Category: 2nd PUC

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 2 Principles of Management

You can Download Chapter 2 Principles of Management Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Principles of management are not
(a) universal
(b) flexible
(c) absolute
(d) behavioural
Answer:
(c) Principles of management are not absolute as they are flexible behavioral and universal nature

Question 2.
How are principles of management formed?
Answer:
(a) In a laboratory
(b) By experiences of managers
(c) By experiences of customers
(d) By propagation of social scientists
Answer:
(b) Principles of management are formed by the experiences of managers as it provides useful insights into reality.

Question 3.
The principles of management are significant because of
(a) increase in efficiency
(b) initiative
(c) optimum utilization of resources
(d) adaptation to changing technology
Answer:
(c) Principles of management are significant because they help in increasing overall efficiency.

Question 4.
Henry Fayol was a
(a) social scientist
(b) mining engineer
(c) accountant
(d) production engineer
Answer:
(b) Henry Fayol was a mining engineer and management theorist.

Question 5.
Which of the following statements best describes the principle of ‘Division of Work’?
(a) Work should be divided into small tasks
(b) Labour should be divided
(c) Resources should be divided among jobs
(d) It leads to specialisation

Question 6.
‘She/He keeps machines, materials, tools etc. ready for operations by concerned workers’. Whose work is described by this sentence under functional foremanship?
(a) Instruction card clerk
(b) Repair boss
(c) Gang boss
(d) Route clerk
Answer:
(c) Gang boss, keeping machines and tools.

Question 7.
Which of the following is not a Principle of management given by Taylor?
(a) Science, not rule of the thumb
(b) Functional foremanship
(c) Maximum not restricted output
(d) Harmony not discord
Answer:
(b) Taylor advocated separation of planning and execution functions. This concept is known as functional foremanship.

Question 8.
Management should find ‘One best way’ to perform a task. Which technique of scientific management is defined in this sentence?
(a) Time study
(b) Motion study
(c) Fatigue study
(d) Method study
Answer:
(d) The technique of method study which is to find out one best way of doing a job.

Question 9.
Which of the following statements best describes ‘Mental Revolution’?
(a) It implies change of attitude
(b) The management and workers should not play the game of one upmanship
(c) Both management and workers require each other
(d) Workers should be pain more wages
Answer:
(a) Mental revolution implies change in the attitude of workers and management towards one another.

Question 10.
Which of the following statements is false about Taylor and Fayol?
(a) Fayol was a mining engineer whereas Taylor was a mechanical engineer
(b) Fayol’s principles are applicable in specialised situations whereas Taylor’s principles have universal application
(c) Fayol’s principles were formed through personal experience whereas Taylor’s principles were formed through experimentation
(d) Fayol’s principles are applicable at the top level of management whereas Taylor’s principles are applicable at the shop floor
Answer:
(b) Because Fayol’s principles are universally applicable whereas Taylor’s principles are applied in special situations.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
How is the Principle of ‘Unity of Command’ useful to management? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Principle of ‘Unity of Command’ implies that each and every subordinate should have one and
only one boss. Orders and instructions should come from only one head. This helps the working of any organisation in the following manner

• Authority responsibility relationship is clearly defined.
• Subordinates know to whom they are accountable.
• Discipline and order are maintained.

Question 2.
Define scientific management. State any three of its principles.
Answer:
Scientific management can be defined as knowing exactly what you want from your men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.
Scientific management aims at choosing the best method to get the maximum output from the workers. The principles of scientific management are mainly applicable at the shop-floor level.

Three main principles of scientific management are as follows :
1. Science, not Rule of Thumb: When different managers use their own different methods to get the work done, it is rule of thumb. Taylor believed that there was only one best method to maximise efficiency. Taylor advised that every organisation should compare the results of different methods, test them again and again and finally select the best method of getting the work done.

2. Harmony, not Discord: Managers are an extension of the management and serve as a link between workers and the owners. Workers have to take instructions from the managers and managers have to get the work done through the workers. Oftentimes the relation between them is spoilt which is very harmful for everyone-workers, managers and owners. This class conflict should be replaced by harmony between the two. Both should change their thinking towards each other. Both should give importance to each other. This is known as mental revolution.

3. Co-operation, not Individualism: There should be complete co-operation between the labour and the management instead of individualism. This principle is an extension of the principle of ‘Harmony not discord.’ The management and the workers should not compete with each other, rather co-operate with each other. Management should consider all good suggestions made by the employees which can help in cost reduction. At the same time, workers should never think of going on strikes in order to get their unreasonable demands fulfilled.

Question 3.
If an organisation does not provide the right place for physical and human resources in an organisation, which principle is violated? What are the consequences of it?
Answer:
The principle of order is violated if an organisation does not provide the right place for physical and human resources.
If this principle is violated then,

• Lots of time will be wasted in locating the different resources.
• This will lead to delayed decisions.
• Wastage of energy which will lead to inefficiency and delay in production.
• causes hindrance in the activities of business.

Question 4.
Explain any four points regarding significance of Principles of management.
Answer:
Significance of Principles of management is briefly as follows :
1. Providing Managers with useful insights into Reality: When managers follow principles, it adds to their knowledge, ability and understanding of managerial situations and circumstances. This improves managerial efficiency e.g. when managers use principle of delegation then they get more time to concentrate on critical areas of working.

2. Scientific Decision Making: management principles help in thoughtful decision making, They emphasise on logic rather than blind faith. Here, decisions are based on the objective assessment of the situation.

3. Optimum Utilisation of Resources and Effective Administration : Principles: These help the managers to conceptualise the net effect of their decision rather than going for trial and error method resulting in saved time, efforts and energy thereby increased productivity.

4. Management Training, Education and Research: Principles of management are the base for management theory. As such they are used as a basis for management training, education and research. These principles provide basic groundwork for the development of management as a subject. Professional courses like BBA, MBA also teach these principles as part of their curriculum.

Question 5.
Explain the principles of ‘scalar chain’ and gang plank.
Answer:
The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain principles.
According to Fayol, “Organisations should have a chain of authority” and communication that runs from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and the subordinates.

According to Fayol, this chain should not be violated in the normal course of formal communication. However if there is an emergency, Gang Plank is used for speedy communication as shown in the diagram.

Gang plank is a shorter route in a scalar chain which allows employees at the same level to communicate with each other directly.
Gang plank should be used only in case of emergency, to facilitate speedy co-ordination and to prevent any likely distortion of message.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define Scientific Management. Explain the principles of scientific management of F.W.Taylor.
Answer:
Principles of Scientific management are:
(a) Science, not Rule of thumb: He believes that there was only one best method to maximize efficiency i.e scientific management. It increases production by reducing the efforts of employees. It includes scientific selection of workers, placement and training, gradation of machinery etc.

(b) Harmony, not discord: There should be harmonious relationship between management and workers. They should transfer their thoughts in order to achieve good relationship.

(c) Cooperation, not individualism: There should be a complete cooperation between the labour and management instead of individualism. To achieve this, management has to receive suggestions from the employees and they should be rewarded for their good, work which results in cost reduction.

(d) Development of each and every person to their greatest efficiency and prosperity: According to Taylor, efficiency could be achieved from the beginning of employees selection. Each person should be scientifically selected and training should be given. This will help in bringing out a Worker’s efficiency.

(e) Optimum production: Scientific management involves increase in production. Taylor opposed the inefficiency of workers and reducing production. He favored large scale production.

Question 2.
Explain the following principles of management given by Fayol with examples.
(a) Unity of direction
(b) Equity
(c) Espirit de Corps
(d) Order
(e) Centralisation and decentralisation
(f) Initiative
Answer:
Fayol introduced general principles of management. Some of them have been explained below
(a) Unity of Direction : All the units of an organisation should be moving towards the same objective. Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan. If a company is manufacturing both motor cycles and cars, then it should have two separate divisions for both of them. Each division should have its own in charge. Plans and execution resources. Their working should not overlap.

(b) Equity : This principle emphasises kindliness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards workers. This will ensure loyalty and devotion. Lazy personnel should be dealt sternly and strictly. There should be no discrimination against anyone on account of gender, religion, caste, language or nationality. All decisions should be merit based. Now a days we see in multinational companies, people of various nationalities work together in a discrimination free environment. For example, India born CEO Rajat Gupta heads Mckinsey Inc.

(c) Espirit de Corps: This principle emphasises on building harmony and team spirit among employees. In a large organisation with a large work force, teamwork is very important. Teamwork leads to better co-ordination while working. The head of each team should give credit for good result to the whole team rather than confining it to themselves.

(d) Order: A place for everything and everyone in his/her place. Basically it means orderliness. If there is a fixed place for the different things in a factory and they remain in their places, then no time is wasted in locating them. In the same way if every personnel is allocated an area to operate from then their co-workers, head or subordinates, can contact them easily.

(e) Centralisation and Decentralisation: Concentration of decision making authority in a few hands is centralisation and its dispersal among more number of people is decentralisation. Fayol believed that an organisation should not work with anyone of them in isolation A combination of both is important. Simple, easy and routine work should be decentralised and critical important – work should be centralised

In our country village panchayats have been given more powers to decide and spend funds granted to them by the Government, for the welfare of their concerned villages. This is decentralisation at the national level.

(f) Initiative: Initiative means taking the first step with self-motivation. Workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvements. According to Fayol, initiatives should be encouraged. A good company should invite suggestions from employees which can result in substantial cost/time reduction. Rewards can be given to fruitful suggestions.

Question 3.
Explain the technique of ‘Functional Foremanship’ and the concept of ‘Mental Revolution’ as enunciated by Taylor.
Answer:
Functional Foremanship : Taylor advocated separation of planning and execution functions. This concept was extended to the lowest level of the shop floor. It was known as functional foremanship.

Under the factory manager, there is a planning incharge and a production incharge.
Under the planning incharge, the work goes as follows

• Instruction Card Clerk drafts instructions for the workers,
• Route Clerk specifies the route of production.
• Time and Cost Clerk prepares time and cost sheet.
• Disciplinarian ensure discipline.

Under the production incharge, the work goes as follows\

• Speed Boss takes care of timely and accurate completion of work.
• Gang Boss keeps tools and machines ready for operation by workers.
• Repairs Boss ensures proper working conditions of machines.
• Inspector checks the quality of work.

Mental Revolution
In a factory, the managers served as a link between the owners and the workers The managers have to get the work done from the workers which created sometimes problem between the two. Taylor emphasized that there should be harmony between the management and workers Both should realise that each one is important. For this, both had to change their thinking about each other, This is known as ‘Mental Revolution’. Management should share the gains of the company with the workers and at the same time workers should work hard and be ready to accept any change made for the betterment of the organisation.

Question 4.
Discuss the following techniques of scientific work study
(a) Time study
(b) Motion study
(c) Fatigue study
(d) Method study
(e) Simplification and standardisation of work
Answer:
(a) Time Study : It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs.

There are three objectives achieved through time study

1. Determine the number of workers
2. Frame suitable incentive schemes
3. Determines labour costs.

e. g. If the standard time taken to do a piece of work is 20 minutes, then one such work  can be done 3 times in an hour and 21 times (7 hrs working) in a single day.

(b) Motion Study : Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting putting objects, sitting and changing positions. On close examination of body motions it is possible to categorize three types of motions

1. Motions which are productive.
2. Motions which are incidental.
3. Motions which are unproductive.

Out of the above three, workers are motivated to eliminate the third type completely and reduce the second one to the minimum This helps in increasing the productivity

(c) Fatigue Study: Fatigue study seeks to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task. A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if he does not take rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work again with the same efficiency. For e.g., in an organisation working hours are 9 to 5. There is a lunch break of an hour for the workers to take rest. Similarly in a school, there is a break for the students and teachers after 4 periods of continuous learning.

(d) Method Study: The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing the job. Different managers would use their own methods of getting the work done. But there is always one best method. Right from procurement of raw materials till the final product is delivered to the customer every activity is the part of method study. The objective of whole exercise is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the satisfaction of the customer.

(e) Simplification and Standardisation of Work: Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for every business activity e.g., process, raw material, time, product, machinery, methods or working conditions. The objective of standardisation are

1. To reduce product to fixed types, sizes, features etc.
2. To establish interchangeability of various parts.
3. To establish standards of excellence and quality in materials.
4. To establish standards of performance of men and machines.

Simplification aims at eliminating unnecessary diversity of products. It results in savings of cost of labour, machines and tools. It implies reduced inventories, fuller utilisation of equipment and increasing turnover.

Question 5.
Discuss the differences between the contributions of Taylor and Fayol
Answer:

Question 6.
Discuss the relevance of Taylor and Fayol’s contribution in the contemporary business environment.
Answer:
Relevance of Taylor and Fayol’s contribution in the contemporary business environment. Both Fayol and Taylor have given principles of management to improve efficiency in an organisation. Taylor gave us scientific principles of management which are being adopted by all organisations to improve productivity at the shop floor level, the principles help in giving effective results. In the same manner, Henry Fayol gave general principles of management which when implemented at any of the levels-top, middle or lower help in achieving better co-ordination, remove ambiguity and encourage the employees to improve their work performance.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Case Problems Studies

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Case Problems Studies 1

Question 1.
‘F’ limited was engaged in the business of food processing and selling its products under a popular brand. Lately the business was expanding due to good quality and reasonable prices. Also with more people working the market for processed food was increasing. New players were also coming to cash in on the new trend. In order to keep its market share in the short run the company directed its existing workforce to work overtime.

But this resulted in many problems. Due to increased pressure of work, the efficiency of the workers declined. Sometimes the subordinates had to work for more than one superior resulting in declining efficiency. The divisions that were previously working on one product were also made to work on two or more products. This resulted in a lot of overlapping and wastage. The workers were becoming undisciplined.

The spirit of teamwork, which had characterised the company previously, was beginning to wane. Workers were feeling cheated and initiative was declining. The quality of the products was beginning to decline and market share was on the verge of decrease. Actually the company had implemented changes without creating the required infrastructure.

1. Identify the Principles of Management (out of 14 given by Henry Fayol) that were being violated by the company.
Answer:
The Company violated the following principles.
a. Division of work
b. Unity of command
c. Unity of direction
d. Discipline
e. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
f. Order
g. Initiative
h. Remuneration

Question 2.
Explain these principles in brief.
Answer:
a. Division of Work: As per this case, work was not divided among the workers as per their specialisation. Specialisation is the most efficient way to use human efforts and produces more and better work.

b. Unity of Command: In this case subordinates had to work for more than one superior. This results in declining efficiency. As per Fayol’s principle of unity of command there should be one boss and if it is violated, it results in authority being undetermined, discipline in jeopardy, order distributed and stability threatened.

c. Unity of Direction: The units of an organisation should be moving towards the same objective. Each group must be having same objective, must have one head one plan. But in this case first the producers were working on one product then moved to two or more group. Thus, this principle was also violated.

d. Discipline: In this case, there was a lack of formalised control as the workers were working beyond there abilities. There were no rules and regulations as well as lack of employment agreement.

e. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest: Every individual was working better only when the organisation was giving priority to their general interest. In this case, company was focusing only over its objective and not on employees.

f. Order: People and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency. But in this case they were not following the order of anything.

g. Initiative: It implies that workers should be self motivated, suggestions should be taken from the employees. It results in substantial cost and time reduction. But here they were taking no feedbacks and no suggestions.

h. Remuneration: The workers should get their fair wages, but here workers were performing day and night but they were not getting a fair amount for the same. This resulted that they were feeling cheated.

Question 3.
What steps should the company management take in relation to the above principles to restore the company to its past glory?
Answer:
Following steps should be taken by the company to retain its past glory
a. Work should be divided into small tasks and distributed among the employees as per their specialisation.
b. There should be one boss.
c. Functions should be performed under one head or one plan.
d. Formalised control should be maintained.
e. Proper remuneration and Impressive Incentives should be given
f. Hierarchical communication pattern is to be followed
g. Suggestions and feedback should be taken from the employees.
h. Maintain high morale among employees

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Case Problems : 2

The management of company ’F’ Limited now realised its folly. In order to rectify the situation, it appointed a management consultant ‘M consultants’ to recommend a restructure plan to bring the company back on the rails. ‘M consultants’ undertook a study of the production process at the plant of the company ‘F’ limited and recommended the following changes : –

a. The company should introduce scientific management with regard to production.
b. Production Planning including routing, scheduling, dispatching and feedback should be implemented.
c. In order to separate planning from operational management ‘Functional foremanship’ should be introduced.
d. ‘Work study’ should be undertaken to optimise the use of resources.
e. ‘Standardisation’ of all activities should be implemented ta increase efficiency and accountability.
f. To motivate the workers ‘Differential Piece Rate System’ should be implemented.
g. The above changes should be introduced apart from the steps recommended in case problem-1 (as an answer to question number 3 of that case problem).
It was expected that the changes will bring about a radical transformation in the working of the company and it will regain its pristine glory.

Question 1.
Do you think that introduction of scientific management as recommended by M consultants will result in intended outcome?
Answer:
Though scientific management is the best solution, but still it will still not be able to give very effective results as it has its own limitations.
a. As competition has increased, market research will not help much now.
b. Appointing professionals will increase the cost and overheads.
c. Principle of initiative will not help if functional foremanship is also adopted.
d. In differential piece wage system, only efficient workers may gain, the others will be aggrieved as they might lose their wages if target is not met. This will lead to instability which is harmful.
e. Lot of stress will be generated from top to lower level.

Question 2.
What precautions should the company undertake to implement the changes?
Give your enunciated answer with regard to each technique in points 1 through 6 in the case problem.
Answer:
A large number of changes at a time will not accepted by anyone. So the company should play safe while making changes.
a. Trained staff can be appointed for certain areas and workers can be trained to improve efficiency levels.
b. Production planning has to be done with care.
c. Functional foremanship can be introduced but not at the cost of initiative. Workers should be consulted for suggestions.
d. Optimum use of method, time, motion and fatigue study should be done.
e. Standardisation can be implemented for material, machinery and features of product.
f. Financial incentives should be provided to workers to get more work rather than adopting differential piece wage system.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is called the father of General Management?
Answer:
Henry Fayol is considered as father of General Management.

Question 2.
Who is called the father of Scientific Management?
Answer:
F.W. Taylor is considered as father of Scientific Management.

Question 3.
Give the meaning of responsibility.
Answer:
Responsibility means accountability which is the result of authority.

Question 4.
State any one feature of principles of management.
Answer:
Universal Applicability

Question 5.
Mention any one Fayol’s principles of management.
Answer:
Division of work

Question 6.
Give the meaning of authority.
Answer:
Authority is the right to give order and obtain obedience.

Question 7.
What is meant by centralization of authority?
Answer:
Centralization means making the power in the hands of one or few.

Question 8.
What is meant by decentralization of authority?
Answer:
Decision making powers among more persons are called decentralization.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of principles of management.
Answer:
Principles of management are the statements of fundamental truths which provide guidelines to the managers for making decisions, taking actions and solving various problems systematically.

Question 10.
What is the total number of principles contributed by Fayol?
Answer:
The total number of principles contributed by Fayol is 14.

Question 11.
State any one feature of principles of management.
Answer:
Flexible.

Question 12.
What is equity according to Fayol?
Answer:
According to Fayol equity means all employees should be treated equally.

Question 13.
What is order according to Fayol?
Answer:
According to Fayol, order means “People and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency.”

Question 14.
State any one principles contributed by Fayol.
Answer:
Equity is one the principle given by Fayol.

Question 15.
State any one principles of scientific management.
Answer:
Science is not rule of thumb.

Question 16.
Who is known as “Father of Modern Management”?
Answer:
Henry Fayol

Question 17.
State any one objective of scientific Management.
Answer:
To develop attitude, behavior and personality of workers.

Question 18.
What do you mean by principle of division of work?
Answer:
It is possible to divide any work into small jobs called division of work.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define principles of management.
Answer:
According to Harold Koontz and O Donnell “Management principles are fundamental truth of general validity which has value in predicting the result of management action”.

Question 2.
What is meant by unity of command?
Answer:
According to Fayol “There should be one and only one boss for every individual employee. Each one should be commanded by one and responsible to that one only”.

Question 3.
What is meant by esprit de corps?
Answer:
It is one of the Fayol’s principles of management. According to this principle management should take necessary steps to promote spirit among the employees.

Question 4.
Distinguish between authority and responsibility.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is gang plank?
Answer:
Gang plank is a shorter route in a scalar chain which allows employees at same level to communicate with each other directly.

Question 6.
Distinguish between centralisation & decentralisation of authority.
Answer:

Question 7.
Define scientific management.
Answer:
According to F.W. Taylor, Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.

Question 8.
What is Division of Work according to Fayol?
Answer:
According to Fayol the whole work should be divided into different parts and each individual should be assigned only t part of the work according to his ability, specialisation and taste.

Question 9.
What is Unity of Diretion?
Answer:
According to this principle there should be one eader for every group. It helps to conduct all the activities smoothly and resources can be utilised effectively without wastage.

Question 10.
What is meant by Discipline according to Fayol?
Answer:
Discipline is the obedience to organisational rules and employment agreement. Discipline includes rules and regulation, maintaining good relationship with other, performing given task honestly etc.

Question 11.
State any two features of principles of management.
Answer:
a. Universal applicability.
b. Flexible.

Question 12.
What do you mean by rule of thumb?
Answer:
Rule of thumb means solving industrial problem by personal judgement of the owner or management instead of scientific method.

Question 13.
State any four techniques of Scientific Work Study
Answer:
a. Time Study
b. Motion Study
c. Fatigue Study
d. Method Study

Question 14.
Give the meaning of mental revolution according to F.W. Taylor.
Answer:
Mental revolution involves a change in the attitude of workers and management towards one another from competition to cooperation. Both should realise that they require one another.

Question 15.
What is motion study?
Answer:
Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions etc, which are undertaken while doing a typical job.

Question 16.
Give the meaning of principles of management.
Answer:
Principles are some truth about some phenomenon, which provides guidelines for decision making & action. These are the guiding rules of laws for management action.

Question 17.
What do you mean by universal applicability of principle of management?
Answer:
Management principles have universal application. They can be applied to all levels of management and all types of organizations whether business or non-business organizations irrespective of size and nature.

Question 18.
Give the meaning of authority and responsibility.
Answer: Authority is the right to give order and obtain obedience. Responsibility means accountability which is the result of authority. There should be a balance between these two.

Question 19.
What is meant by unity of command?
Answer:
There should be only one boss for every individual employee. This principle helps to avoid confusion regarding tasks to be done.

Question 20.
What is centralization and decentralization of authority?
Answer:
Centralization means making the power in the hands of one or few.
Decision making powers among more persons are called decentralization.

Question 21.
What is scalar chain principle of management?
Answer:
Formal line of authority from highest to the lowest ranks are known as scalar chain Principle. It should be followed by all mangers as well as subordinates.

Question 22.
What is meant by Espirt de corps?
Answer:
It is nothing but the spirit of cooperation. Worker should work in team and develop a sense of oneness and should have mutual confidence and understanding.

Question 23.
What is Scientific Management?
Answer:
Scientific Management refers to the use of scientific and standardized tools, methods and trained workers in all organizational activities to achieve the organizational goal with minimum cost and wastage.

Question 24.
Why F.W Taylor is called the father of scientific management?
Answer:
F.W Taylor has proposed scientific management as opposed to “rule of thumb” so he is considered as the father of scientific management.

Question 25.
What is meant by division of work according to Fayol?
Answer:
It is possible to divide any work into small jobs. So division of work leads to specialization. It is the efficient way to use human effort.. If every job is assigned to the right person, the quantity and quality of production will improve.

Question 26.
Why Foyal is considered as the father of General Management.
Answer:
Henry Foyal is considered as the father of General management as he has given one of the most influential contribution to the modern concept of management.

Question 27.
Differentiate between authority & Responsibility?
Answer:
Authority is the right to give order and obtain obedience. Responsibility means accountability which is the result of authority. Excess of Authority may lead to misuse of powers. Responsibility without authority may lead to slaverism. There should be a balance between these two.

Question 28.
Distinguish between centralization & Decentralization of authority.
Answer:
Centralization means making the power in the hands of one or few. Decision making powers among more persons are called decentralization. In general Decentralization is found in large organizations and centralization is found in small organizations.

Question 29.
What do you mean by unity of direction?
Answer:
Each group should be lead by one leader only. It ensures unity of action and co-ordination. It helps to conduct all the activities smoothly and resources can be utilized to the maximum extent effectively. If this principle is violated it leads to wastages and increase in cost.

Question 30.
State any two objective of scientific management.
Answer:
a. To develop attitude, behavior and personality of workers,
b. To provide employee satisfactory conditions for work.

Question 31.
What is contingent?
Answer:
The application of management as per requirement depending on the prevailing situations is called contingent.

Question 32.
What do you mean by discipline in management?
Answer:
It means obedience to the organizational ruled and employment agreements. One should have good relationship with others, following rules and regulations, performing of assigned tasks honestly with interest, all come under discipline.

Question 33.
What is order?
Answer:
According to Fayol, “People and Materials must be in suitable places and at appropriate time for maximum efficiency”. This principle states that “There is a place for everything and everything must be in its place”.

Question 34.
What do you mean by stability of personnel?
Answer:
Employee turnover should be minimized to maintain organizational efficiency. Employees should be selected and appointed through various procedures. He should be kept at their post for a minimum fixed period. They should be given reasonable time to show their results.

