into force in 1984.

Question 43.
State the tenure of the office of Lokayukta.
Answer:
The tenure of the office of Lokayuktha is 5 years.

Question 44.
Name the famous economist who said illiteracy is an unliberty.
Answer:
Amartya sen.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Two marks questions and answers

Question 1.
How do nation states emerge?
Answer:
The Nation States emerge with the attainment of independence.

Question 2.
How is nationality formed?
Answer:
Common language, culture, history and aspirations help the people to form nationality.

Question 3.
What is Nation Building aims at?
Answer:
It aims at building of National Power and National Institutions, achieving socio-economic, educational and scientific development, national reconstruction and all-round development.

Question 4.
Define nation building. (March 2017)
Answer:
According to Myron Weiner, “Nation Building is a wide ranging process to build a viable cohesive, well organised and widely acceptable society”.

Question 5.
Name any four contents of good governance.
Answer:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness.

Question 6.
How did Nehru’s leadership contributed to the process of nation building?
Answer:
Nehru formulated goals for Nation-Building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India.

Question 7.
How political culture evoked national reconstruction?
Answer:
Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction.

Question 8.
Which are the two foundations to build national character?
Answer:
The two foundations to build National Character are Nationalism and Patriotism.

Question 9.
State India’s distinct national character.
Answer:
India’s distinct National Character is Cultural Diversity.

Question 10.
Which day is observed as national integration day?
Answer:
November 19th of every year is observed as National Integration Day.

Question 11.
What is caste based inequality?  (March 2018)
Answer:
Discriminating the people on the grounds of caste is called caste based inequality.

Question 12.
Name two disadvantages of based society.
Answer:
Lack of mobility among different castes and caste bias are the two disadvantages of closed society.

Question 13.
How do you analyze gender based inequality? (March 2019)
Answer:
Discrimination is made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex. It is the result of gender bias in favour of male throughout the ages.

Question 14.
“Denial of education cause inequality in society” – substantiate.
Answer:
Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

Question 15.
State the motto of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’
Answer:
Educational empowerment of women to remove gender based inequality and universalization of elementary education is the motto of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

Question 16.
Distinguish between literate and an illiterate person according to 2001 census.
Answer:
According to Census Report 2001, “a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is an illiterate person.”

Question 17.
How many child labourers are there across the country according to the Report of National Crime Record Bureau?
Answer:
According to the Report of National Crime Record Bureau there are 2 crores child labourers across the country.

Question 18.
What is compulsory education?
Answer:
Providing free and compulsory education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years is called compulsory eduction.

Question 19.
Expand NEP.
Answer:
National Education Policy.

Question 20.
Mention any two policies of British India that intensified communalism.
Answer:
(a) During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion.
(b) Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto through 1909 Act.

Question 21.
How communalism endangers nationalism?
Answer:
Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalism exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity and thus Communalism and endangers Nationalism

Question 22.
‘United we stand, disunited we fall’-prove.
Answer:
A Nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. So all the people should unit and fight for the motherland.

Question 23.
What is national integration? (March 2016)
Answer:
A process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically is called National Integration.

Question 24.
State the role of Neighbourhood Peace Committees.
Answer:
The Neighbourhood Peace Committees contains the eminent or prominent leader of their religion. Its main objectives are to control the social tensions and to wind up communal riots. Taking precautionary’ measures to prevent the communal classes and to establish harmonious relationship between the communities.

Question 25.
What is the root word of terrorism? (July 2016)
Answer:
The word terrorism is derived from the Latin word ‘terrere’.

Question 26.
Define terrorism.
Answer:
According to Encyclopedia of Social Science – “It is a method where by an organized group or party seeks to achieve its avowed goals chiefly through the systematic use of violence.

Questionv 27.
How religious fundamentalism causes terrorism?
Answer:
The religious fundamentalist organisations belonging to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

Question 28.
Why do terrorists boycott elections?
Answer:
Terrorists have no faith in democratic process and constitution. They always indulging in destabilizing and threatening the government. Hence terrorists boycott the elections.

Question 29.
Define corruption.
Answer:
According to David H. Bayley, “As misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains”

Question 30.
Conduct rules and corrupt practices go together”. Prove this statement.
Answer:
In a land of Budha. Gandhi. Jayaprakash Narayan, it is unfortunate that most of the politicians and bureaucrats have indulged in corrupt activities. Nepotism, favouritism and cronyism are pervasive phenomena in India’s public administration. So conduct rules and corrupt practices go together.

Question 31.
Service to the people is service to the God does not hold good in public service – analyze.
Answer:
Service to the people is service to the God has been ignored by the people in power. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.

Question 32.
“Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation is corrupt”. Prove this statement.
Answer:
Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.

Question 33.
The destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. Do you agree? If not give two reasons.
Answer:
The parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms are not imparting moral values and education among the children. It leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 34.
Goodness politics is replaced by power politics. How?
Answer:
Eminent and statesmen were in the beginning of 1947 in Indian politics. There was a good political values in the administration. But now money power, muscle power has become dominant. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. Hence Goodness politics is replaced by power politics.

Question 35.
How criminalization of politics has become a menace to Democracy?
Answer:
The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

Question 36.
State any two forms of corruption.
Answer:
The various forms of corruption are receiving money, gifts, commissions in public office, indulging in bribe, pay off, scam, kick-backs, greasing of palms.

Question 37.
‘Administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become a threat to democracy’ How?
Answer:
Corruption takes the form of favouritism, red tapism. nepotism in the administration. It leads to the illegal interference of political operations in the government and finally resulted in destabilizing the political system. So it has become threat to democracy.

Question 38.
Name the two Investing institutions which investigates the misbehavior of civil service. (July 2017)
Answer:
(a) Central Bureau of Investigation.
(b) Central Vigilance Commission.

Question 39.
When did the movement of ‘India Against Corruption’ started and who lead this?
Answer:
The movement of ‘India against Corruption’ is started in 2011 by the social activist Anna Hazare.

Question 40.
State the Jurisdiction of Lokpal.
Answer:
The’jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union Government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.

Question 41.
Write the two functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and to register the cases against corrupt officials.
(b) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.

Question 42.
In which state the Lokayuktha was first established and when?
Answer:
The Lokayuktha was first established in the state of Maharashtra in 1973.

Question 43.
Name the chief minister who adopted Lokayuktha in Karnataka and in which year?
Answer:
Ramakrishna Hegde. the then Chief Minister of Karnataka adopted Lokayuktha in the year 1984.

Question 44.
Mention any two functions of Lokayukta.
Answer:
(a) The Lokayuktha receives complaints and allegation against the government officials from any persons and to undertake trial.
(b) It has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, cash, etc.

Question 45.
Name any two Acts that are introduced to control terrorism.
Answer:
(a) POTA
(b) UAPA

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Five marks questions and answers

Question 1.
Narrate the process of nation building.
Answer:
The process of Nation Building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. The process of Nation Building is an offshoot of concept of Nation States. The idea of Nation States emerged after signing the treaty of West Phalia in 1648 by Western countries. The people of the common religious and traditional background, living in a definite territory with like mindedness, we-feeling and enjoying political independence form the Nation. Common language, culture and history, aspirations help the people to form Nationality.

Nation Building is the process of uniting people with a sense of nationalism. It aims at building of national power and national institutions, achieving socio-economic, educational and scientific development, national reconstruction and all-round development.

Question 2.
Explain any five components of nation building. (March 2016,2018)
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavor of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation Building. He formulated goals for Nation Building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

(d) Political culture: Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

Question 3.
List out the hindrances the come in the way of nation building. (July 2016,2017,2018)
Answer:
The hindrances of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Poverty: Large sections of our society are belongs to the below poverty line. They are denying to the access of good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure and unable to cope up with the national development.

(b) Population explosion: India is a second largest populous country in the world. Though human resource is essential, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, shortage of shelter, food and other basic amenities.

(c) Regional imbalance: All the states of our country are not evenly developed. The natural resources are not equally distributed. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.

(d) Social and political disturbances: In India social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension. Some states are communally sensitive areas. The inter-state disputes are in the great extent at present. Hence these issues have affected nation’s march towards development.

(e) Political crisis: The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the Parliament and State Legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of Nation.

Question 4.
Explain any five remedies for nation building. (July 2017,2018)
Answer:
Remedies for the Nation Building:
(a) Political stability: The government elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty. So in order to maintain political stability, there should be full term of government.

(b) Selection of priorities: The government has to choose the areas of priority necessary for Nation Building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national development.

(c) Effective implementation of plans: Since April 2012. 12^th Five year plan is under progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelizing the sources and implementing effectively.

(d) Mixed economy: Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front by generating the employment and thus contributed for economic progress.

(e) Implementation of directive principles of state policy: Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies.

Question 5.
List out causes for caste based inequality. (March 2017,July 2018)
Answer:
Causes for caste based inequality:

(a) Varnashrama system: Since ancient period Varna system is prevalent. It is based on their profession as Brahmin. Kshatriya, Vysya and Shudras. Gradually it was converted into caste based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on inequality prevailed in Hindu Society.

(b) Social distance: Due to lack of mobility among different castes, culture, traditions, folkways, food habits, social relations social distance is in great extent in Indian society. Finally it leads to strong caste bias among them.

(c) Illiteracy and conservatism: Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. They oppose strongly to any change in society.

(d) Sense of prestige: The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.

(e) Marriage restrictions: In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honor marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Question 6.
What are the causes for gender based inequality (July 2015)
Answer:
Causes for gender based inequality:

(a) Manu smrithi: Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smrithi’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the happenings of society.

(b) Male domination: The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates on female. He doe’s not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

(c) Denial of education: Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

(d) Dowry system: The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. The boy is treated as an asset and the girl is a burden. This attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

(e) Inadequate representation: Women constitute 50% of the total population. Female are inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in this respective field.

Question 7.
Write a note on the role of representative bodies in eradicating gender based inequality7.
Answer:
The 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendments are landmarks in the political empowerment of women at the grass root level of democracy. Article 243 D provides 1/3^rd reservation of seats for women in Panchayath Bodies. Further, out of total reserved seats l/3^rd of seats are reserved for SC/ST women. 1/3^rd of the total number of offices of Chairpersons in the Panchavaths may also be reserved for women as per law made by the State Legislatures. Similar policy of political reservation is followed in Urban Governments under Article 243 T. Many State Governments including Karnataka have increased the reservation of seats to 50% in Local Bodies.

Question 8.
List out the constitutional provisions to remove gender based inequality.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions: To remove inequality on the basis of gender, the Constitution of . India has made the Provisions as under:
(a) As per Article 15 prohibition of state discrimination based on sex.
(b) As per Article 16 equality of opportunity in public service.
(c) As per Article 23 and 24 Right against exploitation.
(d) As per Article 39(d) equal pay for equal work.
(e) As per Article 51 A(e) protection of the dignity of women.
(f) As per Article 236 voting right to women.

Question 9.
Describe the causes of illiteracy. (March 2015, 2016, 2018, July 2015)
Answer:
Causes of illiteracy:

(a) Population explosion: India is the second most papulous country in the world. It consists of 17.5% of world’s total population. The population of India has increased 128 crores. hence it has become a challenging task for the government to provide literacy.

(b) Poverty: Due to poverty, majority of children suffer from malnutrition and anemia. Parents from poor and low income families find it difficult to send children to schools.

(c) Social backwardness: Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos have prevented large number of people •from getting literacy.

(d) Child labour: Prevalence of child labour due to poor socio-economic conditions is seen all over India. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving and fireworks etc. all these hinder them from getting education.

(e) Poor infrastructure: Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is not conducive for learning and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children particularly in the rural areas.

Question 10.
How literacy acts as an impediment to democracy? (July 2015) (March 2016,2017)
Answer:
Illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy. It can be justified on the grounds of the following facts:

(a) Lack of political awareness: Illiteracy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote. They do not understand the ideologies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party.

(b) Low percentage of votes: Low percentage of votes is common in all the elections. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of polling.

(c) Money and muscle power: The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.

(d) Politics of populism: The voters in India are attracted by politics of populous. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government. These populous programmes force them to remain useless category. This becomes an impediment to national development.

Question 11.
What are the constitutional provisions to eradicate illiteracy as found in 86^th amendment.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions: The Parliament of India passed the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002 aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Its main provisions are as follows:

(a) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.

(b) It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.

(c) The schools must’have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.

(d) The central government and state governments bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula.

(e) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age.

Question 12.
List out the cause for communism (March 2015,2018,2019)
Answer:
Causes for communalism:

(a) Policy of the British rule: The discriminatory policies of the Britishers regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced through 1909 Act. All these intensified the causes of communalism.

(b) Hindu-Muslim Nationalism: Communal organisations were formed by separatists. In 1906 Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah created a sense of separateness among Muslims and became the champion of two-nation theory based on religion. These developments led to distrust between Hindus and Muslims.

(c) Communal riots: It took place in India after independence in large scale. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan were exploited the situation and torcher each other. Later communal riots occurred in many places of the country which finally leads to the demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodya on 6th December 1992.

(d) Politically manipulated: In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among communities.

(e) Communality in organization: Different communities in India established their own organisations based on communality to support particular political parties for their interest.

Question 13.
How communalism acts as a threat to Indian democracy at the present scenario?
Answer:
Communalism acts as a threat to Indian Democracy:

(a) Threat to National Integrity: Hostility’ among various religious groups is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-continent to religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalistn in democratic government.

(b) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism: Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalized and even forgotten. Therefore, communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism.

(c) Impediment to National Development: Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

(d) Weak Political Leadership: Political parties and leadership have failed to control the communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by political parties which finally influenced to fundamentalism. It leads to weak political leadership.

(e) Threat to National Sovereignty: A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignty.

Question 14.
Write a note on Neighbourhood Peace Committees.
Answer:
After the demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and subsequent communal riots in all over the country, certain measures have been taken to establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent and prominent leaders of the community as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or communally sensitive areas. The main objectives of these committees are to control the social tensions which was the main cause for communal riots.

Taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. Restoring normalcy in the communally affected area, establishing communal harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 15.
Examine the causes for the rise of terrorism in India.
Answer:
Causes for the rise of terrorism in India:

(a) Separatist movements: Since partition of the country, communal forces are indulging in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab started separatist movements on religious basis. Some terrorist groups are still involving in separatist movements.

(b) Religious fundamentalism: Some religious fundamentalist organisations belonging to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long-term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

(c) Ethnic problem in the North-East: On the basis of ethnic and regional identity, many self interested fundamentalists organized terrorist activities in North-East region.

(d) Weak political system: Multi party system which has led to the coalition in India has weakened the system. Coalition partners belonging to various ideologies and goals are not supporting firm decisions and strong actions against terrorist activities.

(e) Economic deprivation: The uneven economic development and the exploitation of the poor by rich people has created a great gulf between the ‘haves’ and ‘have not’s’.

Question 16.
How terrorism is a commination to Democracy? (March 2019)
Answer:
Terrorism is commination to Democracy:
(a) Disruption of governance: Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.

(b) Disrespect for constitution: Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating the mandatory provisions of the law and involving terrorist activities.

(c) Violation of human rights: Terrorists have no respect on human rights. They kill and injure the innocent people, attack the leaders and target the public places.

(d) Anti democratic activities: Terrorists are always tries to destabilize the democratic system and disrupt the election process.

(e) Obstacle to economic growth: It also destroys the economic development of the country by diverting the huge amount of money towards curbing terrorist activities.

Question 17.
Explain the various provisions of UAPA (July 2017)
Answer:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act was enacted in 2008. The main provisions are as
follows:

(a) The words ‘Terrorist Act’ are defined in Section 15 of the Act. “Any act which threatens the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country.

(b) Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 years and fine.

(c) Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 years which may extend to life imprisonment and liable to fine.

(d) Prescribe punishment for recruitment of persons for terrorist act and their training. The punishment is 5 years which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable to fine.

(e) Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a cognizable offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may extend the detention period up to 180 days.

(f) If there are sufficient grounds for detention of an accused person under the Act, no bail is granted. Further, no bail shall be granted to a foreigner who has entered the country illegally except in very exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be recorded in writing.

(g) The Central Government has the power to freeze, seize or attach funds or other financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.
Socio economic development is a remedy to Terrorism. Discuss.

Question 18.
Socio economic development is a remedy to Terrorism. Discuss (March 2016)
Answer:
Socio-economic development is a remedy to curb the terrorism

(a) Social acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism.

(b) Education: Lack of moral education and nationality, youth are attracted by terrorism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other goals to achieve.

(c) Employment opportunities: By providing employment to the youths at the suitable stage avoids the undemocratic and anti-national activities and thus effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

Question 19.
Make a list of causes of corruption. (July 2015)
Answer:
Causes of corruption:

(a) Greediness: Basically man is a selfish, acquisitive, aggressive and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore, people are always urge for acquiring wealth and property.

