2nd PUC Economics Notes Part A – Micro Economics
2nd PUC Economics Notes Part B – Macro Economics
→ Reproduction is one of the important characteristics of life. It is defined as a biological process in which an organism give rise to young ones (offsprings) similar to itself. The off-springs grow, mature and in turn produce new offsprings. Thus, there is a cycle of birth, growth and death. Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of life and to compensate for the loss of life due to death.
→ Each organism has evolved its own mechanism to multiply and produce offsprings. The reproduction is of two types – asexual and sexual. When an offspring is produced by a single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes, then the reproduction is called asexual, when two parents (of the opposite sex) or a bisexual organism participate in the reproductive process and involve fusion of male and female gametes, then it is called sexual reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction
The production of offsprings by single parent without the formation and fusion of gametes is called asexual reproduction. It is also known as agamogenesis or agamogeny.
The offsprings produced by sexual reproduction are identical and are also exact copies of their parents. A group of genetically identical offsprings produced from a single parent are called clone.
Note: However, members of a clone may differ genetically when there is mutation (a sudden heritable change).
Characteristics of Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction takes place in the following ways;
1. Binary Fission: In this process the parent organism divides into two halves, each half forms one independent daughter organism. Binary fission involves mitosis. Binary fission occurs in Amoeba – simple binary fission, Euglena and Vorticella – longitudinal binary fission, Paramoecium and Planaria-transverse binary fission, Ceratium – oblique binary fission.
2. Multiple Fission: In this process, the parent body divides into many daughter organisms. Multiple fission occurs in amoeba, plasmodium, monocystis (all protozoans).
3. Encystation & Sporulation: Under unfavourable conditions amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three layered hard covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation. When the favourable conditions return, the encysted amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many pseudopodiospores. Finally by the breakdown of cyst wall the spores are liberated into the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as sporulation.
4. Exogenous Budding: In this process, a daughter organism is formed from a small projection, the bud, arising from the parent body. An outgrowth or bud grows externally on the surface of the body. The bud may split away from the parent and take up an independent existence as in Hydra or it may remain attached and become a more or less independent member of the colony as in Sycon.
In yeast, the cell division is unequal and results in a large cell and a small cell, called bud which remains attached to the large cell; the bud gets separated and grows into an adult yeast.
5. Gemmule Formation: In fresh water sponges (e.g., spongilia) and a few marine sponges (except in Sycon), buds are formed within the parents body. They are called gemmules
(= internal buds).
6. Zoospores: The members of the Kingdom Fungi and simple plants such as algae (e.g., Chlamydomonas) reproduce through special motile reproductive structures called zoospores)
7. Conidia formation : Conidia are produced by Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc., are non-motile. Conidia are exogenous outgrowths borne on the tip of special hyphae called conidio phores.
Vegetative Propagation
In plants, the term vegetative propagation is frequently used to explain asexual reproduction.
Note: Besides the natural methods of vegetative propagation, human beings have developed several techniques for artificial vegetative propagation’of economic plants.
Natural Vegetative Propagation
A number of perennial plants propagate vegetatively in nature. Different vegetative parts such as roots, stems and leaves are variously modified to help in vegetative propagation in these plants.
1. Vegetative propagation by roots: The intact roots of many woody plants (such as Murraya sp., Albizia lebbek, Guava, Dalbergia sissoo), which are growing just below the ground develop adventitious buds. The buds put out shoots and produce new plants.
The roots of plants like sweet potato, dahlia, asparagus, dioscoria (yam), tapioca etc., are tuberous and store abundant of food materials. They bear adventitious buds and provide a means of vegetative propagation. The buds present on the roots grow into leafy shoots called slips. The young slips are detached from parent plants and grow separately.
2. Vegetative propagation by stems: In many plants, stem is the source of natural vegetative propagation.
It is of various types-Sub-aerial or creeping stems like runners (e.g., Cyndron – lawn grass), suckers (e.g., mint chrysanthemum), stolons (e.g., Fragaria – strawberry), offset (Eichhoria – water hyacinth) produce new shoots or crowns, which may break and give rise to independent plants.
Underground stems like rhizomes (e.g., ginger, turmeric, banana etc.), corms (colocasia, gladious, freesia, crocus etc.), bulbs (onion, garlic, narcissus etc.) and tubers (e.g., potato, artichoke etc.) possess buds to form new plants. Due to mechanical force or natural decay of older parts, underground stems may give rise to independent plants.
Stem segment of some aerial shoots such as opuntia, cacti etc., develops into new plants after falling on the ground.
Nice to know: Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant and is one of the most invasive weeds growing in standing waters. It is popularly known as ‘terror of Bengal’.
It drains oxygen from the water which leads to death of fishes. It can propagate vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the water body in a short period of time.
3. Vegetative propagation by leaves : Leaves are not a common mean of vegetative propagation in nature. In Bryophyllum diagremontianum, plantlets develop from the buds present on the marginal notches of the intact leaves. These plantlgts become detached arid develop into independent plants. On other species of Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe, new plants arise only when leaf is injured or detached.
4. Vegetative propagation through bulbils: Bulbils are fleshy buds, which develop into new plants after falling on the ground, e.g., Dioscorea, oxalis, pineapple.
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
In addition to the natural methods of vegetative propagation as described above, several artificial methods of vegetative propagation are practiced. Following are the importapt artificial methods of vegetative propagation:
1. Cutting: ‘The division of a portion of any plant organ such as stem, root or leaf used for vegetative propagation is called cutting. Stem cuttings are most commonly used for this purpose.
e.g. Sugarcane, grapes, cocoa, rose, bougainvillea, duranta and carnations etc.
Note: Stem cutting of some plants do not produce roots readily and have to be treated with a root promoting hormone such as IBA and NAA etc.
2. Layering: In this method of vegetative propagation, roots are induced on a stem branch, before it is detached from the parent plant for propagation. Once the roots are induced, the branch is detached from the main plant and transplanted to the desired place.
3. Grafting: It is a method of joining two different plants, so as to make them grow as one composite unit. Here, a twig from one plant is transplanted to a rooted plant of a different variety, of the same species. This brings organic connection between the two, bringing in best qualities of both. The branch that is inserted is known as graft or scion and the plant that is rooted to the soil is called stock.
Importance of vegetative propagation:
Vegetative propagation has a number of advantages. Some of these are as follows.
1. Vegetative propagation is the only known method of multiplication in plants like banana,
seedless grapes and oranges, rose and jasmine that have lost their capacity to produce seeds through sexual reproduction.