Question 35.
What is Initiative?
Answer:
Workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement. Initiative refers to the steps taken by the employees towards their self-motivation.

Question 36.
“Management is a science, not Rule of thumb” comment.
Answer:
Rule of thumb means estimation based on past experience. It states that we should not be struck to the old technique of doing work rather we should concentrate on developing new technique which makes the work much simpler and easier.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain any four features of principles of management.
Answer:
Features of principles of management:
(a) Universal application-Management principles have universal application. They can be applied to all levels of management and all types of organizations whether business or non-business organizations irrespective of size and nature.

(b) General guidelines-The principles are guidelines to action but do not provide readymade solutions to all managerial problems. These play advisory role in solving the problems.

(c) Formed by practice and experimentation-The principles of management are formed by experience and collective opinions, wisdoms of managers and as well as experimentation. These are not developed overnight but are the result of deep experiences of management experts.

(d) Flexible- The principles of management are not rigid. They are flexible and can be modified by the managers according to the situation.

(e) Mainly behavioral nature- Principles of management aim at influencing the human behavior. These help to understand the relationship between human and material resources in accomplishing organizational goals.

Question 2.
Explain any four Foyal’s principles of management.
Answer:
(a) Division of Work: According to this principle the whole work should be divided into different parts and each individual should be assigned only a part of the work according to his ability, specialisation and taste. This is because single person cannot do whole work.

(b) Authority and Responsibility: According to Fayol, “Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience and Responsibility means accountability which is the result of authority. The person who has given authority should be made responsible. There should be a balance between authority and responsibility.

(c) Discipline: Discipline is the obedience to organisational rules and employment agreement. Discipline includes rules and regulation, maintaining good relationship with other, performing given task honestly etc.

(d) Unity of Command: According to Fayol there should be one and only one boss for every individual employee. Each one should be commanded by one and responsible to that one only. This helps to avoid confusion regarding tasks to be done.

Question 3.
Explain The Principles of Scientific Management of F.W. Taylor.
Answer:
(a) Science not rule of thumb: “Scientific management is an attempt to increase production by reducing the efforts of employees” this reduces the practice of rule of thumb. Rule of thumb means solving industrial problem by personal judgement of the owner or management instead of scientific method.

(b) Harmony not discord: There should be a harmonious (good) relationship between management and worker. Both management and workers should realize that each one is important in organisation.

(d) Co-operation not-individualism: There should be complete co-operation between the labour and management. Competition should be replaced by co-operation. Both should realise that they need each other and individualism should be avoided.

(e) Development of each and every person to his great efficiency and prosperity: Individual efficiency largely depends on workers competencies. To achieve efficiency each person should be selected scientifically and work should be assigned according to intellectual capabilities and proper training should be given to the workers.

(f) Optimum production: Production and productivity should not be controlled either by the managers or by workers. Taylor opposed the inefficiency of workers and favoured large scale production.

Question 4.
Discuss the following techniques of Scientific Work Study:
(a) Time Study
(b) Motion Study
(c) Fatigue Study
(d) Method Study
Answer:
(a) Time Study: It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. Time measuring devices are used for each element of task. The standard time is fixed for the whole of the task by taking several readings. The method of time study will depend upon volume and frequency of the task, the cycle time of the operation and time measurement costs.

(b) Motion Study: Motion study refers to the study of movements like lifting, putting objects, sitting and changing positions etc., which are undertaken while doing a typical job. Unnecessary movements are sought to be eliminated so that it takes less time to complete the job efficiently.

(c) Fatigue Study: Aperson is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if she/he does not rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work again with the same capacity. This will result in increased productivity. Fatigue study seeks to determine the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task.

(d) Method Study: The objective of method study is to find out one best way of doing’the job. There are various methods of doing the job. To determine the best way there are several parameters. Right from procurement of raw materials till the final product is delivered to the customer every activity is part of method study. Taylor devised the concept of assembly line by using method study.

The objective of the whole exercise is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and satisfaction of the customer. For this purpose many techniques like process charts and operations research etc are used.

Question 5.
Discuss the differences between the contributions of Taylor and Fayol.
Answer:

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of principles of management.
Answer:
Features of principles of management are:
(a) Universal application-Management principles have universal application. They can be applied to all levels of management and all types of organizations whether business or non-business organizations irrespective of size and nature.

(b) General guidelines-The principles are guidelines to action but do not provide readymade solutions to all managerial problems. These play advisory role in solving the problems.

(c) Formed by practice and experimentation-The principles of management are formed by experience and collective opinions, wisdoms of managers and as well as experimentation. These are not developed overnight but are the result of deep experiences of management experts.

(d) Flexible- The principles of management are not rigid. They are flexible and can be modified by the managers according to the situation.

(e) Mainly behavioral nature- Principles of management aim at influencing the human behavior. These help to understand the relationship between human and material resources in accomplishing organizational goals.

(f) Cause and effect relationships-The Principles of management establish a relationship between cause and effect as they tell us as to what would be the result if a particular principle is applied in a given situation.

(g) Contingent-The application of management principles is contingent. It depends upon the prevailing situations at a particular point of time. These can be changed as per the requirements.

Question 2.
Explain Fayol’s principles of management.
Answer:
The 14 principles of management given by Fayol are:
(a) Division of Work- It is possible to divide any work into small jobs. So division of work leads to specialization. It is the efficient way to use human effort.. If every job is assigned to the right person, the quantity and quality of production will improve.

(b) Authority and Responsibility- authority is granted to a person he should also be made responsible. There should be a balance between these two. Excess authority may lead to misuse of power. Responsibility without authority may leads to slaverism and may not work effectively.

(c) Discipline- It means obedience to the organizational ruled and employment agreements. One should have good relationship with others, following rules and regulations, performing of assigned tasks honestly with interest, all come under discipline. For this purpose, it requires good superiors at all levels.

(d) Unity of Command- There should be only one boss for every individual employee. If an employee gets orders from two or more supervisors at a time, the principle of unity of command is violated. This principle helps to avoid confusion regarding tasks to be done.

(e) Unity of direction- Each group should be lead by one leader only. It ensures unity of action and co-ordination. It helps to conduct all the activities smoothly and resources can be utilized to the maximum extent effectively. If this principle is violated it leads to wastages and increase in cost.

(t) Subordination to individual interest to general interest- The interest of the organization should take priority over the interest of any one individual employee. Every worker should show interest towards the achievement of organizational goals. Individual interest of workers should not disturb the organisation’s interest.

(g) Remuneration of Employees- The remuneration should be just and equitable. This will ensure congenial atmosphere and good relations between workers and management. The remuneration should help the workers to lead a minimum standard of living and at the same time, it should be within the paying capacity of the organization.

(h) Centralisation and decentralization- The concentration of decision making power in the hands of one or few is called centralization of authority or power. Dispersal of decision making power among many persons is called decentralization. In general decentralization is found in large organizations and centralization is found is small organizations.

Fayol does not favor both but he suggests that there should be a proper adjustment between centralization and decentralization to achieve objectives of business.

(i) Scalar principle- The formal lines of authority from highest to the lowest ranks are known as scalar chain. According to Fayol, “ organizations should have a chain of authority and communication from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and subordinates”.

If there is an emergency this can be violated and ‘gang plank’ can be used.
Meaning of Gang plank- It is a shorter route in scalar chain which allows employee at the same level to communicate with each other directly.

(j) Order- According to Fayol, “People and Materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency”. This principle states that “There is a place for everything and everything must be in its place”. If there is a fixed place for everything and it is present there, there is no hindrance in the activities. This will lead to increased productivity and efficiency.

(k) Equity- Fayol emphasizes kindliness and justice in the behavior of managers towards workers. This will ensure loyalty and devotion. All should be treated equally without any discrimination against any one on account of sex, religion, region, language, caste etc.

(l) Stability of personal- “Employee turnover should be minimized to maintain orgainzational efficiency”. so employees should be selected and appointed through various procedures. He should be kept at their post for a minimum fixed period. They should be given reasonable time to show their results. Organisation should recognize and reward efficiency and give job security.

(m) Initiative- According to Fayol, workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement. Initiative refers to the steps taken by the employees towards their self-motivation. Employees at all levels should be given freedom to some extent, so that they can come forward and use their skills to achieve expected goals.

(n) Espirit de corps (spirit of co-operation)- Management should take necessary steps to promote team spirit among the employees. There should be a mutual confidence and understanding. It helps to reduce the wastage of resources and leads to increase in production.

2nd PUC Business Studies Principles of Management Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State any ten of Fayol’s principles of management.
Answer:
The 10 principles of management given by Fayol are:
a. Division of Work- It is possible to divide any work into small jobs. So division of work leads to specialization. It is the efficient way to use human effort.. If every job is assigned to the right person, the quantity and quality of production will improve.

b. Authority and Responsibility- If authority is granted to a person, they should also be made responsible. There should be a balance between these two. Excess authority may lead to misuse of power. Responsibility without authority may lead to slaverism and may not work effectively.

c. Discipline- It means obedience to the organizational rules and employment agreements. One should have good relationship with others. Following rules and regulations, performing assigned tasks honestly with interest, all come under discipline. For this purpose, it requires good superiors at all levels.

d. Unity of Command- There should be only one boss for every individual employee. If an employee gets orders from two or more supervisors at the same time, the principle of unity of command is violated. This principle helps to avoid confusion regarding tasks to be done.

e. Unity of direction- Each group should be lead by one leader only. It ensures unity of action and co-ordination. It helps to conduct all the activities smoothly and resources can be utilized to the maximum extent effectively. If this principle is violated, it leads to wastages and increase in cost.

f. Subordination of individual interest to general interest- The interest of the organization should take priority over the interest of any one individual employee. Every worker should show interest towards the achievement of organizational goals. Individual interest of workers should not disturb the organisation’s interest.

g. Remuneration of Employees- The remuneration should be just and equitable. This will ensure congenial atmosphere and good relations between workers and management. The remuneration should help the workers to lead a minimum standard of living and at the same time, it should be within the paying capacity of the organization.

h. Centralisation and decentralization- The concentration of decision making power in the hands of one or few is called centralization of authority or power. Dispersal of decision making power among many persons is called decentralization. In general decentralization is found in large organizations and centralization is found is small organizations.

Fayol does not favour both, but he suggests that there should be a proper adjustment between centralization and decentralization to achieve objectives of business.

i. Scalar principle- The formal lines of authority from highest to the lowest ranks are known as scalar chain. According to Fayol, “ Organizations should have a chain of authority and communication from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and subordinates”.
If there is an emergency this can be violated and ‘Gang plank’ can be used.
Meaning of Gang plank- It is a shorter route in a scalar chain which allows employee at the same level to communicate with each other directly.

j. Order-According to Fayol, “People and Materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency”. This principle states that “There is a place for everything and everything must be in its place”. If there is a fixed place for everything and it is presentthere, there is no hindrance in the activities. This will lead to increased productivity and efficiency.

You can Download Chapter 1 Human Geography Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 1 Human Geography

2nd PUC Geography Human Geography One Mark Questions with Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each:

Question 1.
Name the two major divisions of Geography.
Answer:
(a) Physical Geography.
(b) Human Geography.

Question 2.
Who is called the father of human geaography.
Answer:
Friedrich Ratzel.

Question 3.
What is determinism?
Answer:
Environment is influence by man & his activities is called determinism.

Question 4.
What is Quantitative revolution?
Answer:
Introduction of Statistics & Mathematics to study of human Geography is known as quantita¬tive revolution.

Question 5.
Write any one definition of human Geography?
Answer:
According to Ellen C. Semple –
“The study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.

Question 6.
What is physical Geography?
Answer:
The study of natural feature of earth Sun for ex. Land, air, water, climate etc.

Question 7.
What is human geography?
Answer:
The study of man made features on the surface of the Earth for Ex: agriculture, industry, transport, communication etc.

Question 8.
Define human Geography?
Answer:
According to Ellen C. Semple –
“The study of changing relationship between the unresting man and the unstable earth.

Question 9.
What is economic geography?
Answer:
The study of influence of geographical factors on economic activities of man.

Question 10.
What is Political Geography?
Answer:
The study of geographical environment on political aspects such as states, nations and boundaries etc.

Question 11.
What is Urban Geography?
Answer:
It deals with urban location, development, morphology, urban population & its distribution.

Question 12.
What is Cultural and Social geography?
Answer:
The study of cultural evolution, diffusion and morphology and social life of.the world.

Question 13.
What is Population Geography.
Answer:
It deals with Geographical environment on population growth, density, distribution, migration etc.

Question 14.
What is Settlement Geography?
Answer:
The study of location of settlements, distribution density, form & functions etc.

Question 15.
Mention the year in which Quantitative Revolution was introduced in human Geography.
Answer:
In the year 1960’s.

Question 16.
What is Post modernism?
Answer:
The study of impact, result and outcome of the modernaisation.

2nd PUC Geography Human Geography Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is human Geography?
Answer:
The study of man made features on the surface of the Earth for Ex: agriculture, industry, transport, communication etc.

Question 2.
Mention any two elements of settlement Geography.
Answer:
(a) location of settlement
(b) Distribution of settlement.

Question 3.
What is Urban geography?
Answer:
It deals with urban location, development, morphology, urban population & its distribution.

Question 4.
What is Neo-determinism?
Answer:
The study of systematic balance between environment determinism (nature vs man) and possibilism approach (mart vs nature).

Question 5.
Mention any four important branches of human geography.
Answer:
(a) Economic Geography
(b) Political Geography
(c) Urban Geography and
(d) Population Geography.

Question 6.
Distinguish between physical and cultural or human Geography.
Answer:

• The study of natural feature of earth Sun for ex. Land, air, water, climate etc.
• The study of man made features on the surface of the Earth for Ex: agriculture, industry, transport, communication etc.

Question 7.
Name important geographers who contribute more to the Human geography.
Answer:
Halford Mackinder of England.
(a) Ellsworth Huntington
(b) Carl 0 Sauer and
(c) Ellen C Semple.

Question 8.
Distinguish between Economic & Political Geography.
Answer:

• The study of influence of geographical factors on economic activities of man.
• The study of geographical environment on political aspects such as states, nations and boundaries etc.

Question 9.
Write the four important advantanges of human Geography.
Answer:
(a) It clarifies the societies & cultures in different locations.
(b) The great diversity reflects through the fashion of life.
(c) Realizes limit of the earth along with sustainability.
(d) It is helpful to the planners & Administrators.

Question 10.
Mention the four important approaches.
Answer:
(a) Human behaviour.
(b) Human Welfare.
(c) Humanistic and
(d) Marxism oriented approaches.

2nd PUC Geography Human Geography Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and Held of human geography.
Answer:
Meaning:
‘Anthropo’ Means ‘Human’ so Ratzel coined the term “Human geography”. Hence, Friedrich Ratzel is known as the ‘Father of Human geography’.
Human geography means the study of man made features on the surface of the earth for for ex: culture, society, agriculture, industry, transport, religion etc.
Man is a product of environment so the study of interrelationship of man & his environment is known as human geography.

Field of human Goegraphy:
The physical and cultural environement. It shows on human creations and development they are influenced by natural features such relief, drainage, soils, climate, vegetation, Land forms etc on which cultural environement dependce. Economic activities such as houses, villages, cities, road-rail networks, industries etc these are created by human being through their activities.

Thus the physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings, at the same human life is also influenced by nature in addition to that culture and technology have aided man in his attempt of making use of environment.

Question 2.
Describe the branches of human Geography.
Answer:
The important branches of human Geography are as follows:

• Economic Geography: It deals with the study of influence of Geographical factors on the economic activities man like agriculture, industries, transport etc.

• “Political Geography: It deals with the influences of geographical environment on political aspects such as states nations & boundaries etc.
• Urban Geography: the study of urban location, development, morphology interaction and movement of urban population.
• Cultural and Social Geography: It helps us to study the cultural evolution, distribution, age, structure and social life of the world.
• Population Geography: It deals with geographical environment on population growth, density, distribution & migration etc.
• Settlement Geography: The study of location of settlements, distribution, density, form, function & morphologes.

Question 3.
Human Geography is the study of man environment relationship justify.
Answer:
Human geography studies the inter relationship between the physical and cultural environment. It emphasises on human creations and developments by the natural influences like relief, Drainage, soils, climate in which temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind etc vegetation, land forms are the elements of physical environment.

where as cultural environment such as houses, villages, cities, road, rail networks, industries etc’ these are created by human being through their activities by human being through their activities based on the opportunities provided by the physical environment.

Thus, the physical environment has been greatly modified by human beings; at the same human life is also influenced by nature. Human being were able to develop technology through their struggle with the environment and better understanding a natural laws.

Question 4.
Explain the scope and importance?
Answer:
Scope of human Geography:
As early societies became more successful in meeting their need within.permanent settlements.

• The rise of agriculturing activities resource extra and manufacturing activities led to more complex economic and political boundaries were created and more settlement grew into towns and cities.
• The physical environment also changed with the influence of modem urbanize and industrized world that we known today.
• One of the greatest challenges faced by humans today is how to manage energy resource in a sustainable fashion without inflicting permanent damage to environment in the form of land, air, water, pollution and climatic changes.

Importance of Human Geography:

• It clarifies the societies and cultures in different ^locations.
• The great diversity reflects through the fashion life.
• Which realizes carrying capacity of the Earth.
• It helps us to understand circumstances affecting people and nation.
• It is helpful to the planners, administrations, Industrialists and others. ’

Question 5.
Write a note on changing approaches in human geography.
Answer:
Geography have tried to explain peculiarities of man environment relationship with environmental determinism approach.

• The regional and comparative methods of each region were show in this approach is called “Areal differentiation”.
• During 1960s many Statistical and Mathematical approaches were introduced in the study of hyman geography. This new trend was called “Quantitative Revolution”.
• Introduction of environment determinism, possibilism and balanced Neo-determinism.
• ‘Human behaviour’ oriented approach was widely used in the study of man environment relationship.
• Human welfare oriented, humanistic and marxism oriented approaches were also introduced to undertand the relationship of man & his environment. This is well known as ‘Post Modernism’.

Question 6.
Explain the different definition of human geography in detail.
Answer:
For understanding the nature of human geography we can look into a few well known definitions.

• According to Friedrich Ratzel (1844 – 1904): It is the synthetic study of the relationship between human societies and earth’s surface.
• Ellen C. Semple (1863 – 1932): It is the study of the changing relationship between the unresting man and unstable earth.
• Paul Vidal-dc-la-Blache (1845 – 1918): The study of knowledge of physical laws on the earth surface in relation between the liking beings which inhabit it.
• Ellesworth Huntington (1876 – 1947): It is the study of nature and distribution of the relationship between geographical environment & human activities & qualities.

Question 7.
Describe the development of human Geography.
Answer:

• Human Geography is a recent sprout from the main, trunk of geography. During 18th & 19th century a new systematic approach of studying man & nature relationship was introduced into the field of Geography.
• Friedrich Ratzel, a German geography was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory (1859). He wrote a book ‘Anthropo Geography” in 1882.
• Anthropo means ‘Human’ so he coined the term “Human Geography”. Hence, Ratzel is known as the Father of ‘Human Geography’, he developed man & his relationship with environment as described in two schools –

(a) The German school or the Deterministic school – Describes. The control of environment on man and his activities.
(b) French school or possibilistic school – It advocates that environment provides possibilities for man to persue variuos activities.
(c) Later Griffith Taylor an Australian Geography introduced ‘Neo-determinism’ or ‘Stop and Go determinism’ which balances between environment determinism and possibilism approach.

Many Geographers & new approaches, methods tools were introduced to develop Human Geography into systematic science.

You can Download Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 8 Map Work

Instruction : Out of the 20 places any 8 will be asked of which students have to mark 5 places on the outline map of India. Five marks will be awarded for marking the places correctly and five marks for writing the historical importance of each marked place in two sentences.

1. Harappa: It is one of the important sites of Indus Civilization. It is located on the banks of the river Ravi, now in Montegomary district of Punjab in Pakistan. Dayaram Sahani excavated this site in 1921. The great granary is an important building found here.
2. Taxila (Takshashila): It was the capital of the Gandhara Province now in Pakistan. Takshashila University was an important educational centre in ancient India. Kautilya (Chanukya) was a teacher in this University.
3. Pataliputra: It is the capital of Bihar State, now called as Patna, which is on the banks of the river Ganga. It was the capital of the Magadha Empire, the Mauryas and the Guptas rule.
4. Badami: The early name of Badami was Vatapi and it was the capital of the Chalukyas. It is famous for rock-cut cave temples. It is in Bagalkote district of Karnataka.
5. Kanchi (Kanchipuram): It is near Chennai in TamilNadu. It was the capital of the Pallavas. The city is famous for Shaiva and Vaishanava temples. The famous Kamakshi temple is located here.
6. Halebeedu: It’s early name was Dhwarasamudra and it was the capital of the Hoysalas. The Hoysaleshwara and Shantaleshwara temples are found here. It is in Ilassan district of Karnataka,
7. Delhi: It is presenty the capital of India, located on the banks of river Jamuna. It was the capital of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. Many monuments like Qutub Minar, Red Fort, Jami Masjid etc., are located here.
8. Devagiri: It is in Maharastra. Alla-ud-din-Khilji led many expeditions on Devagiri. Mohammad-Bin-Tughalak shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri for a short while. Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad.
9. Panipat: It is in Haryana state, It was a great battle field in the history of India where three great battles were fought.
10. Agra: It is situated on the banks of river Jamuna in U.P. It was founded by Sikandar Lodhi. It became the capita! of Akbar. Taj Mahal is the most famous monument of Agra.
11. Hampi: It is situated on the banks of river Tungabhadra (Bellary). It was the capital of the Vijayanagara empire. Virupaksha temple, Vijayavittalaswamy temple, Stone chariot etc., are the noteworthy monuments here.
12. Bidar: It was the capital city of the Bahamani Kingdom. Here Mahamud Gawan built
    a Madarasa.
13. Bijapura (Vijapura): It was the capital of Adil Shahis. Monuments like Golgumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, Asar Mahal, Bara Kaman etc are found here.
14. Calcutta: It is the capital of West Bengal, situated on the banks of river Hoogli. Calcutta was the first Capital of the British in India. Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur near Calcutta.
15. Bombay: It is the capital of Maharashtra. It was the main British settlement in India. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held here in 1885.
16. Pondicherry: It is a Union territory located on the east coast of India (Coramandal Coast). It was the capital of the French in India. It played an important role during the Carnatic wars.
17. Srirangapattana: It is located on the banks of river Cauvery and is in the Mandya district. It was the capital of the early Wodeyars of Mysore, Hyder Ali and Tippu sultan. The town contains many historical monuments like the Fort, Daria Daulat place, Lalbag, Tombs of Hyder and Tippu, Ranganatha Temple etc.
18. Meerut: It is in Uttar Pradesh. The first war of Indian Independence started at Meerut. The sepoys broke out into open revolt against the British on 10th May 1857.
19. Jalian Walabagh: It is located in the city of Amritsar in Punjab. During the freedom movement, General Dyer massacred here unarmed people who were protesting the Rowlatt Acton 13th April 1919.
20. Dandi: Dandi is a coastal town in Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi launched his famous Dandi March in 1930. Gandhi and his followers collected seawater and made salt and deliberately violated the salt law.

Places of Historical Importance

You can Download Chapter 6 Modern India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 7 Modern India

Advent of Europeans

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one Word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was The first Portuguese Viceroy in India?
Answer:
Francisco-de-Almeida.

Question 2.
In which year was the ‘Dutch East India Company’ established?
Answer:
The Dutch East India company was established in 1602.

Question 3.
Name the capital of the Dutch in India.
Answer:
Pulicat was made the capital of the Dutch in India in 1610 C.E.

Question 4.
When was the ‘French East India Company’ established?
Answer:
In 1664C.E.

Question 5.
Which was the capital of the French in India?
Answer:
Pondicherry in 1674 C.E.

Question 6.
When was the ‘British East India Company’ established?
Answer:
The British East India Company was established in 1600.

Question 7.
Which was the first capital of the British in India?
Answer:
Calcutta was made the first capital of the British, in India, in 1696 C.E.

Question 8.
Which treaty ended the first Carnatic war?
Answer:
The treaty of Aix-la-Chapel in 1748.

Question 9.
In which year was the battle of Plassey fought?
Answer:
1757 C.E.

Question 10.
When did the battle of Buxar take place?
Answer:
The battle of Buxar took place in 1764 C.E.

Question 11.
Name the treaty which ended the first Anglo-Mysore war.
Answer:
Treaty of Madras in 1769 C.E.

Question 12
Which treaty ended the second Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer:
Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.

Question 13.
Which treaty ended the third Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer:
Treaty of Srirangapattana in 1792.

Question 14.
Who was called ‘The Tiger of Mysore’? (or) Who assumed the title “the Tiger of Mysore”?
Answer:
Tippu Sultan assumed the title‘The Tiger of Mysore’. *

Question 15.
Name the Governor General who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance in India in 1798.

Question 16.
Who was the first Indian ruler to accept the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to acccpt the Subsidiary Alliance 1798.

Question 17.
Who introduced the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in India?
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie in 1848 C.E.

Question 18.
Who were the first Europeans to come to India by sea-route?
Answer:
Portuguese were the first among the Europeans to come to India by sea route.

