Category: 1st PUC

Students can Download 1st PUC Biology Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (North), Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (North)

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of four parts A, B, C, and D.
2. All the parts are compulsory.
3. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Unlabelled diagrams or illustrations do not attract any marks.

Part – A

Answer the following questions in one word / one sentence each: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Name the basic unit of classification.
Answer:
Species are the basic unit of classification.

Question 2.
Define Phyllotaxy.
Answer:
The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem axis is known as phyllotaxy.

Question 3.
Mention the function of Nephridia.
Answer:
Excretion.

Question 4.
Name the bacterial Ribosome.
Answer:
70s Ribosome

Question 5.
Define Osmosis.
Answer:
It is a special type of diffusion in which only the solvent or water molecules move from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Question 6.
Which is the non – digesting enzyme of Intestinal Juice?
Answer:
Enter Kinase.

Question 7.
Name the structural and functional unit of the Kidney.
Answer:
Nephron.

Question 8.
Expand ECG
Answer:
Electrocardiogram.

Question 9.
What is Transpiration?
Answer:
It is the phenomenon by which excess water is eliminated, in the form of vapors through the aerial parts of the plant body.

Question 10.
Mention any Inclusion bodies.
Answer:
Reserve food material in prokaryotic cells is stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies. These are not bound by any membranes.

Part-B

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 3-5 sentences each, wherever applicable. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Write any four characteristics of Fungi.
Answer:
Kingdom Fungi is divided into five classes, based on the following characters:
(a) Morphology of mycelium
(b) Mode of spore formation.
(c) Mode of sexual reproduction and
(d) Nature of fruiting bodies.

Question 12.
Mention the uses of Diatomaceous Earth.
Answer:
Diatomaceous Earth is used:

• as an absorbent for liquid nitroglycerin to make explosives.
• for filtering the liquids in sugar factories.
• as an inert extender in paints, as an insulator in boilers and blast furnaces.
• in the powdered form as abrasive in silver polish and in the manufacture of toothpaste.

Question 13.
Differentiate Bilateral and Radial Symmetry.
Answer:
Germ layers or germinal layers are primary layers that differentiate in the embryo at the time of gastrulation. Animals have a minimum of two germinal layers and a maximum of three germinal layers. All the tissues and organs of the body develop from germinal layers.

Types:
(a) Diploblastic Animals: Animals having two germinal layers viz, outer ectoderm and inner endoderm are called diploblastic animals.
(b) Triploblastic Animals: Animals having three germinal layers viz, outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm are called Triploblastic animals.
eg: Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.

Question 14.
Write any four Biological significance of Carbohydrates.
Answer:
(a) Carbohydrates particularly cellulose, chitin, and pectin provide structural support and protection to plants and fungi.
(b) The major food storage molecules are starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
(c) Pentoses form an integral part of nucleic acids and thus help in heredity.
(d) Chitin is an important exoskeleton in arthropods.

Question 15.
Draw a labeled diagram of Mitochondria.
Answer:

Question 16.
Mention the role of HCl in the Stomach.
Answer:
(a) It activates inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin.
(b) It converts inactive prorenin into active renin.
(c) It provides an acidic medium (pH 1.5 – 2.5) for the action of both pepsin, and renin.
(d) HCl kills harmful bacteria and loosens fibrous food.
(e) It inactivates the ptyalin.

Question 17.
Define Inspiration and Expiration.
Answer:

Inspiration	Expiration
1. It is a process of drawing air oxygen into the lungs from outside.	1. It is a process of leaving out carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside.
2. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.	2. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
3. Due to this the volume of the thorax, increases, and the lungs expand.	3. Due to this the volume of the thorax, decreases, and bings get compressed.
4. Pulmonary pressure falls.	4. Pulmonary pressure increases.

Question 18.
Briefly explain the transport of CO₂ by blood.
Answer:
As carbon dioxide from the tissues enters into the blood, a small quantity of about 45% enters into RBCs. In the RBCs, carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin and forms carbamino hemoglobin. The carbamino-hemoglobin on reaching the lungs dissociates into hemoglobin, and carbon dioxide.
CO₂ + HbNH₂ → HbNHCOOH.

PART-C

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 40-80 words each, wherever applicable: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Write any three economic importance of Cyanobacteria.
Answer:
Economic Importance:
Many of them are used as bio-fertilizers because. of their nitrogen-fixing capacity. e.g. Nostoc, Aulosira, Anabaena.

Spirulina is unicellular and spiral-like; ¡t is cultured and used as cattle-feed and human food, for it is rich in proteins. it is called a single called protein.

Question 20.
Mention briefly respiration in Frog.
Answer:
Respiratory System: Frogs respire on Land and in the water by two different methods. In water, their skin acts as the aquatic respiratory organ, and it is exchanged through the skin by diffusion.

Question 21.
List any three functions of Parenchyma.
Answer:
Parenchyma is defined as a living, simple, permanent, and storage tissue. It is the basic and packing tissue that occurs in all parts of the plant body such as cortex, pith, pericycle, etc.

Characters:

1. Cells appear usually oval or spherical.
2. Cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces except for the lacunar type.
3. The cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.
4. The cell walls show uneven thickening, especially at corners.
5. Cells have cytoplasm and nucleus and hence are called living cells.
6. Cells have large and prominent vacuoles.

Types:
Based on the pectin deposition, collenchyma is of the following three types.
(a) Angular collenchyma – Here pectin is deposited in the angles or intercellular spaces of cells, eg: Datura, Ficus, etc.
(b) Lamellar collenchyma – Here pectin is deposited in between the cellular layers in the form of sheets. eg: Radish, Sunflower, etc.
(c) Lacunar collenchyma – Here pectin is deposited along the sidewalls around the intercellular space leaving a small space in the center. eg: Malva, Althea, etc.

Functions:

1. Collenchyma gives mechanical support.
2. Cells possess chloroplasts in young stems and help in photosynthesis.
3. Cells become meristematic and help in secondary growth.
4. In young parts of dicot plants, it gives resistance against the pulling and bending actions of wind.

Question 22.
What is the Cell Cycle? Mention the phases of the cell cycle.
Answer:
The sequence of events that occur between the formation of a cell and its division into daughter cells is called a cell cycle.

It consists of 2 phases:
(a) Interphase
(b) Mitotic phase

Question 23.
Explain briefly Mass flow Hypothesis.
Answer:
The accepted mechanism used for the translocation of sugars from source to sink is called the pressure-flow hypothesis. The glucose prepared by photosynthesis is converted to sucrose and is then moved in the form of sucrose into companion cells and into sieve tube cells by active transport.

This loading creates a hypertonic condition in the phloem & water in the adjacent xylem moves into the phloem by osmosis. As osmotic pressure builds up the phloem sap will move to areas of lower pressure. Again by active transport sucrose is transported out of phloem sap into the cells where it is used to convert into energy, starch, or cellulose.

Question 24.
Mention the formed elements of Blood.
Answer:
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Platelets

Question 25.
Explain the role of Saliva.
Answer:
It is secreted in an inactive form called prorenin. it is activated into rennin by HCl.

Rennin acts on the milk protein casein, and converts it into Para casein.

Para casein combines with calcium ions to form solid casein or curd.
Para casein + Ca²⁺ → Calcium paracaseinate (Solid Casein).
Calcium Para casemate is acted upon by pepsin and converted into protests, peptones, and polypeptides

Question 26.
What is Double Circulation? Mention the stages in double circulation.
Answer:
The human heart acts as a double pump.

The right side of the heart receives, and pumps deoxygenated blood and the left side of the heart receives and pumps oxygenated blood and hence both the routes are kept completely separate and there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This type of circulation is said to be complete double circulation.

Double circulation involves shorter pulmonary circulation and longer systematic circulation.

Part-D (Section – I).