(b) Selfishness: As it is said service to the people is service to God has been ignored by the people who are in power and in public office. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.

(c) Corrupt politicians: Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation
is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.

(d) Lack of morality: Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to impart moral education. Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case if it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 20.
How corruption is a menace to Democracy?
Answer:
Corruption as a menace to Democracy:

(a) Power politics: The common phenomenon all over the country is that “goodness politics” is replaced by power politics. Money power and muscle power has become dominant in the present election system. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. It endangers the existence of democracy.

(b) Criminalisation of politics: The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

(c) Demoralisation of Bureaucracy: Corruption takes the form of favouritism, redtapism, nepotism. Destabilisation of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to democracy.

(d) Violation of social justice: Accumulation of wealth through corruption leads to the concentration of wealth in a few people which finally leads to the violation of socio¬economic justice. Some people enjoy luxurious life and majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. It is against to democratic values.

Question 21.
Write a note on Lokpal. (March 2015)
Answer:
Organisation: The Lokpal Bill became an Act on 1st January 2013. It consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Sitting Judge of Supreme Court or retired Chief Justice of India is eligible to head the Lokpal Institution. 4 members should be Judges of either Supreme Court or High Court and 4 members must possess minimum 25 years of experience in Vigilance Commission.

According to Administrative Reforms Commission of India the President appoints the Lokpal with the consultation of panel consisting of Prime Minister, Speaker and Leader of Opposition in Loksabha, Chief Justice of India. The tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after the enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court.

The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.
Powers and functions of Lokpal are as follows:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and can register cases against corrupt officials.
(b) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
(c) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
(d) Provision is made for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt means
(e) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term.

Question 22.
Write the Orgainzation , powers and functions of Lokayukta (July 2018)
Answer:
Organisation: The Lokayukta Institution was came into force in Karnataka in 1984. It comprises 3 members, one is Lokayukta and two are the Upa Lokayuktas. Retired Judge of Supreme Court or Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as Lokayukta and retired Judge of High Court is Upa Lokayukta.
The Governor appoints the Lokayukta with the consultation of committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of Assembly, Chairman of the Council and Leaders of Opposition. The Lokayukta is appointed for 5 years and removed from the office by the Governor on the charge of misbehavior or incapability’ proved in the State Legislature. by 2/3rd majority.
The powers and functions of Lokayukta are as follows:
(a) The Lokayukta receives complaints and allegations from any person against the corrupted officials,
(b) The Lokayukta can proceeds to investigate on a prima facie consideration. If it is satisfied that a criminal offence has been committed, it may initiate prosecution.
(c) The Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if-it is referred by the state government.
(d) The Lokayukta has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, jewellery, cash, etc. which are unaccounted.
(e) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search warrant.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Ten marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Describe the components of Nation Building. (March 2017,2019)
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of Nation Building, collective support and endeavor of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: It ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Govemance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation Building. He formulated goals for Nation Building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modem India.

(d) Political culture: It constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity’ and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

(f) Universal education: It is very essential for the development of a country. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. It encourages people to analyse the national problems and to work for national progress. The Right To Education Act was implemented in this regard.

(g) National character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundation to build national character. One has to acquire knowledge about the history’ of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations.

(h) Mass media: Mass media is regarded as the 4th estate in Democracy as it plays a vital role in the Nation-Building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public.

(e) Responsible intelligentia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and Innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in different fields, Amartya Sen, Vandana Shiva, Ashish Nandy, Sir.M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. C.N.R. Rao, Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed.

(j) National integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kripalani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being observed as National Integration Day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 2.
Describe the hindrances and remedial measures to Nation Building.
Answer:
Hindrances to Nation Building; The hindrances of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Poverty: Large sections of our society are belongs to the below poverty line. They are denying to the access of good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure and unable to cope up with the national development.

(b) Population explosion: India is a second largest populous country in the world. Though human resource is essential, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, shortage of shelter, food and other basic amenities.

(c) Regional imbalance: All the states of our country are not evenly developed. The natural resources are not equally distributed. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.

(d) Social and political disturbances: In India social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension. Some states are communally sensitive areas. The inter-state disputes are in the great extent at present. Hence these issues have affected nation’s march towards development.

(e) Political crisis: The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the Parliament and State Legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of Nation.

Remedial measures to Nation Building: Remedies for the Nation Building:

(a) Political stability: The government elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty. So in order to maintain political stability, there should be full term of government.

(b) Selection of priorities: The government has to choose the areas of priority necessary for Nation Building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national development.

(c) Effective implementation of plans: Since April 2012. 12^th Five year plan is under progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelizing the sources and implementing effectively.

(d) Mixed economy: Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front by generating the employment and thus contributed for economic progress.

(e) Implementation of directive principles of state policy: Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies.

Question 3.
What are the causes for caste based inequality? Reservation as a remedy to eradicate this? Justify. (March 2015)
Answer:
Causes for caste based inequality: Causes for caste based inequality:

(a) Varnashrama system: Since ancient period Varna system is prevalent. It is based on their profession as Brahmin. Kshatriya, Vysya and Shudras. Gradually it was converted into caste based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on inequality prevailed in Hindu Society.

(b) Social distance: Due to lack of mobility among different castes, culture, traditions, folkways, food habits, social relations social distance is in great extent in Indian society. Finally it leads to strong caste bias among them.

(c) Illiteracy and conservatism: Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. They oppose strongly to any change in society.

(d) Sense of prestige: The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.

(e) Marriage restrictions: In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honor marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Reservation as a remedy to eradicate caste based inequality:

(a) Education: article 15, clauses (4) and (5) of the Constitution provides reservation of seas to SCs, STs and Backward Classes in educational Institutions. Right To Education has also provided reservation to these communities.

(b) Employment: Article 16, clause (4) of the Constitution provides equal opportunities to all in public sendees. Article 335 claims 18% reservation for SCs and STs in Public Services both in Central and State Governments. The Mandal Commission report recommended 27% job reservation for OBCs.

(c) Loksabha and Legislative assembly: Article 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution provides reservation to SCs and STs both in Loksabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

(d) Local bodies: Article 243D of the Indian Constitution, seats are reserved for SCs and STs in every Panchayath in proportion to their population.

(e) Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 of the Constitution of India provided for abolition of untouchability. The SCs and STs (Prevention of atrocities) Act was enacted by Parliament in 1989 to eradicate caste based inequality’.

Question 4.
What are the causes for gender based inequality? Can the reservation for women be a response to this?
Answer:
Causes for gender based inequality: Causes for gender based inequality:

(a) Manu smrithi: Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smrithi’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the happenings of society.

(b) Male domination: The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates on female. He doe’s not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

(c) Denial of education: Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

(d) Dowry system: The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. The boy is treated as an asset and the girl is a burden. This attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

(e) Inadequate representation: Women constitute 50% of the total population. Female are inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in this respective field.

Reservation for women to eradicate gender based inequality: Constitutional provisions: To remove inequality on the basis of gender, the Constitution of India has made the Provisions as under:
(a) As per Article 15 prohibition of state discrimination based on sex.
(b) As per Article 16 equality of opportunity in public service.
(c) As per Article 23 and 24 Right against exploitation.
(d) As per Article 39(d) equal pay for equal work.
(e) As per Article 51 A(e) protection of the dignity of women.
(f) As per Article 236 voting right to women.

Question 5.
How is illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy? Explain the remedies.
Answer:
Illiteracy acts as an impediment to Democracy: Illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy. It can be justified on the grounds of the following facts:

(a) Lack of political awareness: Illiteracy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote. They do not understand the ideologies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party.

(b) Low percentage of votes: Low percentage of votes is common in all the elections. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of polling.

(c) Money and muscle power: The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.

(d) Politics of populism: The voters in India are attracted by politics of populous. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government. These populous programmes force them to remain useless category. This becomes an impediment to national development.

Constitutional Provisions to eradicate illiteracy: Constitutional provisions: The Parliament of India passed the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002 aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Its main provisions are as follows:

(a) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.

(b) It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.

(c) The schools must’have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.

(d) The central government and state governments bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula.

(e) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age.

Question 6.
‘Communalism is a threat to Indian democracy’. Prove this statement and list out the remedial measures. (March 2015,2018 – July 2016)
Answer:
Communalism acts as a threat to Indian Democracy:
(a) Threat to National Integrity: Hostility’ among various religious groups is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-continent to religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalistn in democratic government.

(b) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism: Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalized and even forgotten. Therefore, communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism.

(c) Impediment to National Development: Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

(d) Weak Political Leadership: Political parties and leadership have failed to control the communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by political parties which finally influenced to fundamentalism. It leads to weak political leadership.

(e) Threat to National Sovereignty: A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignty.

Securalism: The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious organisations. In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the ‘Prevention of Communal Violence Bill to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by Parliament.

National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. India is a land of diversity. For the success of Indian Democracy, promotion of National Integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain National Integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution.

Neighbourhood Peace Committees: After the demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and subsequent communal riots in all over the country, certain measures have been taken to establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent and prominent leaders of the community as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives of these committees are to control the social tensions which was the main cause for communal riots. Taking precautionaiy measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. Restoring normalcy in the communally affected area, establishing communal harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 7.
How terrorism is a threat to Indian democracy 7 Write the legislative measures for the eradication.
Answer:
Terrorism is a commination to Democracy: Terrorism is commination to Democracy:

(a) Disruption of governance: Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.

(b) Disrespect for constitution: Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating the mandatory provisions of the law and involving terrorist activities.

(c) Violation of human rights: Terrorists have no respect on human rights. They kill and  injure the innocent people, attack the leaders and target the public places.

(d) Anti democratic activities: Terrorists are always tries to destabilize the democratic system and disrupt the election process.

(e) Obstacle to economic growth: It also destroys the economic development of the country by diverting the huge amount of money towards curbing terrorist activities.

Legislative measures for the eradication of Terrorism: Socio-economic development is a remedy to curb the terrorism

(a) Social acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism.

(b) Education: Lack of moral education and nationality, youth are attracted by terrorism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other goals to achieve.

(c) Employment opportunities: By providing employment to the youths at the suitable stage avoids the undemocratic and anti-national activities and thus effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

Question 8.
Write the causes for corruption and how it is acting as a menace to democracy.
Answer:
Causes of corruption:
(a) Greediness: Basically man is a selfish, acquisitive, aggressive and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore, people are always urge for acquiring wealth and property.
(b) Selfishness: As it is said service to the people is service to God has been ignored by the people who are in power and in public office. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.
(c) Corrupt politicians: Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation
is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.
(d) Lack of morality’: Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to impart moral education. Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case if it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Corruption is a menace to Democracy: Corruption as a menace to Democracy:

(a) Power politics: The common phenomenon all over the country is that “goodness politics” is replaced by power politics. Money power and muscle power has become dominant in the present election system. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. It endangers the existence of democracy.

(b) Criminalisation of politics: The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

(c) Demoralisation of Bureaucracy: Corruption takes the form of favouritism, redtapism, nepotism. Destabilisation of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to democracy.

(d) Violation of social justice: Accumulation of wealth through corruption leads to the concentration of wealth in a few people which finally leads to the violation of socio¬economic justice. Some people enjoy luxurious life and majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. It is against to democratic values.

Question 9.
Explain various legislative measures to prevent corruption.
Answer:
Anti-Corruption Act (Prevention of Corruption Act)
The Prevention of Corruption Act was enacted by both Union and State governments to curb corruption in public administration. Through the adoption of institutional mechanism like Central Bureau of Investigation in 1963 and Central Vigilance Commission in 1964, investigates cases of misconduct by public servants and other corporate bodies that comes under the purview’ of Union government.

Lokpal: Organisation: The Lokpal Bill became an Act on 1st January 2013. It consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Sitting Judge of Supreme Court or retired Chief Justice of India is eligible to head the Lokpal Institution. 4 members should be Judges of either Supreme Court or High Court and 4 members must possess minimum 25 years of experience in Vigilance Commission.
According to Administrative Reforms Commission of India the President appoints the Lokpal with the consultation of panel consisting of Prime Minister, Speaker and Leader of Opposition in Loksabha, Chief Justice of India. The tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after the enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court.
The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.
Powers and functions of Lokpal are as follows:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and can register cases against corrupt officials.
(b) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
(c) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
(d) Provision is made for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt meAnswer:
(e) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term.

Lokayukta: Organisation: The Lokayukta Institution was came into force in Karnataka in 1984. It comprises 3 members, one is Lokayukta and two are the Upa Lokayuktas. Retired Judge of Supreme Court or Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as Lokayukta and retired Judge of High Court is Upa Lokayukta.
The Governor appoints the Lokayukta with the consultation of committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of Assembly, Chairman of the Council and Leaders of Opposition. The Lokayukta is appointed for 5 years and removed from the office by the Governor on the charge of misbehavior or incapability’ proved in the State Legislature  by 2/3^rd majority.
The powers and functions of Lokayukta are as follows:
(a) The Lokayukta receives complaints and allegations from any person against the corrupted officials,
(b) The Lokayukta can proceeds to investigate on a prima facie consideration. If it is satisfied that a criminal offence has been committed, it may initiate prosecution.
(c) The Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if-it is referred by the state government.
(d) The Lokayukta has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, jewellery, cash, etc. which are unaccounted.
(e) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search warrant.

You can Download Chapter 5 Medieval Period Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Medieval Period

Delhi Sultanates -1206-1526

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who were the first among the muslims to invade India?
Answer:
Arabs were the first among the Muslims to invade India. Mohammad – bin – Quasim, the Governor of Basra invaded India in 712 C.E.

Question 2.
Which was the famous book of Alberuni? (or) Name the famous book of Alberuni.
Answer:
Alberuni, a Persian scholar wrote the famous book Kitab – ul – Hind.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Slave (Mamuluck) dynasty?
Answer:
Qutub- ud-din-Aibak was the founder of the Slave dynasty.

Question 4.
Who founded the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 5.
Who was the commander of Allauddin Khilji who led the southern expedition?
Answer:
Malik Kafur was the commader (General) of Allauddin Khilji.

Question 6.
Who was called‘The Parrot of India’?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau, a great poet and singer was called as the “Parrot of India”.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of the Tbghalak dynasty?
Answer:
Ghiyasuddin Tughalak founded theTughalak dynasty in 1320C.E.

Question 8.
Who was the famous Sultan of (he Ibghalak dynasty?
Answer:
Mohammad-bin-Tughalak was the famous Sultan.

Question 9.
Who shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri?
Answer:
Mohammad-bin-Tughalak shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri in 1326 C.E.

Question 10.
Who introduced token currency?
Answer:
Mohammad – bin – Tughalak introduced token currency.

Question 11.
Who commenced the construction of Qutub Minar at Delhi?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak commenced the construction of Qutub Minar.

Question 12.
Who was the famous Sultan from the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji was the famous Sultan of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 13.
Who was the IToysala King, when Malik Kafur invaded Deccan?
Answer:
ViraBallala – III was the HoysalaKing, when Malik Kafur invaded Deccan in 1310 C.E.

Question 14.
Who introduced the Market reforms?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji introduced the Market reforms.

Question 15.
Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to introduce Land survey and settlement?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji was the first to introduce land survey and settlement.

Question 16.
Which types of currencies were introduced by Mohammad – bin – Tughalak?
Answer:
Token currency (Copper and Brass token currency) in 1329 to 1332 C.E.

Question 17.
What was the name given to Devagiri?
Answer:
Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad.

Question 18.
Which place was called a monument of misdirected energy?
Answer:
Lane Poole remarked, that Daulatabad remained a monument of misdirected energy.

Question 19.
Name the two capitals of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak.
Answer:
Delhi and Devagiri (Daulatabad) were the two capitals of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
In which year did the second battle of Tarain take place? Between whom was it
fought?
Answer:
The second battle of Tarain was fought between Prithviraj Chouhan and Shahabuddin Mohammad Ghori in 1192 C.E.

Question 2.
How many Sultan dynasties ruled Delhi? Which are those?
Answer:
Five Sultan dynasties ruled Delhi. They were

1. The Slave dynasty
2. The Khilji dynasty
3. The Tughalak dynasty
4. The Sayyid Dynasty
5. The Lodhi dynasty.

Question 3.
Name any two important monuments constructed by Alla-ud*din Khilji
Answer:
Palace of HazarSitum, Fort of Siri,Jamait Khan Masjid and Alai Darwaza.

Question 4.
Why did Allauddin Khilji called himself as ‘Sikandar – II’?
Answer:
Allauddin had become the master of India by 1312 C.E. His ambition was to conquer the whole world, but had to be satisfied with conquering only India. Even then, he issued coins with the title Sikandar (Alexander – II).

Question 5.
Name any two famous generals of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Ulugh Khan, Nazarath Khan and Malik Kafur were Allauddin Khilji’s famous generals.