Question 19.
Who discovered the sea-route to India?
Answer:
Portuguese sailor Vasco-da-Gama.

Question 20.
Which was the capital of Portuguese in India?
Answer:
Goa was the capital of Portuguese in India. „

Question 21.
Who conquerred Goa from the Adil Shahis of Bijapur in 1510 C.E.?
Answer:
Alfanso-de-Albuquerque.

Question 22.
Who was Sir Thomas Roe?
Ans. Sir Thomas Roe was the British Ambassador sent by King James -1 of England to the court of Jahangir in 1615 C.E.

Question 23.
Who were the rivals in the Carnatic wars?
Answer:
British and French were the rivals in the Carnatic wars.

Question 24.
What was the main cause for the first Carnatic war?
Answer:
War between England and France over the question of Austrian succession.

Question 25.
When did the first Carnatic war take place?
Answer:
Between 1746-1748 C.E.

Question 26.
When did the second Carnatic war take place?
Answer:
Between 1748-1754.

Question 27.
What was the main cause for the second Carnatic war?
Answer:
Two succession disputes at Hyderabad and at Arcot, and the British and French taking sides.

Question 28.
Which treaty ended the second Carnatic war.
Answer:
Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754.

Question 29.
When did the Third Carnatic war take place?
Answer:
Between 1758-1763 C.E.

Question 30.
What was the main cause for the Third Carnatic waif?
Answer:
The seven years (1756-1763) war fought between the French and the British in Europe, was the cause for the war.

Question 31.
In which battle were the French completely defeated by the British?
Answer:
Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.

Question 32.
Which treaty ended the Third Carnatic war?
Answer:
Treaty of Paris in 1763 C.E.

Question 33.
Which battle laid the foundation for the British supremacy in India?
Answer:
Battle of Plassey in 1757 C.E.

Question 34.
Who was the commander of the Bengal army in the battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Mir Jafar was the commander of the Bengal army.

Question 35.
When did the first Anglo-Mysore war occur?
Ans.
During 1767 to 1769 C.E.

Question 36.
When was the second Anglo-Mysore war fought?
Answer:
Between 1780-1784 C.E.

Question 37.
Name the British Governor General who defeated Tippu in the third Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis defeated Tippu in the third Anglo-Mysore war.

Question 38.
Who led the British army during the fourth Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley led the British army during the fourth Anglo-Mysore war.

Question 39.
What was the aim of the Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The expansion of the British Empire in India.

Question 40.
Which treaty ended the first Anglo-Maratha war?
Answer:
The first Anglo-Maratha war took place between 1775and 1782. It ended with the treaty of Salbai in 1782 C.E.

Question 41.
When did the third Anglo-Maratha war take place?
Answer:
During 1817-1818 C.E.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who conquered Goa from the Sultan of Bijapura? When?
Answer:
Portuguese Governor Alfanso-dc-Albuquerque-in 1510 d).E.

Question 2.
Name the important trading centers of the Portuguese in India.
Answer:
Goa (Capital), Diu, Daman, Salsette, Bassern, Bombay, Calicut, Cochin, Machalipattanam, Santhome etc., were the trading centers of the Portuguese in India.

Question 3.
Mention any two causes for the decline of the Portuguese power in India?
Answer:
Causes for the decline of Portuguese:

• The Portuguese officers did not follow the policy of moderation and did not conduct their affairs in a diplomatic manner.
• Their officers were corrupt and arrogent. They looked to their personal interests rather than the interests of their country.
• Portuguese religious intolerance provoked hostility of the Indian public, which became too strong for them to overcome.
• Encouragement was given to the Portuguese men to marry Indian ladies and settle down in India. The offsprings of the mixed marriages were inferior and could not take up the responsibilities.
• European powers like the Dutch, the French and the British on the Indian scene, also gave a serious setback to the Portuguese authority.
• The expansion of the Mughal Empire in the Deccan and other regions also gave a serious setback to the Portuguese ambitions.

Question 4.
Name the important trading centers of the Dutch in India.
Answer:
Machalipattanam, Nagapattanam, Cochin, Kasim Bazaar, Mahe, Pulicat (Capital), Karaikkal, Patna, etc., were the important trading centers of the Dutch in India.

Question 5.
Name the important trading centers of the French in India.
Answer:
Pondicherry (Capital), Surat, Chandranagore, Machalipattanam, Karaikkal, Mahe, etc., were the important trading centers of the French in India.

Question 6.
Between whom was the battle of Plassey fought? When?
Answer:
Sirajud-Daulah, Nawab of Bengal and Robert Clive in 1757C.E.

Question 7.
Mention any two conditions of the treaty of Srirangapattana.
Answer:

1. Tippu had to surrender half of his Kingdom to the British.
2. Tippu agreed to pay a war indemnity of 3.5 crore rupees to the British. As Tippu did not have enough money, he had to send two of his sons to the British as hostages.

Question 8.
Name any four Indian states, annexed by the British applying the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
Answer:
Satara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur,Jhansi, Nagpur, Coorg,Tanjore,’Bhagatpurctc.,

Question 9.
Name any four Indian states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
Nizam of Hyderabad, Mysore, Oudh, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bharathpur, Nagpur, Gwalior, Poona, Surat etc., accepted the Subsidiary Alliance of British.

Question 10.
Name the important trading centers of the British in India.
Answer:
Surat, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Machalipattanam, Iloogli etc.,

Question 11.
Between whom was the second Carnatic war fought? When?
Answer:
Robert Clive (British) and Dupleix (French) during 1748-1754 C.E.

Question 12.
Who had partaken in the third Carnatic war? When?
Answer:
Count-De-Lally (French) and Robert Clive (British) in 1758-1763 C.E.

Question 13.
Between whom was the battle of Buxar fought? When?
Answer:
Between Mir Kasim the Nawab of Bengal and the British (Vansitart) in 1764 C.E.

Question 14.
Who fought the first Anglo-Mysore war? Which treaty ended the war?
Answer:
British and Hyder Ali fought this war. Treaty of Madras ended this.

Question 15.
Who had fought the second Anglo-Mysore war? When?
Answer:
HyderAli and after his death, his son Tippu Sulthan fought against the British. From 1780 to 1784 C.E.

Question 16.
Between whom was the third Anglo-Mysore war fought? When?
Answer:
Tippu Sultan and the British (Lord Cornwallis)-between 1790-1792 C.E.

Question 17.
Why did Lord Wellesley declare the fourth Anglo-Mysore war?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley urged Tippu Sultan to join the subsidiary Alliance. Tippu rejected the demand and began talks with the French, Turkey and others to secure military help, which provoked Wellesley to declare war.

Question 18.
What is subsidiary Alliance? When was it introduced?
Answer:
The Indian Princes who had entered into this military alliance with the British had to maintain a British army in their states and bear the cost of its maintainance. It was introduced by Lord Welleselyin 1798.

Question 19.
What is doctrine of Lapse?
Answer:
As per British laws, when a Lord died without a son or daughter his estate lapsed to the British Government. It should be noted, that the Lord had no right to adopt a son under any circumstances. This policy was introduced in India by Lord Dalhousie. According to this policy, when the Indian Ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir (son or daughter), then that state would pass on to the British Empire.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Briefly explain the Carnatic wars.
Answer:
Introduction: British and French were rivals in India, because the objective of the British which was to establish complete monopoly over trade and commerce in India brought them into conflict with the French. They fought for seventeen years (1746-1763) to establish their ‘ supremacy in the Deccan. This rivalry with the French-led to the Carnatic wars.

First Carnatic war (1746-1748): The first Carnatic war took place between the British and the French during 1746-1748 in the Carnatic area. This war was a part of the European war, between the two countries over the Austrian succession issue (1740-1748) in Europe.

Course of the war: British commander Burnett captured some French ships. At this juncture Dupleix appealed to Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Arcot to prevail upon the British to desist from hostile action. British did not take any action. In 1746, Dupleix (French Governor) besieged and captured Madras.

British sought the help of Anwaruddin who ordered the French to free Madras. Dupleix refused to free it. So, Anwaruddin sent an army against the French. A battle was fought at St. Thome (battle ofAdyar), in which the French were defeated. The Austrian succession war came to an end in Europe by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapel in 1748. Thus, the first Carnatic war also came to an end.

Result: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapel in 1748.

• The British and the French agreed to stop their hostilities in India forthwith.
• The French agreed to return Madras to the British and prisoners of war were released from both the sides.

Second Carnatic war (1748-1754): The second Carnatic war broke out due to two succession disputes – one at Hyderabad and the other at Arcot, for which the British and the French took sides. There were civil wars of succession between Anwaruddi n and Chandasaheb at Arcot and Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung at Hyderabad. Dupleix and the French supported Chandasaheb (Arcot)

and Muzaffar Jung (Hyderabad) whereas the British supported Anwaruddin (Arcot) and Nasir Jung (Hyderabad) This struggle led to the second Carnatic war (1748-1754).

Course of the war: The French troup defeated and killed Anwaruddin in the battle of Amber. His son Mohammad Ali fled toTrichinapalli. Dupleix proclaimed Chandasaheb as the Nawab of Arcot. Dupleix was equally successful in Hyderabad. Nasir Jung was killed and Muzaffar Jung was made the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Dupleix and Chandasaheb besieged Trichinapalli to kill Mohammad Ali. The British were aware that Chandasaheb was an ally of the French and his succession to throne would adversely affect the British trade. Robert Clive (British) laid siege to Arcot. Chandasaheb rushed to protect his capital. He was defeated and killed in the battle of Arcot in 1752.

As a result, British crowned Mohammad Ali as the Nawab of Arcot. Dupleix was defeated in the war and was recalled by the French Government. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754. Both the parties agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the Indian states. They also agreed to return the territories conquerred from each other.

Third Carnatic war (1758-1763): The seven years war (1756-1763) was fought between the French and the British in Europe. The tension between the two In India also increased and ultimately took the shape of the third Carnatic war.

Course of the war: Robert Clive (British) captured Chandranagore, a French settlement. The French were determined to end the British settlements in India and sent Count-de-Lally as Governor to India. He launched an attack on Madras and recalled Bussey from Hyderabad to help him. The British attacked Hyderabad and captured it.

Count-de-Lally was defeated by the British (SirEyrecoote) in the battle of Wandiwash in 1760. In 1761, the British captured Pondicherry and other French settlements in India. The seven years war came to an end by . the treaty of Paris in 1763. The war in India also ended.

Treaty of Paris in 1763: 1)The trading centres of the French were returned with restrictions, that they would not fortify them.
2) The Anglo-French rivalry in India ended with the success of the British and failure of the French.

Question 2.
What were the cause and results of the battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Battle of Plassey in 1757: The battle of Plassey was fought between the British (Robert Clive) and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal in 1757. This battle led to the British supremacy in India.

Causes for the battle of Plassey :
1. Misuse of the concession pass (Dastaks): The British had received tax concessions from the Mughal Emperors. But, servents of the East India Company were misusing the concessions by openly indulging in private trade for profit. They refused to pay any taxes to the Nawab.

This resulted in the loss of income to the state and was opposed by the Nawab of Bengal. This was the main cause for the battle of Plassey.

2. Shelter to the French and demolition of fortifications of factories: The British and the French were rivals. The British captured Chandranagore from the French. Siraj-ud-Daula gave shelter to some Frenchmen, which angered the British. Siraj-ud-Daula tried to develop cordial relations with the British, but soon the relations got strained because the British fearing the French attack began to fortify their factories in Bengal which was counter to the interest of Bengal, when Siraj-ud-Daula protested and demanded for the demolition of all fortifications of factories.

3. Political cause – Encouragement to the opponents of Siraj-ud-Daula: Siraj-ud-Daula had many rivals. Soon after his succession to the throne, it was opposed by Shaukath Jung, Ghasti Begum and Rajavallabha who put forward their claims to the throne. The British fully supported the opponents of Siraj-ud-Daulah and ultimately succeeded in bringing his downfall.

4. The black hole incident or tragedy: During an attack on Kasim Bazar, the forces of Nawab besieged Fort William (Calcutta). The 146 civilians comprising of women and children who surrendered to the Nawab’s army were taken prisoners and forced into a small dark cell (15’ x 18’) within the fort and killed in the most inhuman manner. This incident called ‘The Block hole episode or Tragedy’ took place on 20th June 1757.

Course of the Battle: Peace was concluded between the British and Siraj-ud-Daula and the treaty of Aligarh was signed in Febuary 1757. Robert Clive hatched a conspiracy with the commander Mir Jafar against Siraj-ud-Daula. When the arrangements were complete, Clive took position at Plassey (Bhagirathi river). However, when the war broke out, the troops under Mir Jafar remained inactive and Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated and he fled, and got killed while trying to escape.

Results of the battle of Plassey :
1. British domination over Bengal: The British established domination over the political life of Bengal. Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. He was called a Sovereign but in actual practice he was nothing more than a puppet of the company. He could be removed from the throne any time, by the Company.

2. Territorial gains for the British: As a result, the British gained both in territorial as well as in finances. The Company received the 24 paraganas and other grants. The trade of the British Company greatly flourished and it made huge profits. Robert Clive was appointed as the Governor of Ben gal.

3. Establishing political supremacy: The battle of Plassey left a deep impact on the course of Anglo-French conflict in Deccan. This battle laid the foundation for the British supremacy in India.

Question 3.
Write about the subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance: The Indian rulers who had entered into this military alliance with the British had to keep a British army in their state and bear the expenses of-the maintainance of that army. It was introduced by Lord Wellesley in 1798. Expansion of the British Empire in India was its main aim.

Conditions of the subsidiary Alliance:

• The Indian state which joins it, must surrender its external relations to the care of the Company. They should not wage wars and their dealings should be conducted only with their the prior permission of the Company.
• If any ruler was unable to pay the expenses, he had to cede apart of his Kingdom. The protection of that state was the responsibility of the Company.
• A British Resident should be kept in the court of the King. The Company was not to interfere in the internal affairs of that state.
• The Company should protect the Indian state against their enemies and no other European could be appointed in their administration without the permission of the Company.

Advantages to the Company:

• The subsidiary Alliance disarmed the Indian states. They came under the mercy of the British. The grave consequences of the war were much reduced.
• Indian states practically lost their independence and became financially weak.
• The Kings neglected the welfare of their people. So Kings also lost their credibility. The Kings were protected by the Company. ‘
• The Company was able to check the influence of the French over the Indian states. The Company gradually brought the whole country under its control.

The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to sign the Alliance. Later the rulers of Mysore, Oudh, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bharatpur, Nagpur and Gwalior also signed the Alliance.

The Doctrine of Lapse: According to this policy, when the Ruler of the protected state died without a natural heir, then that state would pass on to the British Empire, which was called the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. (or)Accordingtothispolicy,ifaKing died without a son or daughter, his estate lapsed. It should be noted that the King had no right to adopt a son under any circumstances. The Doctrine of lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie. His aim was the expansion of the British Empire in India.
By following this policy, the British annexed Sitara, Jaipur, Sambhalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Nagapur, Bhagatpur, Coorg, etc.

Conclusion: The doctrine of lapse was unjustified both on legal and ethical grounds, Whether right or wrong, two third of the Indian territories came under the British rule by 1856. These factors contributed to the outburst of the Indian anger in ] 857 in the form of First war of the Indian Independence.

Question 4.
Discuss the struggle of Tippu Sultan with the British.
Answer:
Anglo-Mysore wars (1767-1799):
The first Anglo-Mysore war (1767-1769) The British after establishing supremacy in Bengal, waged war against Mysore to expand their Empire. Tippu had participated in his father’s campaigns and had gained sufficient military experience. In 1766, he fought against the Paliagars of Balam. In 1767-1769, in the first Anglo-Mysore war, he took his army towards Madras. Later, he helped his father capture the forts of Tirupattur and Vaniyambadi.

The second Anglo-Mysore war (1780-1784): Ilyder Ali died in 1782. His son Tippu Sultan continued the war. Tippu defeated the British at Wandiwash in 1783, and marched against Mangalore and besieged the fort. Negotiations for peace started between Tippu and ‘ British through signing the treaty of Mangalore in 1784. and the second Anglo-Mysore war ended with that.

Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-1792): The third Anglo-Mysore war was again fought between Tippu Sultan and the British. Tippu’s rise caused fear and jealousy among the Britishers. Tippu was trying to get the help of the French to expel the British from India. War broke out with Tippu’s unprovoked attack on Travancore in 1789, whose ruler was an ally of the British. British Governor-General, Lord Cornwallis was waiting for fora pretext to wage a war against Tippu.

He formed a coalition consisting of the British, the Nizam and the Marathas against Tippu, and attacked Sirangapattana. Tippu could not fight this combined army and he began to lose ground. They besieged his capital Srirangapattana in 1792. Forced by circumstances, Tippu signed the most humiliating treaty of Srirangapattana in March 1792.

Treaty of Srirangapattana in 1792: The terms of the treaty were: 1) Tippu had to surrender half of his Kingdom to the British and their allies. 2) Tippu agreed to pay a war indemnity of 3.5 crores (30 lakh pounds) to the British. As he did not have enough money, he had to send two of his sons to the British as hostages.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore war (1798-1799): Tippu could not reconcile to the defeat and humiliation in the third Anglo-Mysore war and was determined to dri ve out the British from India. He again started negotiations with France, Turkey, Kabul, Afghanistan etc. by sending his delegations but he could not get any help. Lord Wellesley forced him to sign the subsidiary Alliance, which he refused, As a result war became inevitable.

Lord Wellesley sent a powerful army along with the Marathas and Nizam. Tippu was defeated in the battle of Siddeshwara and Malavalli. On fourth May 1799, the British besieged the fort of Srirangapattana. The fort was bombarded and the enemy entered’the fort. Tippu died fighting in the battle and the British captured Srirangapattana.

After the death of Tippu, his territories were divided among the British, the Marathas and the Nizam. A portion of his Kingdom was given to the Wodeyars of Mysore. Krishnaraja Wodeyar-III became the King of Mysore.

Question 5.
Give an account of the Anglo-Maratha wars.
Answer:
1. First Anglo-Maralha war (1775-1782): In the civil war between Narayana Rao and his uncle Raghunath Rao, Narayana Rao was killed, and his widow gave birth to a male child. The child, Savai Madhava Rao was supported by the Maratha chiefs. Raghunath Rao sought the help of the British. He signed the treaty of Surat in 1775, with the Bombay Governor Elphinstone to retain his position.

Raghunatha Rao and the British fought with the Maratha chiefs at Poona. But, Nana Fadnavis, the Prime minister of Peshwa Savai Madhava Rao, got the help of Governor-General Hastings at Calcutta and signed with him the Treaty of Purandhara in 1776. According to that treaty. 1) The British agreed to withdraw their support to Raghunatha Rao, 2) Raghunath Rao was given a monthly pension of 25000/- from the Peshwa Government.

But this was not accepted by Elphinstone (Bombay Governor). He reopened the war and English forces were defeated and signed the Treaty of Wadagaon in 1779. Lord Hastings sent an army from Calcutta and battles were fought. Finally the treaty of Salbai was concluded in 1782.

Treaty of Salbai in 1782:
1. Both the parties agreed to restore the captured territories
2. There was peace for the next 20 years.

2. Second Anglo-Maratha war (1803-1806): MarathachiefsofHolkar and Sindhia tried to control Peshwa Bajirao-II. Peshwa was greatly influenced by Mahadji Sindhia. So, Holkar waged a war and defeated the armies of Sindhia and Peshwa in 1802. Holkar placed Vinayaka Rao on the throne.

Treaty of Bassien: (1) Peshwa signed the subsidiary Alliance and agreed to keep 6000 British soldiers and pay 26 Lakh every year for their upkeep. (2) Peshwa surrendered the northern territories of his Kingdom to the British (3) The Maratha Chieftains who were subordinates to Peshwa had become subordinates to the Company.

Sindhia and Bhonsle challenged the British power, and a series of battles were fought. The British defeated them and both of them accepted subsidiary Alliance. Holkar also fought with the British and concluded the treaty of Rajpurghat and ceded BundelkhancTand Chambal to the British.

3. Third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1818): Peshwa Baji Rao-II had lost his power and prestige. He decided to reocganise the Maratha confederacy and revive the lost glory of the Marathas. He also enlisted the support of the Pathans and the Pindaries for this cause. They attacked the British military camp at Kirki. This started the third Anglo-Maratha war. In a series of battles, Marathas were defeated by the British.

All Maratha chieftains accepted subsidiary Alliances. The descendant of Chatrapathi Sahu was allowed to rule the region of Satara. Baji Rao – II was pensioned off to Bithore with an annual pension of 8 Lakh rupees. With this, the British established political Supremacy all over south India.

First War of Indian Independence -1857

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
In which year did the first war of Indian Independence occur?
Answer:
The first war of Indian Independence occurred in 1857 C.E.

Question 2.
Name the Queen of Lucknow who revolted against the British in the first war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Begum Hazrath Mahal, the widow of Wajid Ali.

Question 3.
Name the Indian soldier who killed a British sergeant at Barrackpore in 1857?
Answer:
MangalPandey killed the British sergeant in 1857.

Question 4.
Who revolted against the British at Kanpur in 1857?
Answer:
Nana Saheb revolted against the British at Kanpur in 1857.

Question 5.
Why did Queen Laxmi Bai of Jhansi revolt against the British?
Answer:
The British refused to recognize her adopted son as the ruler of Jhansi.

Question 6.
Where did the first war of Indian independence begin?
Answer:
In the military unit at Meerut.

Question 7.
Who was proclaimed as the Emperor of India?
Answer:
The Indian soldiers broke out in open rebellion and proclaimed Bahadur Shah – II (dethroned Mughal Emperor) as the Emperor of India.

Question 8.
Why did the sepoys refuse to use the cartridges?
Answer:
Indian soldiers believed that the cartridges were smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, which were antireligious to both Hindus and Muslims.

Question 9.
Who was the British Governor General when the revolt took place?
Answer:
Lord Canning was the British Governor General at the time of these revolts.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
What was the immediate cause for the first war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
The British introduced new Enfield rifles. The Indian soldiers refused to use these rifles because a rumour spread that the cartridges were smeared with the fat of cows and pigs. The Indian soldiers felt that the British were trying to spoil their religion.

Question 2.
Write any two causes for the failure of the revolt of 1857.
Answer:

1. There was no common aim among the rebels. Lack of unity, lack of leadership, lack of arms, lack of proper organization, mutual hatred and suspicion were the reasons for the failure of the revolt.
2. The British fully utilised the scientific developments like modem weapons, telegraphs, railways, postal etc., to collect information quicker than the Indian soldiers and were ready for proper action.
3. The Indian Kings were supporting the British and the general public did not fully get involved
   and support the rebels.

Question 3.
Name the centres of the First war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Meerut, Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Bareily, Jhansi, Oudh, Allahabad, Gwalior, Jagadeeshpur, etc.

Question 4.
Who was the first Indian Queen to revolt against the British? By whom and when was she killed?
Answer:
Jhansi Rani Laxmi Bai. She died in the battle field at the hands of Hugh Rose on 17th June 1858.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the course of the first war of Indian Independence.
(or)
Explain the course of the first war of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Course of the war (Revolt):
1. Mangal Pandey: The revolt broke out in 34th infantry at Barrackpur (Bengal) on 29th March 1857. The Indian soldiers of Barrackpur refused to use the new cartridges and one of them, Mangal Pandey killed the British sergeant who forced them. This was the first shot of the revolt, but he was arrested and hanged. Mangal Pandey became the first martyr of the revolt.

2. Meerut Military: The Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to use the cartridges. They were tried and sentenced to long term imprisonments. Other soldiers broke out in open rebellion (10th May 1857). They attacked the jail, released their fellow soldiers and the British officers were killed and their houses were burnt. ‘Maro Phirangiko’ was their slogan. –

3. Delhi (Bahadur Shah-II): The soldiers marched from Meerut to Delhi on 11th May 1857 and brought it under their control. The dethroned Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah-II was proclaimed as the ‘Emperor of India’. They hoisted the flag of independence on the Red Fort. The loss of Delhi dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the British Empire. Finally, in September 1857, Delhi was recaptured by the British. Bahadur Shah – II was arrested and deported to Rangoon.

4. Revolt in Lucknow: In June 1857, Begum Hazrath Mahal declared her son WajidAli as the Nawab of Oudh, but this proposal was rejected by the British. So, she rebelled
against them at Lucknow. The British attacked Lucknow and captured it. and she fled to Nepal.

5. Kanpur incident: On 5th june 1857, Nana Saheb revolted against the British and captured Kanpur and declared himself as Peshwa. Nana Saheb was assisted by Tantia Tope. But the British (General Havelock) were successful in recapturing Kanpur (17th June 1857). Nana Saheb fled to Nepal.

6. Revolt in Jhansi: Protesting against the policy of Doctrine of Lapse, Rani Laxmi Bai the Queen of Jhansi who was driven out of Jhansi, along with Tantia Tope revolted and captured Gwalior. When the British came to recapture Gwalior under Hugh Rose, she fought heroically and died on the battle field on 17th june 1858.

Spread of the Revolt: The news of the revolt at Delhi spread throughout northern and central India, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bihar, Allahabad, Bareilly, Jagadhishpur, Jhansi and other parts of the country. Many Rulers remained loyal to the British government, but their soldiers revolted, and people started supporting the rebels.