2. Plants like bermuda grass or doob grass (Cynodoridactylon), which produce only a small quantity of seeds are mostly propagated vegetatively.
3. Vegetative propagation is a more rapid, easier and a less expensive method of multiplying plants which have either poor seed viability or prolonged seed dormancy.
4. It also helps us to introduce plants in new areas where seed germination fails to produce plants due to change in the soil and environmental conditions.
5. The greatest advantage of vegetative propagation is that all plants produced will have the same characters and hereditaiy potential as the parent plants. It is not possible in the plants raised from seeds, since they contain blended characters of both the parents.
6. Grafting permits the physical and physiological joining of separate individuals for the best economic advantage i.e., good qualities of two varieties can be combined in one composite plant.
7. The good qualities of a race or variety can be preserved indefinitely.
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex. These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to form the new organism. Because of the fusion of male and female gametes, sexual reproduction results in offsprings that are not identical to the.parents or amongst themselves. Sexual reproduction is an elaborate, complex and slow process.
Note:
1. If both the male and female reproductive organs are present in the same individual then the condition is called monoecious and if present in separate individuals the condition is known as dioecious.
Sexual reproduction involves meiosis or reductional division during the formation of gametes.
2. Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction
| Asexual reproduction | Sexual reproduction |
| 1. Always uniparental. | 1. Can be biparental or uniparental. |
| 2. Occurs by zoospores, conidia, budding, fragmentation etc. | 2. Occurs by the fusion of haploid gametes |
| 3. Offsprings are genetically identical to the parents. | 3. Offsprings differ among themselves and from the parents. |
| 4. It is a faster process. | 4. It is a slow process. |
Similarities in pattern of sexual reproduction:
Although the diverse organisms (i.e., plants, animals to fungi, differ in external morphology, internal structure and physiology, they show more or less similar pattern of sexual reproduction.
1. Juvenile/vegetative Phase: All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in their life, before they can reproduce sexually. In animals, this period of growth is called the juvenile phase, while in plants it is known as vegetative phase.
2. Reproductive phase: The end of juvenile/vegetative phase is marked by the beginning of the next phase called reproductive phase.
In higher plants, the reproductive phase is marked by the onset of flowering.
In animals, the juvenile phase is followed by morphological and physiological changes prior to active reproductive behaviour. In several animals, including human beings, the reproductive maturity is marked by a number of changes that occur in their bodies.
3. Flowering/breeding seasons: There are some plants which flower throughout the year, while some others show seasonal flowering i.e., they flower during the same month year after year. A few plants exhibit unusual flowering phenomenon.
e.g: Bamboo species flower only once in their life time generally after 50-100 years. Strobilanthus kunthiana(neelakuranji) flowers once in 12 years.
Most animals do not breed throughout the year, instead they are seasonal breeders. For instance, birds living in nature lays eggs only seasonally.
During reproductive phase, the female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the ovarian and reproductive ducts.
In non-primate mammals like cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tiger etc., the cyclic changes during reproductive phase is called oestrus cycle.
In primate mammals like monkeys, apes and human beings, the cyclic changes during reproductive phase is called menstrual cycle.
Many, mammals are seasonal breeders, while a few are continuous breeders
4. Senescence (Aging): After reproductive maturity, all organisms enter into a senescent phase. This phase is characterised by gradual decrease in functional activities and cellular breakdown leading to the death of the organism.
Events in sexual reproduction:
There is a regular sequence of the events of sexual reproduction. These sequential events may be grouped into three distinct stages – the pre-fertilization, fertilization and the post fertilization events.
Pre-fertilization events:
These are the events which occurs prior to the fusion of gametes. Pre-fertilization events include gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
1. Gametogenesis: Gametogenesis is the process by which male and female sex cells or gametes are formed. Gametes are haploid cells. In some algae, the two gametes are similar in appearance (morphology) and are Called homogametes (=isogametes),. Such gametes cannot bp distinguished into male and female gametes. However, in majority of sexually reproducing organisms the gametes formed are of two morphologically distinct types, called heterogametes. In such organisms, the male gamete is called the antherozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg or ovum.
Sexuality in organisms: Organisms exhibit different strategies regarding their sexuality.
Plants may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant i.e. bisexual or homothallic or on different plants i.e., heterothallic or dioecious.
In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate i.e., bearing stamens, while female is pistillate bearing pistils.
e.g: Monoecious plants – cucurbits and coconuts
Dioecious plants – papaya and date palm.
In animals, bisexual animals are also known as hermaphrodites and unisexual animals are also known as homophrodites.
e.g: Hermaphrodite animals: Tapeworm, leech
Homophrodite animals: Cockroach
Several organisms belonging to monera, fungi, algae and bryophytes have haploid plant body but in organisms belonging to pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms andmost of the animals have diploid body.
In diploid organisms specialised cells called meiocytes undergo meiosis during gamete formation
2. Gamete transfer: When the male and female gametes are formed, they are physically brought together so as to facilitate their fusion. In most of the organisms, the male gamete is motile, whereas the female gamete is hon-motile or stationary.
In several simple plants like algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, water is the medium through which gamete transfer takes place.
In seed plants, pollen grains are the carries of male gametes and ovule have the egg. Pollen grains are transferred from the anthers on to the stigma by pollination.
Syngamy or Fertilization:
The fusion of gametes is called syngamy or fertilization. It results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
Parthenogenesis: It is interesting to note here that in some organisms, the female gametes develop into new organisms without fertilization. This phenomenon is termed as parthenogenesis (=virgin birth or virginal reproduction).
e.g., Rotifers (wheel animals), insects (e.g., honey bees, wasps, beetles, ants, aphids, grasshoppers)
Note: In liver fluke and some insects (e.g., gall fly), the larva produces a new generation of larvae by parthenogenesis. It is called paedogenetic parthenogenesis (Paedogenesis).
Site of Syngamy:
In many organisms which occur in aquatic habitats (e.g., algae, fishes and amphibians) syngamy occurs outside the body of the organism in the external medium i.e., in water. This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilization.