Question 6.
Name any two reasons for the transfer of capital by Mohammad – bin – Tughalak.
Answer:

1. Devagiri occupied a central location in India, and it was nearly equidistant from Delhi and other important cities in his Empire.
2. He wanted his capital to be secure from the mongol invasions.

Question 7.
Name two historians from the Tlighalak period.
Answer:
Ziauddin Barani and Ibn Batuta were the great historians of that time.

Question 8.
Who started the writing of Tarik -i- Firozshahi? Who completed it?
Answer:
Barani started writingTarik – i – Firozshahi and Shams – i – Si raj Afif completed the work.

Question 9.
Who was Amir Khusrau? Name his famous works.
Answer:
Amir Khusrau the great poet and singer, who was in the court of Allauddin was also called as the “Parrot of India”. He wroteTughalak Namah, Khazyan – ul-Futuh and Tarkish – i- Alai.

Question 10.
Who built Qutub Minar? Where?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak started construction on the Qutub Minar at Delhi.

Question 11.
Mention the two officers appointed by Allauddin to control the markets?
Answer:
Divan – e – Riyasat and Shahan – e – Mandi were the two officers appointed by Allauddin to control the market prices.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the South Indian expedition of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
South Indian expedition of Allauddin: Allauddin Khilji was the first muslim ruler to attempt to the conquest of south India. He deputed his able general Malik Kafur to conquer south India. His ambition was to conquer the enormous wealth of south India and that was the reason for his southern campaign.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 C.E.): Ramachandradeva was the King of Devagiri, who had given shelter to King Kamadeva – II of Gujarat and his daughter Devaladevi. He had also not paid the annual tribute to the Sultan for three years. For these reasons, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri, defeated Ramachandradeva, captured Devaladevi and collected immense booty in 1307 C.E. Devaladevi was married to Khizer Khan, son-of Allauddin.

2. Conquest of Warangal (1309 C.E): In 1309 C.E., Malik Kafur marched through (via) Devagiri, secured the help of Ramachandradeva and attacked Warangal. Pratapa Rudradeva, the ruler of Warangal put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and had to surrender a lot ofwealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur. The Ruler of Warangal had to accept Delhi Sultan’s sovereignty.

3. Expedition to Iloysalas in 1310 C.E : Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra (Halebeedu) when Veera Ballala – III was away from the capital and was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and plundered the rich temples in the surrounding areas and looted gold, silver, pearls, diamonds and jewels. Ballala – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin Khilji.

4. Conquest of Madhurai (1311 C.E.) The forces of Delhi under Malik Kafur attacked the capital of the Pandya Kings (Madhurai) and plundered the city. Civil war arose between Sundarapandya and Veerapandya. Malik Kafur razed down the famous temple at Ramcshwara. All the wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a large herd of elephants.

Question 2.
Explain the reforms (political and economic) of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Administratibr reforms:
1. Kingship (Sultan): Allauddin followed an independent policy regarding political matters. He was a strong and efficient ruler. He set up a strong central administration. He was the supreme authority in the state and combined civil and military talents in remarkable measures. He did not permit the interference of religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine origin of Kingship and cherished the ideas that the King was the representative of God (Shadow of God). He once said “I issue orders as I conceive to be, for the good of the state and benefit of the people”.

2. Espionage: He established a spy network, to get information regarding the activities of all the nobles of his court. He also tried to prevent outbreak of rebellions within the Empire and formation of any conspiracy against him. He deprived the Nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the Nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs in Delhi and drastic punishment was meted out to those who were guilty of violation. He knew that gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal order and prevent the invasion of the Mongols. He personally supervised the activities of the soldiers and paid them salaries regularly. The state maintained a record of the Huliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system. Ariz – i – Mumalik was the incharge for the appointment of soldiers.

5. Revenue reforms :

• Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land, for the assessment of land revenue.
• He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars, Jagirdars and Ulemas.
• ITe imposed Jazia, pilgrim, octroi and other taxes on non – muslims.
• He appointed a special officer called “Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants.
• In order to check bribery and corruption among revenue officials and to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials, their salaries were increased.

6. Market regulation: The most remarkable of all these, was an attempt to control the market, by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all articles of common use were fixed. A separate department and officers were appointed to regulate the market prices of commodities on a daily basis.

Evaluation of Allauddin: He is renowned not only for his conquests but also for his administrative and economic reforms. He was vigorous, efficient, bold and original as a reformer. He established an absolute state, free from the control of religion. His resourcefulness, energy, and capacity for work, his unbounded courage tempered with calculation and penetrating common sense stand out.

Question 3.
Why is Mohammad-bin-Tbghalak called as a “Mixture of opposites”?
Answer:
Administrative experiments of Mohammad -bin-Thghalak:

1. Tax increase in Doab area: The area between the Ganga and Yamuna (Doab) rivers being a very fertile land of the Empire and capable of yielding a large revenue to the state, Mohammad – bin – Tughalak decided to increase the taxes there. But he en forced the tax raise at the time of a famine. People were hard hit by the burden of additional taxation. Revenue collection was also strict, which the farmers were unable to pay. This measure made him extremely unpopular. He tried to make amends later, but it was too late. The scheme failed through mismanagement and corruption.

2. Transfer of capital in 1327 C.E.: Mohammad-bin-Tughalak decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad). His main objective was to safeguard his capital from the Mongol invasions. Also, Devagiri occupied a central position in India and it was equidistant to Delhi and the other important cities of his Kingdom. He desired to shift the entire Delhi population along with his court. Barani says that “Not a cat ora dog was left”. Causes for the shifting of the capital were very practical, but the method was impractical. The entire population of Delhi was made to march to Daulatabad.

The tiresome journey passing through the dense forest, heavy rains, diseases, attacks by dacoits, hunger, mental agony etc., resulted in death and sufferings of many. The Sultan having, at last, realised his folly, reshifted the court back to Delhi and ordered a return march of the people. The entire incident made him unpopular. According to Leen P( ol, operation – Daulatabad of was a “Monument of misdirected energy”.*This scheme also failed on account of the Sultan’s unplanned method of forcing it on his people.

3. Circulation of token currency in 1329 C.E.: Mohammad – bin – Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency, because maintaining a large army, relief to the Doab people famine, transfer of the capital, his unsuccessful expeditions, scarcity of Silver etc., caused much loss to the treasury. Hence, to increase the amount of currency in circulation, the Sultan issued token coins of copper and brass. Tanka was the token currency and its value was made equivalent to gold and silver coins. Minting of the copper coins was not retained as a monopoly of the Government.

Thornes described him as the ‘Prince of Moneycrs’ and a currency expert. The Sultan did not take precautionary measures to minting of the coins. People started minting their own coins.  Hence, the Empire was flooded with thousands of counterfeit copper coins. People paid their taxes with these counterfeit coins. Copper coins lost their value as a medium of exchange. Trade was seriously affected and Sultan realized his error in judgment and withdrew the new copper coins in 1333-34 C.E. He announced that the copper coins would be redeemed with gold and silver coins. When everybody was there to exchange their copper coins with silver and gold coins, the treasury became empty.

Mohamnad – bin-Tughalak was an extraordinary personality and it is difficult to understand his character and determine his place in history. Pie lacked practical judgement and common sense. He evolved an idealistic approach by trying to put his theoretical experiments into practice, without any forethought about the consequences. According to scholars, he was a ‘mixture of opposites’. Dr. Eshwari Prasad remarks that “Mohammad appears to be an amazing compound of contradictions”. He possessed sound knowledge, but his policies though well-meant, were ill-planned and badly executed.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji (1296-1316 C.E.) Allauddin Khilji’s early name was Aligurshap. He lost his father in his boyhood and was brought up in the care of Jalaluddin. Allauddin married Jalaluddin’s daughter and was appointed as the Governor of Khara province. He was highly ambitiousandaspircdtobccometherulerofDelhi.In 1294,he set his eyes on Devagiri. It’s ruler Ramachandradeva was defeated by him. Allauddin returned to Khara with a heavy amount of booty. Jalaluddin was unaware of the evil intentions of Allauddin. He went to receiveAliauddin with only a few unarmed guards and was murdered by the supporters of Allauddin. Thus, Allauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296C.E.

Military Achievements of Allauddin:

A) The conquests of North India :

1. Conquest of Gujarat in 1297 C.E.: Allauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan, his generals to conquer Gujarat in 1297 C.E. Raja Kamadeva – II was defeated and he fled to Devagiri along with his daughter Devaladevi. The generals captured Kamaladevi (Queen of Kamadeva) and she was taken to Delhi and Allauddin married her. The Delhi troops plundered the rich ports of Gujarat.

2. Conquest of Ranathanihore in 1301 C.E.: Allauddin turned his attention towards Ranathambore. Hamira Deva, the ruler of Ranathambore, had given shelter to a few muslims (Neo muslims) who were enemies of Allauddin. So, Allauddin invaded and took over Ranathambore.

3. Expedition onMevvar (Chiltor) in 1303 C.E.: Allauddin led an expedition against Rana Ratan Singh of Chittoor (Mewar). I Ie desired to possess Rani Padmini of Mewar, Queen of Ratan Singh, renowned for her beauty and talent. The fort of Chittor was captured with great hardship. Padmini and other rajput women committed ‘Jauhar’. Chittor was captured and Khizer Khan (son of Allauddin) was made the Governor of Chittor.

4. Other conquests: Allauddin took an expedition to Mai wa in 1305 C.E. Mahakaladeva, the ruler of Malwa was defeated by him. The territories of Ujjain, Mandu, Dhara, Chanderi and Jolur were subjugated to Allauddin. He became the master of the whole of north India.

B) The Mongol Invasion (Raids): In 1299 C.E., Mongols attacked Delhi under Qualugh Khwaji. Frequent raids by the Mongols were a constant threat to the Empire. Allauddin and his general Malik Kafur successfully drove back the Mongols. He defeated them and imprisoned many of them.

C) South Indian compaign: Allauddin turned his attention towards south India. He sent an expedition under his eminent general, Malik Kafur to conquer the south. He coveted the enormous wealth of south India and its temples. The four main southern rulers were defeated.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 CE): Ramachandradeva, the ruler of Devagiri, had not paid tribute for nearly three years and he had given shelter to Kamadeva-II of Gujarat. For that reason, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri and defeated Ramachandradeva and collected a lot of booty.

2. Conquest of Warangal (1309 CE): The Delhi forces marched via Devagiri and attacked Telangana. Pratapa Rudradeva, the tuler of Warangal, put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and he had to surrender a lot of wealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur.

3. Expedition to Iloysalas in 1310 C.E: Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra, when Veera Ballala-III was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and Ballaia – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin.

4. Conquests of Madhurai in 1311 C.E.: Acivil war was raging between Sundrapandya and Vecrapandya; when Malk Kafur attacked the capital of Pandyas (Madhurai) and plundered the city. The wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a herd of elephants.

Administrativeachievementsof Allauddin:

1. Sultanship: Allauddin followed an independent policy towards political matters. He set up a strong central administration. He did not permit the interference by religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine rights of Kingship (Shadow of God).

2. Espionage: He established an elaborate spy network, to get the information regarding all the activities of his nobles. He also tried to prevent the outbreak of rebellions within the Empire. He deprived his nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs at Delhi. He knew that, gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The Standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal law and order and to prevent the invasions of the Mongols. Ariz-i- Mumali k was the incharge for the appointment of soldier’s. The state maintained a record of the Iluliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system.

5. Revenue reforms: Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue. He appointed a special officer called ‘Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants. To check bribery and corruption among the revenue officials, their salaries were increased. Steps were taken to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials.

6. Market regulation : The most remarkable of all these was an attempt to control the market prices by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all the articles of common use were fixed. Separate officers were appointed to regulate the market prices on a daily basis amount of booty. Jalaluddin was unaware of the evil intentions of Allauddin. He went to receive Allauddin with only a few unarmed guards and was murdered by the supporters of Allauddin. Thus, Allauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296C.E.

Military Achievements of Allauddin:

A) The conquests of North India :

1. Conquest of Gujarat in 1297 C.E.: Allauddin sent Ulugh Khan andNazarath Khan, his generals to conquer Gujarat in 1297 C.E. Raja Kamadeva- II was defeated and he fled to Devagiri along with his daughter Devaladevi. The generals captured Kamaladevi (Queen of Kamadeva) and she was taken to Delhi and Allauddin married her. The Delhi troops plundered the rich ports of Gujarat.

2. Conquest of Ranathambore in 1301 C.E.: Allauddin turned his attention towards Ranathambore. Hamira Deva, the ruler of Ranathambore, had gi ven shelter to a few muslims (Neo muslims) who were enemies of Allauddin. So, Allauddin invaded and took over Ranathambore.

3. Expedition on Mevvar (Chittor) in 1303 C.E.: Allauddin led an expedition against Rana Ratan Singh of Chittoor (Mevvar). lie desired to possess Rani Padmini of Mewar, Queen of Ratan Singh, renowned for her beauty and talent. The fort of Chittor was captured with great hardship. Padmini and other rajput women committed ‘Jauhar’. Chittor was captured and Khizer Khan (son of Allauddin) was made the Governor of Chittor.

4. Olherconquests: Allauddin took an expedition to Mai wa in 1305 C.E. Mahakaladeva, the ruler of Mai wa was defeated by him. The territories of Ujjain, Mandu, Dhara, Chanderi and Jolur were subjugated to Allauddin. He became the master of the whole of north India.

B) The Mongol Invasion (Raids): In 1299C.E., Mongols attacked Delhi under Qualugh Khwaji. Frequent raids by the Mongols were a constant threat to the Empire. Allauddin and his general Malik Kafur successfully drove back the Mongols. He defeated them and imprisoned many of them.

C) South Indian compaign: Allauddin turned his attention towards south India. He sent an expedition under his eminent general, Malik Kafur to conquer the south. He coveted the enormous wealth of south India and its temples. The four main southern rulers were defeated.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 CE): Ramachandradeva, the ruler of Devagiri, had not paid tribute for nearly three years and he had given shelter to Kamadeva-II of Gujarat. For that reason, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri and defeated Ramachandradeva and collected a lot of booty.

2. Conquest of VVarangal (1309 CE): The Delhi forces marched via Devagiri and attacked Telangana. Pratapa Rudradeva, the ruler of Warangal, put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and he had to surrender a lot of wealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur.

3. Expedition to Ifoysalas in 1310 C.E: Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra, when Veera Ballala-III was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and Ballala – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin.

4. Conquests of Madhurai in 1311 C.E.: A civil war was raging between Sundrapandya and Vecrapandya,- when Malk Kafur attacked the capital of Pandyas (Madhurai) and plundered the city. The wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a herd of elephants.

Administrative achievements of Allauddin:

1. Sultanship: Allauddin followed an independent policy towards political matters. He set up a strong central administration. He did not permit the interference by religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine rights of Kingship (Shadow of God).

2. Espionage: He established an elaborate spy network, to get the information regarding all the activites of his nobles. He also tried to prevent the outbreak of rebellions within the Empire. Pie deprived his nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs at Delhi. He knew that, gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The Standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal law and order and to prevent the invasions of the Mongols. Ariz-i- Mumajik was the incharge for the appointment of soldiers. The slate maintained a record of the Huliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system.

5. Revenue reforms: Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue. He appointed a special officer called ‘Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants. To check bribery and corruption among the revenue officials, their salaries were increased. Steps were taken to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials.

6. Market regulation: The most remarkable of all these was an attempt to control the market prices by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all the articles of common use were fixed. Separate officers were appointed to regulate the market prices on a daily basis.

Personality of Allauddin: He is renowned not only for his conquests but also for his administrative and economic reforms. He was vigorous, efficient, bold and original as a reformer. lie established an absolute state, free from the control of religion. His resourcefulness, energy, capacity for work, his unbounded courage tempered with calculation and penetrating common sense stand out.

Question 2.
Critically examine the administrative experiments of Mohammad-bin-TUghalak. (or) How did the policies of Mohammad end in failure?
Answer:
Administrative reforms (experiments) of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak: In 1325 CE Prince Jaunakhan, son of Ghiyasuddin (founder) ascended the throne with the title Mohammed- bin-Tughalak. He was an outstanding ruler of the Tughalak dynasty. He is known for his military, economic and administrative experiments.

1. Register of the land revenue: Main objective of this experiment was to introduce the universal land taxation throughout the Empire. He created an agricultural department to regularise the land revenue registers.

2. Tax increase in Doab area: The area between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna (doab) was the most fertile land of the Empire and capable of yielding a large revenue to the state. Mohammad-bin-Tughalak decided to increase the taxes for that area only. But, he enforced the new tax at the time of a famine. People were hard hit by the burden of taxation. Revenue collection was also very strict. When the farmers were unable to pay, this measure made him extremely unpopular. He tried to make amends later, but it was too late. The scheme failed through mismanagement and corruption.