Question 2.
What were the causes for the failure of the revolt? (or) Why did the first war of Independence fail to, realise its goal?
Answer:
Causes for the failure of the revolt: The 1857 uprising proved to be a failure due to a number of reasons. Lack of unity among the Indians, mutual hatred and suspicion were reasons for the failure.

1. Lack of Leadership: There was a lack of able leadership for the sepoys. Nana Saheb, Laxmi Bai, TantiaTope and of there were the leaders but lacked of experience and efficiency to enforce discipline. When the sepoys captured one town, they were not knowing what to do further. They were not guided properly by their leaders.

2. Lack of Arms: Indian soldiers did not possess the modem improved weapons (Enfield rifles) like, the British. They did not have a common plan. They were using old muzzle, breechloaders. ‘

3. Good transportation and communication: The British fully utilised the technological developments like the Telegraph, Railways, Postal and Financial sources which helped them suppress the revolt. They could collect information quicker than the Indian soldiers and could be ready for suitable counteractions. ‘

4. Support of the Indian Rulers io the British: The revolt was not nationalistic in character. Rajputs, Sikhs, Bengalis, Nizam of Hyderabad, Maharaja of Kashmir, Gwalior Ruler and many other rulers of Princely states, Zamindars, merchants, money lenders were loyal to British and assisted them.

5. Lack of proper organization: There was no common aim, proper organization, unity and co-operation among the rebel soldiers.

6. Lack of public support: The educated Indians did not support the revolt fearing the return of the old order. They believed that the British administration would accomplish the task of modernization. All parts of the country did not support the rebels, because the sepoys indulged in looting and dacoity and this resulted in the common people losing their faith in them.

2nd PUC History Modern India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following question in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Explain the causes and results of the First War of Indian Independence.
Answer:
Introduction: The revolt of 1857 set the tone for India’s Independence struggles. The period between 1757-1857 was marked by the plunder of Indian wealth, by East India Company. Political, social and cultural changes led to the rebellion against British rule. This was the first united revolt and it was the outburst of accumulated discontent of Indians against the policies of East India company.

The spark of patriotism was kindled in a military unit at Meerut which soon burst into a terrific flame and spread to other parts of the country and shook the British rule. British called this as ‘Sepoy Mutiny’, but the nationalists called it as the first war of Indian Independence.

Causes for the revolt:
1. Political causes: The conquests and annexations of the British not only affected the ruling class, but also gave a rude shock to the sentiments of the people. The British interfered in the internal affairs of the Indian states and followed the policy of divide and rule. Implementation of the subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse, using the pretext of misrule to annex the Kingdoms and Princely states were the reasons for the Indian Kings, Princes, Soldiers, Zamindars to be disappointed with the actions of the British East India Company.

2. Administrative causes: The British introduced a new system of administration which
replaced the traditional system. The introduction of ‘Rule of Law’ and ‘Equality before law’ developed suspicion in the minds of the orthodox (traditional) Hindus and Muslims. Indians were not given higher posts in the administration and were paid much less than the British officers with no promotions. This was contrary to the British policy of equality before law.

3. Economic causes: Economic exploitation was an important cause for the revolt. The huge drain of wealth made India economically poor. The British trade policy had established a monopoly on trade. They converted India into a supplier of raw materials and a market for their finished goods. Indian native handicrafts suffered a lot. Indian goods could not be sold in England due to heavy taxes imposed on their export. The Land tax was also raised, due to which many of them were compelled to mortage their lands to moneylenders and consequently found themselves in deep debts.
Dr. Eshwari Prasad remarks “India became a milk cow for England, while her own children died of starvation”.

4. Social causes: Many social and religious reforms caused (Social Reforms Act) serious
discontent among Hindu and Muslim orthodox sections. The British thought that they belonged to a superior race and humiliated Indians. The abolition of Sati, permission for widow remarriages, curb on child marriages, purdah, animal sacrifices etc., caused a lot of unrest among the orthodox people.

The introduction of telegraph and railways were seen as efforts to chain the country and were clear signs of westernization. The British treated Indians as unworthy of trust, incapable of honesty and fit to be employed only where they could not do without them. They were rude and arrogant towards Indians and were very racial in their nature and spirit.

5. Religious causes: The British activities affected the sentiments of Hindus and Muslims. The Christian missionaries were seen everywhere in the schools, hospitals, prisons and at the market places. They tried to convert Indians to Christianity by various devious methods. The spread of English education and culture through missionaries and convents created suspicion among Indians about their religions.

Hindu soldiers were forced to cross the sea against their belief. Forced intermarriages became a means to convert the natives to Christianity. Cartridges greased with Cows/Pigs fat affected the religious sentiments of Hindus and Muslims alike. The Europeans treated Indians as untouchables.

6. Military causes: Indian soldiers were paid very low salaries compared to the British soldiers of the same grade, and were not promoted to any rank higher than that of a subedar. According to the Enlistment Act of 1856 of Lord Canning, it required the sepoys to serve overseas also.

Hindus believed that crossing the sea was a sin (Kalapani). The soldiers were often treated with contempt by their British officers. There were rumours among the sepoys that the British were trying to break their caste and convert them to Christianity. There were more than 75000 soldiers in the British army from Oudh. When Oudh was annexed by the British Empire citing maladministration, these soldiers were angry.

7. Immediate causes: The British introduced new Enfield rifles. The top of the cartridges had to be removed by biting it off. A rumour spread that the cartridges were smeared with the fat of cows and pigs. The Indian sepoys felt that the British were trying to spoil their religion. They refused to use these rifles and the British forced and threatened the soldiers to use them. This was the spark, which later spread all over the country.

Results of the revolt:
The first war of Indian Independence marks a very important turning point in the history of India and its far reaching results. They are:

1. End of the Company rule : The East India Company rule was abolished and the British Crown took over the administration of India. Viceroy was the representative of the Crown in India and Lord Canning was the first Viceroy.

2. The Queen’s proclamation (or) Magna carta of India in 1858 : Queen Victoria issued her famous proclamation known as the Magna carta of the Indian people (Lord Canning announced it on 1st November 1858). Indians were promised that their rights, self-respect, honour and religious traditions would be safeguarded and Government jobs would be offered to all without any favouritism. The British Government will not annex any more Indian states.

3. Reorganization of the Army : The Indian Army was reorganized. Number of the British soldiers in the army was increased, growth of sentiment of national unity among the sepoys was checked, but communal loyalties were encouraged.

4. Unity among Indians: The revolt brought unity among Hindus and Muslims, as they came together to fight the British.

5. Source of Inspiration: The revolt gave British a taste of Indian patriotism. It served as a source of inspiration in India’s struggle for freedom. The heroes of the revolt soon became household names in the country. The Mughal rule also came to an end.

Impact of British Rule on Economy And Education

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
Who introduced the permanent Land Revenue Settlement in India?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Zamindari system (PLRS) in India.

Question 2.
Who propounded the Drain theory?
Answer:
Dadabai Naoroji propounded the Drain theory.

Question 3.
Which was the hook written by Dadabai Naoroji?
Answer:
‘Poverty and Un British Rule in India’(in 1876 C.E.).

Question 4.
In which year was Wood’s Despatch prepared?
Answer:
Sir Charles Wood prepared a report in 1854 C.E.

Question 5.
Which report is called as the ‘Magna Carta’ of English education in India?
Answer:
Sir Charles Wood’s report or Despatch.

Question 6.
What is drain of wealth?
Answer:
One way flow of the Indian wealth to Britain is known as the Drain of wealth, (or) The British exported India’s enormous wealth to England through various means. India did not get any economic and material benefit in return and this is known as drain of wealth.

Question 7.
Who is called as ‘The Father of the English Education’ in India?
Answer:
Thomas Macaulay is called as the father of the English education in India.

Question 8.
What was advocated by Macaulay in his report or Minutes?
Answer:
Macaulay advocated the development of Western system of education in India through English as the medium of education.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
What were the Land revenue policies introduced by the British between 1757 and 1857? (or) Name the Land revenue systems introduced by the British in India.
Answer:
The British introduced three types of land revenue systems in India. They were 1) The Permanent land revenue settlement (PLRS) or Zamindari system, 2) Ryotwari or Munroe system 3) Mahalwari system.

Question 2.
What is Ryotwari system?
Answer:
In Bombay and Madras Presidencies, the Ryot or cultivator was recognized as the owner of the land on the condition that he paid the land revenue regularly to the Government at 50% of the total income. This was known as Ryotwari system.

Question 3.
What is meant by Mahalwari system?
Answer:
The East India Company entered into a settlement with Estate or Mahal (village). The farmers within the village were collectively considered to be the owners of the land and were also collectively responsible for the payment of land revenue at 50 to 60% of the yield, (or) The village (Mahal) land belonged jointly to the village community, which is responsible for payment of land revenue to the company.

Question 4.
What was the opinion of Macaulay regarding the Eastern Literature?
Answer:
Macaulay said “A single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native Literature of Indian and Arabia”.

Question 5.
Where and when was the Zamindari or Permanent land revenue settlement introduced in India?
Ans.
Lord Cornwallis introduced this system in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Northern U.P. in 1793 (23rd march 1793).

Question 6.
What is meant by Zamindari or Permanent land revenue system?
Answer:
The East India Company entered into agreements with the Zamindars. The Zamindars were given permanent ownership of Land, which they cultivated with the help of tenants. Out of the total revenue collected, the Zamindars had to pay regularly, 89% to the Government as land revenue. This was known as Zamindari system.

Question 7.
Where and when was the Ryotwari system introduced?
Answer:
In Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1820 C.E.

Question 8.
Give two motives of British in introducing English education in India?
Answer:
1) Converting Indians to Christianity.
2) Company needed workers who would help them in delivering work.
3) Spread of western culture through English education.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the Drain theory
(or)
Write a note on the drain of wealth.
Answer:
The Drain of Wealth: The British were not interested in the development of Indian agriculture. They were interested only in safeguarding their commercial interests. They forced Indian fanners to produce commercial crops like cotton, tea, Indigo, etc., which were in great demand in the European markets. They converted India into a source for raw materials and a market for their finished goods.

Indian handicrafts could not compete with the machine-made products and the British had not started any industries in India. The impact of the Drain was that employment within the country was scarce and artisans and craftsmen turned into labourers. Hence the stability and development of Indian villages also suffered.

The British exported India’s enormous wealth to England through various means and that India did not get any economic and material benefit in return is known as drain of wealth. Dadabai Naoroji explained the drain theory in his book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ (1876 C.E.). He declared that drain was the basic cause of India’s poverty and fundamental evil of the British rule in India.

Source of the Drain: India’s enormous wealth flowed into England in the form of salaries and pensions of civil, military and railway officers, interest on loans, profits by British capitalists and expenditure on administration. Excess taxes were imposed on Indian export goods and less taxes were levied on British imports.

Results of the Drain :

• The most important results of the drain was that India became poor.
• The impact of the drain on income and employment within the country was harmful.
• The drain produced shortage of capital in the country. This hindered Indian industrial development.
• Since the drain was mainly paid out of land revenue, it hit the peasantry the most and made them poor.
• Nearly 12%of interest (6,30,000 pounds) was being paid out of Indian resources, for the loans raised by the English to construct Railways and seaports. Loans on unproductive items were also included.

Question 2.
Write about the impact of the British rule on Indian Education,
(or)
What reforms did Macaulay and Wood carry out in the education system in India.
Ans.
Thomas Macaulay’s Minutes in 1835: The Governor General, Lord William Bentinck appointed Macaulay to settle the dispute between Orientalists and Anglicists. He wrote a report on the ‘Indian system of Education’. Macaulay favoured the views of Anglicists. He recommended in 1835, that the accumulated amount (23 lakh) must be exclusively used for the study of western system of education in India through English as the medium of education. He had great contempt for Indian customs and literature. He said that a single shelf of a good European Library was worth the whole native Literature of India and Arabia.

Macaulay aimed to create a class of persons, who should be ‘Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions and intellect’. This report was also aimed at converting people to Christianity, preparing Indians to work for the company and also the spread of English education. English education infused in to them the spirit of nationalism.

Charles Wood’s Despatch (Report) in 1854 : Sir Charles Wood prepared and submitted a report to the Government in 1854. It touched upon all aspects of the Indian education (Scheme of future education of India). The implementation of the report led to tremendous changes in primary and secondary education in India. It is considered as ‘The Magna Carta’ of the English education in India. The report made the following important recommendations.

• Emphasis on western Education: The main object of the education was the teaching of western Education. The dissemination of western thoughts, literature, science and art should be the ultimate aim of education.
• Company should start Primary schools in villages, High-schools in towns and Colleges at district level.
• Vernacular Education: Primary education should be in the vernacular languages and English medium for higher education. Opportunities should be given for the study of Indian languages.
• Grant-in-Aid: To provide Grant-in-Aid to private Educational institutions.
• Department of Public Instruction : Company should set up a Department of Public Instruction to supervise the education in all the Provinces.
• Technical Education: Institutions must be stalled to offer specialized training in the technical fields. Training of teachers must also be carried out through separate schools meant for the purpose.
• Establishment of Universities: Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras on the model of London Uni versity must be opened.
• Encouragement of women’s education: Women must be encouraged to attend schools. The report gave support to women’s education.
  Lord Dalhousie accepted these recommendations and brought in noteworthy changes in Indian Education.

2nd PUC History Modern India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following question in 30 to 40 sentence.

Question 1.
Give an explanation about the impact of British rule on Indian economy.
Answer:
Economic Impact: Land’revenue was the main source of income to the Government. The British had incurred huge expenditure on administration, maintenance of army and waging many wars. To make up the burden of expenditure, they introduced some new systems of revenue collection in different provinces in India. They were:

1. Zamindari system (or) Permanent land revenue settlement: Lord Cornwallis introduced the Zamindari system in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and U.P. According to this system, the East India Company entered into an agreement with the Zamindars. The Zamindars were given permanent ownership of Land, which they cultivated with the help of tenants. Out of the total revenue collected, the Zamindars had to pay regularly the land revenue at 89%.

Merits and demerits of the Zamindari system:

• The company was assured of a regular and fixed income.
• In due course the Zamindars became a strong political force and the Company secured the loyalty of the Zamindars to support its colonalism.
• Zamindars exploited the peasants by collecting high rates of revenue.
• Zamindars led a life of comfort in cities. There came into being agents in between the landlords and the tenants.

2. Ryotwari or Munro system: This system was introduced by Governor Sir Thomas Munro in the Bombay and Madras presidencies in 1820 C.E.

Ryotwari system established direct settlement between the Company and the cultivator. The peasant (Ryot) was recognized as the owner of land on the condition, that he paid the land revenue regularly.

The land revenue fixed was about 50%  the value of the yield. It was fixed on the basis of the quality of the soil and the nature of the crops grown. The land revenue was fixed not on a permanent basis but was revised periodically every 20 to 30 years. Under this system,

• The farmers were exploited by the Company because the land revenue assessment was very high.
• The cultivator had to pay revenue even when his produce was destroyed by drought or floods.
• The farmers had to take loans from moneylenders to pay the land revenue. It they failed to pay the land tax, farmers forfeited ownership of their land.

3. Mahalwari system: This system was introduced by Lord William Bentinck in North-western India and the central parts of India in 1828 C.E.

The Company entered into settlements with the Estate or Mahal (village). The farmers within the village were collectively considered to be the owners of the land and were also collectively responsible for the payment of land revenue.
Mahalwari was a mixture of both Zamindari and Ryotwari systems.

Socio-Religious Reform Movement

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of Brahmo Samaj?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the founder of Brahmo Samaj.

Question 2.
Where was Raja Ram Mohan Roy born?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was bom in 1774 at Radhanagar in Bengal.

Question 3.
Who is called the Father of Indian Renaissance? ,
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called the Father of Indian Renaissance.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of Arya Samaj?
Answer:
Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

Question 5.
When was the Arya Samaj established?
Answer:
1875 at Bombay.

Question 6.
What is Shuddhi movement?
Answer:
To check the conversion of Hindus to other religions and to bring back the Hindu converts, who had embraced other religions, Swami Dayananda Saraswathi introduced the Shuddhi movement.

Question 7.
Who gave the call ‘Go back to Vedas’?
Answer:
It was the famous call of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

Question 8.
Which book was written by Swami Dayananda Saraswati?
Answer:
Swami Dayananda Saraswati wrote ‘SatyarthaPrakasha’.

Question 9.
Who established the Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer:
The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 at Belur Mutt in Bengal.

Question 10.
What was the original name of Swami Vivekananda?
Answer:
Narendranatha Dutta.

Question 11.
When and where was the Conference of World Religions held?
Answer:
On 31st May 1893 at Chicago in America.

Question 12.
Who founded the Vedanta Samaja?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda founded it.

Question 13.
Who established the Theosophical Society in India?
Answer:
Dr. Annie Besant, established a branch of the Theosophical Society in India.

Question 14.
Who started the Aligarh movement?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid AhmedKhan started the Aligarh movement.

Question 15.
Who is called as the Morning Star of Indian Renaissance?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called as the Morning Star of Indian Renaissance.

Question 16.
Which Governor General abolished Sati system through an Act?
Answer:
Lord William Bentinck’.

Question 17.
What was the original name of Swami Dayananda Saraswati?
Answer:
Mula Shankara was the original name of Dayananda Saraswati.

Question 18.
What was the famous call of Swami Vivekananda?
Answer:
“Awake! Arise! Stop not till the goal is reached”.

Question 19.
“Hindus and Muslims are the two eyes of the beautiful bird that is India’’. Whose statement was this?
Answer:
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan.

Question 20.
Which University was founded by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan?
Answer:
Aligarh Muslim University.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who Here the parents of Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
Ans.
Ramakant Roy and Tarinidevi were the parents of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He was born on 22nd May 1774.

Question 2.
When and where was Brahmo Samaj established?
Ans.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 at Calcutta.

Question 3.
When and where was Swami Dayananda Sarswati born?
Ans.
He was bom in 1824, atTankara village in Gujarat.

Question 4.
Name the parents of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
Ans.
Krishnajr Tiwari and Yashodara were the parents of Swami Dayananda Saraswati.

Question 5.
Where was Arya Samaj established? When?
Ans.
Arya Samaj was founded at Bombay in 1875.

Question 6.
When was Swami Vivekananda born? Where?
Ans.
Swami Vivekananda was born on January 12lh 1863 at Calcutta.

Question 7.
Where and when was the Ramakrishna Mission established? ‘
Ans.
Ramakrishna Mission was founded at Belur Mutt near Calcutta on 5th May 1897.

Question 8.
Which were the two newspapers published by Vivekananda?
Ans.
Prabuddha Bharata (English) and Udbodhana (Bengali).

Question 9.
Who established the Theosophical Society?
Answer:
Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Alcoh founded it in 1875 at New York. The Indian branch was established by Annie Besant in 1882 at Adyar near Madras.

Question 10.
Which were the two journals edited by Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
Answer:L
Samvad Kaumudi and Mirat-ul-Akbari were the journals edited by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Question 11.
Who were the parents of Swami Vivekananda.
Ans.
Vishwanatha Dutta and Bhuvaneshwari Devi were the parents of Swami Vivekananda.

Question 12.
Who started the Home Rule Movement? When?
Answer:
Dr. Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement in 1916 C.E.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the socio-religious movement.
(or)
What role did Raja Ram Mohan Roy play in the socio-religious movement?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the great socio-religious reformer of modem India. He is called the “Father and prophet of Indian Renaissance”. He had a deep knowledge of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and sufism. He was very much influenced by the English language and western thoughts. His primary aim was to reform the society and religion. He had to face the challenges of orthodox Hindus and fanatic Christian missionaries.

Religious reforms: Raja Ram Mohan Roy wanted to bring about reforms in Hindustan by getting rid of idol-worship, sacrifices and caste rigidity. On 20th August 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta. The main purpose of the Brahmo Samaj was to establish a casteless society based on common worship. Brahmo Samaj taught that ‘God is one, every religion possesses truth, idol worship and ritualism are meaningless and social evils have no connection . with religion”. The followers of all religions were invited to come and worship in the same temple in a spirit of brotherhood.

Social reforms: He carried on a long struggle against the social evils like the practice of Sati, child marriages, polygamy, untouchability and purdah system. Widows used to bum themselves up in the funeral pyres of their husbands and Raja Ram Mohan Roy organised agitations against this inhuman custom of Sati. It was due to his persuasion that Lord William Bentinck abolished Sati in 1829 and declared it a legal offence. He worked for the improvement of the status of women and for their education. He encouraged intercaste marriages and remarriage of widows.

Question 2.
Describe the role of Swami Dayananda Saraswati in the socio-religious movement.
Answer:
Dayananda Saraswati acquired a deep knowledge of the Vedas and other sacred books of Hinduism. He found that the Vedas were the real knowledge of the world, and dedicated his entire life to the cause of truth, spreading of knowledge and to wipe out falsehood. In 1875, he founded the Arya Samaj.

Religious reforms: The ideas of Dayananda Saraswati was to unite all Indians religiously, socially and nationally. He wanted the Aryan religion to be the common religion of all. He believed that the Vedas contained the original seed of Hinduism. His watch word was ‘Go back to the Vedas’. He tried to show that the Vedic civilization was the most ancient and highly developed one. He attacked the numerous blind beliefs like idol worship, going on pilgrimages, Polytheism, belief in black magic and charms, animal sacrifice etc.,

Shuddhi movement: Dayananda Saraswati tried not only to check conversion of Hindus to other religions, but also wanted to bring back the Hindu converts who had embraced other religions by Shuddhi Movement. His views were published in his work ‘Satyartha Prakasha’. He is hailed as the protector of Hindu religion’.

Social reforms: He advocated equality of social status to all members of the society and preached against untouchability and class differentiation in the spiritual and social lives of Hindus. He fought against the restrictions imposed on women and a section of the Hindu society, against the study of Vedas. He bitterly opposed child marriages, purdah system and other pseudo-religious customs of the Hindu society. He worked for the upliftment of women by advocating the causes of widow remarriage and female education.

Question 3.
Discuss the personality of Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda: He was born on 12th January 1863 in Calcutta. VishwanathaDatta and Bhuvancshwari Devi were his parents. His original name was Narendranatha Datta. He was the disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He studied both Indian and western philosophies, but did not get intellectual satisfaction. He came under the spiritual influence of Sri Ramakrishna. After the death of his Guru, Vivekananda took up the cause of spreading his messages (Ideas).

World religious conference at Chicago-31st may 1893: Vivekananda travelled widely, spreading the divine message of his master in the world. In 1893, he attended the ‘World Religious Conference’ at Chicago, representing Hinduism, which was being misrepresented in the western countries. His Chicago address began as “Brothers and sisters of America….” This won over the hearts of the people. He described Hinduism as the mother of all religions. He declared the superiority of Indian culture and civilization. He influenced Americans by his speeches and thoughts. For the purpose of spreading the message of Hinduism, he founded ‘Vedanta Samaja’ in America and other European countries.

Ramakrishna Mission – 5th May 1897 – Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897 at Belur Mutt near Calcutta. The Mission works for religious and social upliftment of the people. Its objective is to create cordial relations among the followers of different religions and to help the poor in the society.

The Mission stalled several Schools, Hospitals, Orphanages and old age Homes across the country. It also serves people in times of natural calamities like floods, famines, epidemics, earthquakes etc., Its branches have been established all over the world. Swami Vivekananda succeeded in making Hindus conscious of their strengths and weaknesses. He remarked “I do not believe in a religion that cannot wipe out the widow’s tear or bring a piece of bread to the orphan’s mouth”.

Social and religious reforms: Vivekananda condemned the caste system, rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. He stressed the need for social reforms. He preached tolerance, equality and co-operation among the people of all faiths. He gave importance to education, emancipation of women and eradication of poverty.

National Awakening: Vivekananda was a great nationalist. He roused the national consciousness of Indians by his famous call “Awake, Arise, stop not till the goal is reached”. He wanted India to be a great nation. He has been popularly called as the Patriotic Saint of India, Vedantha Kesari and Cyclonic Monk of India. He edited and published two newspapers, PrabhuddhaBharata (English) and Udbhodhan (Bengali).

Mysore – A Model State

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who transferred the capital of Mysore State from Mysore to Bangalore?
Answer:
Mark Cubbon, the Commissioner shifted the capital from Mysore to Bangalore.

Question 2.
Where was the first railway line laid down in Mysore Stale?
Answer:
Bangalore to Jolarpet in 1859 C.E.

Question 3.
Where was Vishwcshwaraiah born?
Answer:
Vishweshwaraiah was born at Muddenahalli (Chikkaballapura district).

Question 4.
In which year was the Mysore University established?
Answer:
In 1916, the Mysore University was established.

Question 5.
Who founded the Kannada Sahitya Parishat?
Answer:
Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah.

Question 6.
Name the Bank established by Vishweshwaraiah?
Answer:
The Mysore Bank.

Question 7.
What was the famous slogan of Vishweshwariah regarding Industrial development?
Answer:
‘Industrialize or perish’ was the famous slogam of Sir M.V.

Question 8.
Who was the first Kannadiga to be conferred with the Bharata Ratna award?
Answer:
Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah. in 1955.

Question 9.
Who built the Krishnaraja Sagara Dam?
Answer:
Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah.

Question 10.
Name the founder of NIMIIANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Nuero Surgery) in Bangalore.
Answer:
Sir Mirza Ismail founded the NIMHANS in Bangalore.