In most of the terrestrial organisms such as fungi, higher animals (such as reptiles, birds, mammals) and in a majority of plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms). Syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism. This type of gametic fusion is called internal fertilization.
| External fertilisation | Internal fertilization |
| When fusion of gametes (syngamy) occurs outside the body of the organism, it is called external fertilisation. | When fusion of gametes (syngamy) occurs inside the body of the organism, it is called internal fertilisation. |
| A laige number of gametes are released in the surrounding medium by such animals e.g., bony fishes, amphibians, etc. | The number of ova produced is less, but a large number of male gametes are formed, as many of them fail to reach the ova. e.g., birds, mammals, earthworm, etc. |
| Wastage of gametes takes place due to water currents. | No wastage of gametes. |
Post-fertilization events:
The events in sexual reproduction that occur after the formation of zygote are called post-fertilization events.
1. The zygote: In all sexually reproducing organisms, a diploid zygote is produced as a result of fertilization. Later, the zygote produces a new individual.
2. Embryogenesis: The process of development of embryo from zygote is called embryogenesis. During this process, zygote undergoes cell division (mitotic divisions) and cell differentiation.
3. Post-fertilisation events:
1. All those events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote, are called post fertilisation events.
2. Zygote is the vital link, that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and that ®f the next.
3. Development of zygote depends on,
4. In many algae and fungi, the zygote develops a thick wall around it and undergoes a period of rest during the unfavourable conditions, before germination at the return of favourable conditions.
5. In organisms showing haplontic life cycle, zygote undergoes meiosis, while in organisms showing diplontic or haplodiplontic life cycle,zygote undergoes mitosis.
6. The zygote develops into an embryo (embryogenesis).
7. Embryogenesis involves:
8. Depending on whether the development of zygote occurs inside or outside the body of the female organism (parent), animals are categorized as oviparous and viviparous.
| Oviparous animals | Viviparous animals |
| These are the animals which lay fertilised or unfertilised eggs. | These are the animals which give birth to young individuals. |
| The fertilised eggs have a calcareous shell to protect them from the harsh environment. | The eggs have no calcareous shell, as they are protected inside the mother’s body. |
| Development occurs outside the body of the parent animal. | Development occurs inside the body of female parent. |
| Chances of survival are less. | Chances of survival are more. |
9. In flowering plants, the zygote is formed inside the ovule, where it develops into the embryo; simultaneously the ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit.
10. The seeds germinate after they are dispersed from the fruit and they produce new plants.
2nd PUC Economics Important Questions with Answers Part A Micro Economics
2nd PUC Economics Important Questions with Answers Part B Macro Economics
I. Complete the following blanks with suitable answers:
Question 1.
In 1453, the Ottoman Turks occupied ____________ city.
Answer:
Constantinople
Question 2.
The sea route between India and Europe was discovered by ____________ .
Answer:
Vasco-da-Gama
Question 3.
The capital of French in India was ____________ .
Answer:
Pondicherry
Question 4.
In 1757, Robert Clive declared ____________ war over Sirajud-Daula.
Answer:
The Plassey
Question 5.
The Dewani rights over Bengal were handed over to British by ____________ .
Answer:
Sha-Alam-II
Question 6.
The dual government policy was implemented by ____________ in Bengal.
Answer:
Robert Clive,
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following:
Question 1.
How did trade take place between India and Europe during middle ages?
Answer:
Question 2.
Discuss the reasons that resulted ih the discovery of new sea route to India.
Answer:
The reasons that resulted in the discovery of new sea route to India are as follows:
The city of Constantinople was the centre of international business. The Ottoman Truks captured Constantinople in 1453, and the trade route through Constantinople came under their control. The Turks levied many taxes on goods passing through Constantinople. Hence, the merchants felt that the trade was not profitable.
In order to break the monopoly of trade by the Ottoman Turks, Spain and Portugal encouraged daring sailors to discover a sea route to India.
Moreover the invention of Compass, Astrolabes and Gunpowder encouraged the sailors and aided them in the search for a new sea route to India.
Eventually, Vasco-da-Gama; a Portuguese sailor, was the first to discover a sea-route to India through the Cape of Good Hope after landing in Kappadu near Calicut, on the East coast of Kerala, India in 1498.
Question 3.
Make a list of the Europeans who arrived in India to do business.
Answer:
The list of Europeans who arrived in India for business are :
Question 4.
Explain the Second Carnatic War.
Answer:
Causes: In 1.748 the Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah I died and a civil war of succession broke out among his relatives. Asaf Jah’s son and his daughters son Mujaffar Jung both contested the throne.
Mean while Chandasaheb, the dethroned Nawab of Carnatic, was released from the Maratha prison. A fight broke out between Chandasaheb and Anwarruddin the Nawab of Carnatic in Carnatic. The French supported Mujaffar Jung in Hyderabad and Chandasahib in Carnatic. The English supported Nasir Jung and Anwaruddin.
WARS: In 1749, the combined army of the French, Chandasaheb and Mujaffar Jung defeated Anwaruddin and killed him in the Battle of Ambur, Chandasaheb took over the throne of Carnatic.
Mohammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin stayed at Thiruchanappli, with the help of the British.
Meanwhile in Hyderabad, Mujaffar Jung killed Nasir Jung and ascended the throne of Hyderabad; with help of the French and Chandasaheb. But he was murdered in a few days.
The French helped Salabath Jung, another son of AsafJha to become the Nizam of Hyderabad and appointed an officer named Bussi, to protect him.
Robert Clive of the East India Company attacked Arcot, the capital of Carnatic arid killed Chandasaheb. The English made Mohammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin as the Nawab of Carnatic.
RESULT:
Question 5.
State the reasons and results of Plassey war.
Answer:
BATTLE OF PLASSEY (1757)
CAUSES (REASONS)
The British had slowly gained political control over South India and tried to control Bengal province in the later part of 18th C.
The Dastakths ((Licences) issued by the Mughal ruler of Bengal, Faruk Shiara helped the English East India Company to make huge profits.
The Dastakths were misued by the individual officers of East India Company which resulted in huge loss to the Bengal Government.
Nawabs Murashid Ali Khan and Ali Wardhikhan opposed such misuses, which led to confrontation between them and the company
Meanwhile, Aliwardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 and his grandson Siraj-ud-daula ascended the throne. The Battle of Plassey took place between Siraj-ud- Daula and the British Because of:
Reasons:
1. Misuse of Dastakaths: Siraj-ud- Daula was furious that the Dastakaths were misused by the officials of the company incurring losses to the government treasury.
2. Mending of the fort without permission : The British repaired the fort of Calcutta and placed canons in them. This further angered Siraj-ud-Daula and he ordered the removal of canons from the court. The British refused to do this angering the Nawab further.