3. Transfer of the capital in 1327 CE: Mahammad-bin-Tughalak decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad). His main objectives were:

(1) (Devagiri) occupied a central location in India and it was nearly equidistant (700 miles) from Delhi, Gujarath, Telangana and other places of his Empire.

(2) He wanted to safeguard his capital from the Mongol invasions. He beautified Devagiri and made arrangements to provide all basic amenities, but he blundered while implementing his ideas. He transported the whole population of Delhi to his new capital. Ibn Batuta says that even a blind man and a cripple who were unwilling to move, were dragged to the new capital. Reasons for the shifting of the capital were veiy practical, but the method . was impractical. The entire population of Delhi was made to march to Daulatabad.

The tiresome journey passing through dense forest, heavy rains, diseases, attacks by decoits, hunger, mental agony etc resulted in death and sufferings of many. The Sultan finally realising the folly of this plan, reshifted the court back to Delhi and ordered a return march of the people. The entire episode made him unpopular. According to Leen Pool – Daulatabad was a ‘Monument of misdirected energy’. This scheme failed on account of the Sultan’s faulty method of implementing it.

4. Token currency circulation in 1329 CE : Mohammed-bin-Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency because maintaining a large army, relief given to farmers due to the Doab famine, transfer exercise of the capital, his unsuccessful expeditions, scarcity of silver etc., caused much loss to the treasury. Hence, to increase the amount of currency, the Sultan issued token coins of copper and brass tanka whose value was equivalent to gold and silver coins. Minting of the copper coins was not retained as the monopoly of the Government. Thornes described him as ‘The Prince of Moncyers’ and a currency expert.

The currency experiment was a miserable failure and the causes for its failure were:

• People could not grasp its real significance
• Sultan did not take the precautionary measure of minting of coins to be the monopoly of the state. Almost every household turned into a mint and he failed to take precaution against the glut of counterfeit coins.
• Foreign merchants refused to accept the copper coins, because gold coins were used as
  a standard unit of exchange.
• People paid their taxes in their own copper coins and hoarded gold and silver and as a result, treasury was filled with counterfeit coins.

Due to the above causes, trade was seriously affected and Sultan realised his folly and withdrew the new copper coins in 1333-34 CE. He announced that the copper coins would be redeemed with gold and silver coins. People exchanged their copper coins with gold and silver coins and the treasury became completely depleted.

Mohammad-bin-Tughalak was an extraordinary personality and it is difficult to understand his character and determine his place in history. He lacked practical judgement and common sense. He evolved an idealistic approach by trying to put his theoretical experiments into practice without any forethought about the consequences. According to scholars, he was ‘a mixture of opposites’. Dr. Eshwari prasad remarks that ‘Mohammad appears to be an amazing compound of contradiction’. He possessed sound knowledge, but his policies though well-meant, were ill-planned and badly executed.

Question 3.
Give an account of the contributions of the Sultanates of Delhi.
Answer:
Contributions of the Delhi Sultanates:
1. Administration: The Kingdom of Delhi Sultanate was a theocratic state, (religion was Islam). ‘Shariat’ (Islamic law) were the rules of the state. The ‘Ulema (Islamic scholars) controlled the state and administration. The Sultans called themselves ‘Naib’ (deputy) of Kalifa.

2. Central Government: Sultan was the head of administration. lie exercised the legislative, executive and judicial powers. He was guided by the Ulemas. Allauddin kept the Ulemas away from the state affairs. The Sultan earned the administration with the help of a number of ministers. They were the Wazir (the Prime minister incharge of revenue and finance), Ariz-i-Mamlik who was incharge of the military, Amir-i-Mazlis who was incharge of royal forts and conferences, Barid-i-Mumalik – head of the state news agency, Dahir-i-mumalik – incharge of the royal correspondences, Sadar-us-Sadur who handled religious matters and Kazi-ul-Qazat- the Chief Justice.

3. Revenue: Land revenue was the main source of the state income. The war booty, tributes, house, water, religious and Jaziya taxes etc were the other sources of income to the state. Land tax could be paid either in cash or kind.

4. Judicial: The Sultans administered justice with the help of Kazi-ul-Qazat (The chief • Justice). The chief Kazi was helped by a Mufti (interpreter of Islamic law). The towns and cities had courts headed by Kazis and assisted by Muftis. Kotwal was the Police office in charge of law and order.

Army: The Sultan maintained a strong army. It consisted of cavalry, intantry and elephant forces. The Sultanate was primarily a military state. The Sultan was the supreme commander. All ministers and officers except the chief Justice and the Khazis were to render both ci vil and military duties. Diwan-i-Ariz was incharge of army administration. The pay of the soldiers varied according to their service.

Provincial administration: The Sultanate (Kingdom) was divided into a number of provinces called Togas’. The head of a province was called ‘Naib Sultan’. They enjoyed absolute power in their provinces. The main duties were collection of revenue and maintenance of law and order within the province. The maintained an army of their own. Some Sultans transferred the Govemers and punished them severely, if they revolted against the state.

Each province was divided into ‘Shiqs and Paraganas’. They were looked after by Shiqdars and Amils respectively. Village was the primary unit of administration. It had traditional officers such as the Chaudhari, the Patwari, the Chaukidar etc.

Literature: This period witnessed the growth of Persian and regional language literatures. Persian poets of central Asia took shelter in the courts of the Sultans of Delhi. Amir Khusru was the most outstanding writer and he was called the ‘Parrot of India’. He wrote Khazyan- ul-Futuh and Tarkish-i-Alai. Amir Hasan Dehalvi wrote sonnets. Badruddin, Maulana Moinuddin, Umrani and Hassan Nizami were some of the great Persian writers. Mohammad- bin-Tughalak and Firoz Shah Tughalak were great scholars. Ziauddin Barani and Ibn Batuta were great historians of theTughalak period. Barani started the Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi and it was completed by Shams-i-Siraj Afif. Chand Bardai wrote Prithiviraja Raso, Malik Mohammad Jayasi wrote Padmavati. There was an encouragement for translating works from Sanskrit to Persian.

Art and Architecture: The Sultanate of Delhi introduced the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. It represents a synthesis of the two religious ideals like Hinduism and Islam.

The important features of the Indo-Islamic movements are minarates, arches, domes, hazaras, large gateways etc., Quwat-ul-Islam, Mosque at Delhi and Adai-Dinka-Jhampara Mosque at Ajmer were the earlist creations. The Qutub minar was started by Qutubuddin Aibak and completed by Iltumash. Hauz-i-Shamsi, Jami Masjid and Shamsi Idgah were built by Utumash. The Jami masjid is one of the largest and most beautiful buildings. Allauddin built the palace of Hazar situm (Palace of 1000 pillars), the fort of Siri, Jamait Khan Masjid and the Alai Darwaza at Delhi. Firoz Shah was the greatest of the builders. He laid out the cities of Firozabad, Fatehbad and Janpur.

Mughals

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
When did the first battle of Panipat take place?
Answer:
In 1526 C.E. the first battle of Panipat was fought between Babar and Ibrahim Lodhi.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of the Mughal dynasty.
Answer:
Babur was the founder of the Mughal dynasty.

Question 3.
Who was the Queen of Gondwana?
Answer:
Rani Durgavati was the ruler of Gondwana.

Question 4.
When did the battle of Ilaldighat take place?
Answer:
In 1576, the battle of Ilaldighat took place between Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh (Ruler of Me war).

Question 5.
What was the new religion introduced by Akbar?
Answer:
Din-e-Ilahi was the religion introduced by Akbar in 1581 C.E.

Question 6.
Who was the famous revenue minister of Akbar?
Ans. RajaTodarmal was the famous revenue minister of Akbar.

Question 7.
Who wrote the book ‘IIumayunNama’?
Answer:
Gulbadan Begum wrote the book Humayun Nama.

Question 8.
Who wrote the book Akbar Nama?
Ans. Abul Fazal wrote the book Akbar Nama.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book Ain-i-Akbari?
Answer:
Abul Fazal wrote the book Ain-i-Akbari.

Question 10.
Who was the famous musician in the court of Akbar?
Ans. Tansen (Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas) was the most famous musician in the court of
Akbar.

Question 11.
Who was the Master Architect of Taj Mahal?
Answer:
Ustad Isa Khan was the Master Architect of Taj Mahal.

Question 12.
Whom did Babur defeat in the first battle of Panipat?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated by Babur.

Question 13.
Who was the famous ruler of the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar.

Question 14.
Who was the guardian of Akbar? ‘
Answer:
Bairam Khan was the guardian of Akbar.

Question 15.
What is mansabdari system?
Answer:
Mansab means an official rank or power of dignity and such a system was called mansabdari.

Question 16.
Where did Akbarbuild a Red Fort?
Answer:
Akbar built a Red Fort at Agra.

Question 17.
Which new capital was built by Akbar?
Answer:
Fathepur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar.

Question 18.
What was the name of Todarmal’s revenue system?
Answer:
Aine-i-DahsalaorTodaramaPsBandobust.

Question 19.
Which monument was built by Shah Jahan?
Answer:
Taj Mahal at Agra was built by Shah Jahan.

Question 20.
Who built the Red Fort at Delhi?
Answer:
Shah Jahan built the Red Fort at Delhi.

Question 21.
Who built the Ibadat Khana?
Answer:
Akbar built the Ibadat Khana (Prayer I Tall).

Question 22.
Which humiliating tax on Hindus was abolished by Akbar?
Answer:
In 1564 C.E., Akbar abolished the Jeziya tax on Hindus.

Question 23.
What was Jeziya?
Answer:
Jeziya was the poll tax which was imposed on

non-muslims by the Muslim Rulers of Delhi.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1
When was the second battle of Panipat fought and between whom?
Answer:
The second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Hemu (Chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal) in 1556 C.E. at Panipat.

Question 2.
Where and when was Akbar born?
Answer:
Akbar was born at Amarkot in 1542 C.E. in the house of Ranasala.

Question 3.
Name any two famous historians of Akbar’s period.
Answer:
Abul Fazal and Badauni were the famous historians of Akbar’s period.

Question 4.
Which were the capitals of Akbar? (or) Name the capitals of Akbar.
Answer:
Delhi, Fathepur Sikri, and Udaypur were the capitals of Akbar at different periods.

Question 5.
Name any two types of lands classified by Todarmal.
Answer:
Polaj,Parauti,Chachar,Banjar.

Question 6.
Name the two works of Abul Fazal.
Answer:
AkbarNama,Ain-i-Akbari.

Question 7.
Who built Taj-Mahal? Where is it built?
Answer:
Shah Jahan built it at Agra.

Question 8.
Name any two famous musicians of the Mughal period.
Answer:
Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the famous musicians.

Question 9.
Name some famous Mughal monuments at Delhi.
Answer:
Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Diwan-i-Khas, and Diwan-i-Am.

Question 10.
Who were the parents of Akbar?
Answer:
Humayun and Hamida Banu Begum.

Question 11.
What is IbadatKhana? Where was it built?
Answer:
Ibadat Khana or Prayer hall was a building built by Akbar, at Fatehpur Sikri, where he held religious discussions with the religious leaders.

Question 12.
Name the famous Mahals built by Akbar.
Answer:
The palace of Jodha Bai, Sonhala Makan, Panch Mahal, and Mariyavar Mahal were built by Akbar. .

Question 13.
Who was Raja Todarmal? Why was he famous?
Answer:
Raj a Todarmal was the famous revenue minister of Akbar. lie was famous for implementing the revenue system called Bandobust.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the Religious and Rajput policies of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar’s policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. Akbar was a farsighted statesman and the realised the value of Rajput alliances in his task of building an Empire in India for setting up his dynasty. He adopted a very liberal policy towards the Rajputs. As he was bom in the house of a rajput, he had a sense of gratitude and feeling of affection towards them. He tried to win their support by adapting measures like friendly relations, co-operation, matrimonial alliances and appointing many Rajputs as Mansabdars.

At the same time he did not show any weakness towards the Rajputs and never hesitated from taking armed action against them. Akbar settled for friendly alliances, with the Rajput states of Amber, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer as those rulers accepted unconditional submission to the Emperor. He married Jodha Bai, daughter of Biharimal of Amber (Jaipur). Raja Surjan Rai of Ranathambore voluntarily accepted the overlordship of Akbar. Ramachandra, the ruler of Kalinjar surrendered to Akbar in 1569C.E.

Some of the Rajputs were not willing to accept the sovereignty of Akbar. lie attacked Chittor (Mewar) and defeated its ruler Uday Singh in 1568. Uday Singh and his son Rana Pratap Singh continued to fight the Mughals till their death. The important battle fought between the Mughals and Rana Pratap Singh was the battle of Haldighat in 1576. Mewar was completely occupied by Akbar after the death of Rana Pratap Singh.

Akbar freely admitted Rajputs in the royal service. Some of the important persons who held positions of trust and responsibility were RajaTodarmal, Raja Bhagwan Das, Raja Mansingh and others. Akbar’s Rajput policy drew.the Rajputs closer to the muslims and helped in the growth of an Indo-muslim culture which represented the best elements of both.

Religious Policy of Akbar: Akbar was the most enlightened ruler among the Mughals. He was liberal-minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart, and bring about unity amongst them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration (Sulah-i-Kul) and tried to eliminate the deep lDoted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus.

He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. Akbar abolished the Pilgrimage tax in 1563 and the Jeziya in 1564, a tax imposed on non-muslims. He appointed Plindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. For example, RajaTodarmal was appointed as the revenue minister and several other Hindus were appointed as Governors and mansabdars. He disestablished Islam as the state religion. He respected the sentiments of Hindus and banned cow slaughter. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar established the Ibadat Khana (Prayer Hall) at Fatehpur Sikri and held religious discussions. In 1582 C.E., he invited the different religious leaders for discussions, to understand ‘ the essence of their religions, like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, and Zorastrian. He tried to minimize the influence of the Ulemas.

Akbar issued the infallibility decree in 1579 C.E. (Mehazar). According to it, Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi (Tauhid-i-Ilahi) in 1581 C.E. It was an eclectic creed containing the good points of many of the religions. This religion was based on divine monotheism. It was an honest attempt to unite people of different faiths into a brotherhood based on generally accepted concepts. The Din- i-Ilahi was not a religion in the real sense, it was a socio-religious order.

Akbar’s concept of monotheism and divine religion can be described as ‘There is no God but Allah and Akbar is his Khalifa”. Its followers were awarded four grades, determined by the sacrifice of property, life, honour and being religious, in the service of the Emperor. Din-i-IIahi was a national religion, but it did not become popular, because Akbar never forced anybody to join it. He encouraged intercaste marriages,’ he acted as a national ruler and not as the King of the Muslims. The followers of Ilahi were very small in numbers and after the death of Akbar, it vanished completely.

Question 2.
Briefly write about the administration of Akbar.
Answer:
Administrative system of Akbar: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He established the heritage of Mughal administration and looked after the welfare of the people through a strong central government, It was a benevolent ruler having the welfare of the people, always in his mind and took personal interest in the affairs of the state and looked after every detail of the administration. He provided strength, stability and imperial rule. The . Mughal Emperor was called ‘Padishah or Badshah’. He was considered ‘Shadow of God’ and ruled in accordance with Islamic principles.

1. Central administration: The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. The absolute authority of the King was never clearly defined, and there was practically no check on the Emperor’s powers. He was the supreme lawmaker and generally worked hard to safeguard the interests of the people. Emperor was assisted by a Council of Ministers. They were called the ‘Pillars of the State’. The important ministers were, the Vakil (Prime minister), Diwan-i-Ali (Finance), Mir Bakshi (Military), Sadar-us-Sadar (incharge of charities) Khan-i-Saman (Home), Dewan (Revenue), and Qazi (Chief Justice). The government was divided into a number of departments, each headed by an officer under a minister.

2. Provincial Administration: Akbar’s Empire consisted of 16 provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a Governor called ‘Subedar’, who was responsible for the collection of revenue and maintaining law and order within the province. Some of the important officers of the provinces were Dewan. Bakshi, Sadar, Faujdar, Kdtwal, Qazi etc., Each Suba was divided into a number of Sarkars. Faujdar was the head of a Sarkar and each Sarkar was further divided into a number of Paraganas. Kotwals were incharge of city administration and village was the last unit of administration.

3. Military administration or mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari system’. He evolved this with the help of Mir Bakshi ShahbazKhanin 1571 C.E. The term ‘Mansab’ means rank, dignity or office or position. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place on the basis of his horses, soldiers, his status and salary etc.

This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. The army was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. There were 33 grades of Mansabdars (from controlling 10 to those controlling 10,000 soldiers which was later extended to 50,000). The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will.

The mansabdari system consisted of Zat and Sawar. Zat indicated the number of soldiers a Mansabdar was expected to maintain, while the word Sawar indicated the actual number of horses that he maintained. The salaries of Mansabdars were high. They were generally not paid in cash but were allotted Jagirs, yielding their respective salaries. Mansabdars were directly under the control of the Emperor.