Question 11.
Who built the Brindavan Gardens at K.R.S.?
Answer:
Sir Mirza Ismail built the Brindavan Gardens at K.R.S.

Question 12.
When did Commissioner’s rule begin in the Mysore State?
Answer:
Commissioner’s rule began in Mysore in 1831 C.E.

Question 13.
Which Governor General introduced Commissioner’s rule in Mysore State?
Answer:
Lord William Bentinck introduced Commissioner’s rule in 1831 in Mysore State.

Question 14.
When did Mark Cubbon become the Commissioner of Mysore Stale?
Answer:
Mark Cubbon became the Commissioner of Mysore State in 1834C.E.

Question 15.
Who set 300 acres of land for a park (Cubbon park) in Bangalore?
Answer:
L.B. Bowring set 300 acres of land for a park in Bangalore.

Question 16.
Who became the King of Mysore after rendition in 1881?
Answer:
Chamaraja Wodeyar- X became the King of Mysore in 1881.

Question 17.
Who is called as the maker (architect) of modern Mysore?
Answer:
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah is called as the maker of modern Mysore.

Question 18.
Who started the Radio stations at Bangalore and Mysore?
Answer:
Sir Mirza Ismail started the Bangalore and Mysore Radio stations.

Question 19.
Who had the title ‘Rajarishi’?
Answer:
Krishnaraja Wodeyar-IV had the title ‘Rajarishi’.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Name two important Commissioners of Mysore?
Answer:
Mark Cubbon and Lewis Bentham Bowring were two important Commisioners of Mysore.

Question 2.
Write any two administrative reforms of Mark Cubbon.
Answer:
Mark Cubbon shifted the capital from Mysore to Bangalore. Mysore state was divided into administrative units to minimise the expenditure and for the convenience of administration. The Judicial and Police departments were reorganized. Kannada was introduced as the official language.

Question 3.
Write any two administrative reforms of L.B. Bowring.
Answer:
Bowring divided Mysore state into 3 administrative divisions. A Commissioner was appointed over each division. Land revenue was reformed. Registration act was introduced. Judicial and police departments were systematically organised. Educational reforms were introduced with IhefdrmationofaDcpartmentofPublic Instruction.

Question 4.
Name any two important Dewans of Mysore.
Answer:
Sir.M. Vishweshwaraiah and Sir Mirza Ismail.

Question 5.
Name the parents of Sri. M. Vishweshwaraiah.
Answer:
Srinivasashastri and Venkatalaxmamma were the parents of SirM.V.

Question 6.
Mention any two books written by Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah?
Answer:
Sir M.V. wrote A vision of prosperous Mysore, Reconstructing India, Rapid development of Industries, Planned Economy for India. Memories of my working life etc.,

Question 7.
Mention any two industries started by Sir Mirza Ismail.
Answer:
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Bangalore, Sugar Factory at Mandya, Match Factory at Shivamogga, Chemical and Fertilisers Factory at Belagola.

Question 8.
Who was the architect of K.R.S. Dam? Where is it built?
Answer:
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah. It is across the Cauvery river at Kannambadi.

Question 9.
Who founded the Kannada Sahitya Parishat? When and Where?
Answer:
Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah in 1915 at Bangalore.

Question 10.
Who founded the Mysore Bank and When? (or) Which bank was founded by Sri M.V.? ‘
Answer:
Sir.M. Vishweshwaraiah in 1913 C.E. founded the Bank of Mysore.

Question 11.
Which were the awards conferred on Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah?
Answer:
Sri M.V. was conferred with the title ‘Sir’ and Knighthood by the British Government in 1915. The government of India conferred the ‘Bharat Ratna’ in 1955.

2nd PUC History Modern India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah is called the ‘Maker of Modern Mysore’. Explain,
(or)
What role did Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah play in transforming Mysore into a model and progressive state? Explain.
Answer:
Introduction: Sri M. Vishweshwaraiah was the most outstanding Dewan of Mysore. He entered the services of Mysore as Chief Engineer. He was a great Engineer, a capable administrator, eminent economist, liberal-minded statesmen and patriot. He is rightly called as‘The Architect of Modem Mysore”.

Early life and career of M.V.: Sir M.V. was bom on 15lh September 1861 at Muddenahalli (Chikkaballapur District). His parents were Srinivas Shastri and Venkatalaxmamma who were orthodox Hindus. After completing his primary education at Chikkaballapura, he went to Bangalore for further studies.

He obtained his B. A. degree from Central College, Bangalore in 1881. He did his B.E. degree (Pune) from Madras University in 1884. lie served in the Bombay Government from 1884 to 1909. He was appointed as the Chief Engineer of Mysore State in 1909. Krishnaraja Wodeyar – IV appointed him as the Dewan of Mysore in 1912. The main objective of Sir M. V. was the eradication of poverty and to put India in line with the developed nations.

Administrative reforms: Sir M.V. was a liberal statesman and believed in democracy. He took steps to strengthen the local self-governing bodies. The number of the members of the legislative council was increased from 18 to 24 and given the power to discuss the budget of the state. Sri M.V. passed the local self-governing bodies Act. This act made provisions for the majority of the members of the district and taluk boards being elected. Village reform committees were established for the progress of villages. The development of Malnad region was given priority and a plan was drawn up.

Industrial Development: ‘Industrialize or Perish’ was the slogan of Sir M.V. His aim was to make Mysore an industrially advanced state in India. He started several industries in the state. The important industries are Sandal oil factory at Mysore, Soap factory, Central Industrial workshop and Metal factory at Bangalore, Silk research center at Channapattana. Small scale and Cottage industries also developed.

Cottage industries such as weaving, pottery, oil processing, mat making, woodworks, leather goods, etc., flourished. The Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 1913 at Bangalore. The Mysore Bank was founded in 1913 at Bangalore for the promotion of Industries and Commerce.

Educational reforms: Sir M.V. believed that “Progress in every country depends mainly on the education of its people”. His main objective was the eradication of illiteracy from India. So, he introduced compulsory primary education. Scholarships and special grants were made available to encourage education among the economically and socially backward classes. Female and technical education were also encouraged.

The major Educational Institutions started by Sir M.V. were the Government Engineering College at Bangalore, School of Agriculture at Hebbal and Chamarajendra Technological Institution at Mysore. His greatest achievements were the establishment of Mysore Univesity in 1916 at Mysore and the Kannada Sahitya Parishat in 1915 at Bangalore to promote the growth of Kannada language and Literature.

Irrigational scheme: He understood the needs of the farmers. He introduced the block system and the automatic gates for better utilisation of the available water. K.R.S. dam was built across Cauvery at (1911 to 1931)Kannambadi and as a result, 150,00 acres of barren lands in the Mandya and Malavalli areas came under cultivation. lie offered many proposals for the eradication of poverty. Canals, tanks and reservoirs were built. Proper sewage systems were introduced.

Railway reforms: Sir M.V. introduced the ‘Railway committee’ in the State. In 1913, the Mysore-Arasikere and Bowringpete – Kolar railway lines were laid. In 1918, Bangalore – Mysore, Mysore-Nanjangudu and Bimr-Shimoga railway lines being managed by the Madras and Southern Marata Company were brought under the State control.

Relief works: During Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah’s Dewanship the first world war (1914-18) broke out. This led to severe shortage of foodstuff. He look up relief works by opening fair price shops, stopping export of food grains and fixing the selling prices.

Sir. M.V. resigned in 1918 after rendering commendable service to Mysore State and won the heart of the people. In recognition of his services, the British Government honoured him with Knighthood in 1915. In 1955, the Indian Government deservedly conferred him with the title of ‘Bharata Ratna’. He was the first Kannadiga to gel this award. Sir M. V. passed away on 14th April 1962. He lived for 101 years.

Indian National Movement

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who presided over the first session of the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Womesh Chandra Banerjee.

Question 2.
Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?
Answer:
The British intended to create a split (rift) between Hindus and Muslims. Real intention of the order was to curb the growing national feeling in Bengal.

Question 3.
Which Satyagraha of Gandhiji forced the British to abolish Theen Kathiya (Grow Indigo) system?
(or)
Where did Gandhiji first practice Satyagraha in India?
Answer:
Gandhiji organized the peasant movement in Champaran in 1917.

Question 4.
Which incident made Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement?
Answer:
The Chauri Chaura incident when a mob burnt down a police station along with some policemen on 5th February 1922.

Question 5.
Which was the popular slogan of the people during the visit of the Simon Commission to India? (or) Why was the Simon Commission boycotted?
Answer:
As the Simon Commission did not have any Indian members, it was boycotted by the Congress in 1928 with the slogan‘Simon, Go back’.

Question 6.
When was Poorna Swaraj declared by the Indian National Congress?
Answer:
The Congress session at Lahore in 1929, declared Poorna Swaraj.

Question 7.
Which Round Table Conference did Gandhiji attend?
Answer:
Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference at London (1931).

Question 8.
When was the Poona Pact signed? ‘
Answer:
Gandhiji and Dr. B.R.Ambedkar signed the Poona Pact in 1932.

Question 9.
Who was popular as Netaji?
Answer:
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

Question 10.
Expand INA.
Answer:
The Indian National Army (INA).

Question 11.
Where were the INA (Indian National Army) trials held?
Answer:
iNA’s first trial was held at the Red Fort in Delhi.

Question 12.
Who gave the call for‘Direct Action Day’?
Answer:
Mohammad Ali Jinnah called for ‘Direct Action Day’.

Question 13.
Who was popular as the ‘Iron man of India’?
Answer:
SardarVallababhai Patel was popular as the ‘Iron Man of India’.

Question 14.
Where was a branch of the Home Rule League established in Karnataka?
Answer:
A branch of the Home Rule League was established in Karnataka at Dharwad in 1916.

Question 15.
Expand KPCC.
Answer:
Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC).

Question 16.
Who was famous as‘Karnataka Kesari’and‘Lion of Karnataka’?
Answer:
Gangadhar Rao Deshpande.

Question 17.
What was the popular slogan of Isur?
Answer:
‘Esuru Kottaru, Isuru Kodevu ’ (How many ever villages be given, Isuru will not be let).

Question 18.
Who is called as the ‘Father of Indian National Congress’?
Answer:
Allan Octavian Hume (A.O. Hume).

Question 19.
Who was known as the Grand old Man of India?
Answer:
Dadabai Naoroji was popular as the Grand old Man of India.

Question 20.
Who were the founders of the All India Muslim League (AIML)?
Answer:
The All India Muslim League was established by Nawab Aga Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Mulkin 1906.

Question 21.
What was the Patriotic slogan of Bal GangadharTilak?
Answer:
“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it” was his slogan.

Question 22.
Who founded the Hindustan Republican Army?
Answer:
Chandrashekar Azad founded the H.R.A.

Question 23.
‘Inquilab Zindabad’ (Long live the Revolution). Whose slogan was this?
Answer:
Bhagat Singh while being hanged on 23rd March 1931.

Question 24.
Which was, the first mass-based movement in the freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.

Question 25.
Who gave the call ‘Do or Die’, to Indians during the Quit India Movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji gave the call ‘Do or Die’ in 1942.

Question 26.
Who was the last Viceroy of India?
Answer:
Lord Mountbatten.

Question 27.
Who is called “Karnataka Kulapurohita”?
Answer:
Alur Venkata Rao is called as ‘Karnataka Kulapurohita’.

Question 28.
Where was the first National Flag hoisted in Karnataka (Before Independence)
Answer:
At the Shivapura Congress Session on 11th April 1938.

Question 29.
Which tragedy is called as the Jalianwalabagh massacre of Karnataka?
Answer:
VidurashwathaTragedy (25th April 1938), when the police fired and killed 32 people in a procession. –

Question 30.
Which was the First village that declared Independence in Karnataka?
Answer:
Isur (ShimogaDist) in 1942.

Question 31.
Who organized the ‘Mysore Chalo’ movement (Palace Satyagraha) for responsible Government?
Answer:
K. C. Reddy organized the Mysore Chalo, on 1st September 1947.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
When was the First session of the Indian National Congress held and where?
Answer:
On the 27th December 1885, the first session of the Indian national congress was held at Bombay and W.C. Banerjee presided over it.

Question 2.
What were the objectives of the Indian National Congress?
Answer:

• To encourage and consolidate National unity, intimacy and friendship among Indians.
• To remove prejudices of Religion, Caste, Province, etc.
• To politically educate the Indian masses and formulate a public opinion.
• To include more Indians in the councils and civil services.
• To persuade the British Government to introduce reforms.

Question 3.
Name any two Moderate leaders, (or) Who were the leaders of the Moderates?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Baneijee, G K Gokhale, M. G Ranade, M. M. Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Subramania Iyar, Womesh Chandra Banerjee and others.

Question 4.
Name any two Extremist leaders.
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Roy, Bipin Chandra Pal and BalGangadharTilak.

Question 5.
Who partitioned Bengal? When was Bengal partitioned?
Answer:
Governor General Lord Curzon in 1905 partitioned Bengal.

Question 6.
Who started the Home Rule League Movement? When?
Answer:
Lokmanya Bal GangadharTilak and Mrs. Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement in
1916. (23rd April 1916).

Question 7.
Who was responsible for the massacre at Jalianwalabagh? When did it occur?
Answer:
General Dyer, the Commander of Amritsar, on 13th April 1919 ordered the shooting.

Question 8.
Mention any two leaders of the Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
The Ali brothers, MaulanaAzad, IIakim Ajmal Khan and others.

Question 9.
Who founded the Swaraj Party? When?
Answer:
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru founded the Swaraj Party in 1923.

Question 10.
Which Congress Session declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ as its aim? When was it held?
Answer:
Lahore Congress Session presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru declared complete Independence
as its aim, in 1929.

Question 11.
From where did Gandhiji start the ‘Salt March’ and where did it culminate?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Salt March from the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad to Dandi (12th March to 6th April 1930).

Question 12.
When was the Poona Pact signed and between whom?
Answer:
In 1932 -It was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Question 13.
Where was the First session of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee held and when?
Answer:
The first session of the KPCC was held in 1920 at Dharwad.

Question 14.
Where was the only Congress Session presided by Gandhiji held and when?
Answer:
In 1924 at Belgaum, Gandhiji presided over the Indian Congress Session.

Question 15.
Who were the Moderates?
Answer:
Moderates had strong faith in the British sense of Justice and fairplay. They believed that when Indians become well educated and nationally awakened, Independence would gradually come.

Question 16.
Who were the Extremists?
Answer:
Extremists believed that reforms would not be secured by mere talk, and only by action and they blamed the British rule for India’s problems.

Question 17.
What is Swadeshi movement?
Answer:
Boycotting foreign goods, adapting to Indian goods and spreading the national feeling among Indians was called Swadeshi Movement.

Question 18.
Who were the Revolutionaries?
Answer:
Revolutionaries were radical Nationalists who did not believe in passive resistance. They wanted to achieve freedom by armed rebellion. They were ready for violence in order to drive away the British from India.

Question 19.
Who planned the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement? When?
Answer:
Gandhiji planned the launching of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.

Question 20.
Who started the Civil Disobedience Movement? When?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Question 21.
What was the slogan of the Quit India Movement? Who gave the call?
Answer:
‘Do or die’ was the slogan, and it was given by Gandhiji in 1942.

Question 22.
Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
Answer:
Sir Lawrence, Sir Cripps and Alexander were the members of the Cabinet Mission in 1944.

Question 23.
What was Atlee’s declaration? When was it issued?
Answer:
LordAtlee was the Prime Minister of England in 1947. His declaration called for granting Independence to India before June 1948. It was made on 20th February 1947.

Question 24.
Who started the Hindustan Sevadal? When and Where?
Answer:
Dr. N. S. Hardekar-In 1924-AtITubIi.

Question 25.
Where did the Salt Satyagraha take place in Karnataka and under whose leadership?
Answer:
At Ankola in 1930 – under the leadership of M. P. Nadakami:

Question 26.
Where was the first session of the Mysore Pradesh Congress held and who was its President?
Answer:
The first session was held in Shivapura. T. Siddalingaiah was the President of the session.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
What were the important factors that led to the growth of Indian Nationalism?
Answer:
The important factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism were as listed below.
1. Political Unity and Uniform Administration: The British conquered the whole of India and brought it under a single administration. This made the people of India unite psychologically. Now they faced many common problems and a common enemy. The concept that “We are all Indians” was created in the minds of the Indian people. The British imperialism gave India political unity.

2. Impact of English Education: A wave of liberalism and individual freedom was passing through English politics and literature in the 19th century. The enlightened Indians began to compare their existing conditions to that of Europe. By the study of English literature and history, educated Indians were filled with the spirit of democracy and national patriotism. English language was the language of communication for the national leaders.

3. Discrimination against Indians: The British considered themselves to be racially superior to Indians. They had the feeling that Indians were incapable and unworthy of trust. Therefore, they denied higher posts to Indians. The British officers often berated Indians as Kutthe (dogs) Niggers (blacks) and Suvars (pigs). The Queen’s proclamation in 1858 promised to Indians, that they would be appointed to higher posts on the basis of their merit, irrespective of their caste, religion or race, but this policy was never implemented. Indian culture and heritage were looked down upon by the British. This unjust policy created great discontent among the educated class.

4. Role of Indian press and literature: The Indian press contributed a lot to the national awakening. Newspapers openly criticized the political policy of the British Government. Newspapers like the Bombay Samachar, Indian Mirror, The Kesari, Hindu, Patriot etc., greatly influenced the nationalist feelings.

Many articles and poems inspiring nationalism were being published both in English and the vernacular languages. Scholars like R. G Bhandarkar, R. L. Mitra, Tilak, Swami Vivekananda, Max Muller, Monier Williams and others conducted researches and brought to light the glorious cultural past of India. The cultural heritage of India filled the nationalists with pride and self-confidence. For e.g. writings of Ravindra Nath Tagore and the inspiring song ‘Vandemataram’ by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee stirred the hearts of Indians.

5. The Economic Policy of the British: The British considered India to be only a colony which provided cheap raw materials and market for their finished goods. Their economic policy destroyed the economic structure that existed in India and the nation became poorer. The Indian cottage industries suffered severely. The economic deterioration of India was attributed to the British rule.

6. Network of Communication: The British followed reactionary policies like divide and rule, subsidiary Alliance, Doctrine of Lapse, annexing States quoting misrule etc., to establish political supremacy over India. Indian Rulers and common people were discontents with the British policies.

The introduction of the telegraph network, postal and railways looked like efforts to chain the country. The nationalist movement spread very quickly throughout India. It made inter-provincial relations and exchange of thoughts possible. The national leaders visited every nook and comer of the country and made propaganda.

Indian Nationalism is the offspring and outcome of the British rule. All the above factors directly or indirectly led to national awakening among Indians.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly the causes for the rise of Extremism.
Answer:
The period of the Extremists 1905-1920: The Indian National Movement entered a new phase after 1905. The period between 1905 and 1920 is known as the period of the Extremists. Extremists believed that reforms could not be secured by mere talk, only by action and they blamed the British rule in India for all the problems and economic backwardness. They were also called Radical Nationalists. The prominent leaders of the Extremists were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and BalgangadharTilak. The trio were popularly known as Lal-Bal- Pal. Extremists convinced the public that Self-Government was essential for the sake of the economic, political and cultural progress of the country and they grew in self-confidence.
Causes for the rise of Extremism :

1. The Moderates failed to achieve any noteworthy results through their constitutional methods of prayers, petitions and protests. This angered the Extremists and the Moderates themselves were disillusioned by the British attitude. The approach of the Moderates towards the foreign invaders was termed by the Extremists as ‘Political Mendicancy’.

2. The lethargy of the British Government in handling the terrible famine and plague attacks of 1896-1901 resulted in thousands of people becoming victims of starvation, disease and death. The Government took some measures to check the disease, but they were inadequate. The British were interested only in the economic exploitation of India and not in the welfare of the people. The Plague Commissioner Mr. Rand was murdered and Bal Gangadhar Tilak was arrested for the same. This further increased the radical nationalism.

3. The Indian Council Act of 1892 did not satisfy the Congress, which expected more power. It was just an eye-wash. The act gave some additional powers to the elected representatives, but Viceroy was the final authority.

4. Viceroy Lord Curzon followed an anti-Indian racial policy and introduced many reactionary measures like Calcutta Corporation Act (1899), Official Secrets Act (1904), Indian University Act (1904), Partition of Bengal (1905) etc., His actions curbed Indians and increased the dominance of the British. He held that only Englishmen were fit to rule India. The intention of the British was to create a Hindu – Muslim divide under the pretext of making the Partition for better administration. The angry reactions of the Indian population gave scope to extremist sentiments.

5. The efforts of leaders like Swami Vivekananda, Dayananda Saraswati, Aurobindo Ghosh, Tilak, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and others, instilled confidence and self respect among the Indians. Bal GangadharTilak initiated the public celebration of Ganesha festival and Shivaji Jayanthi, which encouraged the nationalist sentiments.

6. International events like the nationalist movements in Egypt, Turkey, Persia, unification of Italy, Germany and China influenced the Indian thought process. Nationalists began to think that Indians too can unite and drive away the British.

Question 3.
Explain the role of Karnataka in the Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Karnataka played an important role in the National movement. After the fall of Tippu, Mysore Kingdom fell into the hands of British. The people of Karnataka opposed the overlordship of the British and their policies. The British Jiad to face stiff opposition in Karnataka. This led to the freedom struggle at various places. Some of the important ones were Dhondia Wagha (1800), Kittur Revolt (1824), Sangolli Rayanna’s Revolt (1830), Bidanure Revolt (1830), RevoltinCoorg(1834)BedasofHalagali’sRevolt(1857)etc.,

Serious struggle started with the establishment of Indian National Congress (1885). Representatives of Karnataka participated in the first Congress Session at Bombay (28.12.1885). The Bombay State Political Conference was held at Belgaum in 1893, presided over by Dinsha Wacha. At Dharwad, Pheroz Shah Mehta was the President. Tilak’s newspapers ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ stirred up nationalistic feelings. Tilak toured Karnataka and gathered support for the Home Rule Movement.

Alur Venkata Rao, Srinivas Rao Kaujalgi, Govinda Rao Yalagi and others led the nationalistic activities. A branch of the Home Rule League was established at Dharwad in 1916. The celebrations of Ganeshotsava and Shivaji Jayanthi became very popular in north Karnataka. The First Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC) session was held in 1920 at Dharwad. Gangadhar Rao Deshpande was the President of the session. He was popular as ‘Lion of Karnataka’ and ‘Karnataka Kesari’. Soon, Pradesha Congress Committees were established at Bangalore. Tumkur, Mysore and Kadur during 1921-1922.

Gandhian Era : Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. He toured Karnataka and advocated satyagraha to expel the British from India. Kannadigas were greatly influenced by Gandhiji. Leaders like Krishna Rao, Hanumant Rao Kaujalgi, Kamad Sadashiva Rao, N. S. Hardikar, R. R. Diwakar and others led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Karnataka. Boycotting Schools, Colleges, Courts and abstaining from work, picketing, strikes, demonstrations, burning of foreign goods, etc were held at most of the places in Karnataka. N. S. Hardikar established the Hindustan Seva Dal at Hubli in 1924, to intensify the struggle in Karnataka.

Belgaum Congress Session in 1924: Indian National Congress session was held at Belgaum in 1924. Gandhiji presided over the session. Hardikar Manjappa, famous as Gandhi of Karnataka along with Vallababhai Patel, Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru and others participated in it. In that session, Gandhiji clearly explained the aims, methods and contents of the Satyagraha Movement lie called for the prohibition of alcohol and removal of untouchability. Gangubai Hangal sang ‘Vande Mataram’in this session.

This helped the Congress and its struggle in Karnataka. After the session, Gandhiji travelled to Bangalore, Mandya, Shimoga, Ilassan, Chikkamagaluru and encouraged nationalistic activities.

Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930: Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.1 le went to Dandi to make salt, to break the monopoly of the British Government to make salt. Kannadigas actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Mylara Mahadevappa of Karnataka was one among the 78 members, who started the march from Sabarmati Ashram (12th March ISJO) along with Gandhiji during the Salt Satyagraha. In Karnataka, Salt Satyagraha was organized by R. R. Diwakar, M. R Nadakami, Sadashiva Rao, Ilanumantha Rao, Gangadhar Rao Deshpande and others.

They were completely successful in preparing salt at Ankolaon the very day Gandhiji did it at Dandi. It was repeated in over 30 centers in Karnataka like Mangalore, Kapu, Udupi, Kundapura, Malpe, Putturu and other places.

Shivapura Flag Satyagraha in 1938: The Mysore Pradesh Congress organized the session at Shivapura in 1938. It was presided over by T. Siddalingaiah. Large number of people attended the session. T. Siddalingaiah hoisted the tricolour Flag and demanded for responsible Government. The British Government prohibited all activities of the Congress and all congress leaders were arrested.

Vidurashwatha Tragedy in 1938: The Mysore Congress held a meeting and a procession at Vidurashwatha on 25th April 1938 during the temple festival. The Government had prohibited the meeting but the people defied the orders and hoisted the national flag. Several Congress workers were arrested and the situation turned violent. Police opened fire on the agitators. In the police firing, 32 people were killed and many injured. This incident is generally known as ‘Julian Walabagh of Karnataka’.