3. Black Room Tragedy: Siraj-ud- Daula conquered the Fort Willaim easily and imprisoned some of the British. He imprisoned 146 Englishmen in a small room in the fort, of which 123 died. This is called as the Black Room Tragedy. This enraged Robert Clive and he arrived in Bengal with a large army.
Question 6.
What were the results of Battle of Buxar?
The results of Battle of Buxar are as follows :
Answer:
Additional Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Which ancient city was considered as ‘Gate of European Trade’
Answer:
Constantinople
Question 2.
Who discovered a new sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Vasco-da-Gama in 1498
Question 3.
When was the Suez Canal built?
Answer:
In the year 1869.
Question 4.
What is the distance between India and Europe through the Suez canal?
Answer:
6,200 nautical miles
Question 5.
Who is considered as the real founder of Portuguese empire in India.
Answer:
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Question 6.
When did the English East India company, start business in India.
Answer:
In the year 1913
Question 7.
The Carnatic war helped the British to consolidate their rule in India. Justify.
Answer:
Question 8.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Question 9.
Write a note oh Robert Clive.
Answer:
Robert Clive: laid the firm foundation of the British Power in India, had joined the East India Company as clerk, He played a decisive role in Carnatic wars, particularly in the siege of Arcot and played a prominent role in the British victory.
He was successful in establishing the rule over South India aijd was instrumental in Bengal victory also. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, he gained control over the Nawab of Bengal also. Clive amassed immense wealth in all these ventures and helped the East India Company to earn more profit. Clive returned to England with immense wealth and became the Member of Parliament. With the return of Clive to England, the East India Company started facing losses in its business. Even though, there were many allegations against Clive, the British government had to resend Clive to India to save the company and also save the face of the country.
Question 10.
How did the death of Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jha lead to political instability in Carnatic.
Answer:
The Nizam of Hyderabad, AsafJha died in 1748. A tussle started between his son Nasir Jung and his daughter’s son Mujaffar Jung for the throne. On the other hand, a fight had broken out between Chandasaheb (who was released from the Maratha prison) and Anwaruddin in Carnatic. French extended their support of Mujaffar Jung in Hyderbad and Chandasaheb in Cranatic. The English extended their support to Nasir Jung and Anwaurddin.
In 1749, the combined forces of French, Chandasaheb and Mujaffar Jung defeated Anwaurddin and killed him in Ambur battle. As a result Chandsaheb became the ruler of Carnatic. Mahammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin, stayed at Thiruchanapalli with the help of English. In Hyderabad, Mujaffar Jung became the Nizam by killing Nasir Jung with the help of French and Chandasaheb, He got killed after a few days. The French made Salabath Jung, another son of Asaf Jha as the Nizam of Hyderbad.
Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
Question 1.
When did Vasco-da-gama revisit India?
(a) 1501
(b) 1502
(c) 1503
(d) 1504
Answer:
(b) 1502
Question 2.
The First Portuguese Governer of India was
(a) Albuquerque
(b) Duplex
(c) Lally
(d) Almedia
Answer:
(d) Almedia
Question 3.
The Dutch United East India Company was establish in
(a) 1601
(b) 1602
(c) 1603
(d) 1604
Answer:
(b) 1602
Question 4.
The British ambassador Sir Thomas Roe arrived in India to seek permission to trade in India, visited the court of
(a) Emperior Jahangir
(b) Emperior Shajehan
(c) Krishna Devaraya
(d) Nizam of Hyderabad
Answer:
a) Emperior Jahangir
Question 5.
The Third carnatic war ended with the
(a) Treaty of Pondicherry
(b) Treaty of Madras
(c) Treaty of Paris
(d) Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle
Answer:
(c) Treaty of Paris
Question 6.
The Nawab of Bengal who fought in the Battle of Plassey was.
(a) Mir Jaffar
(b) Mir Kasim
(c) Asaf Jha
(d) Siraj-ud-daula
Answer:
(d) Siraj-ud-daula
Question 7.
The ‘Dual-Government’ policy was introduced by
(a) Hector Munroe
(b) Hawkine
(c) Sir Thomas Roe
(d) Robert Clive
Answer:
(d) Robert Clive
→ By 1765, the English had gained control most of the eastern parts of India.
→ Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Peshwas of Marathas were dominant in southern and western India.
→ In the later part of 19th C, the Sikh king of Punjab, Maharaja Ranjith Singh, emerged as a formidable opponent of the English, by organizing the Sikhs.
→ The English extended their, empire in India, by annexing many kingdoms with cunning policies like ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ and‘Doctrine of Lapse’.
→ The First-Anglo-Maratha War was fought between 1775-1782 C.E.
→ The First Anglo-Maratha war ended with ‘Salbai Agreement’ in 1782.
→ Lord Wellesley was the Governor‘ General of British – India empire from 1798-1805.
→ Lord Wellesley introduced the policy of ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ in 1798.
→ The ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ is a Military Protection Agreement between the Indian kings, and the British.
→ The state of Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, Tanjavore, Maratha, Poona, Birar, Gwalior were some of the states that entered the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’.
→ The Second Anglo-Maratha war took place between 1803-1805.
→ Yeshwanth Rao Holkar defeated the combined army of Daulth Rao Sindhia and Peshwar Balaji Rao II in 1802.
→ Peshwa Balaji Rao entered the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ in 1803 by accepting the ‘Treaty of Bassein’.
→ The Third Maratha War took place between 1817 – 1818.
→ The British consolidated their power over entire Indian sub-continent from 1818-1857.
→ Maharaja Ranjith Singh was born in 1780.
→ Maharaja Ranith Singh entered ‘Continuous Agreement’ with the British in 1809.
→ Maharaja Ranith Singh died in the year 1839.
→ The British invaded Punjab in 1845, violating the ‘Continuous Friendship Pact’.
→ The English defeated Punjab and they signed the humiliating ‘Lahore Agreement’ in 1846’.
→ Lord Dalhousie became the Governor General of British India in 1848.
→ Lord Dalhousie introduced the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ policy in the year 1848.
→ The ‘Sepoy Mutiny’ occurred in 1857.
→ ANNEX: Seize a territory and add it to one’s own.
→ SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE: A ‘Military Protection Agreement’ introduced by the British Governor General Lord Wellesley in 1798.
→ LORD WELLESLELY: The Governor General of British India from 1798 to 1805.
→ SHA AALAM II: The Mughal Emperor of Delhi was helped by the Marathas back to the throne in 1775.
→ PESHWA: A Prime Minister in the Maratha Empire.
→ INSTALLED: Establish someone in the place or role.