Hence, most of them obeyed the Emperor implicitly. However, the system was not without defects. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers because the loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar who recruited them and paid their salaries and not to the Emperor.

4. Revenue system of Raja Todarmal: Akbar followed the land revenue policy of Allauddin Khilji and Sher Shah. Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581, Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system and introduced what-was known as ‘Zabti system or Ain-dech-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs (Bamboo sticks joined with iron studs). Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soi I. Land was classified as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar Bhoomi. lie collected the aggregate rate of taxation for ten years. It was called ‘ Ain-deeh-Sala’. It was 1/3 of the average of the previous ten year’s produce, The revenue could be paid in cash or kind.

The Emperor was conscious of the welfare of the peasantry. During the days of famine or fall in the yield, fanners were exempted from tax. RajaTodarmal’s revenue policy had provision to provide loans (Taccavi loans) to the culti vatiors. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual installments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobusf’. The state maintained the documents Patta and Qabuliyat, which recorded information regarding the land ownership and land revenue details.

Question 3.
Describe the contributions of Mughals to Literature, Art and Architecture. Literature: The Mughal period witnessed a growth in literature. Many literary works were written in Persian, Hindi, Turkish and Arabic languages. Babar had written his memoirs or ‘Tuzuk – i – Baburi in Turkish. It was translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim. Humayun’s sisterGulbadan Begum wrote TIumayunNama’. Abdul Fazal wrote ‘Ain-i-Akbari’and ‘Akbar Nama’. His style was grand and he was the most remowned Persian writer.

The Tabakat-i-Akbari was written by Nizamuddin. Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Atharva veda and Leelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persian. Prince Dara (son of Shahjahan), translated the Upanishads into Persian. Jahangir wrote a book ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri ’. Shahjahan patronized the scholars like Abdul Hamid Lahori who wrote Padshah Nama and Inayat Khan who was the author of Shahjahan Nama.

Hindi Literature: The well known Hindi poets of Akbar’s time were Abdul Rahim, Bhagwandas, Mansingh, Birbal, Tulasidas and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Tulasidas wrote ‘Ramcharitmanas’. Surdas wrote the famous work ‘Sur Sagar’, Ras Khan who was a muslim devotee of Lord Krishna, wrote ‘Prem Vatika’, Malik Mohammad Jaisy wrote the famous epic called ‘Padmavali’. Sundarof Gwalior composed the work ‘Sundar Sringar’. The great Sanskrit scholar Jagannath Pandit wrote ‘Ganga Lahari’. In Bengali, Marathi, Urdu and Gujarathi also, literature progressed during the Mughal rule. Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan were great patrons of literature in their courts.

Art and Architecture: The mughals were great builders and lovers of art and architecture. Their style of architecture was partly foreign and partly indigenous. The important features of the mughal architecture were domes, tall pillars, gateways with domes, arches, minars etc., The mughals built a large variety of secular and religious buildings. Babar built the mosques at Kabulibagh in Panipat and Jami Masjidat Sambal in Rohilkhand. Humayun built mosques at Agra and Fathepur. He built a palace at Delhi called Din-i-Panah.

Sher Shah built his tomb at Sasaram and the Purana Qila at Delhi. Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the Humayun Torpb at Delhi which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai palace and Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikhri. The massive 176 ft Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the tallest Gateway in India. Agra Red Fort. Jamma-Masjid, white marble tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i- Khas, house of Birbal, and Sonhal Makan are some of the most beautiful architectural pieces at Fathepur Sikhri built by Akbar.

The architecture of mughals reached its highest watermark during the reign of Shahjahan. He got built many buildings at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Kabul, Kashmir, Kandhar, Ajmer and other places. The important buildings of Shahjahan were the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas. Red Fort and Jamma Masjid in Delhi. Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal in Agra.

Taj Mahal (1632-1653): Taj Mahal at Agra is symbolic of the royal love. Shahjahan built it on the banks of river Yamuna in the memory of his beloved wifeArjumandBanu Begum, who was given the title ‘Mumtaz Mahal’. Taj was construced under the guidance of Ustad – isa -Khan. It took nearly 22 years for the construction to be completed and nearly Rs 3 crores was spent for the purpose. The height of the mahal is 187 ft. It was built of white marble. The Taj is certainly the “finest monument of conjugal love and fidelity”. It is considered as ‘one of the wonders of the modem world”.

Paintings of the Mughal Age: Babur, Akbar and Jahangir were the most important mughal rulers who patronized painting. Babur was a lover of beauty and art. The mughal painting is a mixture of Indian and Persian styles. Indian artists under Akbar, caused the growth of this mughal style. Akbar created a separate department of paintings under the control of Khwaja Abdul Samad. lie gained the title’ Shirim Khaim or Sweet Pen’.

They painted court scenes, historical events and natural scenes. Portraits and miniature paintings were a Mughal speciality. Govardhan, Jagannath, Tarachand, Abdul Sammad, Mir Sayyid Ali, Basawan, Manohar, Bishen Das, Aqa Riza, Abul Hasan, and Ustad Mansur were some of the great artists of this time. Jahangir was an expert judge and critic of paintings.

Music: Mughal Emperors patronized music and musicians. Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the great musicians in the court of Akbar. Babar, Jahangir and Shahjahan were themselves good singers and composed many lyrics.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Akbar.
Answer:
1. Military achievements of Akbar:
(i) The second battle of Panipat in 1556 was fought between Akbar and Hemu, the chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal. Akbar with the support of Bairam Khan, attacked Hemu and defeated him in the battle. The battle marked the real beginning of the Mughal Empire in India and set it on the path of expansion. After this battle, Akbar reoccupied Del hi and Agra. He wanted to establish political stability and peace.

(ii) Conquest of Mai wa: He conquered Ajmer, Delhi, Gwalior and JaunpurefFortlessly, because the people themselves had extended welcome to him. In 1562, Akbar’s forces defeated Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa and the state was annexed.

(iii) Conquest of Gondwana : In 1564, Akbar turned his attention against Gondwana, a small Kingdom (U.P.). It’s Queen Durgavathi and her son Veeranarayana were killed in the war fought near Jabalpur. The Kingdom was annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(iv) Conquest of Chittor (Mewar) in 1567: Akbar was cordial with Rajputs. ButUdaya Singh of Mewar did not yield to Akbar. Udaya Singh and his son Jaimal were ki lied in the battle and Chittor was occupied by the Mughals in 1568. But Ranapratap Singh ss(Son of Udaya Singh) continued his memorable struggle against the Mughals. He was defeated by Akbar at Haldighat in 1576 C.E. Akbar founded a new capital at Udaipur.

(v) Conquest of Gujarat in 1572: The wealth and anarchical condition of Gujarat invited Akbar’s aggression in 1572 C.E. He marched to Gujarat, captured Ahmadnagar and received the submission of Muzaffar Shah, ruler of Gujarat. His Empire now extended up to the sea and could profit by the rich commerce passing through Surat and the western ports.

(vi) Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir: Ranathambore from Roy Suijenhara, and Kalinjar from Ramachandra were conquered. Bengal, Kabul, Sindhu, Kashmir and Orissa were also annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(vii) Extent of the Kingdom: The Kingdom of Akbar extended from Kabul in the west, to Bengal in the east, and Ahmadnagar in the south to Kashmir in the north.

(viii) Conquest of Deccan : Akbar turned his attention towards Deccan in 1600 C.E. The Sultans of Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda were creating troubles for him. He sent his huge army under the leadership of his son Murad to subdue Ahmadnagar. Chand Bibi fought remarkably well against the Mughal forces.

2. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart and to bring about unity among them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. He abolished the pilgrimage Tax and Reziya. He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. He appointed Hindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1581. It was based on the principles of peace for all and was an attempt to unite people of different faiths into one brotherhood. He built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fathepur Sikri. He invited the various religious leaders for a meeting to understand the essence of their religions. Akbar issued the infallibility Decree, according to which Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar never forced anybody to join the new religion.

3. Administration: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He was a benevolent monarch, having the welfare of the people always in his mind, and took personal interest in the affairs of the state.

The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. He was assisted by the council of ministers. The important ministers were the Vakil, Diwan-i-Aii, Mir Bakshi. Sadar – us – Sadar, Khan-i-Saman, Dewan, and Qazi. The government was divided into a number of departments and each was headed by an officer under a minister. Kingdom was divided into a number of provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a ‘Subedar’. Province was divided into Sarkars, Paraganas and Villages. Village was the last unit of administration. The important officers of the Provinces were Dewan, Bakshi, Sadar, Faujadar, Kotwal, Qazi and others.

4. Mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari System’. The term ‘Mansab’ means an officer of rank or power or dignity. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place, on the basis of his horses, solidiers, his status and salary etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. It was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. He created 33 grades of mansabdars and these grades ranged from a mansabdar incharge of 10, to a mansabdar controlling 10,000.

The grade fixed, generally indicated the number of horse soldiers. The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The horses under the Mansabdars were branded with the imperial sign. The salaries of Mansabdars were high, They were generally not paid in cash but were alloted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers, because loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar and not to the Emperor.

5. Todarmal’s Bandobust (Revenue System): Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581 C.E., Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganized the whole land revenue system with what was known as ‘Zabti System or Ain-deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs. Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil, as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. RajaTodarmal provided loans (Taccavi) to the cultivators.

Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobust’. The state maintained the documents, Palta and Qabiliyat, which recorded information regarding the land, ownership and land revenue. Corruption among the Government officials was curbed.

6. Literature, Art and Architecture : Akbar was a patron of literature. Abdul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama. He was the most renowned Persion writer. The Tabakat-i-Akbari written by Nizamuddin, Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Alharvaveda andLeelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persion.

Some popular Hindi scholars wereTulasidas, Surdas, Abdul Rahim, Ras Khan, Birbal, Mansingh and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred with the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Akbar patronized the ‘Nine Jewels’ in his court. They were – (1) Abdul Rahim (2) Abul Fazal, (3) Birbal, (4) Faizi (5) Hamid Human (6) Raja Mansingh (7) Shaikh Mubarak (8)Tansen (9)RajaTodarmal.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the ‘HufnayunTomb’ at Delhi, which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai Palace, Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri. The massive 176 ft.Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the highest Gateway of India. Red Fort of Agra, Jamma-Masjid, white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am, Diwan – i – Khas, house of Birbal, Sonhal Makan are some other beautiful architectural edicts by Akbar.

Question 2.
Evaluate the greatness of Akbar / Estimate the personality of Akbar as a Nation builder / flow did Akbar bring about the unification of north India under him?
Answer:
1. Military achievements of Akbar:
(i) The second battle of Panipat in 1556 was fought between Akbar and Hemu, the chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal. Akbar with the support of Bairam Khan, attacked Hemu and defeated him in the battle. The battle marked the real beginning of the Mughal Empire in India and set it on the path of expansion. After this battle, Akbar reoccupied Del hi and Agra. He wanted to establish political stability and peace.

(ii) Conquest of Mai wa: He conquered Ajmer, Delhi, Gwalior and JaunpurefFortlessly, because the people themselves had extended welcome to him. In 1562, Akbar’s forces defeated Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa and the state was annexed.

(iii) Conquest of Gondwana : In 1564, Akbar turned his attention against Gondwana, a small Kingdom (U.P.). It’s Queen Durgavathi and her son Veeranarayana were killed in the war fought near Jabalpur. The Kingdom was annexed to the Mughal Empine.

(iv) Conquest of Chittor (Mewar) in 1567: Akbar was cordial with Rajputs. ButUdaya Singh of Mewar did not yield to Akbar. Udaya Singh and his son Jaimal were ki lied in the battle and Chittor was occupied by the Mughals in 1568. But Ranapratap Singh ss(Son of Udaya Singh) continued his memorable struggle against the Mughals. Me was defeated by Akbar at Haldighat in 1576 C.E. Akbar founded a new capital at Udaipur.

(v) Conquest of Gujarat in 1572: The wealth and anarchical condition of Gujarat invited Akbar’s aggression in 1572 C.E. He marched to Gujarat, captured Ahmadnagar and received the submission of Muzaffar Shah, ruler of Gujarat. His Empire now extended up to the sea and could profit by the rich commerce passing through Surat and the western ports.

(vi) Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir: Ranathambore from Roy Suijenhara, and Kalinjar from Ramachandra were conquered. Bengal, Kabul, Sindhu, Kashmir and Orissa were also annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(vii) Extent of the Kingdom: The Kingdom of Akbar extended from Kabul in the west, to Bengal in the east, and Ahmadnagar in the south to Kashmir in the north.

(viii) Conquest of Deccan : Akbar turned his attention towards Deccan in 1600 C.E. The Sultans of Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda were creating troubles for him. He sent his huge army under the leadership of his son Murad to subdue Ahmadnagar. Chand Bibi fought remarkably well against the Mughal forces.

2. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal-minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart and to bring about unity among them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep-rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. He abolished the pilgrimage Tax and Reziya. He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. He appointed Hindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1581. It was based on the principles of peace for all and was an attempt to unite people of different faiths into one brotherhood. He built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fathepur Sikri. He invited the various religious leaders for a meeting to understand the essence of their religions. Akbar issued the infallibility Decree, according to which Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar never forced anybody to join the new religion.

3. Administration: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He was a benevolent monarch, having the welfare of the people always in his mind, and took personal interest in the affairs of the state.

The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. He was assisted by the council of ministers. The important ministers were the Vakil, Diwan-i-Aii, Mir Bakshi. Sadar – us – Sadar, Khan-i-Saman, Dewan, and Qazi. The government was divided into a number of departments and each was headed by an officer under a minister. Kingdom was divided into a number of provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a ‘Subedar’. Province was divided into Sarkars, Paraganas and Villages. Village was the last unit of administration. The important officers of the Provinces were Dewan, Bakshi, Sadar, Faujadar, Kotwal, Qazi and others.

4. Mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari System’. The term ‘Mansab’ means an officer of rank or power or dignity. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place, on the basis of his horses, solidiers, his status and salary etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. It was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another.

He created 33 grades of mansabdars and these grades ranged from a mansabdar incharge of 10, to a mansabdar controlling 10,000. The grade fixed, generally indicated the number of horse soldiers. The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The horses under the Mansabdars were branded with the imperial sign. The salaries of Mansabdars were high, They were generally not paid in cash but were alloted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers, because loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar and not to the Emperor.

5. Todarmal’s Bandobust (Revenue System): Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581 C.E., Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system with what was known as ‘Zabti System or Ain-deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs. Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil, as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. RajaTodarmal provided loans (Taccavi) to the cultivators. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobust’. The state maintained the documents, Palta and Qabiliyat, which recorded information regaring the land, ownership and land revenue. Corruption among the Government officials was curbed.

6. Literature, Art and Architecture : Akbar was a patron of literature. Abdul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama. He was the most renowned Persion writer. The Tabakat-i-Akbari written by Nizamuddin, Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Alharvaveda andLeelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persion. Some popular Hindi scholars wereTulasidas, Surdas, Abdul Rahim, Ras Khan, Birbal, Mansingh and others.

Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred with the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Akbar patronized the ‘Nine Jewels’ in his court. They were – (1) Abdul Rahim (2) Abul Fazal, (3) Birbal, (4) Faizi (5) Hamid Human (6) Raja Mansingh (7) Shaikh Mubarak (8)Tansen (9)RajaTodarmal.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the ‘HufnayunTomb’ at Delhi, which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai Palace, Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri. The massive 176 ft.Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the highest Gateway of India. Red Fort of Agra, Jamma-Masjid, white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am, Diwan – i – Khas, house of Birbal, Sonhal Makan are some other beautiful architectural edicts by Akbar.

Rise of Marathas – Shivaji

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.

Question 2.
Name the treaty signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh.
Answer:
Treaty of Purandhar in 1665 C.E.

Question 3.
What, was the title of Shivaji?
Answer:
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja.

Question 4.
In which year did the coronation ceremony of Shivaji take place?
Answer:
In June 1674 C.E. atRaigadh.

Question 5.
What is meant by‘Chauth’?
Answer:
The neighbouring areas of Shivaji’s Kingdom which were not under the direct rule of Shivaji
were to give 1/4 of their Land revenue collection to him. This was known as Chauth.

Question 6.
Who was Shivaji’s teacher?
Answer:
Dadaji Kondadeva was the teacher of Shivaji.

Question 7.
What was the designation of the prime minister of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaji’s prime minister was called as Peshwa. ,

Question 8.
What was the name of the council of eight ministers of Shivaji called as?
Answer:
The counci 1 of eight ministers was called as Ashtapradhanas.

Question 9.
In whose service was Shivaji’s father working?
Answer:
Shivaji’s father was in the military services of the Sultan of Bijapur.

Question 10.
Which was the capital of Shivaji?
Answer:
Raigadh was the capital of Shivaji.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Where and when was Shivaji born?
Answer:
Shivaji was bom at the hill Fort of Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E.