I. Answer any FOUR of the following questions in 200-250 words each. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 27.
Write the general characters of the Phylum Annelida.
Answer:
General characters:

1. Annelids are mostly aquatic-either marine or freshwater forms. Some are terrestrial burrowing, free-living, or sedentary forms. A few are ectoparasites.
2. Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, and segmented animals.
3. The body is soft, cylindrical, or dorsoventrally flattened, uniform with cephalization at the anterior end.
4. The body is protected by a thin cuticle which is secreted by the underlying epidermal cells.
5. The body wall is dermo muscular (dermis with muscle cells or Libres), therefore can twist and turn or be highly contractile in nature.
6. The body cavity is a true coelom fined by coelomic epithelium, the coelom is formed by splitting of embryonic mesoderm, and hence it is described as ‘schizócoetous’ or ‘Schizocoelic’ made of formation and the coelom as ‘Schizocoel’.
7. The digestive system is a straight tubular structure and is complete with a mouth and anus. it also shows regional differentiation into parts like the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard, intestine, and rectum.
   The digestive system shows segmental specialization.
8. Annelids are the first group to have a blood vascular system. A definite circulatory system or blood vascular system is present which consists of blood and blood vessels. Blood flows only indefinite blood vessels, hence the circulatory system is described as the ‘closed type’ of the circulatory system. Blood is red in color due to the presence of hemoglobin in the plasma.
9. Respiration occurs by simple diffusion through the body surfaõe or through respiratory structures called glib.
10. The excretory system consists of coiled ectodermal tubes called nephridia, through which excretion takes place.
11. The nervous system is well developed consisting of a nerve ring and a double ventral nerve cord.
12. Characteristic locomotory structures are usually present, either in the form of chitinous setae or fleshly lateral extensions called parapodia.
13. Reproduction is usually done in sexual mode. Members may be either bisexual or unisexual.
14. Development may be direct or indirect, where the larval stage present is represented by a trochophore larva.

Question 28.
Enumerate any five characteristic features of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
1. The life cycle has a distinct, dominant, diploid, asexual phase represented by the well-differentiated evergreen woody plant, which is known as the sporophyte.

2. The sporophyte is heterosporous bearing microspores and megaspores within microsporangia and megasporangia respectively. These structures occur on leaf-like microsporophylls and megasporophylls. These are further organized into fertile structures called stroll or cones.

3. Sporophyte shows the presence of a taproot system which is well developed. The stein possesses branches that are dichotomies. Leaves are well developed and are dimorphic (two types of leaves): viz,

• Green photosynthetic leaves (Foliage).
• Brown-colored scale leaves.

4. Microspore develops into male gametophyte and megaspore produces female gametophyte.
These gametophytes represent the haploid phase and are highly inconspicuous in comparison with sporophytic generation.

5. Female gametophyte is enclosed within a megasporangium that in turn is covered by an integument. Such an integument megasporangium possessing the female gametophyte is called the ovule.

Question 29.
Draw a neat labeled diagram of the Digestive system of the Cockroach.
Answer:

Question 30.
Explain Fluid Mosaic Model? Mention the functions of the Plasma membrane.
Answer:
Fluid mosaic Model By Singer & Nicholson:
(a) According to this model, the plasma membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules and globular protein molecules and sterols distributed at random. In comparative terms, it can be said that the plasma membrane is formed of ‘protein icebergs in the sea of lipids’.

(b) The protein molecules are globular proteins and these proteins penetrate or lie at the periphery to form a mosaic pattern.

(c) Heads of the phospholipid molecuLes of the two layers are directed in the opposite directions while tails of the two layers face each other.

(d) In animal cells glycolipids and cholesterol are also present along with proteins.

Modifications of the plasma membrane.
To perform specific functions and exhibit flexibility, PM undertakes the following modifications:

1. Microvilli: These are minute folding of the plasma membrane to increase surface area for absorption.
2. Desmosomes: the inner surface of adjacent plasma membranes has thickened areas called desmosomes which help in cell adhesion.
3. Pinocytic vesicles: Invaginations of the plasma membrane into cytoplasm and formation of fields that contain fluids.
4. Mesosomes: In prokaryotes, invaginations of the plasma membrane are associated with the respiratory system enzymes and help in respiration and are called mesosomes.

The functions of the plasma membrane are:

1. It maintains the size and shape of the cell.
2. Osmosis: Osmosis is the process by which water molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane (here it is the plasma membrane) from the region of its higher concentration- to one of lower concentration.
3. Active transport: It is energy (from ATP) dependent transport of molecules or ions across a semi-permeable membrane against the concentration (electrochemical gradient). it can also be called “metabolically linked transport”.
   e.g: Sodium – Potassium Pump: (Revolving door model):

The moving machinery of Na & K through active transport is called ‘Sodium – Potassium pump’.

Question 31.
Write the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
Answer:

Mitosis	Meiosis
(a) occurs in all somatic cells and germ cells.	(a) occurs in germ cells of organisms that reproduce sexually.
(b) It is equational cell division.	(b) It is reductional cell division.
(c) Two daughter cells are produced.	(c) Four daughter cells are produced.
(d) Daughter cells have the same genetic constitution as the parent cells.	(d) Genetic constitution of daughter cells is different than parental cell due to crossing over
(e) Both the homologous chromosomes are present in daughter cells.	(e) The daughter cells contain one chromosome of each homologous pair

Question 32.
Give schematic representation of Kreb’s Cycle.
Answer:

Note: To account for two molecules of acetyl CoA produced from 1 molecule of glucose the entire reaction has to be multiplied by two.

Bloenergetics:
1. Number of ArPs produced = 2 .
2. Number of NADH₂ produced = 6 (6 × 3 = 18ATPs)
3. Number of FADH₂ produced = 2 (2 × 2 = 4 ATPs)
The total yield of ATPs = 24.
Note: Efficiency of Krebs cycle along with its predatory reaction is 30 ATPs.

Section – II

II. Answer any THREE of the following questions in 200-250 words each, wherever applicable. (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 33.
Explain the physiological roles of Cytokinins.
Answer:

• Discovered by Skoog and Miller
• Chemically these are 6-fur furyl amino purine.
• Synthesized in young fruits, leaves, buds, rost tips and translocated through the xylem.
• Cytokinins stimulate cell division.
• Cytokinins prevent early aging or senescence by stabilizing proteins and chlorophyll. This
  the phenomenon is called Richmond – Lang effect.
• Cytokinins break seed dormancy and induce germination.

Question 34.
Write the Z scheme of Light reaction.
Answer:
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is also called ‘Z’ scheme electron transport.
In this cycle, the electrons lost by chlorophyll pigment do not return to the same molecule.
Both PSI and PS II are utilized.
One molecule of ATP is formed.
Two molecules of NADPH₂ are formed.
One molecule of O₂ is formed.

Question 35.
Explain the mechanics of Ascent of Sap.
Answer:
It is one of the most successful physical theories of the ascent of sap. Dixon and Jolly proposed this theory. According to this theory, the ascent of sap is due to three factors namely,
(a) Cohesive force of water.
(b) Adhesion of water molecules to the walls of the xylem vessel
(c) Transpiration pull

A strong intermolecular force of attraction exists between water molecules. Thus water molecules are bound to each other forming a continuous column of water.

There is a force of attraction between water molecules on the inner walls of xylem elements. Therefore water molecules are attached to the wall of the xylem. It ¡s called adhesion.

Due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water, a continuous column of water is present in the xylem.

Transpiration at the leaf surface forces the mesophyll cells of the leaves to draw water from the neighboring xylem elements. This creates a suction force known as Transpiration pull.

This suction force pulls the water column ¡n the xylem upwards. This ascent of sap is due to the combined effect of adhesive, and cohesive properties of water and transpiration pull.