→ SALBAI AGREEMENT: The Treaty of Salbai was signed on May 17, 1782 by representative’s of the Maratha empire and the English East India Company at the end of the First Anglo-Maratha War.
→ MANDATORY: Compulsory.
→ AGGRESSION: Attack violently
→ SCINDIA: or Shinde is a Hindu Maratha Dynasty that ruled Gwalior State.
→ MEDDLE: Interfere in something that is not one’s concern.
→ THRISTINESS: Excessive thirst, strong desire for something.
→ HOLKAR: Dynasty of Hindu Maratha Royals of Indore.
→ MINISCULE: Extremely small, tiny
→ CONSOLIDATION: Become stronger and more stable.
→ PACT: A formal agreement
→ BASSIEN: A Maratha territory.
→ TREATY: A formal agreement between two states.
→ DEFACTO: Existing in fact, whether legally recognized or not.
→ MISL: One of the twelve confederacies of Sikhs in the 18th and 19th centuries, originally organized primarily for military purposes and later for an administrative division of Punjab.
→ DOCTRINE OF LAPSE: Was an annexation policy applied by British East India Company under Governor General Lord Dalhousie when he was in India from 1848 to 1856.
→ LAHORE AGREEMENT: The Treaty of Lahore’ was signed on 9 March 1846 after the first Sikh War, after the defeat of the Sikhs in the Battle of Sobraon. The British resident became the De Facto rules of Punjab.
→ BUFFER STATE: A State that acts as a barrier between adversaries.
→ SEPOY MUTINY: A widespread rebellion against British rule in 1857-58 began at Meerat by Indian soldiers in the service of the British East India Company.
→ 1765: a) The English had gained control of the eastern parts of India.
b) Mughal emperor Shah Alam “grants” Dewani of Bengal, Bihar end Orissa to British East India Company.
→ 1775-1782: First Anglo Maratha War.
→ 1775: Sha Alam II reinstalled on the throne of Mughal Empire with the help of Marathas.
→ 1780: Birth of Maharaja Ranjith Singh
→ 1782: End of First Anglo – Maratha War with the ‘Salbai Agreement’
→ 1798: a) Arrival of Lord Wellesley as the Governor General of British – India.
b) Lord Wellesley implemented the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’.
→ 1802: Treaty of Bassein, between the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II of poona and the British.
→ 1803-1805: Second Anglo Maratha War.
→ 1809: Continuous Agreement between the British and Ranjith Singh of Punjab.
→ 1817-1818: Third Anglo-Maratha War.
→ 1818: Annexation of Peshwa Baji Rao II of Poona’s territories in western India.
→ 1839: Death of Maharaja Ranjith Singh.
→ 1845: Anglo – Sikh War
→ 1846: a) Lahore Agreement (The Sikhs were defeated by British)
b) The British Resident became de-facto Ruler of Punjab.
→ 1848 – a) Lord Dalhousie arrived in India of Governor-General of British India.
b) Implementation of the “Doctrine of Lapse’, an annexation policy of the British.
Question 1.
Which force consists of the essence of management?
Answer:
Co-ordination
Question 2.
‘Doing the task with minimum cost” name the term associated with management?
Answer:
Efficiency
Question 3.
In order to be successful, an organization must change its goals according to the needs of the environment. Which characteristics of management are highlighted in this statement?
Answer:
“Management is dynamic functioning”
Question 4.
Which function of management bridges the gap between where we stand today and where we want to reach?
Answer:
Planning
Question 5.
Name the function of management which establishes organization structure and establishes authority and responsibility relations?
Answer:
Organizing
Question 6.
In which functions of management standards are compared with actual, deviations are found out and corrective steps are taken?
Answer:
Controlling
Question 7.
Anything (-) management is equal to what?
Answer:
Zero / failure / Nothing
Question 8.
Departmental managers are included at which level of management?
Answer:
At middle management
Question 9.
Name the level of management the following Persons belong to.
1. Purchase managers.
2. CEO
3. Superintendent.
Answer:
Question 10.
‘Survival profit and growth is essential to the target of any business’ which objectives of management are referred here?
Answer:
Organizational objectives
Question 11.
‘Every organization whether it is business or non-business should use environmental methods of production, give employment opportunities and provide basic amenities like schools and creches to employees’ name the objective of management indicated here?
Answer:
Social Objectives
Question 12.
The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations whether social or political’ which characteristics of management is highlighted by this statement?
Answer:
Management is all-pervasive.
Question 13.
What isPODSCORB?
Answer:
Luther Gullick gave the keyword PODSCORB which stands for Planning, Directing, Staffing, Co-coordinating, Reporting, and budgeting.
Question 14.
How Management is an intangible force?
Answer:
The presence of management can be felt by seeking orderliness and coordination in the working environment.
e.g. if the inventory of finished products is increasing day by day it clearly indicates mismanagement of marketing and sales.
Question 15.
“Management is essential for the successful running of an enterprise”, How?
Answer:
Management increases efficiency.
Ensures optimum utilization of resources Management creates dynamic organization
Question 16.
Father of Mr. ‘Y’ acts as Vice President in ABC Ltd. Name the level of Management he is working on? Explain any two functions performed by him?
Answer:
Top-level of Management
Functions:
Question 17.
Mr. Anil working as a ‘Sales department Head in XYZ Ltd. Name the level of Management he is working? Explain any two functions performed by him?
Answer:
The middle level of management
Functions:
Question 18.
Explain any 3 functions performed by the operational Level?
Answer:
Question 19.
‘Co-ordination’ is the essence of Management’ Explain.
Answer:
Question 20.
“Management is a critical ingredient of a nation’s growth” Comment.
Answer:
Question 21.
Why Management is considered a Multi-dimensional function?
Answer:
Management of work Management of people Management of operation
Question 22.
“Management is Science as well as art”. Explain this statement.
Answer:
Management as a science
Management as an Art.
Existence of theoretical knowledge
I. One Mark Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Mention any one function of management.
Answer:
Controlling.
Question 2.
Mention any one feature of management.
Answer:
Management is a goal-oriented process.
Question 3.
Name any one dimension of Management.
Answer:
Management of work.
Question 4.
Give an example for top-level management position.
Answer:
Chairman.
Question 5.
Give an example for middle-level management position.
Answer:
Production Manager.
Question 6.
Give an example for low-level management position.
Answer:
Supervisor.
Question 7.
State any one organizational objective of management.
Answer:
Survival.
Question 8.