Question 2.
Who were the parents of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai were the parents of Shivaji.

Question 3.
Who were the two personalities who inspired Shivaji?
Answer:
Dadaji Kondadeva and Jijabai were the two personalities who inspired Shivaji.

Question 4.
Name some important Forts of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaneridurga, Raigadh, Purandhar, Chakana, Kondana etc.,

Question 5.
Which were the two important taxes collected by Shivaji?
Answer:
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were the two taxes collected by Shivaji.

Question 6.
Where did Shivaji’s coronation take place? When?
Answer:
Shivaji’s coronation took place at Raigadh, in June 1674 C.E.

Question 7.
Who was the Mughal general defeated by Shivaji at Poona? When?
Answer:
Saista Khan, the Mughal general was defeated by Shivaji at Poona in 1663 C.E.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the life and conquests of Shivaji.
Answer:
Introduction: The decline of Mughals led to the rise of independent states in different parts of India. Among them, the Marathas were prominent. The main objective was protecting the Hindu religion and culture. The disunited people of Marathas were welded together and made a great political power opposing the Mughals. Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The hilly tracts of the western edge of the Deccan plateau was the home of the Marathas. Geographical conditions had taught them the spirit of hard work, self reliance and independence. Early life of Shivaji: Shivaji was bom at Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E. His parents were Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai. Shahaji was serving under the Sultan of Bijapur, and he had left Shivaji and Jijabai at Poona.

Jijabai showered all her motherly love and affection on Shivaji. He was greatly influenced by his mother. She narrated stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha (Hindu epics), which made him courageous. His tutor and guide Dadaji Kondadeva also shaped his personality. He trained Shivaji in the art of administration, state craft and military activities. Shivaji was also influenced by Guru Ramdas andTukaram, By their teachings, he developed love towards his motherland. Shivaji mastered the art of guerilla . warfare and the geographical feature of the western deccan also influenced Shivaji.

Political career of Shivaji: Shivaji captured the Fort of Torana from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1646 C.E. He constructed a new Fort at Raigadh. He gained control over his father’s Jahagir. He occupied the Forts of Baramathi, Indapura, Purandar and Kondana. His fame began to grow on account of these achievements.

Shivaji and Afzal Khan (Bijapur) 1659-1663 C.E: The growing strength and popularity of Shi vaji was a threat to the Sultan of Bijapur. Sultan decided to take action against Shivaji, and sent Afzal Khan against him. Shivaji very tactfully killed Afzal Khan in 1659 C.E. near Pratapagada and looted his camp. In 1661, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and recognised his conquests.

Shivaji and the Mughals (Aurangazeb) (1663 C.E.): Shivaji had occupied many territories belonging to Aurangazeb. To check his expansion, Aurangazeb despatched Shaista Khan. Khan succeeded in occupying a vast maratha territory including Poona. UnFortunately, Khan stayed at Poona in the house where Shivaji had spent his childhood. On the 15th April 1663, Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan in his bedroom at midnight. In the confusion, Khan lost his finger and his son Abul Fathe and a few khans from the Deccan. This incident increased the popularity of Shivaji.

Attack on Surat (1664 C.E.): In 1664, Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat. Aurangazeb deputed Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. He led an expedition and surrounded Shivaji on all sides and captured many of his Forts like Purandhar, Raigadh etc. Shivaji was defeated and was made to sign the treaty of Purandar on 24th June 1665 C.E. According to the treaty of Purandar, (1) Shivaji surrendered 23 Forts to the Mughals and agreed to pay tribute to Aurangazeb. (2) His son, Sambhaji had to serve the Mughal government as a Mansabdar.

Visit to Agra in 1666 C.E.: Due to the compulsion of Jai Singh, Shivaji visited the Mughal court at Agra in 1666 C.E. But Aurangazab did not show him any respect. Shivaji spoke to Aurangazeb in a bold manner and he was imprisoned. Shivaji, using his usual tact and intelligence, pretended to be ill and started sending baskets of sweets for distribution among the Brahmins and poor people.

When the watchmen were, a little relaxed and not alert, Shivaji took advantage of it and escaped from the prison in a sweet basket and reached his Kingdom in the guise of a sanyasi. This incident compelled Aurangazeb to recognise Shivaji as a King. Shivaji reconquered all the Forts that were surrendered earlier to the Mughals as per the treaty of Purandar.

Shivaji’s coronation in June 1674 C.E.: Shivaji was crowned as the Maratha King in 1674 C.E. His coronation took place at Raigadh with great pomp and as per vedic rites. He assumed the title ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja’. After that, a new and strong Hindu Kingdom came up in Deccan. Shivaji died in April 1680 C.E.

Question 2.
Give an account of the administrative system of Shivaji.
Answer:
Administration under Shivaji: Shivaji was not only a conqueror and founder of a Kingdom but also a good administrator. He employed people of all castes and tribes, to maintain a balance. In his administration, he was the sole authority of the government, and he assigned separate responsibilites to ministers and also ensured that no official post turned out to be hereditary. He gave special attention towards administation. He carried on his administration with the help of his ministers called “The Ashtapradhans’. There were 18 departments in Shivaji’s administration.

Shivaji was assisted by Ashtapradhans, the eight ministers. They were:

1. Peshwa -The Prime minister, who attended to all types of Government activities.
2. Amatya- Finance Minister.
3. Mantri – Minister dealing with information, diplomacy, war etc.
4. Sumant-In charge of foreign affairs of the state.
5. Sachiva – Home minister who took care of the correspondence of the King.
6. Pandit Rao – dealt with religious matters and ceremonies (Chief priest)
7. Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat- Commander in Chief of the Army.
8. Nyayadhisha – (Chief Justice) who dealt with both civil and criminal Justice.

1. Divisions of the Kingdom: (Provincial Government): Shivaji divided his Kingdom into four Provinces which were called ‘Swarajya’. Each province was controlled by a Viceroy called ‘Sardeshmukh’.EachSwarajyawasdividedintoDeshas whose head waS ‘Deshmukh’. Deshas were further divided into ‘Paraganas’. Desai was the head of aParagana. Village was the last unit of administration. The village administration was looked after by the village assembly (panchayat). Patel was the executive officer of the village. Shivaji abolished the practice of granting Jagirs.

2. Military Administration : Shivaji’s Kingdom was a military state. The army consisted of infantry, cavalary and navy. He maintained a well equipped, disciplined army. Senapathi was the incharge of the army. The foot soldiers were specially trained in guerilla and mountain warfare. The soldiers were paid regular fixed salary. 25 soldiers were placed under a Havaldar, 5 Havaldars were under the control of a Jamladar, 10 Jamladars were under a Hazari, and 5 Hazaris were commanded by a Panjhazari. Shivaji had a fleet, which was stationed at Kolaba. He checked and limited the power of Jinijras the militant tribals. His troops were armed with swords, spears, bows, arrows, daggers, muskets, etc. Hindus and Muslims were recruited in to the maratha army without any discrimination.

3. Judicial System: The King was the highest court of appeal. The civil causes were decided by the village panchayat and criminal cases were decided by Governors. The Judgements of the village court had royal recognition. The King and Nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nyayadhisha was responsible for civil and military justices.

4. Revenue System: Shivaji established an excellent revenue system. The assessment was made after a survey and classification of the land according to its fertility and yield. The state demand was fixed at 30% of the total produce. The revenue was to be paid either in cash or kind. In the time of famine, the land revenue was exempted. Landowners were given, a ‘Patta’ and the Jahagir system was abdishod. Regular payment of salary was introduced. Shivaji arranged loans for peasants to encourage cultivation. He levied taxes called ‘Chauth and Sardeshmukhi’.

Assessment: Shivaji occupies an important place in the Indian history. He was brave, adventurous and a bom leader of men. He founded the Maratha Kingdom, and gave to it a very fine rule of administration. He was a good judge of men and tolerant of other religions. He restored Hindu religion and culture. According to K.M. Panicker, “Shivaji was one of the greatest nation builders of the world”.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following question :

Question 1.
Estimate the role of Shivaji as a great conqueror and Empire builder.
Answer:
Introduction: The decline of Mughals led to the rise of independent states in different parts of India. Among them, the marathas were prominent. The main objective was protecting the Hindu religion and culture. The disunited people of Marathas were welded together and made a great political power opposing the Mughals. Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The hilly tracts of the western edge of the Deccan plateau was the home of the Marathas. Geographical conditions had taught them the spirit of hard work, self-reliance and independence. Early life of Shivaji: Shivaji was born at Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E.

His parents were Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai. Shahaji was serving under the Sultan of Bijapur, and he had left Shivaji and Jijabai at Poona. Jijabai showered all her motherly love and affection on Shivaji. He was greatly influenced by his mother. She narrated stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha (Hindu epics), which made him courageous. His tutor and guide Dadaji Kondadeva also shaped his personality.

He trained Shivaji in the art of administration, state craft and military activities. Shivaji was also influenced by Guru Ramdas and Tukaram, By their teachings, he developed love towards his motherland. Shivaji mastered the art of guerilla. warfare and the geographical feature of the western deccan also influenced Shivaji.

Political career of Shivaji: Shivaji captured the Fort of Torana from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1646 C.E. He constructed a new Fort at Raigadh. He gained control over his father’s Jahagir. He occupied the Forts of Baramathi, Indapura, Purandar and Kondana. His fame began to grow on account of these achievements.

Shivaji and Afzal Khan (Bijapur) 1659-1663 C.E: The growing strength and popularity of Shi vaji was a threat to the Sultan of Bijapur. Sultan decided to take action against Shivaji, and sent Afzal Khan against him. Shivaji very tactfully killed Afzal Khan in 1659 C.E. near Pratapagada and looted his camp. In 1661, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and recognised his conquests.

Shivaji and the Mughals (Aurangazeb) (1663 C.E.): Shivaji had occupied many territories belonging to Aurangazeb. To check his expansion, Aurangazeb despatched Shaista Khan. Khan succeeded in occupying a vast maratha territory including Poona. Unfortunately, Khan stayed at Poona in the house where Shivaji had spent his childhood. On the 15th April 1663, Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan in his bedroom at midnight. In the confusion, Khan lost his finger and his son Abul Fathe and a few khans from the Deccan. This incident increased the popularity of Shivaji.

Attack on Surat (1664 C.E.): In 1664, Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat. Aurangazeb deputed Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. He led an expedition and surrounded Shivaji on all sides and captured many of his Forts like Purandhar, Raigadh etc. Shivaji was defeated and was made to sign the treaty of Purandar on 24th June 1665 C.E. According to the treaty of Purandar, (1) Shivaji surrendered 23 Forts to the Mughals and agreed to pay tribute to Aurangazeb. (2) His son, Sambhaji had to serve the Mughal government as a Mansabdar.

Visit to Agra in 1666 C.E.: Due to the compulsion of Jai Singh, Shivaji visited the Mughal court at Agra in 1666 C.E. But Aurangazab did not show him any respect. Shivaji spoke to Aurangazeb in a bold manner and he was imprisoned. Shivaji, using his usual tact and intelligence, pretended to be ill and started sending baskets of sweets for distribution among the Brahmins and poor people.

When the watchmen were, a little relaxed and not alert, Shivaji took advantage of it and escaped from the prison in a sweet basket and reached his Kingdom in the guise of a sanyasi. This incident compelled Aurangazeb to recognise Shivaji as a King. Shivaji reconquered all the Forts that were surrendered earlier to the Mughals as per the treaty of Purandar.

Shivaji’s coronation in June 1674 C.E.: Shivaji was crowned as the Maratha King in 1674 C.E. His coronation took place at Raigadh with great pomp and as per vedic rites. He assumed the title ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja’. After that, a new and strong Hindu Kingdom came up in Deccan. Shivaji died in April 1680 C.E.

Administration under Shivaji: Shivaji was not only a conqueror and founder of a Kingdom but also a good administrator. He employed people of all castes and tribes, to maintain a balance. In his administration, he was the sole authority of the government, and he assigned separate responsibilities to ministers and also ensured that no official post turned out to be hereditary. He gave special attention towards administration. He carried on his administration with the help of his ministers called “The Ashtapradhans’. There were 18 departments in Shivaji’s administration.

Shivaji was assisted by Ashtapradhans, the eight ministers. They were:

1. Peshwa -The Prime minister, who attended to all types of Government activities.
2. Amatya- Finance Minister.
3. Mantri – Minister dealing with information, diplomacy, war etc.
4. Sumant-In charge of foreign affairs of the state.
5. Sachi va – Home minister who took care of the correspondence of the King.
6. Pandit Rao – dealt with religious matters and ceremonies (Chief priest)
7. Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat- Commander in Chief of the Army.
8. Nyayadhisha – (Chief Justice) who dealt with both civil and criminal Justice.

1. Divisions of the Kingdom: (Provincial Government): Shivaji divided his Kingdom into four Provinces which were called ‘Swarajya’. Each province was controlled by a Viceroy called ‘Sardeshmukh’.EachSwarajyawasdividedintoDeshas whose head was ‘Deshmukh’. Deshas were further divided into ‘Paraganas’. Desai was the head of aParagana. Village was the last unit of administration. The village administration was looked after by the village assembly (panchayat). Patel was the executive officer of the village. Shivaji abolished the practice of granting Jagirs.

2. Military Administration : Shivaji’s Kingdom was a military state. The army consisted of infantry, cavalary and navy. He maintained a well equipped, disciplined army. Senapathi was the incharge of the army. The foot soldiers were specially trained in guerilla and mountain warfare. The soldiers were paid regular fixed salary. 25 soldiers were placed under a Havaldar, 5 Havaldars were under the control of a Jamladar, 10 Jamladars were under a Hazari, and 5 v Hazaris were commanded by a Panjhazari. Shivaji had a fleet, which was stationed at Kolaba.

He checked and limited the power of Jinijras the militant tribals. His troops were armed with swords, spears, bows, arrows, daggers, muskets, etc. Hindus and Muslims were recruited in to the maratha army without any discrimination.

3. Judicial System: The King was the highest court of appeal. The civil causes were decided by the village panchayat and criminal cases were decided by Governors. The Judgements of the village court had royal recognition. The King and Nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nyayadhisha was responsible for civil and military justices.

4. Revenue System: Shivaji established an excellent revenue system. The assessment was made after a survey and classification of the land according to its fertility and yield. The state demand was fixed at 30% of the total produce. The revenue was to be paid either in cash or kind. In the time of famine, the land revenue was exempted. Landowners were given, a ‘Patta’ and the Jahagir system was abdishod. Regular payment of salary was introduced. Shivaji arranged loans for peasants to encourage cultivation. He levied taxes called ‘Chauth and Sardeshmukhi’.

Assessment: Shivaji occupies an important place in the Indian history. He was brave, adventurous and a bom leader of men. He founded the Maratha Kingdom, and gave to it a very fine rule of administration. He was a good judge of men and tolerant of other religions. He restored Hindu religion and culture. According to K.M. Panicker, “Shivaji was one of the greatest nation builders of the world”.

Vijayanagara Empire

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which was the Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
First capital was Anegondi, near Hampi. Later Hampi was made the capital.

Question 2.
Who was the first Ruler of Vijayanagara?
Answer:
Ilarihara was the first Ruler of Vijayanagara.

Question 3.
To which dynasty did Krishnadevaraya belong?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya belonged to Tuluva dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the greatest Ruler of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was the greatest Ruler of Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 5.
Who had the title ‘Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya’?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya assumed the title Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya.

Question 6.
Name the Persian Ambassador who visited the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
The Persian Ambassador Abdul Razzak visited the court of Devaraya-II.

Question 7.
Who was the author of ‘Madhura Vijayam’?
Answer:
Gangambika wrote Madhura Vijayam (or) Veerakanparaya Charitam.

Question 8.
Which battle led to the downfall of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Battle of Talikote or Rakkasa-Tangadi in 1565 C.E.

Question 9.
Who was the founder of Bengaluru?
Answer:
Kenpegowda-1 was the founder of Bengaluru in 1537 C.E.

Question 10.
Who is called as’Navakoti Narayana’?
Answer:
Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673-1704 C.E.)

Question 11.
What was Shivappa Nayaka’s’Shistu’?
Answer:
Shivappa Nayaka introduced the Land Revenue reforms which are called Shivappa Nayaka’s Shistu.

Question 12.
Who built the Fort of Chitradurga?
Answer:
Madakari Nayaka- V (1754-1779 C.E.) built the Chitradurga Fort.

Question 13.
Name the Lady who defended the Chitradurga fort?
Answer:
Obavva, heroically protected Chitradurga fort from Hyder Ali.

Question 14.
Name the Ruler who started the Mysore Dasara.
Answer:
Raja Wodeyar in 1610 C.E.

Question 15.
On the banks of which river was the city of Vijayanagara founded?
Answer:
On the banks of river Tungabhadra.