Merits:

1. The ascent of sap is directly proportional to the rate of transpiration.
2. It is a physical process and does not need energy.
3. Strong cohesive, and adhesive forces are sufficient to prevent the rupture of the water columns in xylem vessels.

Demerits:

1. The presence of an air bubble breaks the continuity of the water column.
2. Ascent of sap continues even in the absence of transpiration, as at night times.
3. The strength of the water column is thoughtful against two opposing forces such as gravitation force and transpiration tension.

Question 36.
Draw a neat labeled diagram of V.S. of Human Heart.
Answer:

Question 37.
List any Five hormones of the Pituitary gland and write one function of each.
Answer:
The pituitary gland weighs about 0.5 gm and is a pea-sized endocrine gland that lies on the ventral surface of the brain attached to the hypothalamus by a nervous stalk called the infundibulum.

It is called the master gland or conductor of the endocrine orchestra as several of its hormones control other endocrine glands directly. The hormones of the pituitary that influence other endocrine glands are called tropins or trophic hormones. However, the pituitary gland itself works under the influence of the hypothalamus through releasing factors. The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands by secreting hormones.

Based on origin, it is divided into two parts namely Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis.

I. Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary): It accounts for nearly 75% of the total weight of the gland. It is derived from the buccal cavity in the form of a projection called Rathke’s pouch.

Adenohypophysis is further divided into three regions: Pars distalis, Pars intermedia, and Pars tubular. Pars intermedia degenerates .during fetal development and occurs only as a small strip in adults. Pars tubular has no functional significance. Adenohypophysis cells secrete seven major hormones.

1. Somatotrophic hormone or Human growth hormone (STH or HGH): Promotes the growth of muscles. It stimulates the uptake of amino acids by tissues and their synthesis into proteins.

• Hypo secretion in childhood causes Pituitary dwarfism. Such an individual will be abnormally dwarf and is called a midget.
• Hypersecretion in childhood causes Pituitary gigantism. Such an individual will be abnormally tall.
• Hypersecretion in adolescence causes acromegaly which is characterized by the formation of disproportionately large hands, feet, cheekbones, jaws, etc.

2. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): Controls secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland and also regulates iodine intake by the thyroid gland.

• Hypo secretion leads to goiter, cretinism, and myxoedema.
• Hypo secretion leads to hyperthyroidism.

3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): It controls the( secretion of hormones (Cortisone) by the adrenal cortex.

• Hypersecretion of ACTH causes Cushing’s syndrome.
• Hypo secretion causes Addison’s disease.

4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): In females the induces growth and maturation of Graffian follicle and stimulates follicular secretion of estrogen. In males, it stimulates the testis to produce sperm.

5. Luteinizing Hormone or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (LH or ICSH): In females, it stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. In males, it stimulates interstitial cells in the testis to secrete testosterone.

Students can Download 1st PUC Biology Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (South), Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Previous Year Question Paper March 2015 (South)

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of four parts A, B, C, and D.
2. All the parts are compulsory.
3. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Unlabelled diagrams or illustrations do not attract any marks.

Part – A

Answer the following questions in one word / one sentence each: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
What is a taxon?
Answer:
Classification unit in Linnae& hierarchy ¡s called taxon.

Question 2.
Write the binomial name of the plant mango.
Answer:
Mangifera indica.

Question 3.
What is an actinomorphic flower?
Answer:
A flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the center.

Question 4.
Define a cell.
Answer:
The cell is the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

Question 5.
Name the proteins that are involved in the transport of molecules across the membrane.
Answer:
Porins.

Question 6.
Define solute potential.
Answer:
Decrease in water potential due to dissolution of solute into the solvent.

Question 7.
Which is the most abundant plant pigment present in the world?
Answer:
Chlorophyll-a.

Question 8.
What is chlorosis?
Answer:
Yellowing of leaf due to lack of chlorophyll pigment.

Question 9.
Name the cells present in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine that secretes mucus.
Answer:
Goblet Cells.

Question 10.
Name the hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland.
Answer:
Melatonin.

Part-B

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 3-5 sentences each, wherever applicable. (5 × 2 = 10)

Question 11.
Write the four universal rules of binomial nomenclature.
Answer:

1. Scientific names are, generally, written in Latin or derived from Latin, irrespective of their origin.
2. The scientific names are written in italics or underlined. The first word denotes the name of the genus, and the second word denotes the species.
3. The generic name starts with a capital letter, while the specific name starts with a small letter.
4. The name of the author is written in an abbreviated form after the specific name e.g. Mangifera Indica Linn.-indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.
5. The name should be short, precise, and easy to pronounce.

Question 12.
Name two symbiotic associations of Lichens.
Answer:
Algae and Fungi.

Question 13.
What are diploblastic animals? Name the phylum that exhibits diploblastic condition.
Answer:
Animals whose body wall is made up of two germ layers are called diploblastic animals. eg: Hydra.

Question 14.
Differentiate between the open and closed types of vascular bundles.
Answer:
Open type of vascular bundles:
If the cambium is present in between the xylem and phloem, then the vascular bundle is said to be open type. it is closed for secondary growth.

Closed type of vascular bundles:
If the cambium is absent in between the xylem and phloem, then the vascular bundle is said to be closed type.

Question 15.
Name four main types of tissues present in animals.
Answer:

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Neutral tissue

Question 16.
Mention four types of chromosomes based on the position of the centromere.
Answer:
I. Classification of chromosomes based on the number of centromeres:
(a) Acentric chromosome: It is a chromosome without centromere.
(b) Monocentric chromosome: Here there is one centromere to hold the chromatids together.
(c) Iiiceiitric chromosome: It is the presence of two centromeres in a chromosome.
(d) Polycentric chromosome: It is more than three centromeres in a chromosome.

II. Classification of chromosomes based on the position of centromere:
(a) Metacentric type: Here the centromere is exactly at the center of two chromatids. it looks V-shaped during anaphase.
(b) Sub metacentric type: Here the entrance is eccentric in position so that one of the chromatids is long and the other is shorter. It looks L – shaped during anaphase.
(c) Acrocentric type: Here the centromere is almost towards one end of the chromatid to form a very long arm and another very short arm. It looks hook-shaped during anaphase.
(d) Telocentric type: Here the centromere is towards one end of the chromatid such that one chromatid is only present. It looks rod-shaped during anaphase.

III. Classification of chromosomes based on their functions:
(a) Autosomes[AA]: They are also called somatic chromosomes that control body characteristics.
(b) Allosomes IX or VI: They are also called sex chromosomes that determine the gender of an individual.

Functions of chromosomes:

1. Chromosomes are very important in the higher animals for the phenomenon of sex determination.
2. Chromosomes play an active role in the metabolic process of a cell.
3. They carry the heredity information from parents to offspring ¡n the form of genes.

Question 17.
Give the meaning of the terms (a) Photoperiodism (b) Vernalisation
Answer:
Photoperiodism:
Plants, in order to flower, require a particular day length or light period called photoperiod, and the response of the plants to photoperiod in terms of flowering is called photoperiodism.

Photoperiodism was first studied by W.W. Garner, and HA. Allard.
Based on their photoperiodic responses, plants are classified into the following groups:

1. Long Day Plants: These flower in photoperiod more than critical day length. eg: Wheat, oats, etc.
2. Short Day Plants: These flower in photoperiod less than critical day length. e.g: Tobacco, Chrysanthemums, etc.
3. Day Neutral Plants: These are the plants that are not influenced by the dûration of light for their flowering. e.g: Tomato, cucumbër, cotton, etc.

Vernalisation:
Besides correct photoperiod, somç plants require low-temperature treatment for flowering. This treatment is known as vernalization.

Vernalization prevents precocious reproductive development late in the growing season and enables the plant to have sufficient time to reach maturity.

Certain food plants like wheat, barley, and rye have two varieties called,

1. Spring variety, and
2. Winter variety.

The spring variety is planted in spring, and it completes the lifecycle before the growing season.
The winter variety ¡s normally planted in autumn or spring and is harvested by mid-summer.

Question 18.
Name two kinds of contractile proteins present in myofibrils.
Answer:
(i) Actin
(ii) Myosin

PART-C

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 40-80 words each, wherever applicable: (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 19.
Sketch and label the structure of the chloroplast.
Answer:

Electron microscopic structure of the chloroplast

Question 20.
How would you identify the following stages of meiosis-I?
(a) Leptotene (b) Zygotene (c) Pachytene
Answer:
(a) Leptotene: Chromosomes are clearly visible as they undergo condensation.
(b) Zygotene: Two identical chromosomes are pairing called synapsis.
(c) Pachytene: Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Question 21.
What are proteins? Name the most abundant protein present in plants and animals.
Answer:
Proteins are polypeptides made up of a chain of amino acids.
Abundant proteins found in
Plants – RUBISCO / RUBP Carboxylase
Animals – Collagen

Question 22.
Explain three phases of the sigmoid curve.
Answer:
Growth Curve:
The curve obtained when the growth in size or weight or on entire pLant or its individual parts is plotted against time is called the growth curve. It is always ‘S’ or sigmoid in shape. it shows three distinct phases namely.

1. Lag phase.
2. Log phase.
3. Steady phase.

1. Lag phase: This is the initial stage where the growth rate is very slow. But it gradually increases with time.
2. Log phase: In this phase, the rate of growth is very rapid. The plant shows a high rate of growth and reaches maximum height. Hence this phase is called the exponential phase or grand period of growth.
3. Steady phase or stationary phase: This is the last phase in which plants show no growth. Therefore the growth curve becomes almost horizontal.

Question 23.
Give the meaning of the terms (a) Antiport (b) Osmosis (c) Guttation
Answer:
(a) Antiport: Movement of molecules across the membrane in both directions.
(b) Osmosis: It is a special type of diffusion in which only the solvent or water molecules move from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
(c) Guttation: The loss of water in liquid form through specialized structures called water stomata or hydathodes is called guttation.

Question 24.
Describe briefly the digestion of three types of food by the enzymes of the pancreas.
Answer:

Question 25.
Name the three layers of cranial meninges present between skull and brain.
Answer:
(a) Outer Dura mater.
(b) lyiiddle Arachnoidmater
(c) Inner Pia mater

Question 26.
(a) Mention the types of antigen and antibody present in different blood groups of man.
Answer:

(b) What is uremia?
Answer:
Uraemia is a condition, where urea gets accumulated in the blood due to the failure of nephrons in the kidney.

Part-D (Section – I).

I. Answer any FOUR of the following questions in 200-250 words each. (4 × 5 = 20)

Question 27.
Write five general characteristic features of bryophytes.
Answer:

1. They are non-vascular plants, exhibiting amphibious habitats.
2. The gametophytic phase of the life cycle is representeð by multicellular, haploid thallus, which is called gametophyte.
3. Gametophytic plant body bearing male and female sex organs, represents the dominant phase of life cycle unlike in higher plants.
4. The gametophyte is autotrophic and independent in nature.
5. The gametophyte produces sex organs, the antheridia and the archegonia which are multicellular.
   Antheridia may be embedded within the thallus or may be specifically located at the tips of the gametophyte. It produces biciliate curved antherozoids.

Archegonia is a flask-like structure, it bears a basal bulbous vendor and a narrow, hallow structure at it is summit called the neck. Within the venter, the female gamete or egg is situated along with a venter canal cell. The neck shows neck cells, neck canal cells, and cover cells.

Question 28.
Sketch and label the alimentary canal of the cockroach.
Answer:

Question 29.
Classify enzymes into five types based on the type of reactions they catalyze.
Answer:
Classification of enzymes:

• Oxidoreductases: Act on many chemical groupings to add or remove hydrogen atoms.
• Transferases: Transfer functional groups between donor and acceptor molecules. Kinases are specialized transferases that regulate metabolism by transferring phosphate from ATP to other molecules. ,
• Hydrolases: Add water across a bond, hydrolyzing it.
• Lyases: Add water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide across double bonds, or remove these elements to produce double bonds.
• Isomerases: Carry out many kinds of isomerization: L to D isomerizations. Mutase reactions (shifts of chemical groups) and others.
• Ligases: Catalyze reactions in which t chemical groups are joined (or ligated) with the use of energy from ATP.

Question 30.
Explain the major events of the photochemical phase of photosynthesis.
Answer:
It is a totally light-dependent process.
It includes:
(a) Photoexcitation of chlorophyll.
(b) Photo phosphorylation – cyclic and noncyclic.
(c) Photolysis of water (photoionization of water).

(a) Photoexcitation of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy as photons. Photoexcited chlorophyll ejects energized electrons, and becomes positively charged, and remains unstable. It regains stability only when its lost electrons are replaced.

(b) Photo phosphorylation:
The extra energy of ejected electrons during photoexcitation is used for phosphorylation of ADP into ATP1-Ìence it is called photophosphorylation. It is of two types namely,
(a) Cyclic Photophosphorylation
(b) Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation.

(a) Cyclic Photophosphorylation: It is a cyclic path of electrons expelled from chlorophyll through a series of substrates that are arranged in a suitable oxidation-reduction potential. The energy in the electrons is used for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

In PS I the absorbed photons of light excite chlorophyll-a 700 to eject energized electrons on makes it positively charged and unstable. Electrons pass through the sequence → FRS → FD → Cyt b6 → Cytf → PC and generate ATP at two places. Finally, an electron from PC returns to chi-a restoring its stability.

(b) Non-cyclic Photo phosphorylation:
1. It is the noncyclic path of electrons from PS Il, and PS Ito release ATP and NADPH2, with the help of protons and electrons from photolysis of water

2. In PS I the absorbed photons of light excite chlorophyll-a 100 to eject energized electrons which pass through FRS, FD, and finally get locked up with NADP which becomes negatively charged, and partially reduced, while PSI becomes positively charged and unstable.

3. At the same time in PS II, the absorbed photons of light excite chlorophyll-a 680 to eject energized electrons which pass through in sequence, pheophytin, PQ, to b6, cytf, plastocyanin, and generate ATP. The electrons finally join P.S Ito replace its lost electrons and restore its stability. Now P.S Il becomes positively charged, and unstable. Meanwhile, electrons of photolyzed water join with PS Jito to replace its lost electrons and restore its stability. Protons join with the already ionized NADP and complete its reduction to NADPH₂.

Question 31.
Write the schematic representation of glycolysis.
Answer:
It occurs ¡n the cytoplasm of the cell.
It is an enzymatic reaction, thus temperature sensitive.
It ¡s a common reaction for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Question 32.
Describe the mechanism of breathing.
Answer:
It is a process of intake of oxygen and leaving out carbon dioxide from the lungs. The mechanism of breathing involves.
1. Inspiration (Inhalation): It is the process of drawing air into the lungs from the outside atmosphere (intake of air). During this process, muscles of the diaphragm contract, which increases the length of the thorax. In meanwhile intercostal muscles also contract, pulling the ribs outward. This phenomenon increases the width of the thorax, resulting in the expansion of the lungs. As a consequence pulmonary pressure falls. So oxygen-rich air rushes into the lungs and fills alveoli.

2. Exchange of gases: The alveoli are closely surrounded by a thin wallet! epithelium, having a capillary network. The oxygen is under high pressure in alveoli, because of its higher concentration. Similarly, carbon dioxide concentration and pressure will be more in the capillaries containing impure blood.

So, the exchange occurs by diffusion through the capillary walls. The oxygen is drawn into the blood, and carbon dioxide is pushed into the alveoli.

3. Expiration (exhalation): lt is the process of throwing out carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside. During this process, muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax causing the collapse of the rib cage. This decreases the volume of the thorax and lungs.

As a consequence pulmonary pressure increases. So, the carbon dioxide-rich air of the alveoli is drawn out through the respiratory passage.

Section – II

II. Answer any THREE of the following questions in 200-250 words each, wherever applicable. (5 × 3 = 15)

Question 33.
(a) Assign the following animals to their respective phylum. (3M)
(i) Comb jellies
(ii) Pila
(iii) Planaria
(iv) Ascaris
(v) Starfish
(vi) Sycon.
Answer:
(i) Ctenophora
(ii) Mollusca
(iii) Platybelminthes
(iv) Aschelminthes
(v) Echinodermata
(vi) Porifera

(b) Describe four important features of Aves.
Answer:

1. Presence of feathers.
2. Presence of pneumatic bones: Pneumatic bones are long hollow bones with air cavities.
3. Forelimbs are modified into wings to help in flight.
4. Hind limbs generally have scales helping them to clasp the prey in-flight or a tree branch.
5. Excretion of uric acid and feces is through a single opening, and excretion uses a very little amount of water, to reduce body weight.
6. An aerodynamically built body helps in flying (by reducing friction).

Question 34.
What is aestivation? Mention any four types with one example for each.
Answer:
The mode of arrangement of sepals, petals, or even tepals in a flower bud is called aestivation. The different kinds of aestivation are as follows:
1. Valvate aestivation: When sepals, petals, or tepals are not overlapping.

2. Imbricate aestivation: When out of the total number of sepals. petals or tepals, one is completely out, one is completely in and the rest are in and out.

3. Descending imbricate aestivation: When the standard petals are large and overlap the two wing petals, which in turn overlap the keel petals. It is technically known as vexillary aestivation.

Note: It is characteristic of the members of the subfamily Papilionoideae (Papilionaceae). e.g: Pea, Bean, Indigofera, Tephrosia, etc.

4. Ascending imbricate aestivation: When the small standard petal is completely ¡n and is overlapped by the lateral wing petals which in turn are overlapped by the keel petals.

Note: It is characteristic of sub-family Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpinae).
eg: Caesalpinia puicherhima, Delonix regia, etc.

Question 35.
With the schematic representation explain Calvin Cycle.
Answer:
It occurs in the grana of the chloroplast.
It utilizes the assimilatory powers i.e., ATP and NADPH₂ produced in light reaction.

Steps:

1. Phosphorylation
2. Carbon dioxide fixation
3. Phosphorylation and reduction.
4. Regeneration and RUMP
5. Glucose formation.

Note: To complete a Calvin cycle, 18 ATPs and 12 NADPH₂ molecules are required.

Question 36.
Sketch and label the structure of the nephron.
Answer:

Question 37.
What is ECG? Explain it with the graphical presentation of a standard ECG
Answer:
ECG has 5 waves or deflections which are conventionally designated as PQRST. The five waves have a horizontal part in the beginning as well as inside. It is called isopotential or baseline. PR and T waves lie above the horizontal line. They are called positive waves. Q and S waves lie below the horizontal line and are therefore called negative waves. P represents the development of action potential at the sinoatrial node and the spread of impulse throughout the atria.

The atrial muscles become depolarized. After a fraction of a second, the next complex of QRS begins with a small downward or negative reflection of Q. QRS represents depolarization of atrial muscles and depolarization of ventricular muscles. Its different components are PQ, QR, and RS. PQ indicates contraction of atria.

QR provides information about the spread of cardiac impulses from the SA node to the AV node. RS gives information about the spread of impulse from the AV node to Purkinje fibers and ventricular depolarization. It initiates the contraction of the ventricles. The ventricular contraction continues during the ST part. It is followed by the relaxation of ventricles and the development of the repolarisation wave.

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Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 3 निन्दा रस

निन्दा रस Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

Ninda Ras Notes KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 1.
धृतराष्ट्र की भुजाओं में कौनसा पुतला जकड़ा गया था?
उत्तर:
धृतराष्ट्र की भुजाओं में भीम का पुतला जकड़ा गया था।

Ninda Ras KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 2.
पिछली रात ‘क’ ‘ग’ के साथ बैठकर क्या करता रहा?
उत्तर:
पिछली रात ‘क’ ‘ग’ के साथ बैठकर निंदा करता रहा।

Ninda Ras Question And Answer KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 3.
कुछ लोग आदतन क्या बोलते हैं?
उत्तर:
कुछ लोग आदतन झूठ बोलते हैं।

Ninda Ras Class 11 Notes KSEEB Solution प्रश्न 4.
लेखक के मित्र के पास दोषों का क्या है?
उत्तर:
लेखक के मित्र के पास दोषों का ‘केटलाग’ है।

Ninda Ras Answers KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 5.
लेखक के मन में किसके प्रति मैल नहीं रहा?
उत्तर:
लेखक के मन में अपने निंदक मित्र के प्रति मैल नहीं रहा।

Ninda Ras Class 11 KSEEB Solution प्रश्न 6.
निन्दकों की जैसी एकाग्रता किनमें दुर्लभ है?
उत्तर:
निन्दकों की जैसी एकाग्रता भक्तों में दुर्लभ है।

Ninda Ras Hindi Notes KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 7.
मिशनरी निन्दक चौबीसों घंटे निन्दा करने में किस भाव से लगे रहते हैं?
उत्तर:
मिशनरी निन्दक चौबीसों घंटे निन्दा करने में पवित्र भाव से लगे रहते हैं।

Ninda Ki Mahima Ka Varnan Kijiye KSEEB Solution Class 11 प्रश्न 8.
निन्दा, निन्दा करनेवालों के लिए क्या होती है?
उत्तर:
निन्दा, निन्दा करनेवालों के लिए टॉनिक होती है।

प्रश्न 9.
निन्दा का उद्गम किससे होता है?
उत्तर:
निन्दा का उद्गम ‘हीनता’ और ‘कमजोरी’ से होता है।

प्रश्न 10.
कौन बड़ा ईर्ष्यालु माना जाता है?
उत्तर:
इन्द्र बड़ा ईर्ष्यालु माना जाता है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
“निंदा रस’ पाठ के लेखक कौन है?
उत्तर:
‘निंदा रस’ पाठ के लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।

प्रश्न 12.
कौन कई महीने बाद आये थे?
उत्तर:
‘क’ कई महीनों बाद आये थे।

प्रश्न 13.
किस प्रकार का निंदक बड़ा दुःखी होता है?
उत्तर:
ईर्ष्या-द्वेष से प्रेरित निंदक बड़ा दुखी रहता है।

प्रश्न 14.
मनुष्य किससे दबता है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य अपनी हीनता से दबता है।

प्रश्न 15.
किसने ‘निंदा सबद रसाल’ कहा है?
उत्तर:
‘सूरदास’ ने ‘निंदा सबद रसाल’ कहा है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
धृतराष्ट्र का उल्लेख लेखक ने क्यों किया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक के मित्र ‘क’ ने जब हर्ष के साथ मिलने का झूठा बहाना किया तो लेखक को उसके व्यवहार पर शक हो गया। क्योंकि वह सच्चे मन से खुश नहीं था। इसलिए लेखक ने धृतराष्ट्र का उल्लेख किया कि उसने भीम को दिखावे की खुशी में अपने पास बुलाया, जब कि मन में सोचा कुछ और थी।