State any one of the social objectives of management.
Answer:
Creation ofEmployment.
Question 9.
State any one personal objective of management.
Answer:
Personal growth and development.
Question 10.
Is management a Science or an Art or both?
Answer:
Both.
Question 11.
What is management?
Answer:
Management is what a manager does.
Question 12.
Is management essential for all forms of organization?
Answer:
Yes, it is essential for all forms of organizations.
Question 13.
The word management is derived from which language?
Answer:
The Italian word ‘Maneggiare’, means to handle.
Question 14.
What is the management of people?
Answer:
Getting things done through people.
Question 15.
Mention any one of organizational objectives.
Answer:
Profit.
Question 16.
Mention any one of the importances of management.
Answer:
Management helps people in achieving goals.
Question 17.
Mention any one level of management.
Answer:
Top ‘Administrative levels.
Question 18.
Mention anyone step in organizing.
Answer:
Assignment of duties.
Question 19.
Mention any one function of Staffing.
Answer:
Training and development.
Question 20.
Mention any one element of Directing.
Answer:
Motivation.
Question 21.
Mention any one step involved in controlling.
Answer:
Measurement of actual performance.
Question 22.
Mention any one feature of coordination.
Answer:
It ensures unity of action.
II. Two Marks Question and Answers
Question 1.
Expand POSDCCORB
Answer:
P- Planning,
O-Organising,
S – Staffing,
D – Directing,
C – Co-ordinating,
C – Controlling,
R-Reporting,
B – Budgeting.
Question 2.
Name any two functions of Management.
Answer:
Planning and Organising.
Question 3.
Mention any two organizational objectives of management.
Answer:
Earning profit and Increased growth.
Question 4.
Mention any two social objectives of Management.
Answer:
(a) Using environmentally friendly methods of production
(b) Provision of schools and hospitals for a better society.
Question 5.
Mention any two importances of Management.
Answer:
(a) It increases efficiency.
(b) It helps in the development of society.
Question 6.
What is Top Level Management?
Answer:
It is a level of management that is the ultimate source of authority that formulates the organizational goals, policies, and objectives.
Question 7.
What is Middle-Level Management?
Answer:
It is a level that is responsible for the coordination of activities between top-level and low-level management.
Question 8.
What do you mean by lower-level management?
Answer:
It is known as supervisory management as it is concerned with providing directions to operative employees.
Question 9.
What is Planning?
Answer:
Planning is the determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. It includes identifying goals objectives, resources, and methods for the completion of tasks.
Question 10.
What is Organising?
Answer:
It is a process that brings together all the necessary resources to achieve organizational goals.
Question 11.
What is Staffing?
Answer:
It is a process of manning the organizational structure through proper selection, appraisal, and development of personnel.
Question 12.
What is the main purpose of staffing?
Answer:
The main purpose of staffing is to put the right person on the right job by proper manpower planning, recruitment, selection training, and development.
Question 13.
Mention the processes involved in Organising.
Answer:
(a) Identification of activities
(b) Classification
(c) Assigning the duties
(d) Creating responsibility
(e) Co-ordination authority and responsibility relationships
Question 14.
Mention the steps involved in staffing (any two).
Answer:
(a) Manpower Planning
(b) Training and Development.
Question 15.
What do you mean by direct?
Answer:
Directing is the art of getting things done by employees effectively by actuating organizational methods of work.
Question 16.
Mention the elements of Directing.
Answer:
a) Supervision
b) Motivation
c) Leadership activating
d) Communication
Question 17.
What is Controlling?
Answer:
It is a process that involves the collection of feedback of actual performance against the set standards and correction of deviations and monitoring.
Question 18.
Mention any 2 steps in Controlling.
Answer:
(a) Establishment of Standard Performance
(b) Measurement of Actual performance
(c) Corrective action.
Question 19.
What is Co-ordination?
Answer:
It is a process by which a manager integrates and unites the activities of different departments.
Question 20.
Explain the objectives of Management.
Answer:
Organizational Objectives
(a) Earning reasonable profit
(b) Long-run survival
(c) Goodwill and growth
Social Objectives
(a) Environmental-friendly methods of production
(b) Quality goods and service
(c) Creating employment
(d) Providing basic amenities to society
Personal Objective
(a) Fair remuneration
(b) Proper working conditions
(c) Training and development.
Question 21.
Mention the steps involved in Staffing.
Answer:
(a) Manpower planning.
(b) Recruitment.
(c) Selection and placement.
(d) Performance appraisal.
(e) Promotion and Transfer.
Question 22.
What is Management?
Answer:
Management is a process that consists of activities such as planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating, controlling performance to determine and accomplish pre-determined objectives with the use of resources.
OR
Management means the process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
Question 23.
Define Management?
Answer:
According to Harold Koontz and Heinz Weihrich ‘Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims. ’
Question 24.
Mention any two features of Management.
Answer:
Management is a continuous process Management is a group activity.
Question 25.
State any two levels of management.
Answer:
(a) Top / Administrative level – CEG Chief Executive Officer
(b) Middle / Executory level – Production Manager
(c) Lower / Operative level – Foreman
III. Five Marks Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Briefly explain the five features of Management.
Answer:
(a) Management is Multidisciplinary.
(b) It is a goal-oriented process.
(c) It is a continuous process.
(d) Management is intangible in nature.
(e) Management is a group activity.
(f) Management is an art as well as a science.
Question 2.
Explain briefly the importance of management.
Answer:
(a) It helps in reaching individual as well as organizational goals.
(b) It increases efficiency.
(c) It helps in optimum utilization of resources.
(d) It helps in the reduction of costs.
(e) It helps in improving the standard of living of people.
(f) It helps in the development of society.
Question 3.
Explain management as a profession.
Answer:
A profession may be defined as an occupation that requires specialized knowledge and intensive academic preparations. This is regulated by a representative body.
1. Specialised knowledge:
A profession must have a systematized body of knowledge that can be used for the development of professionals. Every professional must make deliberate efforts to acquire expertise in the principles and techniques. Similarly, a manager must have devotion and involvement to acquire expertise in the principles of management.
2. Formal Education and Training: There are a number of institutions and universities to impart education and training for a profession. No one can practice a profession without going through a prescribed course. Many institutes of management have been set up for imparting education and training. But for managers, no minimum qualification and a course of study has been prescribed by law.
For example, MBA may be preferred but not necessary.