Quit India Movement in 1942: In 1942, Gandhiji gave a call to the people of India to ‘Do or Die’ and asked the British to quit India. Karnataka also took part in the movement with great enthusiam and fervour. One of the most important incident during the movement in Karnataka was the Isur Tragedy.

Isur, a small village in Shikaripur taluk of Shimoga district jumped into the Quit India Movement and declared Independence from the British rule. ‘Esuru Kottaru, hum Kodevu’ (How many ever villages be given, Isuru will not be let) was the famous slogan of the villagers. The villagers snatched away revenue records from the Patel and Shanbhag and beat them up for not supporting the movement. They hoisted the tricolour flag on the Veerabhadreshwara temple.

The police responded with severe lathi charge and firing. Government suppressed the uprising and arrested many people and sent them to Bangalore Cenjral Jail. The court passed death sentences on Gurappa, Mallappa, Halappa, Shankarappa and Suryanarayanachari. The National Movement ended with the Independence of India in 1947. Isur was the first village to declare itself as an Independent village.

2nd PUC History Modern India Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Trace the Indian National movement from 1885 to 1920
(or)
What was the role of the National Congress and Moderates in the National Movement?
Answer:
Role of the Indian National Congress: The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 gave a clear warning to the British with regard to the rising national feeling among Indians. There was a need for a common national organization, which included all classes of people. A. O. Hume (Allan Octavian , Hume) inspired the national leaders, to establish the Indian National Union in 1884, subsequently the Indian National Congress. The first Indian National Congress session was held at Bombay on 27th December 1885, presided over by Womesh Chandra Banerjee. 72 delegates from different parts of India attended it and four of them were from Karnataka.

Aims and objectives of the Congress:

• Promotion of friendly relations among the nationalists and other political workers from different parts of the country.
• Development and consolidation of the feeling of national unity, irrespective of caste, religion, province etc.,
• Presenting the popular demands of the people before the British Government.
• Organisation of public opinion in the country.
• To politically educate the Indian masses and demand to include more Indians in the councils and civil services.

In the beginning, the British Government was friendly towards the Congress. But as its strength and popularity increased, Congress was in favour of a responsible Government in India and began to demand the same. This irritated the British Government and it began to adopt a policy of favouring anti-Congrcss elements. Freedom movement in India can be divided into three stages, namely:-

1. The first phase -The period of the Moderates – 1885-1905.
2. The second phase-The period of the Extremists in 1905-1920.
3. The third phase-The Gandhian period or Era-1920-1947.

The first phase – The period of the Moderates in 1885-1905 :
The early Congress (1885-1905): Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji (The grand old man of India), Pheroz Shah Mehta, Surendranath Banerjee, G K. Gokhale, BadruddinTyabji, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Anandacharlu and others were the moderates.

Policy of the Moderates: The Moderates were cordial towards the British, and they had strong faith in the British sense of justice and f airplay. They felt that India will get modernized and uplifted by the benevolent and liberal rule of the British.

Moderates followed the principles of Prayers, Petitions and Protests to pressurize the British Government. They organized public meetings, submitted memorandums to the Government to redress the grievances of the people; If the Government was stubborn to their demands, they used to protest against it. Dadabhai Naoroji established the East India Association in 1866. This Association took up the Indian issues at London and attempted to influence the British public and British legislators to enact policies and laws favoring Indians.

The British were hostile towards the Congress since its establishment and they developed a . stem attitude towards the moderates. Their policy was nicknamed as ‘Political Mendicancy’ (begging for political concessions) by the Extremists. They called the Congress as factory of sedition’ and leaders as ‘Seditious Brahmins’ and ‘Disloyal Babus’.

Moderates were true patriots and they brought political maturity to the Indians. They exposed the exploitative character of the colonial rule and policies of the British. They were able to underline that the duty of the Government was to consider the interests of the Indians. The notable results of their demands was the Indian Councils Act of 1892. The Moderates played a very important role in the freedom movement in India. They sowed the seeds of liberalism and nationalist ideas in the minds of Indians.

Second Phase – The period of the Extremists -1905-1920.
The Indian National Movement entered a new phase after 1905. The Extremists wen: radical and militant in their approach in contrast to the Moderates. They believed that reform could not be secured by mere talk, and only by action. They blamed the British rule fo all the prevailing problems and were called Extremists or Radical Nationalists.

Extremists convinced the public that Self-Government was essential for the sal of the economic, political and cultural progress of the country. Extremists had grown in self-confidence. The leaders of the extremists were Bal GangadharTilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Roy.

Important events during the Extremist’s Period:
1. Partition of Bengal in 1905: In 1905, Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal into two parts as East Bengal and West Bengal. He justified the partition on administrative convenience, as Bengal was too big a province to be administrated by a single provincial Government. The real intention of the order was to curb the growing national feeling in Bengal. The people staunchly opposed this and indulged in the anti-partition movement, boycott of foreign goods and usage of only swadeshi goods.

2. Flic Surat Split -1907: The Extremists and the Moderates differed over issues like election of the President, setting goals and passing resolutions of the Congress. Finally, both the groups agreed to Dadabhai Naoroji for Presidentship of the Congress in 1906. But the Extremists were successful in making Dadabhai Naoroji to declare ‘Swaraj (Self Government) as the goal of the Congress.

The differences once again emerged at the Surat session in 1907. The Moderates wanted Rashbihari Ghosh and the Extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai to be the President. Both the groups refused to compromise resulting in the split in the Indian National Congress. This is commonly known as the ‘Surat Split’. The British undertook many repressive measures and also introduced many Acts to suppress the Extremists. Both groups reunited in the Lucknow Congress session.

3. Revolutionary Nationalism (Terrorism): The repressive measures of the British encouraged revolutionary terrorism. The revolutionaries were radical nationalists who did not believe in passive resistance. They were ready for any violent activity in order to drive away the British from India. They organised secret societies like Abhinav Bharat and Anusilan Samiti to achieve their goal. The revolutionaries were able to create a commotion but most of them were either imprisoned, exiled, killed or hanged.

4. Muslim League in 1906: The All India Muslim League was founded by Nawab Aga Khan, Nawab Mohsim ul Mulk and others in 1906. The British tried to check the National movement by following a policy of divide and rule. The League followed a path contrary to that of Congress. They supported the partition of Bengal and also demanded a separate electorate for the Muslims. The Punjab Hindu Sabha was founded in 1909. The Hindu Maha Sabha like the All India Muslim League was also against the Indian National Congress.

5. Morley – Minto Reforms 1909: This act increased the number of elected members to the Central and Provincial Councils and also introduced separate electorates to the Muslims. The number of seats so reserved was in an higher ratio for the Muslim population when compared to the Hindu population. Only Muslims were to vote to the reserved Muslim seats.

6. Home Rule League 1916: The Home Rule Movement was started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mrs. Annie Bcsant in 1916. The objective of the movement was to attain Self-Government within the British Empire by all constitutional means. The movement soon spread throughout India and became popular. Tilak gave the popular slogan “Swaraj (Home rule) is my birthright and I shall have it”. Mr. Edwin Montague made a declaration on 20th August 1917. By this announcement, it was promised to give responsible Government to Indians, by degrees.

7. Montague – Chelmsford Reforms 1919; (Government of India Act of 1919) This Act introduced Bi-Cameral legislatures (Diarchy). The Central Assembly (Lower house) consisted of 144 members, 104 elected and 40 nominated members. The Council of States (Upper I louse) was to have 34 elected and 26 nominated members.

8. Rowlatt act ofl 919 and Jalian Walabagh Tragedy: The British Government passed the Rovvlatt Act in 1919. This Act empowered the Government to arrest and detain suspected persons without warrant and imprison them without any trial. Indians protested against the Rowlatt Act. A huge meeting was held at Jalian Walabagh on 13th April 1919. About 10,000 unarmed people had gathered there. General Dyer with his troops surrounded the meeting place and opened fire on the innocent people and around 1000 persons were killed and many more were injured.

Question 2.
Discuss the role of Gandhiji in Indian National Movement.
(or)
Explain the Freedom Movement in India form 1920 to 1947
Movement ‘ Vs
Answer:
Gandhiji an Era 1C- 1920 to 1947: The Montague – Chelmsford reforms (1919) and subsequent events like the Rowlatt Act, the Jalian Walabagh tragedy made Gandhiji to plunge into the National movement. 1 le advocated the policy of Satyagraha which was Non-violent and Non-Coopcraciion to the British Government.

1. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22): A special session of the Congress was held at Calcutta in September 1920. Gandhiji proposed the Non-Cooperation Movement. His plan of launching a nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement was accepted by the session. The response of the people to the call was unprecedented. Students and teachers came out of Schools and Colleges and national Institutions like Kashi Vidyapeetha, Jamiya Miliya Islamiya etc., also joined the movement.

Members of the council tendered their resignations. Congress took some constructive measures and Hindu – Muslim unity was stressed. Foreign goods were boycotted and were collected and burnt at public places. This created nationalistic awareness among people, who began, to use ‘Swadeshi’ and wearing khadi became a symbol of National pride.

2. The Chowri – Chowra incident: 5th February 1922: Non-Cooperation Movement shook the foundation of the British Empire in India. Gandhiji toured the whole country to motivate people. The Viceroy, Lord Curzon took steps to curb the movement. Non-Cooperation participants along with Gandhiji were sent to prison. A violent mob at Chowri Chowra (U.R) set fire to the police station on 5th Feb 1922. In this incident, 22 policemen were killed. Immediately Gandhiji called off the movement.

3. The Swaraj Party -1923: Congress leaders like C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru were dissatisfied
about the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement and they wanted to end the boycott to the legislature and wanted to contest elections. But Congress rejected the proposal to contest elections So, C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru founded the ‘Swaraj Party’. Their aim was to achieve Independence by radical but constitutional methods.

4. Simon Commission in 1927: The British Government appointed the Simon Commission to placate the agitating Indians and make recommendations for further reforms. As the Commission did not have any indian representative in it, it was boycotted by the Congress. The Congress organised a black flag demonstration with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.

5. Nehru Report and Poorna Swaraj (1929): The British challenged the Indians to provide an alternative proposal acceptable to all the political parties. The All Parties Conference took up the challenge and appointed a committee under Motilal Nehru. The Committee submitted its report in 1928. Differences arose with regard to the communal representation between parties like the Muslim League, the Hindu Malta Sabha and the Sikhs. Communalists also were unhappy with the Nehru report, and the British ignored the same.

At the Indian National Congress session held at Lahore in December 1929 presided by Jawaharlal Nehru, a resolution of complete Independence of India as its goal (Poorna Swaraj) was adopted. It announced the celebration of 26th January 1930 as Independence day and authorized Gandhiji to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 : In the 1929 Lahore Congress session, it was decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. In order to overthrow the British, many methods were adopted. Gandhiji placed 11 demands before the British and set 31st January 1930 as the deadline to accept or reject the demands. Without any positive response, the British nationalized the production of Salt.

Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement through the ‘Salt March or Dandi March’ on 12th March 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram and reached Dandi on 5th April 1930. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji and his followers made salt from the seawater, violating the salt laws. The salt satyagraha was carried out throughout India. The Government took repressive measures. Gandhiji and many other leadeis were put behind bars. Salt became a symbol of our National Pride.

The first Round Table Conference 1930-31: Muslim League, Hindu Maha Sabha, Liberals and the Princes of various States attended it. The conference could not achieve much without the participation of the Indian National Congress which had boycotted it. The British unconditionally released Gandhiji and the other members of the Congress working committee (CEC) from prison. A pact was made between Gandhiji and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Irwin agreed to withdraw all repressive measures relating to the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji demanded the formation of a responsible Government. The signing of the Gandhi – Irwin Pact also known as the ‘Delhi Pact’ was done on 14th February Gandhiji on behalf of the Congress withdrew the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Second Round Table Conference 1931 : Gandhiji attended the second Round Table Conference at London as the sole representative of the Congress. The session soon got deadlocked bn the question of the minorities. Separate electorates were being demanded by the Muslims and the oppressed classes. Gandhiji claimed the untouchables to be Hindus and not to be treated an minorities and no special electorates to be provided to them or to the Muslims.

The British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald announced separate electorates to the Muslims and the untouchables, which was called as the ‘Communal Award’. This resulted in serious differences between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. This issue was finally settled amicably with the ‘Poona Pact’ signed between the two stalwarts in 1932.

3rd Round Table Conference 1932: This conference was held at London in 1932. Congress refused to participate in it and the conference failed. The only important result of the discussions of the Conference was the passing of the Government of India Act 1935. This Act provided for All India Federation and Provincial Governments. Gandhiji launched a movement with Ambedkar to eradicate untouchability from India.

Second World War and National Movement in 1939: The second world war broke out in 1939. India was dragged into the war without any consultation. The Congress refused any kind of cooperation. All the Congress Ministries resigned in 1939. Gandhiji launched individual Satyagraha against the British.

The British tided to enlist the Indian support by creating differences between the Muslim League and the Congress. Muslim League adopted the Pakistan resolution in 1940. Viceroy Linlithgow announced that India would get Dominion status and establishment of constituent Assembly after the war and requested the Indian public to support the British in the war.

Cripps Mission 1942: The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India to negotiate with the Indian leaders. He proposed that Dominion status and an Interim Government of Indians to administer on all matters except defence, to be granted to India after the war. Gandhiji described Cripps’ offer as “a post-dated cheque of a drowning Bank”.

Quit India Movement in 1942: The All India Congress Committee met in Bombay and passed the Quit India resolution on Sth August 1942. It was declared that the immediate ending of the British rule in India was an urgent necessity. Gandhiji gave the call of ‘Do or Die’ to Indians. The British Government arrested the Congress leaders including Gandhiji and people were stunned. They d;d not know what to do next. As a result people took to violence.

They attacked Police stations, Post offices, Railway stations etc., They cut off telegraph and telephone wires and railway lines. They burnt Government buildings and Railway carnages were put on fire. The Government adopted strong measures of repression and more than 60,000 people were arrested. More than 1000 people died in the police and military firing.

The Cabinet Mission 1946: During his Prime Ministership, Clement Atlee deputed a Commission to India in 1946. (Cripps, Lawrence and A. V. Alexander were its members) Its objective was to concede independence to India and transfer powers. The Cabinet Mission held discussions and rejected the creation of Pakistan. The Muslim League rejected it and Jinnah called for ‘Direct Action Day’ and insisted upon having Pakistan (Lokar range Pakistan).

This resulted in communal violence at many places, bloodshed and killings. A constituent Assembly was constituted under the Chairmanship of Babu Rajendra Prasad on 9th December 1946. The Congress under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru formed an interim Government.

Independence and Partition: (June 1947) British Prime Minister Clement Alice entrusted to Lord Mountbatten (Viceroy) the job of transferring power. He tried to resolve the deadlock which existed between the Congress and the Muslim League. When he realised that it was impossible to patch up the differences, he made an announcement on 3rd June 1947 regarding the partition of the country.

On the basis of Mountbatten’s declaration, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on 18th July 1947. This Act came into effect on 15th August 1947. This act divided the country into India and Pakistan. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of Independent India and Lord Mountbatten who was the last Viceroy became Independent India’s first Governor-General.

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was instrumental in reorganizing and merging the Princely Indian States into the Indian Federation. The constitution was brought into effect on 26th January 1950 and India became a Republic.

Unification of Karnataka

2nd PUC History Modern India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
Who persuaded the Princely States to join the Indian Union?
Answer:
The first Home Minister Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

Question 2.
Which was the famous work of Alur Venkata Rao?
Answer:
Karnataka Gatha Vai bhava.

Question 3.
Who was the Chairman of the State Reorganisation Committee?
Answer:
FazlAli.

Question 4.
Who was the first Chief Minister of Mysore after the unification?
Answer:
S. Nijalingappa was the first Chief Minister of Mysore State.

Question 5.
Which Indian Princely States refused to join the Indian Union?
Answer:
Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagad refused to join the Indian Union.

Question 6.
Who started a fast unto death demanding the creation of Andhra Pradesh?
Answer:
Potti Sriramulu started a fast unto death demanding the creation Of A.P.

Question 7.
Who was called ‘Kannada Kulapurohita’?
Answer:
Alur Venkata Rao was called Kannada Kulapurohita.

Question 8.
What did the S. K. Dhar Committee recommed?
Answer:
Dhar Commission recommended that states should not be formed on linguistic basis and opined that it was detrimental to the National integration.

Question 9.
Who started a hunger strik demanding for unification of Karnataka?
Answer:
Andanappa Doddameti at Jakkali in Dharwad District.

Question 10.
Which Committee recommended the unification of Karnataka?
Answer:
State Reorganization Committee or Fazl Ali Committee – 30th Sep 1955.

Question 11.
When did Mysore Slate come into being?
Answer:
1 st November 1956.

2nd PUC History Modern India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Name any two important leaders of the unification of Karnataka?
Answer:
Alur Venkata Rao, Siddappa Kambli, Andanappa Doddameti, Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar, K. Hanumanthaiah, S. Nijalingappa, R. I I. Deshpande, Srini vas Rao Mangalavede and others.

Question 2.
Mention the committees formed for the reorganization of states.
Answer:
Dhar Committee (1948), J.V.R Committee (1949) and State Reorganization Committee (Fazl Ali) in 1953.

Question 3.
When was J.V.P. committee formed? Who were its members?
Answer:
In 1949 – Jawaharalal Nehru, Vallababhai Patel and Pattabi Sitharamaiah were the members.

Question 4.
Which committee recommended the unification of Karnataka? Who were its members?
Answer:
The State Reorganization Committee recommended the unification of Karnataka. Fazl Ali was the Chairman and II. M. Kunjru and K. M. Panikkar were its members.

Question 5.
When was the Mysore state renamed as Karnataka? Who was the Chief Minister at that time?
Answer:
1st November 1973. D. DevarajaUrs was the Chief Minister.

2nd PUC History Modern India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Trace the factors responsible for creating unity among Kannadigas?
Answer:
The following were the important factors responsible for creating unity among Kannadigas.

1. The newspapers like Samyukta Karnataka, Vishala Karnataka, Karnataka Vrutha etc., propagated unity through their editorials.

2. Cultural and Political organizations like Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sanga (1890), Karnataka Education Society (1893), Kannada Sahitya Parishat (1915), Karnataka Sabha(l916), Belgaum Congress Session (1924), KarnatakaEkeekaranaSamithi (1924) etc., worked towards unifying the Kannada speaking territories.

3. Huilgol Narayana Rao wrote “Udayavagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Nadu”, Shantakavi wrote ‘Rakshisu Karnataka Devi’. Kuvempu – “Jaya Bharatha Jananiya Tanujathe Jayahe Karnataka Mate”, B. M. Shree – “Yerisu Harisu Kannadada Bavuta”, Mangesh Pai – ‘Taye Bare Mogava thore Kannadigara Matheye” etc., The above mentioned poets and their poems depicted the past glory and inspired nationalism and patriotism among Kannadi gas.

4. Alur Venkara Rao wrote a famous book ‘Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava’ and similar books. This book depicted the past glory of Karnataka. Alur Venkata Rao was called as Karnataka Kulapurohita.

5. Mahtma Gandhi also accepted the formation of linguistic states during the Belgaum Congress session in 1924.
6. The Nehru Committee recommended the unification of Karnataka in 1928.
7. The efforts of many leaders like – Alur Venkata Rao, Siddappa Kambli, Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar, Srinivasa Rao Mangalavede, Andanappa Doddamcti and others, filled the public with immense linguistic pride and inspiration.

Question 2.
Briefly discuss the unification movement of Karnataka.
Answer:
The Independence to India Act of 1947 provided for the formation of India and Paki stan. 562 Princely States were given the option of either joining India or Pakistan or could remain Independent. Our first Home Minister Sardar Vallababhai Patel (Indian Bismark) persuaded the Princely states to join the Indian Union. But the Rulers of Hyderabad, Junagad and Kashmir refused to join the Indian Union. At that moment, Sardar Vallababhai Patel skillfully handled the situation and merged these Princely States into the Indian Union.

After the merger of Hyderbad, the ruling Government agreed to create Andhra Pradesh which would bring together all Telugu speaking people. Andhra province could not be formed. In Andhra, people started agitations for the formation of Andhra state and Potti Sriramalu undertook a fast unto death for this cause and he died (58 days) in 1952. The unrest spread to many other provinces which wanted unification of provinces on the basis of linguistic and cultural unity. Kannada speaking regions also wanted unification and formation of a separate state.

Some important factors like newspaper editorials, Cultural and Political organizations, poets, Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee, recommendations of national leaders etc., infused the provincal feeling in the minds of Kannadigas. The Government appointed the Dhar Committee in 1948 to look into the question of the Re-organization of states. The committee’s report did not favour the formation of states on linguistic grounds and opined that it was detrimental to the national integration.

The people were discontented and agitations continued. The J.V.P. Committee (Jawaharial Nehru, Vallababhai Patel and Pattabi Sitharamaiah) was formed in 1949. That committee agreed to the formation of Andhra but refused the formation of Karnataka. Andanappa Doddameti resigned from the Bombay Assembly and started a fast demanding the unification of Kannada speaking regions.

State Reorganization Committee (S.R.C.) was formed in 1953. It consisted of Fazl Ali as (Chairman) and If. M. Kunjru and K.M. Panikkar were its members. The Committee toured all over the state, interviewed thousands of people, studied their petitions and submitted its report on 30th September 1955.

As per its report, with some modifications, the integrated Mysore State came into being on 1 st November 1956. The first Chief Minister of Mysore state was S. Nijalingappa. Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka on 1st November 1973 under the Chief Ministership of D. Devaraja Urs.
Integrated Karnataka -1956

The Kannada speaking areas that were integrated on 1 st November 1956.

I. Mysore Provinces (Old Mysore State) had 9 Districts.

1. Mysore
2. Bangalore
3. Mandya
4. Hassan
5. Kolar
6. Tumkur
7. Chitradurga
8. Chikkamagalur
9. Shimoga

II. From Bombay Presidency:

1. Belgaum
2. harwad
3. ijapur
4. Karwar (North Canara)

III. From Madras Presidency (State):

1. South Canara (Mangalore)
2. Coorg (Kodagu)
3. Kollegal
4. Bellary.

IV. From Hyderabad Presidency (State):

1. Bidar
2. Gulbarga
3. Raichur

V. From Independent States:

1. Sandur
2. Jamakhandi
3. Mudhol
4. Savanur

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 1 Nature And Significance of Management

You can Download Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define management.
Answer:
According to Harold Koontz & Heinz Weihrich Management is the process of designing & maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in a group, efficiently accomplish selected aims.

Question 2.
Name any two important characteristics of Management.
Answer:
Two features of management are the following
(a) Management is a goal oriented process: Management unites all the activities of an organization and directs them towards the achievement of established goals more efficiently.

(b) Management is Multidimensional: Management involves 3 dimensions
(a) Management of work
(b) Management of People
(c) Management of operations.

Question 3.
Ritu is the manager of the Northern division of a large corporate house. At what level does she work in the organisation? What are her basic functions?
Answer:
Ritu is working at the middle level. Her basic functions are:
a. Executing the policies and plans which are made by the top level management under her.
b. Co-ordinating the activities of the departments.
c. Communication with the top level Management and the lower level management.

Question 4.
Why is management considered a multi-faceted concept?
Answer:
Management is considered as a multi-faceted concept because it is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. They are:
a. Management of Work.
b. Management of People.
c. Management of Operations.

Question 5.
Discuss the basic features of management as a profession
Answer:
The two basic features of management as a profession are.
a. Well-defined Body of Knowledge,
b. Ethical code of conduct.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Management is considered to be both an art and science. Explain.
Answer:
Management as a Art The main features are :
(a) Practical knowledge: Every art requires practical knowledge therefore learning of theory is not sufficient. It is very important to know practical application of theoretical principles.

(b) Personal skill: Theoretical base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own style towards his job. That is why the quality of performance differs from one person to another.

(c) Personalised application: Every manager has his own way of managing things depending upon his knowledge, experience and personality.

(d) Perfection through practice: Practice makes a man perfect. Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant practice. Similarly a manager becomes perfect in application of management principles through practice.

(e) Goal oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results. In the same manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals.

(f) Creativity: Every artist has an element of creativity. It means producing something that has never existed before. It is a combination of intelligence & imagination. Management is also creative in nature like any other art.

Management as a Science The main features are :
Universally acceptance principles: Scientific principles represent basic truth about a particular field of enquiry. These principles may be applied in all situations, at all times & at all places. Management also contains some fundamental principles which can be applied universally like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e. one man, one boss. This principle is applicable to all type of organization – business or non-business.

Principles based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are developed through observation and experimentation. Similarly management principles are also developed through experiments & practical experiences of managerial personnel.

Cause and Effect Relationship: A scientific principle establishes cause and effect relationship between various variables. Similarly management also establishes cause and effect relationship in dealing with various situations in an organisation.

Conclusion: From the above discussion we can say that management is both science and an art.

Question 2.
Do you think management has the characteristics of a full fledged profession?
Answer:
No, management does not possess all the characteristics of a full fledged profession.
The reasons are as follows.
1. Well-defined Body of Knowledge: All professions are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired teaching – learning process. This feature of a profession is possessed by management as well. There is vast knowledge available on management in the form of definitions, concepts, theories, principles etc.
All professions have a restriction for the entry of its practitioners.

They have to acquire a specific degree to be a professional e.g., LLB for a lawyer, MBBS for a doctor etc. But a manager can be either MBA qualified or not.