प्रश्न 2.
निन्दा की महिमा का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
निन्दक लोग जहाँ कहीं इकट्ठे हो जाते हैं, वहाँ वे दूसरों की निन्दा में इतने तन्मय हो जाते हैं कि उन्हें अन्यों की चिन्ता ही नहीं होती। जितनी एकाग्रता और तन्मयता कोई भक्त भी भगवान के ध्यान में नहीं लगाता हो, उतनी ये निन्दा करने में लगा देते हैं। निन्दकों की-सी एकाग्रता, परस्पर आत्मीयता, निमग्नता भक्तों में दुर्लभ है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘मिशनरी’ निन्दक से लेखक का क्या तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
मिशनरी निन्दक से लेखक का तात्पर्य उन निंदकों से है जो पूरी पवित्र भावना से निन्दा के कार्य में लगे रहते हैं। उनका किसी से वैर नहीं, द्वेष नहीं। वे किसी का बुरा नहीं सोचते। पर चौबीसों घंटे वे निंदा कार्य में बहुत पवित्र भाव से लगे रहते हैं। उनकी नितांत निर्लिप्तता, निष्पक्षता इसी से मालूम होती है कि वे प्रसंग आने पर अपने आप की पगड़ी भी उसी आनंद से उछालते हैं जिस आनंद से अन्य लोग दुष्मनों की। निन्दा इनके लिए ‘टॉनिक’ होती है।

प्रश्न 4.
निन्दकों के संघ के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
जिस प्रकार मजदूरों की ट्रेड-यूनियन होती है, वैसे निन्दकों का भी एक संघ होता है। संघ के सदस्य इधर-उधर की खबरें लाकर, संघ को सौंपते हैं। यह कच्चा माल माना जाता है। संघ इसे पक्का माल बनाकर, सभी सदस्यों को इस तरह बाँटते हैं, जैसे उनकी दृष्टि में वह ‘बहुजन-हिताय’ कार्य हो।

प्रश्न 5.
ईर्ष्या-द्वेष से प्रेरित निन्दकों की कैसी दशा होती है?
उत्तर:
बुरे कर्मों में लगे व्यक्ति कभी सुखी नहीं हो सकते। वही स्थिति निन्दकों की होती है। इनका अधिकांश समय ईर्ष्या, द्वेष से युक्त निन्दा करने में लगा रहता है। जैसे रात को कुत्ता चाँद को देखकर भौंकता है, वैसे ही निन्दक भौंकता है।

प्रश्न 6.
निन्दा को पूँजी बनानेवालों के बारे में लेखक ने क्या कहा है?
उत्तर:
जिन लोगों के पास निन्दा के अलावा और कोई दूसरी सम्पत्ति नहीं होती। वे लोग इसी पूँजी या सम्पत्ति से अपना कारोबार बढ़ाते रहते हैं। उनका यह कलंकित कार्य ही उनकी प्रतिष्ठा मानी जाती है। वे सदा उसी का पारायण करते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
‘निन्दा रस’ निबंध का आशय अपने शब्दों में स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
निन्दक निन्दा करके ‘निन्दा-रस’ का आनन्द लेता है। निन्दक दूसरों की निन्दा में सुख भोगता है। निन्दा के भी नमूने हैं। जैसे- कुछ लोग ईर्ष्या से निन्दा करते हैं, कुछ अपनी प्रसिद्धि के लिए निन्दा करते हैं, कुछ बिना कारण से ही निन्दा करते हैं। ऐसे लोगों के स्वभाव का उजागर करना ही लेखक का उद्धेश्य है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 8.
लेखक अपने मित्र मिस्टर ‘क’ के बारे में क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
परसाई जी ‘क’ के बारे में कहते हैं कि वे कई महीने बाद आये थे। उनके मित्र ने उन्हें बताया कि ‘क’ अपनी ससुराल आया है और ‘ग’ के सामने तुम्हारी दो-तीन घंटे निंदा करता रहा। लेकिन जब ‘क’ लेखक से मिलने आता है तो झूठ कहता है- ‘अभी सुबह की गाड़ी से उतरा और एकदम तुमसे मिलने चला आया।’ आते ही झूठ बोला। उसने आते ही ‘ग’ की निन्दा आरंभ कर दी। उसने ‘ग’ की ऐसे गाढ़े काले तारकोल से तस्वीर खींची कि मैं यह सोचकर काँप उठा कि ऐसी ही काली तस्वीर मेरी ‘ग’ के सामने इसने कल शाम को खींची होगी।

प्रश्न 9.
निंदा के उद्गम के बारे में हरिशंकर परसाई जी के विचार क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
परसाई जी कहते हैं कि निन्दा का उद्गम ही हीनता और कमजोरी से होता है। मनुष्य अपनी ही हीनता से दबता है। वह दूसरों की निन्दा करके ऐसा अनुभव करता है कि वे सब निकृष्ट है और वह उनसे अच्छा है। उसके अहं की इससे तुष्टि होती है। बड़ी लकीर को कुछ मिटाकर ही छोटी लंकीर बड़ी बनती है।

प्रश्न 10.
निंदा की प्रवृत्ति कैसे बढ़ती जाती है?
उत्तर:
जैसे-जैसे कर्म क्षीण होता जाता है वैसे-वैसे निन्दा की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ती जाती है। इन्द्र बड़ा ईर्ष्यालु माना जाता है, क्योंकि वह निठल्ला है। स्वर्ग में देवताओं को बिना उगाया अन्न, बे बनाया महल और बिन बोये फल मिलते हैं। बिना कर्म से उन्हें अप्रतिष्ठित होने का डर बना रहता है इसलिए कर्मशील, मेहनती मनुष्यों से उन्हें ईर्ष्या, जलन होने लगती है। ऐसे कामचोर लोग ही निंदक में बदल जाते हैं।

III. निम्नलिखित वाक्य किसने किससे कहा?

प्रश्न 1.
“यार आजकल लोग तुम्हारे बारे में बहुत बुरा-बुरा कहते हैं।”
उत्तर:
संघ के एक अध्यक्ष ने अपने मित्र से कहा।

प्रश्न 2.
“वे अगर बंबई जा रहे हैं और उनसे पूछे तो वे कहेंगे कलकत्ता जा रहा हूँ।”
उत्तर:
एक रिश्तेदार ने लेखक से कहा।

प्रश्न 3.
“निंदा सबद रसाल।”
उत्तर:
सूरदास ने पाठकों से कहा है।

III. ससंदर्भ स्पष्टीकरण कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
आ बेटा, तुझे कलेजे से लगा लूँ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक का मित्र ‘क’ लेखक के साथ छल पूर्वक दिखावे की खुशी व्यक्त करते हुए यह वाक्य कहता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक सुबह की चाय पीकर अखबार देख रहे थे कि उनके एक मित्र तूफान की तरह कमरे में घुसकर उन्हें अपनी भुजाओं में जकड़ा तो उन्हें तो धृतराष्ट्र की भुजाओं में जकड़े भीम के पुतले की याद आ गयी। तब अंधे धृतराष्ट्र ने टटोलते हुए पूछा था “कहाँ है भीम? आ बेटा, तुझे कलेजे से लगा लूँ।”

प्रश्न 2.
अभी सुबह की गाड़ी से उतरा और एकदम तुमसे मिलने चला आया।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक को ज्ञात है कि वह कल रात ही आ गया था। लेकिन उसे अकारण ही झूठ बोलने की आदत है।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक जानता है कि ‘क’ तो कल रात ही आ गया था। वह झूठ बोल रहा है कि अभी-अभी गाड़ी से उतरकर सीधे उससे मिलने आया है। लेखक को ज्ञात है कि वह अकारण ही झूठ बोलता है और उसको झूठ बोलने की आदत पड़ गई है।

प्रश्न 3.
कुछ लोग बड़े निर्दोष मिथ्यावादी होते हैं।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक यह वाक्य पाठकों से कहता है कि कुछ लोग आदतन, स्वभाव के कारण झूठ बोलते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : कुछ लोग हमेशा झूठ बोलते हैं। इससे उनको कोई लाभ भी नहीं होता, फिर भी झूठ बोलेंगे। ऐसे लोगों को लेखक ने निर्दोष मिथ्यावादी कहा है।

प्रश्न 4.
निन्दा का उद्गम ही हीनता और कमजोरी से होता है।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक कहता हैं कि निन्दा करने वाले ज्यादातर ईर्ष्या वश किसी की निन्दा करते हैं, उनमें हीनता की भावना होती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक कहते हैं कि हीनता और कमजोरी की भावना से निन्दा की उत्पत्ति होती है। ऐसे लोग सदा दूसरों की बुराई करते हैं। ऐसे लोग अपने को अच्छा और दूसरों को बुरा मानते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
ज्यों-ज्यों कर्म क्षीण होता जाता है त्यों-त्यों निन्दा की प्रवृत्ति बढ़ती जाती है।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक यहाँ निन्दा करने वालों के स्वभाव के बारे में कह रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : निखटू आदमी हीन भावनाओं से ग्रसित हो जाता है। तब वह केवल निन्दा करना ही अपना परम कर्तव्य समझने लगता है। धीरे-धीरे उसकी वह आदत बढ़ती जाती है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
“बड़ा खराब ज़माना आ गया है”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : परसाई जी निंदकों के चरित्र को उजागर कर रहे हैं। किसी को भी बदनाम करना वे अपना जीवन उद्देश्य बना लेते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : कुछ लोगों की आदत दूसरों की निन्दा करके स्वयं को संत साबित करने की होती है। उनके जीवन की एकमात्र पूँजी ही निन्दा होती है। परसाई कहते हैं- आप इनके पास बैठिए तो वे कहना शुरु करते हैं ‘बड़ा खराब जमाना आ गया है। तुमने सुना? फलाँ और अमुक…।’ अर्थात् यह लोग किसी के मिलते ही जिस-तिस की सत्य कल्पित कलंक कथा सुनाना शुरू कर देते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
“इस प्रकार का निंदक बड़ा दुःखी होता है।”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं। ।
संदर्भ : परसाई जी कहते हैं कि मिशनरी निंदकों के अलावा दूसरों की प्रगति से जलकर निंदा करने वाला वर्ग भी होता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : परसाई जी कहते हैं कि मिशनरी भाव से निन्दा करने वाले व्यक्तियों के अलावा एक और वर्ग होता है जो ईर्ष्या-द्वेष से प्रेरित निन्दा करता है। दूसरों की प्रगति से, कर्म से उसमें ईर्ष्या का भाव पैदा होता है। परसाई जी कहते हैं इस प्रकार का निन्दक बड़ा दुःखी होता है। वह ईर्ष्या-द्वेष से दिन-रात जलता रहता है। फिर वह दूसरों की निन्दा करके कुछ शान्ति का अनुभव करता है। ऐसा निन्दक बड़ा दयनीय होता है।

प्रश्न 8.
“अद्भुत है मेरा मित्र। उनके पास दोषों का ‘केटलाग’ है।”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : लेखक यहाँ निन्दक की निन्दा करने की क्षमता के बारे में बता रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : लेखक का एक मित्र निन्दा करने में माहिर है। वह अपनी ससुराल पिछले दिन आया हुआ है लेकिन लेखक को मिलते ही कहता है ‘अभी सुबह की गाड़ी से उतरा हूँ और तुमसे मिलने चला आया।’ उसने आते ही ‘ग’ की निन्दा आरंभ कर दी। लेखक तब कहता है, ‘अद्भुत है मेरा यह मित्र। उसके पास दोषों का ‘केटलाग’ है। मैंने जिसका भी नाम लिया उसको निन्दा की तलवार से काटता चला गया।

प्रश्न 9.
“बड़ी लकीर को कुछ मिटाकर छोटी लकीर बड़ी लकीर बनती है।”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत वाक्य में लेखक बता रहे हैं कि किस तरह निन्दक अपनी हीनता को छिपाने के लिए परनिंदा को अग्रसर होते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : परसाई जी कहते हैं कि जो व्यक्ति किसी बात में अक्षम होता है तो इससे उसमें एक हीनता-बोध की भावना बैठ जाती है। ऐसे में अपनी कमजोरी को छिपाने के लिए वह दूसरों की निन्दा करता है। इससे उसके मन को संतुष्टि होती है कि बाकी सब बेवकूफ है, निकृष्ट हैं और वह उनसे अच्छा है। तब लेखक कहते हैं, ‘बड़ी लकीर को कुछ मिटाकर छोटी लकीर बड़ी बनती है। ऐसा कार्य कर्महीन व्यक्ति ही करता है।

प्रश्न 10.
“यह फुरसत का काम है, इसलिए जिनके पास कुछ और करने को नहीं होता, वे इसे बड़ी खूबी से करते हैं।”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत गद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘निन्दा रस’ नामक पाठ से लिया गया है। इसके लेखक हरिशंकर परसाई हैं।।
संदर्भ : लेखक बता रहे हैं कि जिन लोगों के पास कोई काम नहीं होता वे झूठी खबरे फैलाने का काम करते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : परसाई जी कह रहे हैं कि आजकल निन्दकों के भी संघ बन गए हैं। संघ के सदस्य जहाँ तहाँ से खबरे लाते हैं और अपने संघ के प्रधान को सौंपते हैं। संघ का प्रधान इसमें नमक मिर्च लगाकार दूसरों को बाँटने का काम करता है। लेखक कहते हैं- यह फुरसत का काम है, इसलिए जिनके पास कुछ और करने को नहीं होता, वे इसे बड़ी खूबी से करते हैं।

IV. कोष्ठक में दिए गये उचित शब्दों से रिक्त स्थान भरिएः

(पूँजी, ईर्ष्या-द्वेष, भेद-नाशक, पुतला, तूफान)

प्रश्न 1.
सुबह चाय पीकर अखबार देख रहा था कि वे ………… की तरह कमरे में घुसे।
उत्तरः
तूफान

प्रश्न 2.
छल का धृतराष्ट्र अब आलिंगन करे, तो …………. ही आगे बढ़ाना चाहिए।
उत्तरः
पुतला

प्रश्न 3.
निन्दा का ऐसा ही ………… अँधेरा होता है।
उत्तरः
भेद-नाशक

प्रश्न 4.
……….. से प्रेरित निन्दा भी होती है।
उत्तरः
ईर्ष्या-द्वेष

प्रश्न 5.
निन्दा कुछ लोगों की ………. होती है।
उत्तरः
पूँजी।

V. ‘वाक्य शुद्ध कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
ऐसी मौके पर हम अक्सर अपने पुतले को अंधकार में दे देते हैं।
उत्तरः
ऐसे मौके पर हम अक्सर अपने पुतले को अंधकार में दे देते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
पर वह मेरी दोस्त अभिनय में पूरा है।
उत्तरः
पर वह मेरा दोस्त अभिनय में पूरा है।

प्रश्न 3.
निन्दा का ऐसी ही महिमा है।
उत्तरः
निन्दा की ऐसी ही महिमा है।

प्रश्न 4.
आपके बारे में मुझसे कोई भी बुरी नहीं कहता।
उत्तरः
आपके बारे में मुझसे कोई भी बुरा नहीं कहता

प्रश्न 5.
सूरदास ने इसलिए ‘निन्दा सबद रसाल’ कही है।
उत्तरः
सूरदास ने इसलिए ‘निन्दा सबद रसाल’ कहा है।

VI. अन्य लिंग रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
पुतला, मजदूर, बेटा, पति, स्त्री।
उत्तरः

• पुतला – पुतली
• मजदूर – मजदूरनी
• बेटा – बेटी
• पति – पत्नी
• स्त्री – पुरुष

VII. अन्य वचन रूप लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
भुजा, कथा, दुश्मन, घंटा, कमरा, कविता, लकीर।
उत्तरः

• भुजा – भुजाएँ
• कथा – कथाएँ
• दुश्मन – दुश्मन
• घंटा – घंटे
• कमरा – कमरे
• कविता – कविताएँ
• लकीर – लकीरें

VIII. मुहावरेः

• गले लगाना = आलिंगन करना
• बेईमानी करना = धोखा देना
• कल्लोल करना = शोर मचाना।

निन्दा रस लेखक परिचयः

हरिशंकर परसाईजी हिन्दी साहित्य क्षेत्र के सुप्रसिद्ध हास्य-व्यंग्य साहित्यकार थे। उनका जन्म होशंगाबाद जिले के जमानी नामक स्थान में 22 अगस्त 1924 ई. में हुआ था। प्रारंभिक विद्याभ्यास मध्य प्रदेश में हुई। बाद में नागपुर विश्वविद्यालय से हिन्दी में एम.ए. किया। आप अध्यापन कार्य में कुशल थे। परसाई जी नियमित रूप से ‘साप्ताहिक हिन्दुस्तान’, ‘धर्मयुग’ तथा अन्य पत्रिकाओं के लिए अपनी रचनाएँ लिखते रहे। आपका निधन 10 अगस्त 1995 ई. में हुआ।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ – कहानी संग्रह : ‘हँसते हैं, रोते हैं’, ‘जैसे उनके दिन फिरे’। उपन्यास : ‘रानी नागफनी की कहानी’, ‘तट की खोज’। निबंध संग्रह : ‘तब की बात और थी’, ‘भूत के पाँव पीछे’, ‘बेईमान की परत’, ‘पगडंडियों का जमाना’, ‘सदाचार का तावीज़’, ‘शिकायत मुझे भी है’, ‘और अन्त में।

निन्दा रस Summary in Hindi

हरिशंकर परसाई ने इस व्यंग्य रचना में समाज में फैले हुए अज्ञान, अहंकार, स्वार्थ, धोखा आदि का जोरदार खंडन किया है। इनकी रचनाओं में तीखा व्यंग्य अधिक होता है। इस लेख में लेखक ने निन्दा को नवरसों के समान एक रस माना है। उनका कहना है कि निन्दा रस में हर कोई डुबकियाँ लगाकर आनंद लेता है। उनकी दृष्टि में निन्दा रस की महिमा अपार है।

हरिशंकर परसाई कहते हैं कि उनका एक मित्र बिना बताए लेखक के घर पहुंचता है। दूसरे लोगों के बारे में घंटों तक अनाप-शनाप बककर चला जाता है। लेखक को उन लोगों से कोई वास्ता भी नहीं था। फिर भी वे अपने निन्दक मित्र की बकवास सुनते ही रहे।

लेखक का मित्र बड़ा विचित्र व्यक्ति है। उसके पास कई परिचित लोगों के दोषों का भंडार है। वह हर किसी के सामने दूसरे लोगों के अवगुणों की निन्दा करता रहता है। कई लोग उस निन्दा रस का आनन्द लेते हैं।

चार-पाँच निन्दकों को एक जगह बिठाकर उनकी टीका-टिप्पणी सुननी चाहिए। वे सब इतनी तल्लीनता के साथ, मजेदार भाषा में दूसरों की निन्दा करने लगते हैं कि कोई भी उस महफिल से उठने का नाम नहीं लेता। निन्दक महाशय दूसरों की निन्दा करने में अपने को धन्य मानते हैं। निन्दा करना इनके लिए एक ‘टॉनिक’ है। यह टॉनिक इनकी उम्र और ताकत को बढ़ाती है।

निन्दकों के भी संघ हैं। उन संघ के अध्यक्ष, उपाध्यक्ष, सचिव वगैरह पदाधिकारी भी हैं। इनमें अपने काम के प्रति लगन है, श्रद्धा है और प्रतिबद्धता भी है। निन्दकों का संगठन शक्ति और कार्य करने की पदधति निरुपम है।

जो लोग हीनता और कमजोरी के शिकार हैं, वे ही दूसरों की निन्दा करने लगते हैं। निन्दा करने से इनका कोई लाभ या प्रयोजन नहीं है; परन्तु निन्दा करने में ये बड़ा सुख और आनन्द पाते हैं।

निन्दा की महिमा अपार है, अपरंपार है। निन्दकों की निन्दा नहीं करनी चाहिए। महात्मा सूरदास जी ने कहा था – ‘निन्दा सबद रसाल’ अर्थात् निन्दा करना मीठे आम का स्वाद लेने के
लेखक कहते हैं कि निन्दकों के ‘धृतराष्ट्र आलिंगन’ से बचना बड़ा कठिन है। निन्दकों के चंगुल से कोई चतुर ही बच सकता है।

निन्दा रस Summary in Kannada

निन्दा रस Summary in English

This lesson by Harishankar Parsai is a strong condemnation of the ignorance, pride, selfishness and cheating prevalent in society. The criticism of Harishankar Parsai is generally scathing. Here, the author has considered criticism as one of the ‘Navarasas’. He believes that everyone takes a dip in criticism and enjoys it. In his opinion, the greatness of criticism is unbeatable.

Once, the author had an unexpected visit from his friend. The friend spent hours talking nonsense and criticizing others and then left. The author had nothing to do with the people his friend criticized. Despite this, he continued to listen to his friend’s criticism.

The author’s friend was a strange man. He had a great collection of the vices of his acquaintances. He would criticize the vices of other people behind their back. Many people enjoyed his criticism.

The author says that one must assemble four or five critics (such as his friend), and listen to their commentary and discussion. They begin to criticize others with such gracefulness and entertaining language, that one does not feel like leaving such an atmosphere. Such critics consider themselves blessed to be able to criticize others. Criticizing others is like a tonic for them. This tonic increases their lifespan and strength.

There are associations of critics. These associations have presidents, vice-presidents and members, who actually hold these posts. These people are dedicated and involved in their work. The unity and style of functioning of critics’ associations is unparalleled.

“Those who are victims of deprivation and weakness are the ones who begin to criticize others. Criticizing others does not benefit them in any way; however, these people take great pleasure in criticizing others.

The greatness of criticism is infinite; it is limitless. Therefore, one must not criticize critics. The great poet Surdas once said, “Ninda Sabada Rasaal”, meaning that criticizing is equal to eating a sweet mango.

The author says that escaping the ‘all-encompassing embrace’ of critics is a very difficult task. Only a clever person can escape the clutches of critics.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• निमग्न – लीन;
• साइक्लोन – तेज और धूल भरी चक्कर काटती हुई आँधी;
• उद्गम – प्रारम्भ;
• निकृष्ट – नीच;
• मिशनरी – लगन, तत्परता एवं निपुणता से कार्य करने की भावना की ओर संकेत;
• बहुजन हिताय – अधिकाधिक व्यक्तियों की भलाई के लिए;
• धृतराष्ट्र की जकड़ – जन्मांध धृतराष्ट्र की भुजाओं में बड़ी शक्ति थी;
• नागफनी – कँटीला पौधा, एक विशेष प्रकार का कैक्टस;
• धराशायी करना – पराजित करना, जमीन पर लिटाना;
• ट्रेड यूनियन – श्रमिकों के हितों की रक्षा के लिए संघर्ष करनेवाला श्रमिक संगठन;
• निठल्ला – बेकार;
• हरगिज – बिलकुल;
• अंकवार – गले लगाना, अंक पर बिठालेना (embrace);
• आदतन – अभ्यासबल;
• जघन्य – बुरा;
• तुष्टि – समाधान (satisfaction);
• पिलपिला – बहुत नरम।