3. Social Obligations:
The profession is a source of livelihood. But professionals are primarily motivated by the desire to serve society. Their actions are influenced by social norms and values. Similarly, a manager is responsible not only to his owners but also to society. Therefore, he is expected to provide quality goods at reasonable prices to society.
4. Code of conduct:
Members of a profession have to abide by a code of conduct, which contains rules and regulations, norms of honesty, integrity, and special ethics. A code of conduct is enforced by a representative association to ensure self-discipline among its members. Any member violating the code of conduct can be punished and his membership can be withdrawn.
Question 4.
Explain briefly the features of coordination.
Answer:
(a) It ensures proper execution of work in accordance with plans.
(b) It is a continuous process.
(c) It is very much essential in all levels of management.
(d) It ensures that all managers coordinate deliberately.
(e) It is necessary for the smooth functioning of all management functions.
Question 5.
“Management is a Science” – Explain. Management is a Science, Science has the following characteristics, even management does.
Answer:
(a) Principles to be applied in different situations.
(b) Scientific development’ through observation and experimentation.
(c) It is a systematized body of knowledge.
(d) It contains facts and figures.
(e) Management deals with human beings. Therefore it falls in the area of social science.
Question 6.
“Management is an Art” – Explain.
Answer:
Management is an Art, an art has the following characteristics, even management does.
(a) It requires the application of practical knowledge.
(b) Each one has a distinguished approach towards his job.
(c) Every manager has a personalized application.
(d) Every manager has only one aim to create something new.
(e) Perfection in each step.
(f) And all the steps are goal-oriented. Hence we can say management is an Art.
IV. Ten Marks Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Explain the features of Management.
Answer:
(a) A Goal-oriented process
Every organization will have some predetermined goals, management helps in achieving them.
(b) It is a continuous process
It is a continuous process that involves planning, organizing, staffing, controlling, etc.
(c) It is intangible in nature Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt at all levels.
(d) It is a group activity
All the members in an organization have to communicate and co-ordinate in order to attain the organizational objectives.
(e) It is an Art, as well as Science ‘ Management, has all the features of both art and science, the practice is an art and it is based on principles; hence it is both arts as well as science.
Question 2.
Explain the objectives of Management.
Answer:
(a) Organisational objectives.
The following are the organizational objectives of management.
(b) Earning reasonable profit
It is very much essential to meet day-to-day expenses and success.
(c) Longrun survival
It is the basic objective of every business management.
(d) Goodwill and growth
It can be measured in terms of increase in sales and production.
Social Objectives:
The following are the social objectives of management.
(a) Environment-friendly methods of production.
(b) Creating employment especially for underprivileged sections of society.
(c) Providing basic amenities to society Like schools, hospitals, parks, toilets, etc.,
Personal objectives
The following are the personal objectives of management.
(a) Fair remuneration to meet the financial needs of employees without discrimination.
Question 4.
Explain the functions of Management.
Answer:
The following are the management functions:
(a) Planning
(b) Organising
(c) Staffing
(d) Directing
(e) Controlling
(a) Planning:
Planning is the determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. It includes identification of goals objectives resources methods for completion of tasks.
(b) Organising:
It is a process that brings together all the necessary resources to achieve the organizational goals.
(c) Staffing:
It is a process of manning the organizational structure through proper selection, appraisal, and development of personnel.
(d) Directing:
It is the art of getting things done by employees effectively by actuating organizational methods of work.
(e) Controlling:
It is a process that involves the collection of feedback of actual performance against the set standards and correction of deviations and monitoring.
Question 5.
“Management is an Art and Science” Justify.
Answer:
Management is an Art, an art has the following characteristics, even management does.
(a) It requires the application of practical knowledge.
(b) Each one has a distinguished approach towards his job.
(c) Every manager has a personalized application.
(d) Every manager has only one aim to create something new.
(e) Perfection in each step.
(f) and all the steps are goal-oriented.
Hence we can say management is an Art. Management is a Science, Science has the following characteristics, even management does.
(a) Principles to be applied in different situations.
(b) Scientific development through observation and experimentation.
(c) It is a systematized body of knowledge.
(d) It contains facts and figures.
(e) Management deals with human beings. Therefore it falls in the area of social science.
Question 1.
Draw a neat diagram of Levels of Management.
Answer:
Exercises
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define management.
Answer:
Management is defined as a process of getting things. Done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently, (or) It is a process of designing and maintaining an environment in which Individuals working in groups, can achieve selected objectives efficiently and effectively.
Question 2.
Name any two important characteristics of management.
Answer:
Pervasive and Multidimensional
Question 3.
Ritu is the manager of the Northern division of a large corporate house. At what level does she work in the organization? What are her basic functions?
Answer:
Ritu is working at the middle level. Her basic functions are (number of functions should be given according to the marks allotted for the question).
Question 4.
Why is management considered a multi-faceted concept?
Answer:
Management is considered a multi-faceted concept because it is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. These are
Question 5.
Discuss the basic features of management as a profession.
Answer:
Basic features of management as a professional has the following features which are as follows:
1. Well-defined Body of Knowledge: All professionals are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through instruction
2. Professional Association: There are several associations of practicing managers in India, like the AIM A (All India Management Association) that has laid the code of conduct to regulate the activities of their members.
3. Service Motive: All business organizations aim to provide good quality product or service at a reasonable price thus serving the society Thus, we can say management does not meet the exact criteria of a profession but it has some features as a profession
Question 6.
Management is considered to be both an art and science. Explain.
Answer:
Art is the skillful and personal application of existing knowledge to achieve the desired goal. Managements considered art due to the following reasons
1. Existence of Theoretical Knowledge: All art subjects are based on theoretical
knowledge e.g., the written format is available on dancing. Music etc. same way there is a lot of literature available on management and Its branches – finance, marketing human resource, etc.
2. Personalised Application:
The use of this basic knowledge differs from one individual to the other. Two painters, two dancers, or two singers all use their knowledge in their own way same way two managers who have acquired the same knowledge may use it in their own different ways to get the work done.
3. Based on Practice and Creativity; All art is practical. It involves creative
practice. The more we practice it better we become at it. It also requires creativity. In the same way, a manager applies his acquired knowledge in a unique manner. More practice makes him a better manager and he also develops his own style of management.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Management is an In-exact Science
Answer:
1. Systematised Body of Knowledge Science is a systematized body of knowledge and it is based on cause and effect relationship, e.g. Water evaporates on being heated in the same way management is a body of formalized knowledge. All managerial principles have cause an effect relationship
2. Principles Based on Experimentation: Scientific principles are first developed through observation and then tested through repeated, experimentation. Same way management principles are also propounded after observation and repeated experimentation
3. Universal Validity: All scientific Principal have universal validity. They give the same result wherever applied Principles of management do not have universal validity. They have to be adjusted and applied according to the need of the situation. Thus. Management is an in-exact science.