2. Professional Association: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry, grants certificates of practice and formulates a code of conduct.
e.g., All lawyers have to be a member of the Bar Council to practice law. It is not compulsory for all managers to be a member of AIMA.

3. Ethical Code of Conduct: All professions are bound by an ethical code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. But as it is not compulsory for all managers to be members of AIMA, they all may not be aware of the prescribed code of conduct of AIMA.

4. Service Motive: The basic motive of a profession is to serve their client’s interest, e.g., for lawyers to get justice for their clients, doctors to treat the patients etc. All managers also work in a manner where by they show their effectiveness and efficiency in the form of good quality goods provided to the customer at a reasonable price.

Thus, management possesses some of the characteristics of a profession but not all of them.

Question 3.
Co-ordination is the essence of management. Do you agree? Give reasons.
Answer:
Co-ordination plays a vital role as it binds all the other functions of management. It is the common thread that runs through all the other activities such as purchase, production, sales etc.
Some of the basic features are as follows
1. Integrates Group Efforts: Co-ordination brings unity to all. It gives a common focus to group efforts.

2. Ensures Unity of Actions: It acts as a binding force between departments and ensures that all action is aimed at achieving the goals of the organisation.

3. It is a Continuous Process: Co-ordination is not a one time function but a continuous process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling.

4. It is an All Pervasive Function: Co-ordination is required at all levels of management due to the interdependent nature of activities of various departments. It integrates the efforts of different departments and different levels.

5. It is the Responsibility of all Managers : All managers need to co-ordinate something or the other. A manager of production department needs to co-ordinate the work within his department and also with the other departments at the same time.

6. It is a Deliberate Function: Whatever the managers are doing in an organisation, they are doing it knowingly. Co-ordination is one of the most important functions of all managers. Thus co-ordination is also done deliberately. Whatever the managers do, they do it deliberately to achieve the predetermined goals and objectives.

Thus, we can say co-ordination is the essence of management after analyzing these points.

Question 4.
“A successful enterprise has to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently:” Explain.
Answer:
“A successful enterprise has to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently”. That is, management has to see that tasks are completed and goals are achieved with minimum resources.

Management has to get things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. Being effective or doing work effectively basically means finishing the given task. It is concerned with the end result, it is achieved or not. Efficiency means doing the work correctly and with minimum cost. If by using less resources, more benefits are derived then efficiency has increased.

It is thus essential for any organisation to focus on efficiency as well as effectiveness. It is not only important to complete the work correctly but equally important to complete it with minimum cost. In the same manner, it is not only important to reduce cost but equally important to complete the work correctly.

Question 5.
Management is a series of continuous inter-related functions. Comment.
Answer:
Management is described as a social process. Management is the art of getting things done through others and with the help of others in order to achieve the specific organizational goal. The dynamic process consists of various activities.

Management is a series of continuous inter-related functions. Each one of them performed to guide and direct the efforts of others.
Functions of Management are:

• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• Controlling.

Planning: It is the basic function of management. Planning means deciding in advance, what to do, when and how to do. A plan is future course of action. Planning determines course of action to achieve desired goals. Planning ensures proper utilization of resourses and avoids confusion, uncertainty, risk and wastages.

Organizing: It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources. Organizing is to provide with everything useful for functioning of business, i.e., Raw materials, tools, capital and labour.

Organizing as a process involves:

• Identification of activities
• Classification of activities
• Assignment of duties
• Delegation of authority
• Coordinating authority.

Staffing: Staffing is a function of managing organizational structure. Due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, and complexities of human behavior staffing had assumed greater importance.

Staffing Involves:

• Manpower planning
• Recruitment, selection and placement
• Training and development.
• Remuneration
• Performance appraisal
• Promotions and Transfers.

Directing: Actuating organizational methods to work efficiently for achieving organizational goals is called directing. Planning, organizing, guiding staffing are the mere preparations for doing work, but directing is the inter personnel aspect of management which deals directly with subordinates by

• Supervision
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Communication.

Controlling: Controlling refers to the measurement of actual performance against the standard set. Purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occur in accordance with set standards.

Controlling has the following steps:

• Establishment of standards.
• Measurement of actual performance
• Comparison of actual performance with the standards.
• Corrective action for deviation if any.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Which is not a function of management of the following?
(a) Planning
(b) Staffing
(c) Cooperating
(d) Controlling
Answer:
(c) Cooperating is not the function of management.

Question 2.
Management is
(a) an art
(b) a science
(c) Both art and science
(d) Neither
Answer:
(c) Management has features of both art and science. As it relies on practice, it is art and as it is based on the principles which are the outcome of science, it is also science.

Question 3.
The following is not an abjective of management
(a) earning projects
(b) growth of the organisation
(c) providing employment
(d) policy making
Answer:
(d) Policy making is not the objective of management.

Question 4.
Policy formulation is the function of
(a) top level managers
(b) middle level managers
(c) operational management
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Only top level managers focus on the determination of objectives and formulation of policies.

Question 5.
Co-ordination is
(a) function of management
(b) the essence of management
(c) an objective of management
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Co-ordination brings unity of action and integrates different activities. Thus, it is considered as the essence of management.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Case Problems

Question 1.
Company X is facing a lot of problems these days. It manufactures white goods like washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners. The company’s margins are under pressure and the profits and market share are declining. The production department blames marketing for not meeting sales targets and marketing blames production department for producing goods, which are not of good quality meeting customers expectations. The finance department blames both production and marketing for declining return on investment and bad marketing.

What quality of management do you think the company is lacking? Explain briefly. What steps should the company management take to bring the company back on track?
Answer:
Co-ordination is missing in Company X. All the departments are not co-ordinating with each other and that is why they end up blaming each other for the poor performance. To bring coordination, management should take the following steps

1. After the goals are established, it should be communicated to all departments well in advance to understand its importance and their role in helping to achieve it.

2. Managers must ensure that all the departments, co-ordinate with each other.

3. Wherever there is difference of interest, the managers should try and strike a balance so that they all work in the same direction.

4. Meetings between the departmental heads of production, marketing, finance etc should be organised on a regular basis and solve the problems as and when they emerge.

5. A company wants to modify its existing product in the market due to decreasing sales.

Question 2.
You can imagine any product about which you are familiar. What decisions/steps should each level of management take to give effect to this decision?
Answer:
The three levels of management must work together towards the modification of that specific product, with the motive of increasing sales. The following are the three levels of management.

1. Top Management
2. Middle Management
3. Lower Management

Decisions to be taken by the Top Management for Increasing Sales

• Direction of modification.
• Drafting sales targets and various sales plans and sales incentives.
• How to enhance the value of the product in qualitative terms?
• Thinking of the financial requirements.
• Marketing and promotional techniques required for heightening the sales.

Decisions to be taken by the Middle Level Management for Increasing Sales

• Interpretation of the policies framed by top management to the lower level management.
• Hiring necessary personnel with the required qualities and qualifications.
• Assigning responsibility as per capability and establishing the supervisor- subordinate relationship.
• Co-operating with the team members as well as first line supervisors.
• Taking the feedback and arranging for the follow up meetings.

Decisions to be taken by the Lower Level Management for Increasing Sales

• Interpretation of planned targets to the actual work force and labourers.
• Helping and directing the workers regarding how to carry out the work.
• Maintaining standards, quality control and frequent checks
• Minimisation of wastage and motivating the workers so that they can deliver up to their maximum potential.
• Communicating the grievances and feedback to the middle management and bringing in the changes if required

Question 3.
A firm plans in advance and has a sound organisation structure with efficient supervisory staff and control system. On several occasions, it finds that plans are not being adhered to. It leads to confusion and duplication of work. Advise remedy.
Answer:
As per the case, the problem is in co-ordination and in communicating the work schedule. Because the duplication of work implies that there is a lack of co-ordination between the levels of management as well as there is a problem in communication because confusion arise only when things are not communicated properly.
Following Remedies are to be taken

1. A proper communication pattern is to be followed.
2. A proper co-ordination is to be made between the workers.
3. Time to time feedback is to be taken by the managers from the bottom level.
4. There should be transparency in the working pattern.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Additional Questions with Answers

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is management?
Answer:
Management is an art of getting things done through and with others in order to achieve the specific organisational objectives goals.

Question 2.
State any one personal objectives of management.
Answer:
Financial needs such as competitive salaries, incentives, other benefits.

Question 3.
State any one organisational or economic objectives of management.
Answer:
Survival.

Question 4.
Name any one function of management.
Answer:
Planning.

Question 5.
Is management a science or an art or both?
Answer:
Management is both a science and an art.

Question 6.
Name any one features of management.
Answer:
Management is a goal-oriented process.

Question 7.
Name any one dimension of management.
Answer:
Management of work.

Question 8.
State any one social objectives of management.
Answer:
Providing quality product at reasonable price.

Question 9.
State any one features of co-ordination
Answer:
Coordination ensures unity of action.

Question 10.
What is co-ordination?
Answer:
The process by which a management integrates and unites the activities of different departments is known as co-ordination.

Question 11.
State any one importance of co-ordination.
Answer:
Helps in reduction of cost.

Question 12.
Who gave the key ward POSDCORB
Answer:
Prof. Luther Gullick.

Question 13.
Mention any one function of management.
Answer:
The functions of management are Planning, Organizing, Staffing,

Question 14.
Name any one feature of management.
Answer:
Management is a goal oriented process.

Question 15.
List out the dimension of management.
Answer:
Management has 3 dimensions
(a) Management of work
(b) Management of People
(c) Management of operations.

Question 16.
Give one Example for top level management position.
Answer:
Board of Directors, CEO, President or Chainnen etc. as the examples of top level management.

Question 17.
Give one example for middle level management position.
Answer:
Sales Manager, Finance Manager, Marketing Manager etc arc the examples of middle ever management.

Question 18.
Give one example for low level management position.
Answer:
Foreman, Supervisors, Inspectors etc.

Question 19.
State any one organizational objective of management.
Answer:
Survival, Profit and Growth are the organizational objective of management.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is management?
Answer:
Management is defined as the process of planning, organizing, actuating & controlling an organizational operation in order to achieve coordination of resources to attain the organizational objectives more effectively.

Question 2.
State any two levels of management.
Answer:
The two level of management are :
(a) Top level
(b) Middle level
The level of management determines the chain of command & amount of authority of managerial positions.

Question 3.
State any two dimensions of management.
Answer:
The two dimensions of management are:
a. Management of people.
b. Management of work.

Question 4.
State any two social objectives of management.
Answer:
The two social objectives of management are;
a. Generating employment opportunities to weaker sections of society.
b. Providing quality product at reasonable price.

Question 5.
Expand POSDCORB.
Answer:
POSDCORB – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, reporting, and budgeting.

Question 6.
Define Co-ordination.
Answer:
According to Mooney and Reelay Co-ordination is orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals.

Question 7.
State any two features of co-ordination.
Answer:
The two features of co-ordination are;
a. Coordination ensures unity of action
b. Coordination is a continuous process.

Question 8.
State any two importance of management.
Answer:
The two importance of management are;
a. It helps in achieving group goals.
b. Helps in reduction of cost.

Question 9.
What do you mean by levels of management?
Answer:
Levels of management refer to a line of demarcation between various managerial positions in an organization.

Question 10.
State any two importance of co-ordination.
Answer:
The two importance of co-ordination are;
a. Growth in size.
b. Functional differentiation.

Question 11.
State any two basic features of management as a profession.
Answer:
The two basic features of management as a profession are;
a. Well-defined Body of Knowledge,
b. Ethical code of conduct.

Question 12.
State any two organizational objectives of the management.
Answer:
Organizational objectives of the management are Profit, Growth and Survival.

Question 13.
State any two personal objectives of the management.
Answer:
Personal objectives of the management are Job security, Fair salary & Training to workers.

Question 14.
State any two social objectives of the management.
Answer:
Social Objectives – Quality Goods, Protect & conserve natural resources

Question 15.
What is Planning.
Answer:
Planning means deciding in advance, what to do, when and how to do. A plan is future course of action.

Question 16.
What is Organising?
Answer:
It is a process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources. Organizing is to provide with everything useful for functioning of business, i.e., Raw materials, tools, capital and labor.

Question 17.
What is Staffing?
Answer:
Staffing is a function of managing organizational structure. Due to advancement of technology, increase in size of business, and complexities of human behavior staffing had assumed greater importance.

Question 18.
What is directing?
Answer:
Actuating organizational methods to work efficiently for achieving organizational goals is called directing. Planning, organizing, guiding staffing are the mere preparations for doing work, but directing is the inter personnel aspect of management

Question 19.
What is controlling?
Answer:
Controlling refers to the measurement of actual performance against the standard set. Purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything occur in accordance with set standards.

Question 20.
What is Coordination?
Answer:
The process by which the activities of different departments are integrated and orderly arrangement of group efforts directed towards the achievement of goal is called as coordination.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Briefly explain the importance of management.
Answer:
Importance of management are :
a. Management helps in achieving group goals: Management is required not for itself but for achieving the goals of the organisation. The task of a manager is to give a common direction to the individual effort in achieving the overall goal of the organisation.

b. Management increases efficiency: The aim of a manager is to reduce costs and increase productivity through better planning, organising, directing, staffing and controlling the activities of the organisation.

c. Management creates a dynamic organisation: All organisations have to function in an environment which is constantly changing. It is generally seen that individuals in an organisation resist change as it often means moving from a familiar, secure environment into a newer and more challenging one. Management helps people adapt to these changes so that the organisation is able to maintain its competitive edge.

d. Management helps in achieving personal objectives: A manager motivates and leads his team in such a manner that individual members are able to achieve personal goals while contributing to the overall organisational objective.

e. Management helps in the development of society: An organisation has multiple objectives to serve the purpose of the different groups that constitute it. In the process of fulfilling all these, management helps in the development of the organisation and through that it helps in the development of society. It helps to provide good quality products and services, creates employment opportunities etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the basic features of management as a profession.
Answer:
The important features of Management are profession are;
a. Well-defined body of knowledge: All professions are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through instruction.

b. Restricted entry: The entry to a profession is restricted through an examination or through acquiring an educational degree. For example, to become a chartered accountant in India, a candidate has to clear a specified examination conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

c. Professional association: All professions are affiliated to a professional association which regulates entry, grants certificate of practice and formulates and enforces a code of conduct. To be able to practice in India, lawyers have to become members of the Bar Council which regulates and controls their activities.

d. ‘Ethical code of conduct: All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides the behaviour of its members. All doctors, for example, take the oath of ethical practice at the time they enter the profession.

e. Service motive: The basic motive of a profession is to serve their client’s interests by rendering dedicated and committed service. The task of a lawyer is to ensure that his client gets justice.

Question 3.
Explain different levels of management.
Answer:
The different levels of management are ;
a. Top Management: They consist of the senior-most executives of the organisation by whatever name they are called. They are usually referred to as the chairman, the chief executive officer, president and vice-president. Their basic task is to integrate diverse elements and coordinate the activities of different departments according to the overall objectives of the organisation.

The top level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation. They analyse the business environment and its implications for the survival of the firm and formulates overall organisational goals and strategies for their achievement.

b. Middle Management: Middle Management is the link between top and lower level managers. They are subordinate to top managers and superior to the first line managers. They are usually known as division heads, operations manager or plant superintendent. Middle management is responsible for implementing and controlling plans and strategies developed by top management. Their main task is to carry out the plans formulated by the top managers. For this they need to:

• Interpret the policies framed by top management,
• Ensure that their department has the necessary personnel, –
• Assign necessary duties and responsibilities to them,
• Motivate them to achieve desired objectives, and
• Co-operate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organisation.

c. Supervisory or Operational Management: Foremen and supervisors comprise the lower level in the hierarchy of the organisation. Supervisors directly oversee the efforts of the workforce. Their authority and responsibility is limited according to the plans drawn by the top management. Supervisory management plays a very important role in the organisation since they interact with the actual work force and pass on instructions of the middle management to the workers.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of co-ordination.
Answer:
Importance of co-ordination are ;
a. Growth in size: As organisations grow in size, the number of people employed by the organisation also increases. It is necessary to ensure that all individuals work towards the common goals of the organisation. Therefore, for organisational efficiency, it is important to harmonise individual goals and organisational goals through coordination.

b. Functional differentiation: Functions of an organisation are divided into departments, divisions and sections. In an organisation there may be separate departments of finance, production, marketing or human resources. All these departments may have their own objectives, policies and their own style of working. The process of linking the activities of various departments is accomplished by coordination.

c. Specialisation: Modern organisations are characterised by a high degree of specialisation. Specialisation arises out of the complexities of modern technology and the diversity of tasks to be performed. Organisations, therefore, need number of specialists. Therefore, some coordination is required by an independent person to reconcile the differences in approach, interest or opinion of the specialists.

Question 5.
Explain the characteristics of co-ordination.
Answer:
a. Coordination is an all pervasive function: Coordination is required at all levels of management due to the interdependent nature of activities of various departments. It integrates the efforts of different departments and different levels.

b. Coordination ensures unity of action: The purpose of co-ordination is to bind and secure unity in different departments to achieve the goals of the organisation.

c. Coordination is a continuous process: Coordination is not a one-time function but a continuous on-going process. It begins at the planning stage and continues till controlling in order to maintain efficiency within the organisation.

d. Coordination integrates group efforts: Co-ordination unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity. It gives a common focus to group effort to ensure that performance is as it was planned and scheduled.

e. Coordination is the responsibility of all managers: Coordination is the function of every manager in the organisation.

• Top level management need to coordinate with their subordinates to ensure that the overall policies for the organisation are duly carried out.
• Middle level management coordinates with both the top level and lower level management.
• Lower level management coordinates the activities of its workers to ensure that work proceeds according to plans.

f. Coordination is a deliberate function: A manager has to coordinate the efforts of different people in a conscious and deliberate manner to achieve the common goals.

Question 6.
Is management both science and art. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Management is both Science and an Art for following reasons:
a. The practice of management is an art and the practice of manager is based on the principles it is a science.
b. Science teaches to know and art teaches to do.
c. Art without science has no direction and science without art leads to wastage of knowledge.
d. Art is descriptive and science is prescriptive.
e. Both, management as an art and science makes manager to use their personalised knowledge in different situation skilfully.

Conclusion: From the above discussion we can say that management is both science and an art.

Question 7.
Briefly explain any five features of management.
Answer:
Features of management are ;
1. Management is a goal oriented process: Every organization has some goals. Management is a goal oriented activity. Management unites all the activities of the organization and directs it towards the achievement of established goals more efficiently.

2. Management is Multi Dimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves 3 dimensions
(a) Management of work
(b) Management of People
(c) Management of operations

3. Management is a continuous process: Management has a series of function which is performed regularly. Management is an ongoing function and doesn’t stop anywhere.

4. Management is a group activity: Every organization consists of number of persons from different level with different need. Management helps these people to take initiative, communicate and coordinate with join hands for attaining organizational goal.

5. Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the operation of the organization. Effects of management are noticeable in terms of attainment of targets and employee satisfaction etc.

Question 8.
Explain briefly the roles of management.
Answer:
Management is a universal activity and integral part of an organization. The importances of management are:

1. Achievement of organizational goal: Management helps to achieve group goal. It directs group efforts towards achievement & integrates men, money & material of organization to attain its objective.

2. Reduce cost of production: management aims at increasing efficiency to maximize profit with minimum costs. Management avoids wastages by directing day to day operations.

3. Survival & growth of organization: management helps an organization to face the tough competition and survive in the changing environment. By better planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling management helps the organization to adopt itself to the changing need of the society.

4. Achieving personal objective: Management creates a good environment to the workers. It helps individual employees to achieve their personal objective through motivation, commitment & team spirit.

5. Prosperity of the society: An effective management accepts its commitments towards workers, investors, customer & society. It provides better quality of goods & services, generates employment avenues, Adopts new technology for the welfare and growth of the society.

Question 9.
“Management is a Science” – Explain?
Answer:
Art is the skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve desired goal
Management  considered an art due to the following reasons

a. Existence of Theoretical Knowledge: All art subjects are based on theoretical knowledge e.g, written material is available on dancing, public speaking, music etc. In the same way, there is lot of literature available on management and its branches – finance, marketing, human resource etc.

b. Personalised Application: The use of this basic knowledge differs from one individual to the other. Two painters, two dancers or two singers all use their knowledge in their own way. In the same way two managers who have acquired the same knowledge may use it in their different ways to get the same work done

c. Based on Practice and Creativity: All art is practical. Art involves creative practice. The more we practice it, the better we become at it. It also requires creativity.

In the same way, a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a unique manner. More practice makes him a better manager and he also develops his own style of management

Management is an Inexact Science

a. Systematised Body of Knowledge: Science is a systematised body of knowledge. Its principles are based on cause and effect relationship. e.g. water evaporates on being heated In the same way, management has a systematised body of knowledge. All managerial principles have cause and effect relationship

b. Principles Based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are first developed through observation and then tested through repeated experimentation. Likewise, management principles are also propounded after observation and repeated experimentation.

c. Universal Validity: All scientific principles have universal validity. They give the same result wherever applied.

Principles of management do not have Universal validity. They have to be adjusted and applied according to the need of the situation.
Thus, management is an in-exact science.

Conclusion : Management does not satisfies all the features of science. Hence it is not an exact science.

Question 10.
Explain two Objective of Management.
Answer:
Every organization is established to achieve certain objective. Objectives always differ from organization to organization. Management helps to achieve these organizational objectives more effectively and more efficiently.

Objectives can be classified in to

1. Organizational objective
2. Social Objective
3. Personal or individual objective

Organizational objective: The main objective of the management is to fulfill the economic objective of the organization. This objective is concerned with maximum possible profit with the available resources. Survival, Profit & Growth is important keys of organizational objective of management.

Survival: The basic objective of every business is to survive for a long time in the market. Management ensures the survival of the organization by earning enough revenue to cover its costs.

Profit: Only survival is not enough for the business. Management ensures earning enough profit which is very essential for successful continuity of the Business.

Growth: For business to have a long term existence management need to strive for the overall,growth and development of the organization.

Social objective: Every organization is a part of the society whether it is business or non business unit. All organizations being a part of the society have some obligation towards the well being of the people, nature and society.

• Using environmental friendly methods of production.
• Create employment opportunities for weaker section of the society.
• Provide amenities for the wellbeing of the society such as schools, Hospitals, Parks.
• Provide financial support for the social service projects.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of management.
Answer:
Management is the art of getting things done through others-and with the help of others in order to achieve the specific organizational goal. Management is defined as the process of planning, organizing, actuating & controlling an organizational operation in order to achieve coordination of resources to attain the organizational objectives more effectively.
Features of management are:

• Goal oriented
• Continuous process
• Group activity
• Intangible force
• Universal process
• Multi disciplinary
• Integrating Process

1. Management is a goal oriented process: Every organization has some goals. Management is a goal oriented activity’. Management unites ail the activities of the organization and directs it towards the achievement of established goals more efficiently.

2. Management is Multi Dimensional: Management is a complex activity and involves 3 dimensions
(a) Management of work
(b) Management of People
(c) Management of operations

3. Management is a continuous process: Management has a series of function which is performed regularly. Management is an ongoing function and doesn’t stop anywhere.

4. Management is a group activity: Every organization consists of number of persons from different level with different need. Management helps these people to take initiative, communicate and coordinate with join hands for attaining organizational goal,

5. Management is an intangible force: Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the operation of the organization. Effects of management are noticeable in terms of attainment of targets and employee satisfaction etc.

6. Management is a universal process: Management activities are not applicable to the business unit alone. It is universally applicable to all organizations; it may be economic, social, charitable, religious opolitical.

Question 2.
Explain the objectives of management.
Answer:
Organisational or Economic objectives: Every organisation is established to achieve certain objectives. Different organisations are having different objectives and management has to achieve those objectives effectively and efficiently.

a. Survival: The basic objectives of any business are survival. Management must make great efforts to ensure the survival of the organisation. In order to survive for a long time, an organisation must earn enough revenues.

b. Profit: Earning profit is the main object of every business. It is very essential to meet the expenses and for successful continuity of the business. Therefore management should ensure sufficient profit to cover risk of business.

c. Growth: Growth is another organisational objective. The management must ensure growth of business. It can be measured in terms of sales volume increase, the number of products or the increase in capital investment, etc.

Social objectives: Every organisation is a part of society, whether it is business or non- business, has certain social obligation towards society.

Social objective includes:

• Using environmental friendly methods of production.
• Generating employment opportunities to weaker sections of society.
• Providing quality product at reasonable price.
• Providing financial support to society for noble causes.
• Providing basic amenities like schools to children of employees.

Personal or individual objectives: Personal or individual objectives means objectives of the employees of an organisation.

Personal objective includes:

• Financial needs such as competitive salaries, incentives, other benefits.
• Social needs such as recognition, job security etc in the organisation
• Higher level needs such as personal growth and development.

2nd PUC Business Studies Nature and Significance of Management Five Marks Questions and Answers

Draw a Neat Diagram of Levels of Management

You can Download Chapter 9 Shilube Eeriddane Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 9 Shilube Eeriddane

Shilube Eeriddane Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

You can Download Chapter 8 Mumbai Jataka Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers Sahitya Sampada Chapter 8 Mumbai Jataka

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy

You can Download Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was called as an architect of Indian Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru was called as an architect of Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 2.
Expand INC.
Answer:
Indian National Congress.

Question 3.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution states about the Indian Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Article 51 of Indian Constitution states about the Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 4.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non Alignment Movement.

Question 5.
How many member countries in the NAM to day? (March 2015)
Answer:
There are 128 member countries in the NAM today.

Question 6.
What is Apartheid?
Answer:
Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender is called Apartheid.

Question 7.
Expand CHOCM. (July 2016)
Answer:
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.

Question 8.
Who is the head of CHOGM?
Answer:
British Queen is the head of CHOGM.

Question 9.
When did India conducted the 1st Nuclear Test?
Answer:
India conducted the 1^st Nuclear Test in 1974.

Question 10.
Expand NPT.
Answer:
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Question 11.
Expand CTBT.
Answer:
Comprehensive Jest Ban Treaty.

Question 12.
Expand OPCW.
Answer:
Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Question 13.
Who won the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace in 2013?
Answer:
German Chancellor Angela Merkel won the Indira Gandhi prize for peace in 2013.

Question 14.
Expand NSG.
Answer:
Nuclear Supplier Group.

Question 15.
Expand CIS.
Answer:
Commonwealth of Independent States.

Question 16.
In Expand PRC.
Answer:
People’s Republic of China.

Question 17.
Expand NEFA.
Answer:
North Eastern Frontier Agency.

Question 18.
Expand LAC.
Answer:
Line of Actual Control.

Question 19.
When Pakistan was born?
Answer:
Pakistan was born on 14lh August 1947.

Question 20.
Expand LOC.
Answer:
Line of Control.

Question 21.
Expand MFN.
Answer:
Most Favoured Nation.

Question 22.
When Bangladesh was born?
Answer:
Bangladesh was born in 1971.

Question 23.
Who was called as Bangabandhu?
Answer:
Sheik Mujibur Rehman was called as Bangabandhu.

Question 24. (March 2017)
Expand IPKF.
Answer:
Indian Peace Keeping Force.

Question 25.
Expand LTTE.
Answer:
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is India’s Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Foreign policy in general terms means maintenance of relations with other countries and participation in international political and economic affairs. Herman defines foreign policy as “a systematic statement of deliberately selected national interests”.

Question 2.
Write any two historical roots of India’s Foreign Policy. (July 2018)
Answer:
Peace and Non-Violence are the two historical roots of India’s Foreign Policy.

Question 3.
Name any two Indian leaders who contributed for Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Atal Bihari Vaajapeyee are the two leaders who contributed for India Foreign Policy.

Question 4.
Name any two founding leaders of NAM. (March 2017)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt are the two founding leaders of NAM.

Question 5.
Where the 1st NAM summit was held? and when? (July 2016)
Answer:
The 1S1 NAM summit was held at Belgrade of Yugoslavia in 1961.

Question 6.
Where the 17th NAM summit will held? and when?
Answer:
The 17″‘ NAM summit was held at Venezuela in 2015.

Question 7.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel. (March 2016)
Answer:
(a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(b) Mutual non aggression.

Question 8.
Where the next CHOGM summit will held? and when?
Answer:
The next CHOGM summit will be held at Samoa in 2022.

Question 9.
Write any two code names of nuclear test conducted by India.
Answer:
(a) 1974 Nuclear test (Smiling of Buddha)
(b) 1998 Nuclear test (Sakti-I and Sakti-II).

Question 10.
Name any two military alliances. (March 2015)
Answer:
(a) NATO
(b) WARSAW PACT

Question 11.
Name any two countries of NSG.
Answer:
(a) Russia
(b) Japan.

Question 12.
What is Perestroika and Glasnost? (July 2018)
Answer:
Perestroika means economic rehabilation and Glasnost means openness in administration.

Question 13.
Name the two leaders who accepted Panchasheel. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
(b) Zhou-Enlai of China

Question 14.
Name the two leaders who participated in Tashkent Agreement. (July 2015)
Answer:
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri of India
(b) Ayub Khan of Pakistan.

Question 15.
Name the two leaders who signed in Simla Agreement. (March 2015)
Answer:
(a) Indira Gandhi of India
(b) Z.A. Bhutto of Pakistan

Question 16.
Write any two causes for the Independence of Bangladesh. (July 2018)
Answer:
(a) Neglecting the interests of Bengalis (East Pakistan) by West Pakistan government.
(b) Disallowance by Pakistan People’s party to become Sheik Mujibur Rehman as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Question 17.
Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka. (July 2017)
Answer:
(a) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
(b) Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF).

Question 18.
Mention any two causes for the relation between India and Soviet Russia.
Answer:
(a) Both believed in national freedom
(b) Both supported liberation movements.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the formation of India’s Foreign Policy in brief.
Answer:
Foreign Policy is a set of principles and approaches adopted and followed by a State for securing the objectives of National interest during the course of its relations with other nations. Foreign Policy is the system of actvities evolved by communities for changing the behavior of the States and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment.

The roots of Indian foreign policy are found in the ancient period, particularly in the Buddhist literature and Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Kautilya explains “Mitra” in Sapthanga theory which represents the foreign policy and external sovereignty of state.

The Indian National Congress which was established in 1885 emphasised international relations along with freedom struggle and thus evolved its own international perspective and policy by establishing Foreign Affairs Department under the leadership of Gandhi, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, V.K. Krishna Menon and Jawaharlal Nehru. Thus, the Indian foreign policy was given a concrete shape.

The Delhi Conference of INC adopted a historical resolution by declaring that the foreign policy of British government in India did not represent the opinion of Indians Jawaharlal Nehru’s participation in the various international conferences have become land mark in the Indian Foreign Policy. He concretized the ideas of Gandhi into India’s Foreign Policy and hence he emerged as the ‘Architect of Indian Foreign Policy’. The Gandhi ideals are incorporated into Directive principles of State Policy under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution which promotes international peace and security through Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Indian Foregin policy. (March 2015,2016 – July 2016)
Answer:
The importance of Indian Foreign policy is as under:

(a) External Sovereignty: The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the world.

(b) Protection of National Interest: India’s, foreign policy emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

(c) Peace and Non-Violence: An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

(d) Economic Development: India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self-reliance.

(e) Democratic Ideals: India supports the Human Rights as the basic condition for democratic world and for egalitarian world. Indian believes in promotion of the principle of democratic ideals to strengthen the foreign policy.

Question 3.
Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy in brief. (March 2016, 2019)
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:

(a) Non-Alignment which means not to join any military’ pacs and to remain independent in foreign affairs.

(b) India is always opposing the imperialism and colonialism. It played a major role in liberating the countries from the cluches of such power.

(c) As a founding member of UN. India has played a major role in achieving world peace through active support to the UN.

(d) India has stood by the principle of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender.

(e) Panchasheel is the fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy which emphasizes five principles of peaceful co-operation.

(f) India’s foreign policy emphasizes its concern towards small countries and sympathy towards divided countries.

(g) It is against to the cold war to end an attitude of rivalry.

Question 4.
Explain the Non-alignment policy of India. (July 2017, 2018)
Answer:
The most important principle of Indian foreign policy is non-alignment. It means detachment from any military bloc and solving all international problems through mutual co-operation and peaceful methods. After the II World War, the world was divided into two military blocs, one led by USA and another by USSR. Main countries of the world became the allies of these two military blocs.

But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non alignment and major contributor to the emergence of Non Align Movement. India, Yugoslavia. Indonesia. Egypt and Ghana were the original supporters of the movement.

Question 5.
Write about Panchasheel. (July 2015 – March 2018)
Answer:
Panchasheel is an agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-Enlai on 29^th April 1954. The five principles may be explained as follows:
(a) Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. No country should make an attempt to impose political or military control over other countries.
(b) Non-aggression: No state should go to war against another.
(c) Non-interference in internal affairs: No country should interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
(d) Mutual benefit and equality: Both countries must conduct their relations with one another on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
(e) Peaceful co-existence: The countries belonging to different social and political systems should live together in peace and understanding.

Question 6.
Explain the Disarmament policy of India.
Answer:
Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the past cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes and distorts economic progress, programmes for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases, spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

Though India is one among the major nuclear powers in the world, it is only for civil use and development, not for armed or nuclear race. The ultimate goal is comprehensive and complete disarmament of all forms of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons. India established Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development to recognize the persons, who work for the promotion of disarmament and peace in the world.

Question 7.
Explain the Nuclear deal and recent visits of the leaders in Indo-US relations.
Answer:
India and US expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The US agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear separation. Ex. Separation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian or military defense nuclear plants. India got the assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and access to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India.

The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and completed by 2014. This deal was to pave the way for a virtual recognition of India as an N-power outside the NPT and to its N-fuel needs. It enables India to negotiate and sign N-fuel supply agreements with European Union countries.

Recent visits of the leaders: In the recent visit of India’s Prime minister to US it was apparent that the US considers India not only as a stable democratic policy but also as one of the major emerging markets of the world. US Vice President, Joe Biden who is known to be a friend of India, during his visit to India has expressed his wish to make India-US closest partners by 2020.

During the visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to USA, both the leaders unveiled a joint road map for Indo-US ties and decided to work together. The President of US Barak Obama was the Chief Guest in Republic Day of 2015 have paves the Way to established new era in the India-US relations.

Question 8.
Describe the similar factors of India-USSR relations (March 2016)
Answer:
The similar factors of India-USSR relations are as follows:
(a) India and USSR considered the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of the human race.
(b) Both believed in national freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of a just world order.
(c) Support to liberation movements across the world recognized by both countries.
(d) Both countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.
Thus India and USSR realized geo-political significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

Question 9.
Write about disintegration of USSR and Bilateral relations in Indo-Russian relations. (July 2018)
Answer:
Disintegration of Soviet Union: In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and ‘Glasnost’ (openness). It stopped the arms race with US. withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintegration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form new association with Russia called Common wealth of Independent States.

Bilateral Relations of Indo-Russia: The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens. It continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council.

India and Russia both have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith and friendship.

Question 10.
Explain the Sino-Indian problems and recent visits of the leaders in India-China relations.
Answer:
Sino-Indian problems: India and China are the two largest papulas countries in the world. In 1957, there was a shift in China’s ideological perspective. They stiffened stand towards several countries including India. The alliance with Moscow7 ended. Chinese border incursion in the North Eastern Frontiner Agency i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, claims to 50,000 square miles of India territory and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh in the North West in 1959 severed Indo-China relationship.

Nehru had drawn the attention of the visting Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai in this regard, China refused to accept the Me Mahon Line as Sino-Tibetan revolt in March 1959, Dalai Lama and Tibetan refugees were provided asylum in India. China reacted sharply against India’s decision and showed their anger by leveling false charges against India. The misgivings and distrust finally resulted in the Sino-Indian war of 1962.

Recent visits of the leaders: The leaders of both countries reacted positively in recent years. As a member of BRICS. China decided to stop Staple Visas to Jammu and Kashmir residents. This gesture resumed the defence. Business and trade ties between the two nations in April 2011. China became India’s largest trade partner in 2012. Indian Prime Minister visited China in October 2013. The historic visit of Heads of the States in the same year heralded a new era in India-China relations.

Question 11.
Explain the Kashmir Issue in India-Pakistan relations. (March 2015)
Answer:
India and Pakistan are the two rivalry countries in the South Asian Continent. In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since majority of population are Muslims. Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. But India is not ready to accept this argument because Kashmir is an integral part of India.

After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes on a bilateral basis.

Question 12.
Describe-the India’s contributions in formation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state in 1971 with the support of India. Since the first general election of 1952 Bast Pakistan now it is Bangladesh had demanded autonomy. Bengali language and Bengali Muslims, culture was totally neglected. Pakistan People’s party disallowed the leader of East Pakistan to become Prime Minister.

These undemocratic acts lead to massive protest and millions of refugees fled to India. India had to intervene to help the refugees to go back to their homeland. India supported the Bangla Liberation Movement. Bangladesh emerged as sovereign state in 1971.

Question 13.
Explain the economic and trade relations of India with Bangladesh.
Answer:
The economic and trade relations between India and Bangladesh are multifaceted. They embraced trade transaction, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Their relation has remained intact even under adverse political conditions. Closer economic ties benefited to stabilize political relation between the countries especially after 1992.

Bangladesh is one of the most important markets for India’s export. In 2011-12 India’s total export to Bangladesh reached sizeable level. Setting up of South Asian Preferential Treaty Arrangement, Group of Eminent persons led by the leaders of South Asian countries are the land marks in the economic integration of the two countries.

Question 14.
Explain the early relation and causes of disputes in Indo-Sri Lankan relations.
Answer:
Early Relations: Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two major ethnic groups the Sinhalese and Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity.

Causes of Disputes: There was a dispute between India and Sri Lanka on the matters of security and sovereignty and some settlements were made to solve the issue of the jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes was regarding the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin migrated to Sri Lanka.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lankan as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Simhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny the citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylone Citizenship Act of 1948. This was disentailed them franchise and other rights.

In 1965 Indian Prime Minister and Sri Lankan Prime Minister signed an agreement about Tamils Citizenship, but in vain. These are the major causes for the disputes between India and Sri Lanka.

Question 15.
Explain the role of India in the minimizing of Sri Lankan ethnic problems. (July 2016)
Answer:
The extremist activities by LTTE with the support of Tamil communities in South East Asia and Tamil Nadu of India leads to violence in Sri Lanka in great extent during 1987. It arose the fear in large number of non-combatant Tamil population. In this tense atmosphere. Rajiv Gandhi-Jayewardene Agreement was signed in 1988 to solve the problem bilaterally.

The Agreement provided for an Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants. The IPKF tries to combat the extremist activities in Sri Lanka and finally India agreed to withdraw the IPKF. India had shown its good neighbouring approach to minimize the Sri Lankan ethnic problems as far as possible.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the meaning and importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Meaning: Foreign policy in general terms means maintenance of relations with other countries and participation in international political and economic affairs. It is a combination of principles, interests and objectives through which a state formulates and conducts its relations with other countries.
Importance of Indian Foreign Policy:

(a) External Sovereignty: The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the world.

(b) Protection of National Interest: India’s foreign policy emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

(c) Peace and Non-Violence: An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

(d) Economic Development: India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self-reliance.

(e) Democratic Ideals: India supports the Human Rights as the basic condition for democratic world and for egalitarian world. Indian believes in promotion of the principle of democratic ideals to strengthen the foreign policy

Question 2.
Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:

(a) Non-Alignment: India’s foreign policy has been based on the principle of non-alignment. This policy means refusal to accept any definite commitment or to join a system of military pacts or alliances. It implies a policy of peace. It is based on the belief that war should be avoided. Nehru declared, In the sphere of foreign affairs. India will follow an independent policy, keeping away from the politics of groups aligned against one another. India is also a leading member of the NAM.

(b) Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism: Since India itself remained a victim of British imperialism, it has always opposed all forms of imperialism and colonialism. It has supported the cause of the exploited nations against the colonial powers. It popularized feelings and movements against imperialism. It has defended the rights of Indonesia, Namibia. Bangladesh etc. to become Independent nations.

(c) Faith in United Nations of Organisation: India has great faith in the UNO. It is a founder member of the UNO. India stands for the maintenance of international peace and security through the efforts of the UNO. It has always actively participated in all the activities of the UNO. India looks upon the UNO as an important instrument for bringing about a reduction of tensions and the establishment of honourable peace among the nations of the world.

(d) Opposition to apartheid and racial discrimination: India realized that racial discrimination is more dangerous than war itself. It has, therefore, consistently raised its voice against discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and sex. It openly condemned South Africa for its policy of apartheid’.

(e) Panchsheel: The term panchsheel is associated with the foreign policy of India. It is based on five principles of international conduct. These principles were enunciated in the agreement of friendship between India and China in 1954. The principles are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity’ and sovereignty.
• Non-aggression.
• Non-interference in internal affairs.
• Mutual benefit and equality.
• Peaceful co-existence.

(f) Tie with Commonwealth: Although India got its independence from British imperialism. India decided to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations. It is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been its colonies. Traditionally. India had many economic ties with UK and other member countries of Common wealth Association to get financial aid.

(g) Disarmament: Another essential concern for peace in India’s foreign policy has been arms control, disarmament and related matters, from the very beginning, India has advocated the prohibition of nuclear weapons and check on the proliferation of all kinds of weapons in the United Nations and other forums. In general, a major objective of India’s foreign policy has been comprehensive disarmament.

(h) Sympathy towards divided countries: Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rale policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, enormous suffering of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees. Because of the bitter experience of this incident, India is sympathetic towards divided countries of the world.

(i) Affinity towards Afro-Asian countries: Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, it has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa. India supported the freedom struggle of African countries and Nelson Mandela to become the first black leader as a President. India’s role is significant in the formation of ASEAN, SAARC as regional organisations to promote the regional interests.

(j) Against cold war: Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz., US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances. Ex. NATO, ANZUS. SEATO. CENTO. As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs. Hence India is emphasizing to end cold war and to restore world peace.

Question 3.
Explain the India and USA relations (July 2015)
Answer:
India’s relation with USA is as old as the history of British imperialism in the world. India’s freedom movement had drawn much inspiration from the colonial history of US. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom. The relationship between India and USA can be studied as under:

(a) Economic Relations: After Indian independence, the US extended its economic aid under Truman’s ‘Four Point Program’ of 1950, consisting of American technical skills, knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to manage the famine in some parts of the country in 1951. The Indian economy had close ties with US and its companies. US absorbed much of India’s total exports in the software sector and extended job opportunity to lakhs of Indians in its silicon valley.

(b) Military Relations: There was no good relationship between India and USA in the field of military after II world war since India adopted Non-Alignment policy. As its global strategy to curb the communism. US responded positively with military assistance to India in 1962 Indo-China war. The US has military bases in the Indian ocean. But this was opposed by India.

(c) Indo-US Nuclear Deal: Both countries expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The US agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear separation. Ex. Separation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian or military defense nuclear plants. India got the assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and access to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India. The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and completed by 2014.

(d) Socio-Cultural Relations: India and US have close socio-cultural relations. There is a cooperation in the field of cultural exchange, scientific and educational interaction. A large number of people of Indian origin living in the US hold potential of a greater cooperation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired their advanced knowledge from the education institutions of US.

Question 4.
Describe the India and Russia relations.
Answer:
India and Russia are the two traditional countries in the world. Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN on the Kashmir and Goa issues is commendable. The use of Veto power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial.

Indo-Russia partnership: After the collapse of Soviet Union, Russia emerged as the successor in UN. India decided to continue the historical relations with Russia erstwhile part of Soviet Union. Since 1991, India and Russia are engaged in giving a new’ direction to their bilateral relations. The visits of the dignitaries of two countries gave an impetus to work out comprehensive basis for new’ relationship in the areas of trade and commerce, scientific and technology, education and culture.

Agreements: The Rupee-Rouble Agreement in 1993 ensured the uninterrupted supply of Russia defence spares to India and pledged to India to support its decision on Kashmir issue in the UN Security Council. Both countries signed the Trade Agreement in 1994 for the bilateral trade. A contract was signed by ISRO and Russian firm Glav Kosmos for the supply of Cryogenic Engine to India and transfer of its technology.

Both countries agreed to coordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat terrorism, organized crime and illegal arms trade. They have agreed to conduct joint scientific research in the fields of mutual interests. New Treaty of Friendship and cooperation was designed to guide the path of both countries’ relation in the next 20 years.

Bilateral relations: The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics. Its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens. Russia continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council. Both countries have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. Indo-Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

Question 5.
Explain the India and China relations.
Answer:
India and China are the two ancient civilization countries and the relation of both can be regarded as Sino-Indian relation which is more than 2000 years old. The two countries are most populous and fastest growing major economies of the world.
India was one of the first few countries to extend its official diplomatic recognition to China.

It has close contacts during the Korea war and refused to brand China as an aggressor for its entry in support of North Korea. India and China signed an agreement regarding Tibet, in which India gave up its extra territorial rights in Tibet and recognized the Chinese suzerainty over Tibet.

Both countries accepted the doctrine of Panchasheel. India played a leading role in the Geneva Conference on Korea peace supporting the Chinese position. India was the mam proponent of China’s participation in the first Afro-Asian Conference held at Bandung in 1955.

Both joined hands in opposing SEATO, Baghdad and other military alliances. India supported China over the issue of Taiwan. It reciprocated by giving support to India over Goa. IndoChinese relations remained normal and cordian. The development of Sino-Indian relations became the common objective of the leaders.

Renewal of the Bilateral Relations: Sino-Indian relations were re-established by the diplomacy of ambassadors after 1980. Since 1981 new efforts were initiated to normalize bilateral relations by defusing the border disputes and concentrating on other areas of mutual interest like commerce and trade. Recent visits of both the leaders paved the way to solve the long standing boundary question bilaterally.

Trade and Commerce: The visits of the leaders of both the countries in 2013 paved the way for resurgence of trade and commerce with mutual cooperation in the bilateral relations. During the visit of Chinese leaders to India in 2013. they decided to resolve border dispute and to stimulate economic relations.

It was a land mark in the diplomatic cooperation, cemented the relationship in other areas and to formulate strategies for prosperous future. They have signed a agreement to create ‘Sister City Relationship’ between Delhi and Beijing, Bengaluru and Chengdu, Kolkata and Kunming to boost the tourism and trade.

Both nations designated 2014 as a year of ‘Friendly Exchage’ between India and China and to commemorate the 60^th anniversary of the ‘Panchasheel’. The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister in 2015 is a significant step in the reformation of Indo-China relations.

Question 6.
Explain the India and Pakistan relations.
Answer:
India and Pakistan were the part of British India before independence. It was partitioned due to divide and rule policy of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. The trauma, agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. The mutual distrust and animosity affect indo-Pak relations.

Major Pacts between India and Pakistan: After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of January 1966 between Talbahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan. Tn the Simla Agreement of 1972, Indira Gandhi and Z.A. Bhutto signed and agreed to solve all disputes in a peaceful manner and on a bilateral basis.

In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other. The Lahore Declaration was signed between Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Shariff in 1999 and the historical bus journey called ‘Sadbhavan Yaatra’ was started from Delhi to Lahore.

Recent Trade ties: Joint Business Forum of both countries decided to augment for Indo-Pak economic relations by identifying opportunities, impediments and prescribing solutions. For better handling of trucks at Wagah-Attari border, it was decided to open more land routes between two nations to boost the economic activities. The Forum’s decision to open Bank branches of both countries is a significant step in the bilateral trade relations.

It created the environment of increasing cooperation in the field of petroleum, power, agriculture, textiles and pharmaceuticals. Pakistan wanted non-discriminatory access to India as a SAARC member country. The Forum has the aim to build the mutual trade relations between two countries for new economic cooperation in 2013.

Question 7.
Describe the India and Bangladesh relations.
Answer:
Indo-Bangladesh relations began on a note of high level of cordiality, due to India’s sympathy and support to their struggle for independence. In 1972 a 25 years of treaty of friendship, cooperation and peace was signed with the Indo-Bangladesh trade Pact. In 1974 Indo- Bangladesh border agreement was signed and the long standing Farakka Barrage dispute was amicably settled. There had been considerable expansion of cooperation in socio-cultural and economic field.

Bilateral Relations: The formation of SAARC in 1985 led to new initiatives for better Indo-Bangladesh bilateral relations. India agreed to transfer ‘Tin Bhiga’ corridor to Bangladesh on lease basis in March 1992, they have also agreed to formulate a comprehensive plan for sharing of the water resources. Bangladesh assured that Chakma refugees return to their homeland. On December 1996 India and Bangladesh signed the Farakka Treaty for sharing of the Ganga waters.

Economic Relations: The economic relations between two countries are multifaceted. They embraced trade transaction, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Their relation has remained intact even under adverse political conditions.

This is mainly because of geographical proximity, contiguity, common language, similarity of consumption patterns, common development needs and experience. Closer economic ties benefited to stabilize political relation between the countries especially after 1992. Bangladesh is one of the most important markets for India’s export.

For several decades, it has been the largest export market for India in the SAARC region. In 2011-12 India’s total export to Bangladesh reached sizeable level. This makes Bangladesh one of the most important export markets for India in the world.

Question 8.
Describe the India and Sri Lanka relations.
Answer:
Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of 4000 years. There are two major ethnic groups the Sinhalese and Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries Share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity. Political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links between them. The significance of India’s interest in Sri Lanka after independence was to promote a policy of good neighbourhood.

There was a contradiction between India and Sri Lanka with relates to Tamil people who settled in Sri Lanka. The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. Hence they protest for their rights but in vain. It resulted in the formation of extremists groups called TULF and LTTE and they opted violence path to achieve their political goal. Government of India deployed Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants.

Bilateral relations: India and Sri Lanka signed the Free Trade Agreement on December 1998 to promote trade relations effectively between the two countries.

The bilateral trade agreements in 2000 resulted in the marked improvement in the Indo-Sri Lankan trade between 2004 and 2010. The bilateral meeting was held in 2013 and an agreement was signed to combat International Terrorism and illicit drugs trafficking.

The ethnic conflict which continued for over 30 years tore the island nation which ended on May 2009. As per the 13th Amendment of the India-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987, elections were held to the Northern provincial Council in September 2013 and with this a new facet of Democracy began. Indian Prime Minister visited Sri Lanka after 28 years on March 2015 and this leads to the new era between India and Sri Lanka.

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