Question 16.
Which was the emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Varaha (pig) was the royal emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 17.
In whose court did the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ flourish?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya patronised the Ashtadiggajas in his court.

Question 18.
Who was called ‘Andhra Kavi Pitamaha’?
Answer:
Allasani Peddanna was called as ‘Andhra Kavi Pitamaha’.

Question 19.
Which was the capital of Vijayanagara after the Battle ofTalikote?
Answer:
Penugonda became the capital of Vijayanagara after the Talikote Battle under the Aravidu dynasty.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the founders of Vijayanagara Empire? When was it founded?
Answer:
HariharaandBukkaraya-14thApril 1336C.E.

Question 2.
Mention the literary works of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Krishandevaraya wrote ‘Amuktamalyada’ in Telugu,Jambavathi Kalyana, Madalasacharithe, Rasamanjari and Ushaparinayam in Sanskrit.

Question 3.
Mention any four titles of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Kannadarajyaramaramana, Kavipungava, Karnatakandhrabhoja, Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharyaetc.,

Question 4.
Who worte’Manucharitamu’and what was his title?
Answer:
Allasani Peddanna-Andhra Kavita Pitamaha.

Question 5.
Mention any four titles of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.
Answer:
Apratimavecra, Navakoti Narayana, Maharashtrabhupala Jalaripu, Karnataka Chakravarti, Tenkanaraja, Dharma Prabhu etc., were the titles assumed by Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 6.
Which was the first Kannada drama? Who wrote it?
Answer:
The first drama in Kannada was ‘Mitravinda Govinda’ written by Singararaya, the court poet of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 7.
Who wrote Hadibadeya Dharma and which King encouraged her?
Answer:
Sanchi Honnamma – Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 8.
Who was Shivappa Nayaka and why was he famous?
Answer:
Shivappa Nayaka was a famous Ruler of the Keladi dynasty. He was famous for his Land Revenue settlement system called’Shistu’.

Question 9.
Which were the four dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
1) Sangama dynasty 2) Saluva dynasty 3) Tuluva dynasty and 4) Aravidu Dynasty, ruled the Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 10.
Who was the brave Lady who protected the Fort of Chitradurga and how she did it?
Answer:
Obavva was the brave Lady, who protected the Fort of Chitradurga by killing the soldiers of HyderAli.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
What were the causes and results of the Battle of Talikote? (or) How was Aliya Ramaraya responsible for the Battle of Talikote.
Answer:
The decisive battle ofTalikote was fought in 1565 C.E. between the Vijayanagara (Aliya Ramaraya) Rulers and the combined forces of Shahi Kingdoms on the Banks of river Krishna.

Causes for the Battle :

1. Supremacy over the Doab region: The fertile doab area between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra became a bone of contention between the two powers and hence responsible for that battle.

2. Religious difference: The religious and cultural differences between the Hindu Vijayanagara and the Muslim Shahi Kingdoms was one of the causes for the battle.

3. Foreign policy of Aliya Ramaraya: Aliya Ramraya interfered in the internal disputes of the Shahis. He followed the policy of divide and rule with the Shahis of Bijapura and Ahmadnagar. The Shahis forgot their enmity and united through various alliances.
The Sultans of the Deccan (Bijapura, Ahmadhagar, Golkonda, Bidar) realized that Ramaraya’s power had increased immensely due to the lack of unity among themselves. They decided to sink their differences and unite in the name of the religion against the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagara.

4. Immediate Cause: Ali Adil Shah of Bijapura demanded the return of Raichur. But Ramaraya refused and asked the Sultan to fight and win it in the battle field. This was the immediate cause for the battle. Course of the battle: Bahamani Sultans set aside their differences and organized a confederacy against Vijayanagara. The combined forces of Bidar. Bijapura, Ahamadnagar and Golkonda marched and crossed the river Krishna and camped at a place between the villages Rakkasagi andTangadagi. Aliya Ramaraya decided to meet this challenge with all his might. Ramaraya personally led the army with his two brothers.

The battle took place on 23rd January 1565 C.E. In the beginning Vijayanagara forces gained upper hand. But during the course of the battle, Ramaraya was captured by the Shahi soldiers and beheaded and his head was paraded in the battle field. This created panic among the Vijayanagara soldiers. They ran away from the battle field. The Shahis won the battle. Venkatadri and Tirumala hurriedly went back to Vijayanagara, took as much wealth as they can carry and fled to Penugonda. This debacle led to the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Results of the battle :

1. Vijayanagara Empire lost its glory. The successful Shahi army looted the city of Vijayanagara.
2. Aravidu dynasty continued under the name of Vijayanagara with its new capital at Penugonda in Andhra Pradesh.
3. The Golkonda and Bijapur Sultans captured the northen territories. The feudatories of Vijayanagara like Nayakas and Palegars proclaimed themselves independent. This led to the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
4. The destruction of the capital city and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire adversely affected the Portuguese trade in India.

Question 2.
Describe the Art and Architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Art and Architecture: The Vijayanagara Rulers were great patrons of Art and Architecuture. They used the Dravidian style of Architecture and later added some unique features to it and it came to be called ‘Vijayanagara Style’ of architecture. Hampi was a great centre of Ait and Architecture. Percy brown remarks that “Vijayanagara Art as the supremely passionate flowering of the Dravidian Art”.

The main features of Vijayanagara Art and Architecture:

1. The Vijayanagara Rulers built high (Huge) towers called ‘Raya Gopuras’ above the gateways of the temples.
2. The Kalyana Mantapa at the temple stands on a rectangular platform of 5ft height. The roof of the mantapa is supported by stone pillars and it has no walls around it.
3. The temples consist of Garbhagriha, Sukhanasi, Mahamantapa and Ardhamantapa. An additional Garbhagriha (Sanctum) for the female deity.
4. The remarkable feature of the Vijayanagara temples is the intricate carving on the pillers. A number of pillers were carved each in a unique style.
5. The walls of the temples contain sculptures of Folklore, Gods, Goddesses, Elephants, Horses etc.,

The earliest creation of the Vijayanagara Empire is the most beautiful. Vidyashankara temple at Sringeri which clearly marks the transition from Hoysala to Vijayanagara Style. Temples of this period are found chiefly in Tirupathi, Kanchi, Srirangam, Hampi, Lepakshi, Sringeri, Srisailam, Nandi, Madurai, Chidambaram. Tadapatri etc., The monuments of Vijayanagara are scattered throughout South Indi a.

Important temples in Hampi: The best specimens of the Vijayanagara Architecture are found in the city of Hampi. The temples of Virupaksha, Hajara Ramaswamy, Vijaya Vittalaswamy, Krishnaswamy, Achyutaraya, Mahanavami Dibba and the stone Chariot are noteworthy. The walls and pillers of the Ramaswamy temple are decorated with the scenes from Ramayana. The Lotus (Kamala) Mahal is an excellent example of Islamic style of Architecture. The Ganesha and Narasimha images, the elephant stables, the Queen’s Bath, the Watchtower, The Royal Mint and the market place are also in Hampi.

Sculpture: Religion was the main theme for the sculptures of Vijayanagara. Kadalekalu, Sasivekalu Ganesha and Laxmi Narasimha statues at Hampi are notable. Irugappa Dandanayaka at Tiruparuttikunram was the earliest example of this period. The copper Images of Krishnadevaraya and his two Queens,Tirumaladevi and Chinnadevi at Tirumala are in a devotional mode. Astone statue of Krishnadevaraya is found at Chidambaram.

Paintings: Hampi, Anegondi and Lepakshi were centres of Vijayanagara paintings. Virupaksha temple at Hampi has beautiful paintings depicting Girija Kalyana, Madana Vijaya and Tripura Samhara. The Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi has on its ceilings paintings representing stories from Shivapurana and is called the ‘Ajantha of the Saivas’.

Fine Art: Dancing and Music were encouraged during Vijayanagara period. Vadiraja, Vyasathirtha, Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa belonged to this tradition. They composed devotional songs called ‘Keerthans’. Purandaradasa is called the ‘Father of Kamatic Music’. There were a good number of dancing halls at Vijayanagara. Bandham Laxminarayana was a dance master in the court of Krishnadevaraya.

Question 3.
Explain the foreign accounts regarding Vijayanagara
(or)
Write a note on Vijayanagara in the view of foreign travellers.
Answer:
Foreign Accounts: Many visitors and travellers visited Vijayanagara from time to time and they have left their observations in writing vividly and these observations are very good sources for reconstructing history.

1. Nicolo Conti: This Italian traveller visited Vijayanagara (Hampi) during Devaraya-I’s reign in 1421C. E. He says “Vijayanagara is surrounded by mountains. Its circumference is 60 miles. The fort walls have been extended almost right up to the foot of the hillocks and there are nearly 90,000 soldiers. Vijayanagara is the most prosperous and grand city. The King is very powerful”.

2. Abdul Razzak : He was the Persion Ambassador to the court of Devaraya – II in 1443 C. E. He says about Vijayanagara (Hampi) that ‘The world had never seen such a glorious Kingdom. The city is surrounded by seven fortification walls, the King is powerful. People loved roses and they were sold everywhere. Precious stones like rubies, diamonds and jewels were sold in the open market without any fear of risk”. He also explained about the celebration of Mahanavami festival with great splendour.

3. Niketin: He was a Russian traveller, who visited the Bahamani Kingdom in 1470 C.E. He wrote about the army, natural defense of the city and its wealth, the social life and splendour of the King etc., in the neighbouring Vijayanagara Empire.

4. Durate Barbosa : He was a Portuguese traveller who visited the court of Krishnadevaraya in 1514 C.E. He gives information about the trade and commerce of Vijayanagara and the fact that the King used to hold discussions with his ministers in the conference hall.

5. Domingo Paes: He was a Portuguese traveller who visited the court of Krishnadevaraya in 1520 C.E. He wrote about the daily life of the people, the city, about the temples, Emperor, festivals etc.,. He has also referred to Krishnadevaraya’s enormous wealth and about his treasury.

6. Fernao Nuniz: He was a Portugal traveller who reached Vijayanagara in 1535 during the period ofAchyutaraya. His accounts throw light on the political and cultural activities of the Vijayanagara Empire. He says that Vijayanagara was a city with the best basic amenities in the world.

7. Ceasar Fredericci: He was an Italian traveller who visited Vijayanagara in 1567 C.E. According to his accounts, Vijayanagara was a ruined city after the Talikote battle. He also says that the people did not live there and only wild animals were living.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the achievements of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 C.E.) Krishnadevaraya of theTuluva dynasty was the greatest Ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was the son of TuluvaNarasanayaka and Nagaladevi He came to the throne in 1509 C.E. The glory and prestige of the Kingdom reached its zenith during the rule of Krishnadevaraya. He got a good training under his Prime minister’Timmarasa whom he called as Appaji.

Military achievements of Krishnadevaraya :

1. The war of 1510 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya had to fight a war against Mohammed Shah of Bidar and Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur whose combined army attacked Vijayanagara. A battle took place in 1510 C.E. near Doni, in which the Muslim army was routed and it ran away from the battle field. Krishnadevaraya pursued the enemy forces upto Govilkonda and once again defeated them. He then occupied the Fort of Raichur and the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab area.

2. Siege of Unimatturu-1513 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya marched against the rebellious chief, Gangaraja of Ummatturu. Gangaraja was defeated and the forts of Shivanasainudra and Srirangapattana were captured. Krishnadevaraya created a new province with its head quarters at Srirangapattana.

3. Kalinga (Orissa) expedition -1513-1518 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya took an expedition to Kalinga to defeat the Gajapalhi Ruler, Prataparudra, which was achieved in stages. Udayagiri Fort was captured first. Next, he signed the Fort of Kondavidu and del bated the Reddies. The administration of the Krishna region of Andhra was entrusted to Salva Thimma. Then he captured the Forts of Vijayawada and Kondapalli. Later, the rest of the Telangana region came under his rule. When the Vijayanagara army reached Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapathis, King Prataparudradcva capitulated and settled for peace in 1518 C.E.

4. Battle or Raichur-1520 C. E.: When Krishnadevaraya was busily engage.! in his Orissa campaign, Sultan Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur recaptured the fort of Raichur. In 1520, Krishnadevaraya marched against the Sultan, defeated him and took back the Fort of Raichur. In this battle, the Portuguese musketeers helped the Vijayanagara army.

5. Captured the Fort of Gulbarga -1523: Krishnadevaraya went as far as Bijapura, From here, he went to Gulbarga and defeated Amir Barid. Then he went upto Bidar and released the Bahamani Sultan, who had been imprisoned by his own subordinates and placed him on the throne of Gulbarga and took the title ‘Yavanarajya Pralishtapanacharya’.

6. Relation with the Portuguese: Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese at Goa. He did not give help to Albuquerque to conquer Goa from the Bijapur Sultan in 1510 C.E. lie gave permission to the Portuguese to build Fort at Bhatkal. Durate Barbosa (1514-1515 C.E.) and Domingo Paes (1520 C.E.) vis and the court of Krishnadevaraya. They have given information about the Vijayanaga i trade and the personality of Krishnadevaraya.

7. Peace in Ceylon: There was political instability in Ceylon (Srilanka) There wen revolts against King Vijayabahu. Krishnadevaraya intervened in its political affairs and peace was established. Bhuvanaikyabahu, the son of Vijayabahu was brought to power.

8. Extend of his Empirer The Empire extended from river Krishna and Godavari in the North, to Kanyakumari in the South and from the Arabian Sea in the West to the way of Bengal in the East.

Patronage to Literature : Krishnadevaraya was not only a great Ruler but also a agreat scholar in Sanskrit and Telugu. He wrote ‘Amukta Malyada’ in Telugu, Jambavathi Kalyanam Ushaparinayam, Madalasa Charithe and Rasamanjari in Sanskrit. He patronized eights Telugu poets popularly called as the ‘Ashtadiggajas’. He honoured the great scholar vyasateertha and Allasani Peddanna was conferred with the title ‘AndraKaviPitamaha’. Krishnadevaraya is often described as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

He abolished the marriage tax. In memory of his mother Nagaladevi, he built a new city called Nagalapura and he built Purandara Mantapa at Hampi. He built many tanks and canals for both drinking water and irrigation purposes. He was a devotee of Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupati. He had many titles like Kannadarajya Ramaramana, Kavipungava, Karnatakandhrabhoja, Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya etc., The last days of Krishnadevaraya were unhappy. Due to his only son Tirumala’s death under mysterious circumstances in 1524 C. E., Krishnadevaraya was much grieved and died in 1529 C.E.

Question 2.
Describe the Cultural contributions of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Administration : Vijayanagara Rulers provided internal peace to the Empire and protection from external threats. They introduced a strong central Government along with decentralization of power.
Central Administration: Monarchy was the existing system. The King was the supreme authority of the state. He enjoyed enormous powers but he always worked for the welfare of the people. The King was the highest court of appeal. Law was based on customs and traditions punishments were very severe like death sentences, trampling to death etc.,

Kingship was hereditary. The King was assisted by a ‘Council of Ministers’ headed by the Prime Minister called ‘Maha Pradhani’. The council of ministers played an important role in the administration. They supervised over many departments and advised the King in taking proper decisions. Important officers were Upa Pradhani (Deputy P.M), Danda Nayaka, Mahasamantadipati (Minister of Feudatories), Raya Bhandari (Treasurer), Sabhanayaka (Leader of the council), Mahasandivigrahi (Foreign Affairs). Yuvaraja was associated with the administration.

Provincial Administration: There were two types of provinces in the Vijayanagara Empire. They were:

1. Provinces which were under the direct rule by the King’s representatives.
2. The provincial rule by the feudatories (Nayakas), which VMS called the Nayankara system.

The Nayankara system gave more autonomy to the feudatories. The King had the power to transfer or remove the provincial officers. Nayakas were to pay annual tributes to the King and had to maintain military troops for wars. These Nayakas maintained Military and Civil representatives in the court of the King. Rajya was further divided into Vishaya and Nadu. Village administration: The village was the last unit of the administration. Village had its own assemblies (Gramapanchyat). The social, administrative and judicial matters in the village were taken care of by the local assemblies. The head of the village administration was ‘Gouda’. Collection of revenue was his main duty and accounts were looked after by the Karanika. Talawara discharged the duties of a policeman.

Revenue System: Land Revenue was the main source of income for the state. It was nearly 1/6 of the gross produce. Property tax, commercial tax, tax on industries, war booty, judicial fines, and taxs of all professions including prostitution, customs and toll were the other sources of income. Taxes were collected either in cash or in kind.

Military Administration: Vijayanagara Empire had a strong military to safeguard the vast area from its enemies. The army administration was looked after by the ‘Dandanayaka’. The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephants and artillery. Forts played an important role in the defensive warfare.

2. Social conditions:
1. Caste System: The Vijayanagara society was divided into four castes namely Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. Brahmans had a high position in the society. Blacksmiths, goldsmiths, weavers, farmers and traders played very important role in the social activities. Social harmony existed in the Empire.

2. Position of Woman : Woman enjoyed a respectable position in the society. They participated in activities like dancing and singing. Few women received education, but they were confined to household work. Social evils like dowry, sati, devadasi, prostitution child marriage and polygamy existed in that society.

3. Social Harmony: Muslims settled in the Empire and they were given security by the Kings. Mosques were built for prayers and Quran was placed in a respectable place. The members of the Royal family worshipped Hindu, Buddha and Jain deities and followed the common tenets of these religions. Hence it is clear that social harmony prevailed in the Vijayanagara Empire. Dasara, Holi and Deepavali were the national festivals. People observed these festivals with great pomp and splendour.

3. Economic Condition: .
1. Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of the quality of soil. Land was divided into wet, dry and horticultural land. Rice, wheat, cotton, pulses, spices, arecanuts, ginger, fruits, turmeric etc., were the main products of agriculture.

2. Irrigation: They gave much attention for irrigation. Large number of wells, tanks, lakes, canals and dams were constructed. A huge tank was constructed by Krishnadc varaya near Nagalapura. ADam and a Raya canal were also built by him at Korrangal.

3. Trade and commerce: Internal and external trade flourished under the Vijayanagara Rulers. Vijrakurur mines in Andhra Pradesh supplied the most valuable diamonds. Main exports of the time were cloth, rice, suger, spices, iron etc., The important imports were elephants, horses, pearls, coral, mercury, silks etc., Udayagiri, Tanjore, Madurai, Calicut , Mangalore, Barakur and Bhatkal were the main centers of trade. There were about two hundred ports in the eastern and western coasts. The standard currency was the gold (Varaha) pon. Visa, Kasu and Pagods were the other coins.

Religion: Vijayanagara Rulers encouraged and ensured religious tolerance among the Hindus, Jains and Muslims. The Sangama Rulers encouraged Shaivism and the later Rulers gave importance to Vaishnavism. Devaraya – II built a Jain basadi in the Empire-during his reign. Shravanabelgola inscription of Bukka -1 refers to the peace treaty between the Srivaishnavas and Jains. The Vachana Movement was popular during this time.

The Varkari Movement of 1 .ord Vittala of Pandrapura and the Dasakuta tradition were encouraged. Hampi, Sringeri, Shravanabclagola, Shrishaila, Srikalahashti, Ahobilam, Madurai, Srirangam were the important religious centres. Temples and Mathas were the notable religious institutions. The temples were places of worship and Mathas stood for the spread of religious principles. They encouraged Educatioreand Culture.

Education and Literature: Mathas, Agraharas and Temples played an important role in imparting education. ‘Dhulakshara’ was a system of education, which is referred to in Mohanatarangini’ of Kanakadasa. It was a system of learning to write on sand. Primary education was called ‘Balabodha’. 1 lampi, Kodimatha, Sringeri, Ycdiyur, Kunigal etc., were notable centers of education of that time.

Iiterature: The Vijayanagara Rulers encouraged Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu literature. I larihara, Bukkaraya, Devaraya – II and Krishnadevaraya extended liberal patronage to scholars and poets. Some important literary works of the period are:

Sanskrit Works: Vidyaranya was a prolific writer in Sanskrit, he wrote more than 60 works. Madhava – Sayana wrote Parasara Madhaviya, Gangadevi, Queen of Veerakampan wrote Maduravijayam (Veerakamparaya Charitam), Tirumalamba wrote Varadambikaprinayam. Gum Vidyaranya wrote Raja Kalanimaya. Krishanadevaraya wrote Madalasacharite, Rasamanjari, Jambavali Kalyanam, Usha Parinayam etc.,

Kannada Works: Tontada Siddalingeshwara wrote Vachanas, Kumaravyasa – Karnataka Kathamanjari (Gadugina Bharala), Nanjunda Kavi – Kumara Ramanakathe, Siddalinga Yathi wrote Shunyasampadane, Ratnakarvami – Bharatesha Vaibhava, Bhimakavi – Basavapurana, Chamarasa – Prabhulingaleeie, Kanakadasa – MohanaTarangini, Nala Charita, Haribhakti Sara etc., Purandaradasa – Keertans, Virupakshapandita – Channabasapurana Narahari – Toravc Ramayana, Nijaguna Shivayogi – Viveka Chintamani.

Telugu : Krishnadevaraya was a great scholar in Telugu. He wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu. I le patronized eight great Telugu poets in his court who were called ‘Ashtadiggajas’. Allasani Peddanna revered as the father of Telugu was conferred with the title of’Andhrakavi Pitamaha’. Srinatha wrote Kashikhanda Nachaha, Somanatha wrote Harivamsha, Allasani Peddanna wrote Manucharitamu, Vemana wrote poems. Krishnadevaraya is often described as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

Bahamani and Adil Shahi Sultans

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Bahamani dynasty?
Answer:
Allaud-din-Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty?
Answer:
Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty.

Question 3.
Who built the Ibrahim Roza?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adi 1 Shah-II built the Roza at Bijapur. .

Question 4.
Who built the Madarasa at Bidar?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan builtthe Madarasa at Bidar.

Question 5.
Which is the biggest Mosque in south India?
Answer:
Jami Masjid at Gulbarga is the biggest Mosque in south India.

Question 6.
Who was called ‘Jagadguru Badshah’?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah-II was called Jagadguru Badshah.

Question 7.
Who wrote the book ‘Kitab-i-Navaras?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil-Shah-II.

Question 8.
Which city was the first capital of the Bahamani Kingdom?
Answer:
Gulbarga (Kalburgi) was the first capital of Bahamani Sultans.

Question 9.
What was the former name of Allud-din-IIasan Gangu Bahaman Shah?
Answer:
Zafar Khan was the former name of Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah.

Question 10.
Who was Mahmud Gawan?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was the Prime Minister of Mohammad Shah-III.

Question 11.
Which was the birth place of Mahmud Gawan?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was bom in 1411 C.E., at Gawan in Persia.

Question 12.
Which was the earliest Mosque built by the Bahamani Sultans?
Answer:
Jama Masjid at Gulbarga (Ahsanabad) was the earliest Mosque built by (Mohammad Shah I) the Bahamani Sultans, in 1367 C.E.

Question 13.
Which was the second capital of the Bahamani Kingdom?
Answer:
Bidar was made the second capital of the Bahamani Kingdom, in 1422 C.E.

Question 14.
Whose capital was Bijapur?
Answer:
Bijapur was the capital of the AdilShahis.

Question 15.
Who was the famous Sultan in the Adil Shahi dynasty?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah-II (1 580-1625 C.E.) was the famous Sultan.

Question 16.
Who was the architect of Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
Malik Sandal was the architect of Gol Gumbaz (1626-1650 C.E.).

Question 17.
What is the main point of attraction in Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
The main attraction of this Gumbaz is its ‘Whispering gallery’.

Question 18.
Which place is called as the ‘Queen of Deccan’?
Answer:
Bijapur is called as the ‘Queen of Deccan’.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Mention the capitals of the Bahamani dynasty.
Answer:
Gulbarga and Bidar were the capitals of the Bahamani dynasty.

Question 2.
Who was Mahmud Gawan and where did he build the Madarasa?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was the Prime Minister of Mohammad Shah – III. He built the Madarasa at Bidar in 1472 C.E.

Question 3.
Who was Hajarat Kwaja Bande Nawaj and where is his Darga?
Answer:
Hajarat Kwaja Bande Nawaj was the famous sufi saint of Guibarga. His Darga is in Guibarga.

Question 4.
Where is Gol Gumbaz and who built it?
Answer:
Gol-Gumbaz is in Bijapur. It was built by Sultan Mohammad Adil Shah.

Question 5.
Mention the important monuments of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur.
Answer:
Jami Masjid, Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Roza, Muhatas Mahal, Ganga Mahal, Sangeet Mahal, Anand Mahal, Mehtar Mahal, Bara Kaman etc are the important monuments of the Adil Shaihis.

Question 6.
Name two historians from the Adil Shahi period.
Answer:
Mulla Nusrati and Feristha were two famous historians of the Adil Shahi period.

Question 7.
Who founded the Bahamani Kingdom? When?
Answer:
Allaud-din-Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah – on 3rd August 1347 C.E.

Question 8.
Who shifted the Bahamani capital from Gulbarga to Bidar? When?
Answer:
Ahamad Shah -1 shifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1422 C.E.

Question 9.
Name the Five Shahi Kingdoms.
Answer:

1. TheAdil Shahis of Bijapur.
2. The Nizam Shahis of Ahmad Nagar.
3. The Imad Shahis of Berar.
4. The Barid Shahis of Bidar.
5. The Qutub Shahis of Golkonda.

Question 10.
Which monument is known as the ‘Taj Mahal of Deccan’? Where is it?
Answer:
Ibrahim Roza is known as the ‘Taj Mahal of Deccan’ and it is in Bijapur.

Question 11.
Who wrote the book Kitab – i- Navaras? What was his title?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shahi – II wrote the book ‘Kitab-i-Navaras. He earned the title ‘Jagadguru’.

Question 12.
What is Saracenic style or Deccan Style?
Answer:
A mixture of hindu and muslim styles of architecture is known as the Saracenic or Deccan style of architecture.

Question 13.
Name the works of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
Gawan wrote Manazir – ul – Insha and Riyaz – ul – Insha.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan 1463 -1481 B.C.: He was the Prime minister of Mohammad Shah- III. He was a fascinating personality. He was born in Persia in 1411 C.E. He was well educated and came to India with the intention of carrying on trade. He visited the court of Allauddin Ahmad Shah – II. The Sultan offered Gawan an administrative post. Gawan entered into Sultan’s service and by his sincerity and honesty, rose to the position of the Prime minister (Wazir) in 1463 C.E. He carried on the administration of the state and saved it from all dangers.

Achievements: As Prime minister (Wazir), he undertook many conquests and implemented reforms in the Kingdom.

• Mahmud Gawan first paid attention for the establishment of unity and integrity of the Kingdom.
• Mohammad Khilji of Malwa tried to enter the Deccan Region. Gawan expelled (he Sultan of Malwa beyond Bidar, made a treaty with the Sultan and established political stability.
• Gawan conquered Rajamahendri and Kondaveedu. In the west, he extended the territory to the coast, by annexing Konkan. Gajapathi Kapilendra of Orissa invaded the Kingdom. Gawan successfully repelled his attack.
• He subdued many chieftains in the western coastal belt and conquered Hubli, Belagavi (Belgaum) and Goa regions from the Vijayanagara Empire.
• The number of provinces was increased from 4 to 8 for the convenience of administration. They were called ‘Tarafs’. The Jahagir system was abolished. The administration was highly centralised.
• Gawan classified all the land of the Kingdom on the basis of fertility and irrigation facility. Land was surveyed and the revenue was fixed. The collection of revenue was only in cash.
• Gawan established a Madarasa, a College for higher education, at Bidar in 1472 C.E. He built a library and collected over 3000 manuscripts from all over the world. I fe was a scholar. He wrote books on religion, mathematics, literature and medicine. His important works were Manazir – ul- Insha and Riyaz – ul – Insha.

Gawan’s progress was not tolerated by the native muslim leaders. They made false al legations against him. He was beheaded in 1481 C.E. After his death, the Bahamani Kingdom started declining.

Question 2.
Discuss the progress in literature, art and architecture during the Adil Shahi period
(or)
Describe the contribution of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur, in the field of literature, art and architecture
Answer:
Literature: The Adil Shahis of Bijapur encouraged many scholars and poets in their courts. Arabic, Persian, and Deccani Urdu languages and literature developed. Ibrahim Adil Shah-II was an eminent scholar who wrote the ‘Kitab-i-Navaras’. Scholars like Syed Ahmed Harawi, Maulana Ghiyasuddin, Habibullah and Abdullah were famous. Shah Miranji of Bijapur wrote two poems ‘Khush-Nama and Khush-Naqhz’. The Sufi saints brought about unity among the Hindus and Muslims.

MullaNusrati who wrote the historical work called ‘Ali Nama’ and Ferishta who wrote Tarikh – i -Ferishta, a work on Muslim history, were famous historians during the Adil Shahi’s period. Urdu literature benefitted from the writtings  of Abdul Mani, Mian Nusrati, Mirjan Marisa and others.

Art and Architecture: The monuments built by the Adil Shahis are in Indo-Islamic style. This is also called Deccani style. The early monuments of Adil Shahi period were simple and elegant. They built several Palaces, Mosques, Tombs and Gateways. Some of the noteworthy Palaces were Ganga Mahal, Sangeet Mahal, Mittar Mahal and Asar Mahal.

Ali Adil Sha (1558-1580) built the famous Jami Masjid at Bijapur. It is noted for seven arches, minarets, huge domes and the big prayer hall.

The Ibrahim Roza (1626 C.E.) consists of twin buildings constructed on a raised platform. One of the buildings’is a Mosque and the other is a tomb. It was built by Ibrahim Adi Shah -II. The interior parts of the tomb are profusely decorated, the wall and pillars have been covered by floral and geometric designs. Inside the Roza, a part of the ceiling hangs without any support. The Roza is renowned for its ‘Hanging Roof’. It is called the ‘Taj Mahal of South India’.

Gol Gumbaz (1629-1656 C.E.) at Bijapur is a world-famous monument. Mohammad Adil Shah built it. The huge central dome measures 144 ft in diameter. At the four corners, it hr.:- octagonal towers rising seven stories high The main attraction of this Gumbaz is its ‘Whispering gallery’. Any sound made in this dome, echoes seven times. It is one of the wonders of the world.

Another incomplecte noteworthy monument in Bijapur is Barakaman foundation which was started by Ali Adil Shah – II. It has a raised platform of 20 ft. It consists of eleven big arches. Bade Kaman, Anand Mahal, Taj Bawadi, Chand Bawadi etc are some of the other important monuments.

Question 3.
Explain the cultural contributions of the Bahamani Sultans.
Answer:
Cultural contributions: Education : Reciting Quran was a part of education. Poor muslim students were granted scholarships. There were separate schools for girls. Mahmud Gawan was a great patron of education. He spent his earnings for the spread of education. He built a Madarasa at Bidar in 1472 C.E. This building consisted of 4 blocks of 3 storeys each. It had a well equipped Library, Lecture halls and accommodation for Professors and students. Philosophy, religion, poetry, science and medicine were the subjects taught. It had free toarding and lodging facilites. Persian, Arabic and Urdu were the mediums of instruction.

Literature: The Bahamas encouraged scholars and writers. So, Persian, Arabic and Dcccani Urdu literatures made considerable progress. Sultan Firoz Shah was well versed in philosophy. He was an expert in natural science, geometry and the Quran. He gave patronage to scholars in his court.

Mahmud Gawan, the Prime minister of Mohammad Shah. – III was a scholar. I le wrote books on religion, literature, medicine and maths. His important works were Riyaz-ul-Insha and Manazir-ul-Insha. They give an account on the polity, poetry and other aspects. Calligraphy was used in writing the quotations of the Quran.

The great Persian scholars were Isami, Mulla Harvi, Hakim Tabriz, Ainuddin Bijapuri and others. The history of the Bahamani rulers was composed in verse by Sheikh Adhari as Bahaman – Name – i – Dhakini. A new dialect called ‘Deccani Urdu’ became popular. The famous sufi saint of Gulbarga, Hazarat Khwaja Bande Nawaz has enriched the Urdu language. The Darga of this saint was built at Gulbarga. The Bahamanis have contributed significantly to the growth of literature.

Art and Architecture: The Bahamani Sultans were generous patrons of art and architecture. In general, they followed the Delhi architecture. The architecture of palaces, forts, mosques, tombs etc., is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim (Indo-Islamic) style known as the Deccani style of architecture. The main features of this style are – 1) Tall Minarets 2) Strong arches 3) Huge domes 4) Spacious Hazaras (Big halls) 5. Crescent moon at the top of the buildings. The influence of persian style is also a predominant feature.

Buildings at Gulbarga: Jami Masjid was the earliest building of the Bahamanis. Some of the other notable structures at Gulbarga are the Fort, the Bande Nawaz tomb, Shah Bazaar Mosque, Hafta Gumbaz (Seven tomb complex) etc., The tomb of Bande Nawaz is a very important tomb of this period. Its walls have decorations with calligraphic designs and they are painted in rich colours.

Buildings at Bidar: The Bahamanis have built many buildings at Bidar. These have foreign influence, as they were constructed by craftsmen from Turkey, Persia and Arabia. Solha Khamba Mosque at Bidar resembles a Roman building with its pillars which are round. There are many multi-storied buildings at Bidar which include Rangeen Mahal Palace, Gagan Mahal, Tarkash Mahal, Chine Mahal, Nagina Mahal, Gawan’s Madarasa etc. At Astur (near Bidar), there are 12 tombs, which are larger than the tombs at Gulbarga. They have bigger domes and many more arches.