Question 2.
Do you think management has the characteristics of a full-fledged profession?
Answer:
No, management does not possess all the characteristics of a full-fledged profession. The reasons are as follows
1. Well-defined Body of Knowledge:
All professions are based on a well-defined body of knowledge that can be acquired through teaching-learning process. This feature of a profession is possessed by management as well. There is vast knowledge available on management in the form of definitions, concepts, theories, principles, etc.
2. Restricted Entry:
All professions have a restriction on the entry of their practitioners. They have to acquire a specific degree to be professional e.g., LLB for a lawyer, MBBS for a doctor t, etc. But a manager can be MBA qualified or not. ’
3. Professional Association:
All professions are affiliated to a professional association that regulates entry, grants certificate of practice, and formulates a code of conduct, e.g., all lawyers have to be a member of the Bar Council to practice law. It is not compulsory for all managers to be a member of AIMA.
4. Ethical Code of Conduct
All professions are bound by an ethical code of conduct that guides the behavior of their members. But as it is not compulsory for all managers to be members of AIMA, they all may not be aware of the prescribed code of conduct of AIMA.
5. Service Motive
All basic motives to serve their client’s interest, e.g., lawyers to get justice for their clients, doctors to treat the patients, etc. All managers also work in a manner whereby they show their effectiveness and efficiency in the form of good quality goods provided to the customer at a reasonable price. Thus, management possesses some characteristics of a profession but not all.
Question 3.
Coordination is the essence of management. Do you agree? Give reasons.
Answer:
Co-ordination plays a vital role as it binds all the other functions of management. It is the common thread of all activities such as purchase, production, sales, etc. that runs through.
Some of the basic features are as follows:
Question 4.
“A successful enterprise has to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently:’ Explain.
Answer:
“A successful enterprise has to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently”. Thus, management has to see that tasks are completed and goals are achieved with the minimum resources. Management is thus getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. Being effective or doing work effectively basically means finishing the given task. It is concerned with end result, it is achieved or not.
Efficiency means doing the work correctly and with minimum cost. If by using fewer resources more benefits are derived then efficiency has increased. It is thus essential for any organization to focus on efficiency as well as effectiveness. It is not only important to complete the work correctly but equally important to complete it with minimum cost. In the same manner, it is not only important to reduce cost but equally important to complete the work correctly.
Question 5.
Management is a series of continuous inter-related functions. Comment.
Answer:
Management is a series of continuous inter-related functions. Each one of them performed to guide and direct the efforts of others.
1. Planning:
Planning is the primary function that runs through all other functions. It is the process of thinking before doing. It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go.
2. Organising:
It is the process of defining the formal relationship among people and resources to accomplish the desired goals. It involves
(a) Identification and division of work
(b) Departmentalisation
(c) Assigning of duties
(d) Establishing reporting relationships
3. Staffing:
Organizational goals can be achieved only through human efforts. It is the duty of management to make the best possible use of this resource. Thus, placing the right person on the right job is very important. Staffing helps management to motivate, select and place the right person on the right job.
4. Directing:
Directing involves leading, influencing, and motivating employees to perform the tasks assigned to them. This requires establishing an atmosphere that encourages employees to do their best. Directing comprises of four elements; supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication
5. Controlling:
Controlling is the management function of monitoring organizational performance towards the attainment of organizational goals.
The task of controlling involves
(a) Establishing standards of performance
(b) Measuring current performance
(c) Comparing this with established standards
(d) Taking corrective action
Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Which is not a function of management of the following?
(a) Planning
(b) Staffing
(c) Co-operating
(d) Controlling
Answer:
(c) Management has features of both art and science as it relies on practice, thus it art and it is based on the principles which are the outcome of science. Thus, it is science also.
Question 2.
Management is
(a) an art
(b) a science
(c) Both art and science
(d) one of the above
Answer:
(e) Management has features of both art and science as it relies on practice, thus it is art and is based on the principles which are the outcome of science. Thus, it is science also.
Question 3.
The following is not an objective of management
(a) earning projects
(b) growth of the organization
(c) providing employment
(d) policymaking
Answer:
(d) Policymaking is hot the objective of management.
Question 4.
Policy formulation is the function of
(a) top-level managers
(b) middle-level managers
(c) operational management
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Top-level managers focus on the determination of objectives and formulation of policies.
Question 5.
Co-ordination is
(a) function of management
(b) the essence of management
(c) an objective of management
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Co-ordination brings unity of action and integrates different activities. Thus, it is considered the essence of management.
Case Problems:
Question 1.
Company X is facing a lot of problems these days. It manufactures white goods like washing machines, microwaves, refrigerators, and air conditioners. The company’s margins are under pressure and the profits and market share are declining. The production department blames marketing for not meeting sales targets and marketing blames the production department for producing goods, which are not of good quality meeting customers’ expectations. The finance department blames both production and marketing for declining return on investment and bad marketing.
Question: What quality of management do you think the company is lacking? Explain briefly. What steps should the company management take to bring the company back on track?
Answer:
Co-ordination Is missing in company X. All the departments are not coordinating with each other and that is why they end up blaming each other for the poor performance.
To bring co-ordination, management should take the following steps
Question 2.
A company wants to modify its existing product in the market due to decreasing sales. You can imagine any product about which you are familiar.
What decisions/steps should each level of management take to give effect to this decision?
Answer:
The three levels of management will work together towards the modification of the product with the motive of increasing sales.
The following are the three levels of management.
Decisions Taken by Top Management for Increasing Sales
Decisions Taken by Middle-Level Management for Increasing Sales
Decisions Taken by Lower Level Management for Increasing Sales
Question 3.
A firm plans in advance and has a sound organizational structure with efficient supervisory staff and control system. On several occasions, it finds that plans are not being adhered to, It leads to confusion and duplication of work.
These activities are meant to reinforce concepts and to make the i) learning joyful. They also aim to give pupils simulated experiences of the ii) managerial activities relevant to their level of understanding •Planning and controlling are interrelated.
If plans are not well drawn, whatsoever organization structure may be good, controlling can newer be successful. Hence, in order to maintain a balance
between planning and controlling, the following steps are needed:
